Articles | Volume 21, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1477-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1477-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
20 Mar 2024
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 20 Mar 2024
| 20 Mar 2024
Distinct oxygenation modes of the Gulf of Oman over the past 43 000 years – a multi-proxy approach
Nicole Burdanowitz
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Geology, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Gerhard Schmiedl
Institute for Geology, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Birgit Gaye
Institute for Geology, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Philipp M. Munz
Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
Hartmut Schulz
Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
Related authors
Jan Maier, Nicole Burdanowitz, Gerhard Schmiedl, and Birgit Gaye
Clim. Past, 21, 279–297, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-279-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-279-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of the past 43 kyr in the Gulf of Oman. We find SST variations of up to 7 °C with lower SSTs during Heinrich events (HEs), especially HE4, and higher SSTs during Dansgaard–Oeschger events. Our record shows no profound cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum but abrupt variations during the Holocene. We surmise that SST variations are influenced by the southwest (northeast) monsoon during warmer (colder) periods.
Medhavi Pandey, Haimanti Biswas, Daniel Birgel, Nicole Burdanowitz, and Birgit Gaye
Biogeosciences, 21, 4681–4698, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4681-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4681-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed sea surface temperature (SST) proxy and plankton biomarkers in sediments that accumulate sinking material signatures from surface waters in the central Arabian Sea (21°–11° N, 64° E), a tropical basin impacted by monsoons. We saw a north–south SST gradient, and the biological proxies showed more organic matter from larger algae in the north. Smaller algae and zooplankton were more numerous in the south. These trends were related to ocean–atmospheric processes and oxygen availability.
Nicole Burdanowitz, Tim Rixen, Birgit Gaye, and Kay-Christian Emeis
Clim. Past, 17, 1735–1749, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To study the interaction of the westerlies and Indian summer monsoon (ISM) during the Holocene, we used paleoenvironmental reconstructions using a sediment core from the northeast Arabian Sea. We found a climatic transition period between 4.6 and 3 ka BP during which the ISM shifted southwards and the influence of Westerlies became prominent. Our data indicate a stronger influence of agriculture activities and enhanced soil erosion, adding to Bond event impact after this transition period.
Hannah Krüger, Gerhard Schmiedl, Zvi Steiner, Zhouling Zhang, Eric P. Achterberg, and Nicolaas Glock
J. Micropalaeontol., 44, 193–211, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-44-193-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-44-193-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The biodiversity and abundance of benthic foraminifera tend to increase with distance within a transect from the Rainbow hydrothermal vent field. Miliolids dominate closer to the vents and may be better adapted to the potentially hydrothermal conditions than hyaline and agglutinated species. The reason for this remains unclear, but there are indications that elevated trace-metal concentrations in the porewater and intrusion of acidic hydrothermal fluids could have an influence on the foraminifera.
Werner Ehrmann, Paul A. Wilson, Helge W. Arz, and Gerhard Schmiedl
Clim. Past, 21, 1025–1041, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1025-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1025-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We report palaeoclimate and sediment provenance records for the last 220 kyr from a sediment core from the northern Red Sea. They comprise high-resolution grain size, clay mineral, and geochemical data, together with Nd and Sr isotope data. The data sets document a strong temporal variability in dust influx on glacial–interglacial timescales and several shorter-term strong fluvial episodes. A key finding is that the Nile delta became a major dust source during glacioeustatic sea-level lowstands.
Gesa Schulz, Kirstin Dähnke, Tina Sanders, Jan Penopp, Hermann W. Bange, Rena Czeschel, and Birgit Gaye
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1660, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1660, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are low-oxygen ocean areas that deplete nitrogen, a key marine nutrient. Understanding nitrogen cycling in OMZs is crucial for the global nitrogen cycle. This study examined nitrogen cycling in the OMZ of the Bay of Bengal and East Equatorial Indian Ocean, revealing limited mixing between both regions. Surface phytoplankton consumes nitrate, while deeper nitrification recycles nitrogen. In the BoB’s OMZ (100–300 m), nitrogen loss likely occurs via anammox.
Anjaly Govindankutty Menon, Aaron L. Bieler, Hanna Firrincieli, Rachel Alcorn, Niko Lahajnar, Catherine V. Davis, Ralf Schiebel, Dirk Nürnberg, Gerhard Schmiedl, and Nicolaas Glock
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1182, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1182, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The pore density (number of pores per unit area) of unicellular eukaryotes is used to reconstruct past bottom-water nitrate at the Sea of Okhotsk, the Gulf of California, the Mexican Margin and the Gulf of Guayaquil. The reconstructed bottom-water nitrate at the Sea of Okhotsk, the Gulf of California and the Gulf of Guayaquil are influenced by the intermediate water masses, while the nitrate at the Mexican Margin is related to the deglacial NO3− variability in the Pacific Deep Water.
Jan Maier, Nicole Burdanowitz, Gerhard Schmiedl, and Birgit Gaye
Clim. Past, 21, 279–297, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-279-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-279-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of the past 43 kyr in the Gulf of Oman. We find SST variations of up to 7 °C with lower SSTs during Heinrich events (HEs), especially HE4, and higher SSTs during Dansgaard–Oeschger events. Our record shows no profound cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum but abrupt variations during the Holocene. We surmise that SST variations are influenced by the southwest (northeast) monsoon during warmer (colder) periods.
Medhavi Pandey, Haimanti Biswas, Daniel Birgel, Nicole Burdanowitz, and Birgit Gaye
Biogeosciences, 21, 4681–4698, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4681-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4681-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed sea surface temperature (SST) proxy and plankton biomarkers in sediments that accumulate sinking material signatures from surface waters in the central Arabian Sea (21°–11° N, 64° E), a tropical basin impacted by monsoons. We saw a north–south SST gradient, and the biological proxies showed more organic matter from larger algae in the north. Smaller algae and zooplankton were more numerous in the south. These trends were related to ocean–atmospheric processes and oxygen availability.
Katharina D. Six, Uwe Mikolajewicz, and Gerhard Schmiedl
Clim. Past, 20, 1785–1816, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1785-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1785-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use a physical and biogeochemical ocean model of the Mediterranean Sea to obtain a picture of the Last Glacial Maximum. The shallowing of the Strait of Gibraltar leads to a shallower pycnocline and more efficient nutrient export. Consistent with the sediment data, an increase in organic matter deposition is simulated, although this is based on lower biological production. This unexpected but plausible result resolves the apparent contradiction between planktonic and benthic proxy data.
Raphaël Hubert-Huard, Nils Andersen, Helge W. Arz, Werner Ehrmann, and Gerhard Schmiedl
Clim. Past, 20, 267–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have studied the geochemistry of benthic foraminifera (micro-fossils) from a sediment core from the Red Sea. Our data show that the circulation and carbon cycling of the Red Sea during the last glacial period responded to high-latitude millennial-scale climate variability and to the orbital influence of the African–Indian monsoon system. This implies a sensitive response of the Red Sea to climate changes.
Werner Ehrmann, Paul A. Wilson, Helge W. Arz, Hartmut Schulz, and Gerhard Schmiedl
Clim. Past, 20, 37–52, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-37-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-37-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climatic and associated hydrological changes controlled the aeolian versus fluvial transport processes and the composition of the sediments in the central Red Sea through the last ca. 200 kyr. We identify source areas of the mineral dust and pulses of fluvial discharge based on high-resolution grain size, clay mineral, and geochemical data, together with Nd and Sr isotope data. We provide a detailed reconstruction of changes in aridity/humidity.
Shichao Tian, Birgit Gaye, Jianhui Tang, Yongming Luo, Wenguo Li, Niko Lahajnar, Kirstin Dähnke, Tina Sanders, Tianqi Xiong, Weidong Zhai, and Kay-Christian Emeis
Biogeosciences, 19, 2397–2415, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2397-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2397-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We constrain the nitrogen budget and in particular the internal sources and sinks of nitrate in the Bohai Sea by using a mass-based and dual stable isotope approach based on δ15N and δ18O of nitrate. Based on available mass fluxes and isotope data an updated nitrogen budget is proposed. Compared to previous estimates, it is more complete and includes the impact of the interior cycle (nitrification) on the nitrate pool. The main external nitrogen sources are rivers contributing 19.2 %–25.6 %.
Birgit Gaye, Niko Lahajnar, Natalie Harms, Sophie Anna Luise Paul, Tim Rixen, and Kay-Christian Emeis
Biogeosciences, 19, 807–830, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-807-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-807-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Amino acids were analyzed in a large number of samples of particulate and dissolved organic matter from coastal regions and the open ocean. A statistical analysis produced two new biogeochemical indicators. An indicator of sinking particle and sediment degradation (SDI) traces the degradation of organic matter from the surface waters into the sediments. A second indicator shows the residence time of suspended matter in the ocean (RTI).
Nicole Burdanowitz, Tim Rixen, Birgit Gaye, and Kay-Christian Emeis
Clim. Past, 17, 1735–1749, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To study the interaction of the westerlies and Indian summer monsoon (ISM) during the Holocene, we used paleoenvironmental reconstructions using a sediment core from the northeast Arabian Sea. We found a climatic transition period between 4.6 and 3 ka BP during which the ISM shifted southwards and the influence of Westerlies became prominent. Our data indicate a stronger influence of agriculture activities and enhanced soil erosion, adding to Bond event impact after this transition period.
Tim Rixen, Greg Cowie, Birgit Gaye, Joaquim Goes, Helga do Rosário Gomes, Raleigh R. Hood, Zouhair Lachkar, Henrike Schmidt, Joachim Segschneider, and Arvind Singh
Biogeosciences, 17, 6051–6080, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6051-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6051-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The northern Indian Ocean hosts an extensive oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), which intensified due to human-induced global changes. This includes the occurrence of anoxic events on the Indian shelf and affects benthic ecosystems and the pelagic ecosystem structure in the Arabian Sea. Consequences for biogeochemical cycles are unknown, which, in addition to the poor representation of mesoscale features, reduces the reliability of predictions of the future OMZ development in the northern Indian Ocean.
Cited articles
Acharya, S. S. and Panigrahi, M. K.: Eastward shift and maintenance of Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone: Understanding the paradox, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 115, 240–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2016.07.004, 2016.
Allard, J. L., Hughes, P. D., and Woodward, J. C.: Heinrich Stadial aridity forced Mediterranean-wide glacier retreat in the last cold stage, Nat. Geosci., 14, 197–205, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00703-6, 2021.
Altabet, M. A., Francois, R., Murray, D. W., and Prell, W. L.: Climate-related variations in denitrification in the Arabian Sea from sediment 15N/14N ratios, Nature, 373, 506–509, https://doi.org/10.1038/373506a0, 1995.
Altabet, M. A., Pilskaln, C., Thunell, R., Pride, C., Sigman, D., Chavez, F., and Francois, R.: The nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry of sinking particles from the margin of the Eastern North Pacific, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 46, 655–679, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00084-3, 1999.
Altabet, M. A., Higginson, M. J., and Murray, D. W.: The effect of millennial-scale changes in Arabian Sea denitrification on atmospheric CO2, Nature, 415, 159–162, https://doi.org/10.1038/415159a, 2002.
Andruleit, H., Stäger, S., Rogalla, U., and Cepek, P.: Living coccolithophores in the northern Arabian Sea: Ecological tolerances and environmental control, Mar. Micropaleontol., 49, 157–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(03)00049-5, 2003.
Arz, H. W., Lamy, F., Ganopolski, A., Nowaczyk, N., and Pätzold, J.: Dominant Northern Hemisphere climate control over millennial-scale glacial sea-level variability, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 312–321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.07.016, 2007.
Beal, L. M., Ffield, A., and Gordon, A. L.: Spreading of Red Sea overflow waters in the Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 105, 8549–8564, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900306, 2000.
Blaauw, M. and Christen, J. A.: Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process, Bayesian Anal., 6, 457–474, https://doi.org/10.1214/11-BA618, 2011.
Böll, A., Lückge, A., Munz, P., Forke, S., Schulz, H., Ramaswamy, V., Rixen, T., Gaye, B., and Emeis, K. C.: Late Holocene primary productivity and sea surface temperature variations in the northeastern Arabian Sea: Implications for winter monsoon variability, Paleoceanography, 29, 778–794, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002579, 2014.
Bond, G., Kromer, B., Beer, J., Muscheler, R., Evans, M. N., Showers, W., Hoffmann, S., Lotti-Bond, R., Hajdas, I., and Bonani, G.: Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene, Science, 294, 2130–2136, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065680, 2001.
Bopp, L., Resplandy, L., Orr, J. C., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P., Gehlen, M., Halloran, P., Heinze, C., Ilyina, T., Séférian, R., Tjiputra, J., and Vichi, M.: Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models, Biogeosciences, 10, 6225–6245, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013, 2013.
Bower, A. S., Hunt, H. D., and Price, J. F.: Character and dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf outflows, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 105, 6387–6414, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900297, 2000.
Bray, E. . and Evans, E. .: Distribution of n-paraffins as a clue to recognition of source beds, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 22, 2–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(61)90069-2, 1961.
Breitburg, D., Levin, L. A., Oschlies, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F. P., Conley, D. J., Garçon, V., Gilbert, D., Gutiérrez, D., Isensee, K., Jacinto, G. S., Limburg, K. E., Montes, I., Naqvi, S. W. A., Pitcher, G. C., Rabalais, N. N., Roman, M. R., Rose, K. A., Seibel, B. A., Telszewski, M., Yasuhara, M., and Zhang, J.: Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters, Science (80-.), 359, eaam7240, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240, 2018.
Bronough, D.: ncdf4.helpers: Helper Functions for Use with the “ncdf4” Package, R package version 0.3-6, CRAN [code], https://cran.r-project.org/package=ncdf4.helpers (last access: 8 August 2023), 2021.
Buizert, C. and Schmittner, A.: Southern Ocean control of glacial AMOC stability and Dansgaard–Oeschger interstadial duration, Paleoceanography, 30, 1595–1612, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015PA002795, 2015.
Bunn, A., Korpela, M., Biondi, F., Campelo, F., Mérian, P., Qeadan, F., and Zang, C.: dplR: Dendrochronology Program Library in R, R package version 1.7.4, CRAN [code], https://cran.r-project.org/package=dplR (last access: 27 June 2023), 2022.
Bunn, A. G.: A dendrochronology program library in R (dplR), Dendrochronologia, 26, 115–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2008.01.002, 2008.
Bunn, A. G.: Statistical and visual crossdating in R using the dplR library, Dendrochronologia, 28, 251–258, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2009.12.001, 2010.
Burdanowitz, N., Gaye, B., Hilbig, L., Lahajnar, N., Lückge, A., Rixen, T., and Emeis, K. C.: Holocene monsoon and sea level-related changes of sedimentation in the northeastern Arabian Sea, Deep. Res. Pt. II, 166, 6–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.03.003, 2019.
Burdanowitz, N., Rixen, T., Gaye, B., and Emeis, K.-C.: Signals of Holocene climate transition amplified by anthropogenic land-use changes in the westerly–Indian monsoon realm, Clim. Past, 17, 1735–1749, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1735-2021, 2021.
Burdanowitz, N., Schmiedl, G., Gaye, B., Munz, P., and Schulz, H.: Age model and geochemistry data of sediment core GeoTü SL167, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.964226, 2024.
Busecke, J. J. M., Resplandy, L., Ditkovsky, S. J., and John, J. G.: Diverging Fates of the Pacific Ocean Oxygen Minimum Zone and Its Core in a Warming World, AGU Adv., 3, e2021AV000470, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV000470, 2022.
Bush, R. T. and McInerney, F. A.: Leaf wax n-alkane distributions in and across modern plants: Implications for paleoecology and chemotaxonomy, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 117, 161–179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.04.016, 2013.
Buzas, M. A. and Gibson, T. G.: Species Diversity: Benthonic Foraminifera in Western North Atlantic, Science (80-.), 163, 72–75, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.163.3862.72, 1969.
Carr, A. S., Boom, A., Grimes, H. L., Chase, B. M., Meadows, M. E., and Harris, A.: Leaf wax n-alkane distributions in arid zone South African flora: Environmental controls, chemotaxonomy and palaeoecological implications, Org. Geochem., 67, 72–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.12.004, 2014.
Casciotti, K. L.: Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Studies of the Marine Nitrogen Cycle, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 8, 379–407, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135052, 2016.
Clift, P. D. and Plumb, R. A.: The Asian Monsoon: Causes, History and Effects, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 9781107630192, 2008.
Collister, J. W., Rieley, G., Stern, B., Eglinton, G., and Fry, B.: Compound-specific δ 13C analyses of leaf lipids from plants with differing carbon dioxide metabolisms, Org. Geochem., 21, 619–627, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90008-6, 1994.
Cooper, R. J., Pedentchouk, N., Hiscock, K. M., Disdle, P., Krueger, T., and Rawlins, B. G.: Apportioning sources of organic matter in streambed sediments: An integrated molecular and compound-specific stable isotope approach, Sci. Total Environ., 520, 187–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.058, 2015.
Cranwell, P. A.: Extractable and bound lipid components in a freshwater sediment, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 42, 1523–1532, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90023-6, 1978.
Cranwell, P. A.: Diagenesis of free and bound lipids in terrestrial detritus deposited in a lacustrine sediment, Org. Geochem., 3, 79–89, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0146638081900024 (last access: 20 January 2014), 1981.
Cullen, H. M., DeMenocal, P. B., Hemming, S., Hemming, G., Brown, F. H., Guilderson, T., and Sirocko, F.: Climate change and the collapse of the Akkadian empire: Evidence from the deep sea, Geology, 28, 379–382, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<379:CCATCO>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Davis, B. A. S. and Brewer, S.: Orbital forcing and role of the latitudinal insolation/temperature gradient, Clim. Dynam., 32, 143–165, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0480-9, 2009.
de Marez, C., L'Hégaret, P., Morvan, M., and Carton, X.: On the 3D structure of eddies in the Arabian Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 150, 103057, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2019.06.003, 2019.
Debenay, J.-P.: A Guide to 1,000 Foraminifera from Southwestern Pacific, New Caledonia, Publications Scientifiques du Muséum, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 2012.
Den Dulk, M.: Benthic foraminiferal response to Late Quaternary variations in surface water productivity and oxygenation in the northern Arabian Sea, Geol. Ultraiectina, 188, 1–205, 2000.
Deplazes, G., Lückge, A., Peterson, L. C., Timmermann, A., Hamann, Y., Hughen, K. A., Röhl, U., Laj, C., Cane, M. A., Sigman, D. M., and Haug, G. H.: Links between tropical rainfall and North Atlantic climate during the last glacial period, Nat. Geosci., 6, 213–217, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1712, 2013.
Deplazes, G., Lückge, A., Stuut, J. B. W., Pätzold, J., Kuhlmann, H., Husson, D., Fant, M., and Haug, G. H.: Weakening and strengthening of the Indian monsoon during Heinrich events and Dansgaard–Oeschger oscillations, Paleoceanography, 29, 99–114, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002509, 2014.
Dummann, W., Steinig, S., Hofmann, P., Lenz, M., Kusch, S., Flögel, S., Herrle, J. O., Hallmann, C., Rethemeyer, J., Kasper, H. U., and Wagner, T.: Driving mechanisms of organic carbon burial in the Early Cretaceous South Atlantic Cape Basin (DSDP Site 361), Clim. Past, 17, 469–490, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-469-2021, 2021.
Dutt, S., Gupta, A. K., Clemens, S. C., Cheng, H., Singh, R. K., Kathayat, G., and Edwards, R. L.: Abrupt changes in Indian summer monsoon strength during 33,800 to 5500 years B. P., Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 5526–5532, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064015, 2015.
Eglinton, G. and Hamilton, R.: Leaf epicuticular waxes, Science, 156, 1322–1335, 1967.
Eglinton, T. I. and Eglinton, G.: Molecular proxies for paleoclimatology, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 275, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.012, 2008.
Esri: ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.8. Redlands, Environmental Systems Research Institute [software], https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-desktop/overview (last access: 8 May 2020), 2019.
Farrington, J. W., Davis, A. C., Sulanowski, J., McCaffrey, M. A., McCarthy, M., Clifford, C. H., Dickinson, P., and Volkman, J. K.: Biogeochemistry of lipids in surface sediments of the Peru Upwelling Area at 15° S, Org. Geochem., 13, 607–617, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(88)90080-0, 1988.
Fleitmann, D., Cheng, H., Badertscher, S., Edwards, R. L., Mudelsee, M., Göktürk, O. M., Fankhauser, A., Pickering, R., Raible, C. C., Matter, A., Kramers, J., and Tüysüz, O.: Timing and climatic impact of Greenland interstadials recorded in stalagmites from northern Turkey, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19707, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040050, 2009.
Fontanier, C., Jorissen, F. J., Licari, L., Alexandre, A., Anschutz, P., and Carbonel, P.: Live benthic foraminiferal faunas from the Bay of Biscay: faunal density, composition, and microhabitats, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 49, 751–785, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00078-4, 2002.
Freeman, K. H., Wakeham, S. G., and Hayes, J. M.: Predictive isotopic biogeochemistry: Hydrocarbons from anoxic marine basins, Org. Geochem., 21, 629–644, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90009-4, 1994.
Friederich, G. E., Ledesma, J., Ulloa, O., and Chavez, F. P.: Air–sea carbon dioxide fluxes in the coastal southeastern tropical Pacific, Prog. Oceanogr., 79, 156–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.10.001, 2008.
Gaye, B., Böll, A., Segschneider, J., Burdanowitz, N., Emeis, K.-C., Ramaswamy, V., Lahajnar, N., Lückge, A., and Rixen, T.: Glacial–interglacial changes and Holocene variations in Arabian Sea denitrification, Biogeosciences, 15, 507–527, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-507-2018, 2018.
Gaye-Haake, B., Lahajnar, N., Emeis, K. C., Unger, D., Rixen, T., Suthhof, A., Ramaswamy, V., Schulz, H., Paropkari, A. L., Guptha, M. V. S., and Ittekkot, V.: Stable nitrogen isotopic ratios of sinking particles and sediments from the northern Indian Ocean, Mar. Chem., 96, 243–255, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.02.001, 2005.
GEBCO – General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans: Gridded bathymetric data sets are global terrain models for ocean and land. A global 30 arc-second interval grid, The GEBCO_2014 Grid, version 20150318, BODC – British Oceanographic Data Centre, http://www.gebco.net (last access: 23 August 2021), 2014.
Gooday, A. J. B. T.: Benthic foraminifera (protista) as tools in deep-water palaeoceanography: Environmental influences on faunal characteristics, Adv. Mar. Biol., 46, 1–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(03)46002-1, 2003.
Gouhier, T. C., Grinsted, A., and Simko, V.: R package biwavelet: Conduct Univariate and Bivariate Wavelet Analyses, R package version 0.20.21, CRAN [code], https://github.com/tgouhier/biwavelet (last access: 8 August 2023), 2021.
Gruber, N.: The Dynamics of the Marine Nitrogen Cycle and its Influence on Atmospheric CO2 Variations, in: The Ocean Carbon Cycle and Climate, NATO Science Series, vol. 40, edited by: Follows, M. and Oguz, T., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 97–148, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2087-2_4, 2004.
Haake, B., Ittekkot, V., Rixen, T., Ramaswamy, V., Nair, R. R., and Curry, W. B.: Seasonality and interannual variability of particle fluxes to the deep Arabian sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 40, 1323–1344, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90114-I, 1993.
Helly, J. J. and Levin, L. A.: Global distribution of naturally occurring marine hypoxia on continental margins, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 51, 1159–1168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.03.009, 2004.
Herrmann, N., Boom, A., Carr, A. S., Chase, B. M., Granger, R., Hahn, A., Zabel, M., and Schefuß, E.: Sources, transport and deposition of terrestrial organic material: A case study from southwestern Africa, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 149, 215–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.07.028, 2016.
Hunt, K. M. R., Turner, A. G., and Shaffrey, L. C.: The evolution, seasonality and impacts of western disturbances, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 144, 278–290, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3200, 2018.
Ivanochko, T. S., Ganeshram, R. S., Brummer, G.-J. A., Ganssen, G., Jung, S. J. A., Moreton, S. G., and Kroon, D.: Variations in tropical convection as an amplifier of global climate change at the millennial scale, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 235, 302–314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.002, 2005.
Jaglan, S., Gupta, A. K., Clemens, S. C., Dutt, S., Cheng, H., and Singh, R. K.: Abrupt Indian summer monsoon shifts aligned with Heinrich events and D-O cycles since MIS 3, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 583, 110658, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110658, 2021.
Jones, R. W.: The Challenger Foraminifera, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 0198540965, 1994.
Jorissen, F. J., de Stigter, H. C., and Widmark, J. G. V: A conceptual model explaining benthic foraminiferal microhabitats, Mar. Micropaleontol., 26, 3–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(95)00047-X, 1995.
Jung, M., Ilmberger, J., Mangini, A., and Emeis, K.-C.: Why some Mediterranean sapropels survived burn-down (and others did not), Mar. Geol., 141, 51–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00031-5, 1997.
Jung, S. J. A., Kroon, D., Ganssen, G., Peeters, F., and Ganeshram, R.: Enhanced Arabian Sea intermediate water flow during glacial North Atlantic cold phases, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 280, 220–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.037, 2009.
Junium, C. K., Arthur, M. A., and Freeman, K. H.: Compound-specific δ15N and chlorin preservation in surface sediments of the Peru Margin with implications for ancient bulk δ15N records, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 160, 306–318, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.12.018, 2015.
Kessarkar, P. M., Purnachadra Rao, V., Naqvi, S. W. A., and Karapurkar, S. G.: Variation in the Indian summer monsoon intensity during the Bølling-Ållerød and Holocene, Paleoceanography, 28, 413–425, https://doi.org/10.1002/palo.20040, 2013.
Koho, K. A., García, R., de Stigter, H. C., Epping, E., Koning, E., Kouwenhoven, T. J., and van der Zwaan, G. J.: Sedimentary labile organic carbon and pore water redox control on species distribution of benthic foraminifera: A case study from Lisbon–Setúbal Canyon (southern Portugal), Prog. Oceanogr., 79, 55–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.07.004, 2008.
Kranner, M., Harzhauser, M., Beer, C., Auer, G., and Piller, W. E.: Calculating dissolved marine oxygen values based on an enhanced Benthic Foraminifera Oxygen Index, Sci. Rep.-UK, 12, 1376, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05295-8, 2022.
Kumar, S. P. and Prasad, T. G.: Formation and spreading of Arabian Sea high-salinity water mass, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 1455–1464, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JC900022, 1999.
Kuniyoshi, Y., Abe-Ouchi, A., Sherriff-Tadano, S., Chan, W.-L., and Saito, F.: Effect of Climatic Precession on Dansgaard–Oeschger-Like Oscillations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL095695, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095695, 2022.
L'Hégaret, P., Duarte, R., Carton, X., Vic, C., Ciani, D., Baraille, R., and Corréard, S.: Mesoscale variability in the Arabian Sea from HYCOM model results and observations: impact on the Persian Gulf Water path, Ocean Sci., 11, 667–693, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-667-2015, 2015.
Lachkar, Z., Lévy, M., and Smith, K. S.: Strong Intensification of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone in Response to Arabian Gulf Warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 5420–5429, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081631, 2019.
Lambeck, K.: Shoreline reconstructions for the Persian Gulf since the last glacial maximum, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 142, 43–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(96)00069-6, 1996.
Lauterbach, S., Witt, R., Plessen, B., Dulski, P., Prasad, S., Mingram, J., Gleixner, G., Hettler-Riedel, S., Stebich, M., Schnetger, B., Schwalb, A., and Schwarz, A.: Climatic imprint of the mid-latitude Westerlies in the Central Tian Shan of Kyrgyzstan and teleconnections to North Atlantic climate variability during the last 6000 years, Holocene, 24, 970–984, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614534741, 2014.
Lemieux-Dudon, B., Blayo, E., Petit, J.-R., Waelbroeck, C., Svensson, A., Ritz, C., Barnola, J.-M., Narcisi, B. M., and Parrenin, F.: Consistent dating for Antarctic and Greenland ice cores, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 8–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.010, 2010.
Leuschner, D. C. and Sirocko, F.: The low-latitude monsoon climate during Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles and Heinrich Events, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 243–254, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00064-5, 2000.
Levin, L. A.: Oxygen minimum zone Benthos: Adaptation and community response to hypoxia, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol., 41, 1–45, 2003.
Liu, H. Y., Lin, Z. S., Qi, X. Z., Li, Y. X., Yu, M. T., Yang, H., and Shen, J.: Possible link between Holocene East Asian monsoon and solar activity obtained from the EMD method, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 19, 421–430, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-19-421-2012, 2012.
Lu, W., Costa, K. M., and Oppo, D. W.: Reconstructing the Oxygen Depth Profile in the Arabian Sea During the Last Glacial Period, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 38, e2023PA004632, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023pa004632, 2023.
Madhupratap, M., Kumar, S. P., Bhattathiri, P. M. A., Kumar, M. D., Raghukumar, S., Nair, K. K. C., and Ramaiah, N.: Mechanism of the biological response to winter cooling in the northeastern Arabian Sea, Nature, 384, 549–552, https://doi.org/10.1038/384549a0, 1996.
Menzel, P., Gaye, B., Mishra, P. K., Anoop, A., Basavaiah, N., Marwan, N., Plessen, B., Prasad, S., Riedel, N., Stebich, M., and Wiesner, M. G.: Linking Holocene drying trends from Lonar Lake in monsoonal central India to North Atlantic cooling events, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 410, 164–178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.05.044, 2014.
Meyers, P. A. and Ishiwatari, R.: Lacustrine organic geochemistry—an overview of indicators of organic matter sources and diagenesis in lake sediments, Org. Geochem., 20, 867–900, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90100-P, 1993.
Möbius, J., Gaye, B., Lahajnar, N., Bahlmann, E., and Emeis, K.-C.: Influence of diagenesis on sedimentary δ15N in the Arabian Sea over the last 130 kyr, Mar. Geol., 284, 127–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2011.03.013, 2011.
Montoya, J. P.: Nitrogen Stable Isotopes in Marine Environments, in: Nitrogen in the Marine Environment, edited by: Capone, D. G., Bronk, D. A., Mulholland, M. R., and Carpenter, E. J., Academic Press, San Diego, 1277–1302, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372522-6.00029-3, 2008.
Morrison, J. M., Codispoti, L. A., Gaurin, S., Jones, B., Manghnani, V., and Zheng, Z.: Seasonal variation of hydrographic and nutrient fields during the US JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 45, 2053–2101, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00063-0, 1998.
Munz, P. M., Steinke, S., Böll, A., Lückge, A., Groeneveld, J., Kucera, M., and Schulz, H.: Decadal resolution record of Oman upwelling indicates solar forcing of the Indian summer monsoon (9–6 ka), Clim. Past, 13, 491–509, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-491-2017, 2017.
Murray, J. W.: Ecology and palaeoecology of benthic foraminifera, Longman Scientific & Technical, New York, ISBN 9780582051225, 1991.
Naeher, S., Geraga, M., Papatheodorou, G., Ferentinos, G., Kaberi, H., and Schubert, C. J.: Environmental variations in a semi-enclosed embayment (Amvrakikos Gulf, Greece) – reconstructions based on benthic foraminifera abundance and lipid biomarker pattern, Biogeosciences, 9, 5081–5094, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5081-2012, 2012.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Bange, H. W., Farías, L., Monteiro, P. M. S., Scranton, M. I., and Zhang, J.: Marine hypoxia/anoxia as a source of CH4 and N2O, Biogeosciences, 7, 2159–2190, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2159-2010, 2010.
NASA: Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua Chlorophyll Data, NASA OB.DAAC, Greenbelt, MD, USA, https://doi.org/10.5067/AQUA/MODIS/L3M/CHL/2022, 2022
Neff, U., Burns, S. J., Mangini, A., Mudelsee, M., Fleitmann, D., and Matter, A.: Strong coherence between solar variability and the monsoon in Oman between 9 and 6 kyr ago, Nature, 411, 290–293, https://doi.org/10.1038/35077048, 2001.
North Greenland Ice Core Project members: High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period, Nature, 431, 147–151, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02805, 2004.
Obrochta, S. P., Miyahara, H., Yokoyama, Y., and Crowley, T. J.: A re-examination of evidence for the North Atlantic “ 1500-year cycle” at Site 609, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 55, 23–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.08.008, 2012.
Ogihara, S.: Is the lycopane/n-C31ratio an effective proxy of palaeoxicity of bottom water for the Japan Sea? – Unusual distribution of lycopane in the surface sediment from the Japan Sea collected by the MD179 cruise, J. Asian Earth Sci., 90, 250–253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.12.012, 2014.
Orsi, W. D., Coolen, M. J. L., Wuchter, C., He, L., More, K. D., Irigoien, X., Chust, G., Johnson, C., Hemingway, J. D., Lee, M., Galy, V., and Giosan, L.: Climate oscillations reflected within the microbiome of Arabian Sea sediments, Sci. Rep.-UK, 7, 6040, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05590-9, 2017.
Overpeck, J., Anderson, D., Trumbore, S., and Prell, W.: The southwest Indian Monsoon over the last 18000 years, Clim. Dynam., 12, 213–225, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211619, 1996.
Pahnke, K. and Zahn, R.: Southern Hemisphere Water Mass Conversion Linked with North Atlantic Climate Variability, Science (80-.), 307, 1741–1746, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102163, 2005.
Pancost, R. D. and Boot, C. S.: The palaeoclimatic utility of terrestrial biomarkers in marine sediments, Mar. Chem., 92, 239–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2004.06.029, 2004.
Pathak, V. K., Kharwar, A., and Rai, A. K.: Benthic foraminiferal response to changes in the northwestern Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) during past ∼ 145 kyr, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 130, 163, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-021-01659-2, 2021.
Paulmier, A. and Ruiz-Pino, D.: Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the modern ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 80, 113–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.08.001, 2009.
Paulmier, A., Ruiz-Pino, D., and Garçon, V.: CO2 maximum in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), Biogeosciences, 8, 239–252, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-239-2011, 2011.
Pichevin, L., Bard, E., Martinez, P., and Billy, I.: Evidence of ventilation changes in the Arabian Sea during the late Quaternary: Implication for denitrification and nitrous oxide emission, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB4008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002852, 2007.
Pous, S. P., Carton, X., and Lazure, P.: Hydrology and circulation in the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman—Results from the GOGP99 Experiment: 2. Gulf of Oman, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002146, 2004.
Prasad, T. G., Ikeda, M., and Kumar, S. P.: Seasonal spreading of the Persian Gulf Water mass in the Arabian Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 17059–17071, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000480, 2001.
R Core Team: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, https://www.r-project.org/ (last access: 16 May 2023), 2023.
Reichart, G. J., den Dulk, M., Visser, H. J., van der Weijden, C. H., and Zachariasse, W. J.: A 225 kyr record of dust supply, paleoproductivity and the oxygen minimum zone from the Murray Ridge (northern Arabian Sea), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 134, 149–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00071-0, 1997.
Reichart, G. J., Lourens, L. J., and Zachariasse, W. J.: Temporal variability in the northern Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) during the last 225,000 years, Paleoceanography, 13, 607–621, https://doi.org/10.1029/98PA02203, 1998.
Reimer, P. J. and Reimer, R. W.: A Marine Reservoir Correction Database and On-Line Interface, Radiocarbon, 43, 461–463, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200038339, 2001.
Rixen, T., Baum, A., Gaye, B., and Nagel, B.: Seasonal and interannual variations in the nitrogen cycle in the Arabian Sea, Biogeosciences, 11, 5733–5747, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5733-2014, 2014.
Rixen, T., Cowie, G., Gaye, B., Goes, J., do Rosário Gomes, H., Hood, R. R., Lachkar, Z., Schmidt, H., Segschneider, J., and Singh, A.: Reviews and syntheses: Present, past, and future of the oxygen minimum zone in the northern Indian Ocean, Biogeosciences, 17, 6051–6080, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6051-2020, 2020.
Rohling, E. J., Grant, K., Hemleben, C., Kucera, M., Roberts, A. P., Schmeltzer, I., Schulz, H., Siccha, M., Siddall, M., and Trommer, G.: New constraints on the timing of sea level fluctuations during early to middle marine isotope stage 3, Paleoceanography, 23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001617, 2008.
Rommerskirchen, F., Plader, A., Eglinton, G., Chikaraishi, Y., and Rullkötter, J.: Chemotaxonomic significance of distribution and stable carbon isotopic composition of long-chain alkanes and alkan-1-ols in C4 grass waxes, Org. Geochem., 37, 1303–1332, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.12.013, 2006.
Russell, J. M. and Johnson, T. C.: Late Holocene climate change in the North Atlantic and equatorial Africa: Millennial-scale ITCZ migration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023295, 2005.
Russell, J. M., Johnson, T. C., and Talbot, M. R.: A 725 yr cycle in the climate of central Africa during the late Holocene, Geology, 31, 677–680, https://doi.org/10.1130/G19449.1, 2003.
Sabino, M., Schefuß, E., Natalicchio, M., Dela Pierre, F., Birgel, D., Bortels, D., Schnetger, B., and Peckmann, J.: Climatic and hydrologic variability in the northern Mediterranean across the onset of the Messinian salinity crisis, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 545, 109632, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109632, 2020.
Sabino, M., Dela Pierre, F., Natalicchio, M., Birgel, D., Gier, S., and Peckmann, J.: The response of water column and sedimentary environments to the advent of the Messinian salinity crisis: insights from an onshore deep-water section (Govone, NW Italy), Geol. Mag., 158, 825–841, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756820000874, 2021.
Saravanan, P., Gupta, A. K., Zheng, H., Majumder, J., Panigrahi, M. K., and Kharya, A.: A 23000 year old record of paleoclimatic and environmental changes from the eastern Arabian Sea, Mar. Micropaleontol., 160, 101905, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2020.101905, 2020.
Sarkar, A., Ramesh, R., Somayajulu, B. L. K., Agnihotri, R., Jull, A. J. T., and Burr, O. S.: High resolution Holocene monsoon record from the eastern Arabian Sea, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 177, 209–218, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00053-4, 2000.
Schmidt, H., Czeschel, R., and Visbeck, M.: Seasonal variability of the Arabian Sea intermediate circulation and its impact on seasonal changes of the upper oxygen minimum zone, Ocean Sci., 16, 1459–1474, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1459-2020, 2020.
Schmiedl, G., de Bovée, F., Buscail, R., Charrière, B., Hemleben, C., Medernach, L., and Picon, P.: Trophic control of benthic foraminiferal abundance and microhabitat in the bathyal Gulf of Lions, western Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Micropaleontol., 40, 167–188, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(00)00038-4, 2000.
Schmiedl, G., Kuhnt, T., Ehrmann, W., Emeis, K.-C., Hamann, Y., Kotthoff, U., Dulski, P., and Pross, J.: Climatic forcing of eastern Mediterranean deep-water formation and benthic ecosystems during the past 22 000 years, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 3006–3020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.07.002, 2010.
Schmiedl, G., Milker, Y., and Mackensen, A.: Climate forcing of regional deep-sea biodiversity documented by benthic foraminifera, Earth-Sci. Rev., 244, 104540, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104540, 2023a.
Schmiedl, G., Milker, Y., and Mackensen, A.: Benthic foraminifera census data of sediment core GeoTü SL167, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.960060, 2023b.
Schott, F. A. and McCreary, J. P.: The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 51, 1–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(01)00083-0, 2001.
Schulte, S., Rostek, F., Bard, E., Rullkötter, J., and Marchal, O.: Variations of oxygen-minimum and primary productivity recorded in sediments of the Arabian Sea, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 173, 205–221, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00232-0, 1999.
Schulte, S., Mangelsdorf, K., and Rullkötter, J.: Organic matter preservation on the Pakistan continental margin as revealed by biomarker geochemistry, Org. Geochem., 31, 1005–1022, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00108-X, 2000.
Schulz, H., van Rad, U., and Erlenkeuser, H.: Correlation between Arabian Sea and Greenland climate oscillations of the past 110,000 years, Nature, 393, 54–57, https://doi.org/10.1038/31750, 1998.
Schulz, M.: On the 1470-year pacing of Dansgaard–Oeschger warm events, Paleoceanography, 17, 4–9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000571, 2002.
Schulz, M. and Mudelsee, M.: REDFIT: Estimating red-noise spectra directly from unevenly spaced paleoclimatic time series, Comput. Geosci., 28, 421–426, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00044-9, 2002.
Schumacher, S., Jorissen, F. J., Dissard, D., Larkin, K. E., and Gooday, A. J.: Live (Rose Bengal stained) and dead benthic foraminifera from the oxygen minimum zone of the Pakistan continental margin (Arabian Sea), Mar. Micropaleontol., 62, 45–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2006.07.004, 2007.
Sergiou, S., Geraga, M., Rohling, E. J., Rodríguez-Sanz, L., Hadjisolomou, E., Paraschos, F., Sakellariou, D., and Bailey, G.: Influences of sea level changes and the South Asian Monsoon on southern Red Sea oceanography over the last 30 ka, Quaternary Res., 110, 114–132, https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2022.16, 2022.
Shenoi, S., Shetye, S. R., Gouveia, A. D., and Michael, G. S.: Salinity extrema in the Arabian Sea, Mitt. Geol.-Paläont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, SCOPE/UNEP Sonderband, 76, 37–49, 1993.
Siddall, M., Rohling, E. J., Almogi-Labin, A., Hemleben, C., Meischner, D., Schmelzer, I., and Smeed, D. A.: Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle, Nature, 423, 853–858, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01690, 2003.
Sigman, D. M. and Fripiat, F.: Nitrogen Isotopes in the Ocean, in: Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 3rd Edn., edited by: Cochran, J. K., Bokuniewicz, H. J., and Yager, P. L., Academic Press, Oxford, 263–278, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11605-7, 2019.
Sigman, D. M., Altabet, M. A., McCorkle, D. C., Francois, R., and Fischer, G.: The δ15N of nitrate in the Southern Ocean: Nitrogen cycling and circulation in the ocean interior, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 105, 19599–19614, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000265, 2000.
Singh, A. D., Jung, S. J. A., Darling, K., Ganeshram, R., Ivanochko, T., and Kroon, D.: Productivity collapses in the Arabian Sea during glacial cold phases, Paleoceanography, 26, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001923, 2011.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Kuypers, M. M. M., Schouten, S., Schulte, S., and Rullkötter, J.: The lycopane/C31 n-alkane ratio as a proxy to assess palaeoxicity during sediment deposition, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 209, 215–226, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00066-9, 2003.
Sirocko, F., Sarnthein, M., Lange, H., and Erlenkeuser, H.: Atmospheric summer circulation and coastal upwelling in the Arabian Sea during the Holocene and the last glaciation, Quaternary Res., 36, 72–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(91)90018-Z, 1991.
Sirocko, F., Garbe-Schönberg, Dieter and Devey, C.: Processes controlling trace element geochemistry of Arabian Sea sediments during the last 25,000 years, Global Planet. Change, 26, 217–303, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00046-1, 2000.
Southon, J., Kashgarian, M., Fontugne, M., Metivier, B., and W-S Yim, W.: Marine Reservoir Corrections for the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia, Radiocarbon, 44, 167–180, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200064778, 2002.
Staubwasser, M., Sirocko, F., Grootes, P. M., and Segl, M.: Climate change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus valley civilization and Holocene south Asian monsoon variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1425, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016822, 2003.
Steig, E. J., Jones, T. R., Schauer, A. J., Kahle, E. C., Morris, V. A., Vaughn, B. H., Davidge, L., and White, J. W. C.: Continuous-Flow Analysis of δ17O, δ18O, and δD of H2O on an Ice Core from the South Pole, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 640292, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.640292, 2021.
Stocker, T. F. and Johnsen, S. J.: A minimum thermodynamic model for the bipolar seesaw, Paleoceanography, 18, 1087, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000920, 2003.
Stoffers, P. and Ross, D. A.: Late Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentation in the Persian Gulf—Gulf of Oman, Sediment. Geol., 23, 181–208, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(79)90014-9, 1979.
Stuiver, M. and Braziunas, T. F.: Sun, ocean, climate and atmospheric 14CO2: an evaluation of causal and spectral relationships, Holocene, 3, 289–305, https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369300300401, 1993.
Suthhof, A., Ittekkot, V., and Gaye-Hakke, B.: Millennial-scale oscillation of denitrification intensity in the Arabian Sea during the late Quaternary and its potential influence on atmospheric N20 and global climate, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 637–649, 2001.
Szarek, R.: Biodiversity and biogeography of recent benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the south-western South China Sea (Sunda Shelf), University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany, https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:8-diss-5374 (last access: 15 January 2024), 2001.
Tesdal, J.-E., Galbraith, E. D., and Kienast, M.: Nitrogen isotopes in bulk marine sediment: linking seafloor observations with subseafloor records, Biogeosciences, 10, 101–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-101-2013, 2013.
Thamban, M., Kawahata, H., and Rao, V. P.: Indian summer monsoon variability during the holocene as recorded in sediments of the Arabian Sea: Timing and implications, J. Oceanogr., 63, 1009–1020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-007-0084-8, 2007.
Torrence, C. and Compo, G. P.: A practical guide to wavelet analysis, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 61–78, 1998.
van Bentum, E. C., Hetzel, A., Brumsack, H.-J., Forster, A., Reichart, G.-J., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Reconstruction of water column anoxia in the equatorial Atlantic during the Cenomanian–Turonian oceanic anoxic event using biomarker and trace metal proxies, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 280, 489–498, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.07.003, 2009.
Vogts, A., Moossen, H., Rommerskirchen, F., and Rullkötter, J.: Distribution patterns and stable carbon isotopic composition of alkanes and alkan-1-ols from plant waxes of African rain forest and savanna C3 species, Org. Geochem., 40, 1037–1054, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.07.011, 2009.
von Rad, U., Schaaf, M., Michels, K. H., Schulz, H., Berger, W. H., and Sirocko, F.: A 5000-yr Record of Climate Change in Varved Sediments from the Oxygen Minimum Zone off Pakistan, Northeastern Arabian Sea, Quaternary Res., 51, 39–53, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.2016, 1999.
Wakeham, S. G.: Organic biogeochemistry in the oxygen-deficient ocean: A review, Org. Geochem., 149, 104096, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2020.104096, 2020.
Wakeham, S. G., Freeman, K. H., Pease, T. K., and Hayes, J. M.: A photoautotrophic source for lycopane in marine water columns, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 57, 159–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90476-D, 1993.
Wang, L., Sarnthein, M., Erlenkeuser, H., Grimalt, J., Grootes, P., Heilig, S., Ivanova, E., Kienast, M., Pelejero, C., and Pflaumann, U.: East Asian monsoon climate during the Late Pleistocene: high-resolution sediment records from the South China Sea, Mar. Geol., 156, 245–284, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00182-0, 1999.
Wang, P., Clemens, S., Beaufort, L., Braconnot, P., Ganssen, G., Jian, Z., Kershaw, P., and Sarnthein, M.: Evolution and variability of the Asian monsoon system: State of the art and outstanding issues, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 595–629, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.002, 2005.
Wang, Y., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., He, Y., Kong, X., An, Z., Wu, J., Kelly, M. J., Dykoski, C. A., and Li, X.: The Holocene Asian Monsoon: Links to Solar Changes and North Atlantic Climate, Science, 308, 854–857, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1106296, 2005.
Wang, Y. J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., An, Z. S., Wu, J. Y., Shen, C.-C., and Dorale, J. A.: A High-Resolution Absolute-Dated Late Pleistocene Monsoon Record from Hulu Cave, China, Science (80-.), 294, 2345–2348, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064618, 2001.
Wang, Z., DiMarco, S. F., Jochens, A. E., and Ingle, S.: High salinity events in the northern Arabian Sea and Sea of Oman, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 74, 14–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.12.004, 2013.
Xu, D., Lu, H., Chu, G., Wu, N., Shen, C., Wang, C., and Mao, L.: 500-year climate cycles stacking of recent centennial warming documented in an East Asian pollen record, Sci. Rep.-UK, 4, 3611, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep03611, 2014.
Zhou, Y., Gong, H., and Zhou, F.: Responses of Horizontally Expanding Oceanic Oxygen Minimum Zones to Climate Change Based on Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL097724, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL097724, 2022.
Co-editor-in-chief
This excellent publication uses a multiproxy approach consisting of benthic formaminifera, lipid biomarkers and stable isotopes to study changing redox conditions in the Gulf of Oman during the past 43 kyrs. In large detail, the authors reconstruct periods dominated by either oxygenated conditions or largely oxygen depleted conditions. This high-resolution reconstruction revealed dominantly oxygenated conditions during Marine Isotope Stage 3 with deoxygenation events dominating most of the warmer Dansgaard-Oeschger events.
This excellent publication uses a multiproxy approach consisting of benthic formaminifera, lipid...
Short summary
We analyse benthic foraminifera, nitrogen isotopes and lipids in a sediment core from the Gulf of Oman to investigate how the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) and bottom water (BW) oxygenation have reacted to climatic changes since 43 ka. The OMZ and BW deoxygenation was strong during the Holocene, but the OMZ was well ventilated during the LGM period. We found an unstable mode of oscillating oxygenation states, from moderately oxygenated in cold stadials to deoxygenated in warm interstadials in MIS 3.
We analyse benthic foraminifera, nitrogen isotopes and lipids in a sediment core from the Gulf...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint