Articles | Volume 10, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6677-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6677-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Oct 2013
Research article |
| 24 Oct 2013
Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño/Southern Oscillation impacts on regional chlorophyll anomalies in the Indian Ocean
J. C. Currie
Biological Sciences Department, Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Egagasini Offshore Node, South African Environmental Observation Network, Cape Town, South Africa
M. Lengaigne
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques, UMR7617, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
J. Vialard
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques, UMR7617, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
D. M. Kaplan
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR212 EME (IRD, IFREMER, Université Montpellier II), Sète cedex, France
O. Aumont
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Laboratoire de Physique des Océans, UMR6523, Brest, France
S. W. A. Naqvi
CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
O. Maury
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR212 EME (IRD, IFREMER, Université Montpellier II), Sète cedex, France
Department of Oceanography, Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Related authors
No articles found.
Madhavan Girijakumari Keerthi, Olivier Aumont, Lester Kwiatkowski, and Marina Levy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2294, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2294, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study assesses the capability of CMIP6 models to reproduce satellite observations of sub-seasonal chlorophyll variability. Models struggle to reproduce the sub-seasonal variance and its contribution across timescales. Some models overestimate sub-seasonal variance and exaggerate its role in annual fluctuations, while others underestimate it. Underestimation is likely due to the coarse resolution of models, while overestimation may result from intrinsic oscillations in biogeochemical models.
Alban Planchat, Lester Kwiatkowski, Laurent Bopp, Olivier Torres, James R. Christian, Momme Butenschön, Tomas Lovato, Roland Séférian, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Olivier Aumont, Michio Watanabe, Akitomo Yamamoto, Andrew Yool, Tatiana Ilyina, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Kristen M. Krumhardt, Jörg Schwinger, Jerry Tjiputra, John P. Dunne, and Charles Stock
Biogeosciences, 20, 1195–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity is critical to the uptake of atmospheric carbon and acidification in surface waters. We review the representation of alkalinity and the associated calcium carbonate cycle in Earth system models. While many parameterizations remain present in the latest generation of models, there is a general improvement in the simulated alkalinity distribution. This improvement is related to an increase in the export of biotic calcium carbonate, which closer resembles observations.
Corentin Clerc, Laurent Bopp, Fabio Benedetti, Meike Vogt, and Olivier Aumont
Biogeosciences, 20, 869–895, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-869-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-869-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Gelatinous zooplankton play a key role in the ocean carbon cycle. In particular, pelagic tunicates, which feed on a wide size range of prey, produce rapidly sinking detritus. Thus, they efficiently transfer carbon from the surface to the depths. Consequently, we added these organisms to a marine biogeochemical model (PISCES-v2) and evaluated their impact on the global carbon cycle. We found that they contribute significantly to carbon export and that this contribution increases with depth.
Laurent Bopp, Olivier Aumont, Lester Kwiatkowski, Corentin Clerc, Léonard Dupont, Christian Ethé, Thomas Gorgues, Roland Séférian, and Alessandro Tagliabue
Biogeosciences, 19, 4267–4285, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4267-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4267-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of anthropogenic climate change on the biological production of phytoplankton in the ocean is a cause for concern because its evolution could affect the response of marine ecosystems to climate change. Here, we identify biological N fixation and its response to future climate change as a key process in shaping the future evolution of marine phytoplankton production. Our results show that further study of how this nitrogen fixation responds to environmental change is essential.
Martí Galí, Marcus Falls, Hervé Claustre, Olivier Aumont, and Raffaele Bernardello
Biogeosciences, 19, 1245–1275, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1245-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1245-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Part of the organic matter produced by plankton in the upper ocean is exported to the deep ocean. This process, known as the biological carbon pump, is key for the regulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide and global climate. However, the dynamics of organic particles below the upper ocean layer are not well understood. Here we compared the measurements acquired by autonomous robots in the top 1000 m of the ocean to a numerical model, which can help improve future climate projections.
Julien Jouanno, Rachid Benshila, Léo Berline, Antonin Soulié, Marie-Hélène Radenac, Guillaume Morvan, Frédéric Diaz, Julio Sheinbaum, Cristele Chevalier, Thierry Thibaut, Thomas Changeux, Frédéric Menard, Sarah Berthet, Olivier Aumont, Christian Ethé, Pierre Nabat, and Marc Mallet
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4069–4086, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4069-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4069-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The tropical Atlantic has been facing a massive proliferation of Sargassum since 2011, with severe environmental and socioeconomic impacts. We developed a modeling framework based on the NEMO ocean model, which integrates transport by currents and waves, and physiology of Sargassum with varying internal nutrient quota, and considers stranding at the coast. Results demonstrate the ability of the model to reproduce and forecast the seasonal cycle and large-scale distribution of Sargassum biomass.
Lester Kwiatkowski, Olivier Torres, Laurent Bopp, Olivier Aumont, Matthew Chamberlain, James R. Christian, John P. Dunne, Marion Gehlen, Tatiana Ilyina, Jasmin G. John, Andrew Lenton, Hongmei Li, Nicole S. Lovenduski, James C. Orr, Julien Palmieri, Yeray Santana-Falcón, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Charles A. Stock, Alessandro Tagliabue, Yohei Takano, Jerry Tjiputra, Katsuya Toyama, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Michio Watanabe, Akitomo Yamamoto, Andrew Yool, and Tilo Ziehn
Biogeosciences, 17, 3439–3470, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3439-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3439-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We assess 21st century projections of marine biogeochemistry in the CMIP6 Earth system models. These models represent the most up-to-date understanding of climate change. The models generally project greater surface ocean warming, acidification, subsurface deoxygenation, and euphotic nitrate reductions but lesser primary production declines than the previous generation of models. This has major implications for the impact of anthropogenic climate change on marine ecosystems.
Vincent Echevin, Manon Gévaudan, Dante Espinoza-Morriberón, Jorge Tam, Olivier Aumont, Dimitri Gutierrez, and François Colas
Biogeosciences, 17, 3317–3341, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3317-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3317-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The coasts of Peru encompass the richest fisheries in the entire ocean. It is therefore very important for this country to understand how the nearshore marine ecosystem may evolve under climate change. Fine-scale numerical models are very useful because they can represent precisely the evolution of key parameters such as temperature, water oxygenation, and plankton biomass. Here we study the evolution of the Peruvian marine ecosystem in the 21st century under the worst-case climate scenario.
Marie-Hélène Radenac, Julien Jouanno, Christine Carine Tchamabi, Mesmin Awo, Bernard Bourlès, Sabine Arnault, and Olivier Aumont
Biogeosciences, 17, 529–545, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-529-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-529-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite data and a remarkable set of in situ measurements show a main bloom of microscopic seaweed, the phytoplankton, in summer and a secondary bloom in December in the central equatorial Atlantic. They are driven by a strong vertical supply of nitrate in May–July and a shorter and moderate supply in November. In between, transport of low-nitrate water from the west explains most nitrate losses in the sunlit layer. Horizontal eddy-induced processes also contribute to seasonal nitrate removal.
Renaud Person, Olivier Aumont, Gurvan Madec, Martin Vancoppenolle, Laurent Bopp, and Nacho Merino
Biogeosciences, 16, 3583–3603, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3583-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3583-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Antarctic Ice Sheet is considered a possibly important but largely overlooked source of iron (Fe). Here we explore its fertilization capacity by evaluating the response of marine biogeochemistry to Fe release from icebergs and ice shelves in a global ocean model. Large regional impacts are simulated, leading to only modest primary production and carbon export increases at the scale of the Southern Ocean. Large uncertainties are due to low observational constraints on modeling choices.
Cyril Dutheil, Olivier Aumont, Thomas Gorguès, Anne Lorrain, Sophie Bonnet, Martine Rodier, Cécile Dupouy, Takuhei Shiozaki, and Christophe Menkes
Biogeosciences, 15, 4333–4352, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4333-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4333-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
N2 fixation is recognized as one of the major sources of nitrogen in the ocean. Thus, N2 fixation sustains a significant part of the primary production (PP) by supplying the most common limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth. From numerical simulations, the local maximums of Trichodesmium biomass in the Pacific are found around islands, explained by the iron fluxes from island sediments. We assessed that 15 % of the PP may be due to Trichodesmium in the low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll areas.
Fabrice Ardhuin, Yevgueny Aksenov, Alvise Benetazzo, Laurent Bertino, Peter Brandt, Eric Caubet, Bertrand Chapron, Fabrice Collard, Sophie Cravatte, Jean-Marc Delouis, Frederic Dias, Gérald Dibarboure, Lucile Gaultier, Johnny Johannessen, Anton Korosov, Georgy Manucharyan, Dimitris Menemenlis, Melisa Menendez, Goulven Monnier, Alexis Mouche, Frédéric Nouguier, George Nurser, Pierre Rampal, Ad Reniers, Ernesto Rodriguez, Justin Stopa, Céline Tison, Clément Ubelmann, Erik van Sebille, and Jiping Xie
Ocean Sci., 14, 337–354, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-337-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-337-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Sea surface KInematics Multiscale (SKIM) monitoring mission is a proposal for a future satellite that is designed to measure ocean currents and waves. Using a Doppler radar, the accurate measurement of currents requires the removal of the mean velocity due to ocean wave motions. This paper describes the main processing steps needed to produce currents and wave data from the radar measurements. With this technique, SKIM can provide unprecedented coverage and resolution, over the global ocean.
Madhavan Girijakumari Keerthi, Matthieu Lengaigne, Marina Levy, Jerome Vialard, Vallivattathillam Parvathi, Clément de Boyer Montégut, Christian Ethé, Olivier Aumont, Iyyappan Suresh, Valiya Parambil Akhil, and Pillathu Moolayil Muraleedharan
Biogeosciences, 14, 3615–3632, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3615-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3615-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The northern Arabian Sea hosts a winter chlorophyll bloom, which exhibits strong interannual variability. The processes responsible for this interannual variation of the bloom are investigated using observations and a model. The interannual fluctuations of the winter bloom are largely related to the interannual mixed-layer depth (MLD) anomalies, which are driven by net heat flux anomalies. MLD controls the bloom amplitude through a modulation of nutrient turbulent fluxes into the mixed layer.
Guillaume Le Gland, Laurent Mémery, Olivier Aumont, and Laure Resplandy
Biogeosciences, 14, 3171–3189, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3171-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3171-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we computed the fluxes of radium-228 from the continental shelf to the open ocean by fitting a numerical model to observations. After determining appropriate model parameters (cost function and number of source regions), we found a lower and more precise global flux than previous estimates: 8.01–8.49×1023 atoms yr−1. This result can be used to assess nutrient and trace element fluxes to the open ocean, but we cannot identify specific pathways like submarine groundwater discharge.
James C. Orr, Raymond G. Najjar, Olivier Aumont, Laurent Bopp, John L. Bullister, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Scott C. Doney, John P. Dunne, Jean-Claude Dutay, Heather Graven, Stephen M. Griffies, Jasmin G. John, Fortunat Joos, Ingeborg Levin, Keith Lindsay, Richard J. Matear, Galen A. McKinley, Anne Mouchet, Andreas Oschlies, Anastasia Romanou, Reiner Schlitzer, Alessandro Tagliabue, Toste Tanhua, and Andrew Yool
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2169–2199, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2169-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2169-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) is a model comparison effort under Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Its physical component is described elsewhere in this special issue. Here we describe its ocean biogeochemical component (OMIP-BGC), detailing simulation protocols and analysis diagnostics. Simulations focus on ocean carbon, other biogeochemical tracers, air-sea exchange of CO2 and related gases, and chemical tracers used to evaluate modeled circulation.
Olivier Aumont, Marco van Hulten, Matthieu Roy-Barman, Jean-Claude Dutay, Christian Éthé, and Marion Gehlen
Biogeosciences, 14, 2321–2341, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2321-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2321-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The marine biological carbon pump is dominated by the vertical transfer of particulate organic carbon (POC) from the surface ocean to its interior. In this study, we explore the impacts of a variable composition of this organic matter using a global ocean biogeochemical model. We show that accounting for a variable lability of POC increases POC concentrations by up to 2 orders of magnitude in the ocean's interior. Furthermore, the amount of carbon that reaches the sediments is twice as large.
Parvathi Vallivattathillam, Suresh Iyyappan, Matthieu Lengaigne, Christian Ethé, Jérôme Vialard, Marina Levy, Neetu Suresh, Olivier Aumont, Laure Resplandy, Hema Naik, and Wajih Naqvi
Biogeosciences, 14, 1541–1559, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1541-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1541-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
During late boreal summer and fall, the west coast of India (WCI) experiences hypoxia, which turns into anoxia during some years. We analyze a coupled physical–biogeochemical simulation over the 1960–2012 period to investigate the physical processes influencing oxycline interannual variability off the WCI. We show that fall WCI oxycline fluctuations are strongly related to Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), with positive IODs preventing anoxia, while negative IODs do not necessarily result in anoxia.
Pierre-Amaël Auger, Thomas Gorgues, Eric Machu, Olivier Aumont, and Patrice Brehmer
Biogeosciences, 13, 6419–6440, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6419-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6419-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A box modeling approach reveals that horizontal currents drive the spatial distribution of phytoplankton biomass and primary production in the north-west African upwelling system. Alongshore (cross-shore) currents limit (enhance) cross-shore exchanges north (south) of Cape Blanc. Off Cape Blanc, a meridional convergence makes ambiguous the response of coastal nutrient upwelling to wind forcings, and high production is based upon nutrients and remineralized matter injected by horizontal currents.
Corinne Le Quéré, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Róisín Moriarty, Séverine Alvain, Olivier Aumont, Laurent Bopp, Sophie Chollet, Clare Enright, Daniel J. Franklin, Richard J. Geider, Sandy P. Harrison, Andrew G. Hirst, Stuart Larsen, Louis Legendre, Trevor Platt, I. Colin Prentice, Richard B. Rivkin, Sévrine Sailley, Shubha Sathyendranath, Nick Stephens, Meike Vogt, and Sergio M. Vallina
Biogeosciences, 13, 4111–4133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4111-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4111-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present a global biogeochemical model which incorporates ecosystem dynamics based on the representation of ten plankton functional types, and use the model to assess the relative roles of iron vs. grazing in determining phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean. Our results suggest that observed low phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean during summer is primarily explained by the dynamics of the Southern Ocean zooplankton community, despite iron limitation of phytoplankton growth.
Roland Séférian, Marion Gehlen, Laurent Bopp, Laure Resplandy, James C. Orr, Olivier Marti, John P. Dunne, James R. Christian, Scott C. Doney, Tatiana Ilyina, Keith Lindsay, Paul R. Halloran, Christoph Heinze, Joachim Segschneider, Jerry Tjiputra, Olivier Aumont, and Anastasia Romanou
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1827–1851, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1827-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1827-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores how the large diversity in spin-up protocols used for ocean biogeochemistry in CMIP5 models contributed to inter-model differences in modeled fields. We show that a link between spin-up duration and skill-score metrics emerges from both individual IPSL-CM5A-LR's results and an ensemble of CMIP5 models. Our study suggests that differences in spin-up protocols constitute a source of inter-model uncertainty which would require more attention in future intercomparison exercises.
Roland Séférian, Christine Delire, Bertrand Decharme, Aurore Voldoire, David Salas y Melia, Matthieu Chevallier, David Saint-Martin, Olivier Aumont, Jean-Christophe Calvet, Dominique Carrer, Hervé Douville, Laurent Franchistéguy, Emilie Joetzjer, and Séphane Sénési
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1423–1453, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1423-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1423-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first IPCC-class Earth system model developed at Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM-ESM1). We detail how the various carbon reservoirs were initialized and analyze the behavior of the carbon cycle and its prominent physical drivers, comparing model results to the most up-to-date climate and carbon cycle dataset over the latest decades.
O. Aumont, C. Ethé, A. Tagliabue, L. Bopp, and M. Gehlen
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2465–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2465-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2465-2015, 2015
K. B. Rodgers, O. Aumont, S. E. Mikaloff Fletcher, Y. Plancherel, L. Bopp, C. de Boyer Montégut, D. Iudicone, R. F. Keeling, G. Madec, and R. Wanninkhof
Biogeosciences, 11, 4077–4098, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4077-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4077-2014, 2014
I. Borrione, O. Aumont, M. C. Nielsdóttir, and R. Schlitzer
Biogeosciences, 11, 1981–2001, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1981-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1981-2014, 2014
M. Ishii, R. A. Feely, K. B. Rodgers, G.-H. Park, R. Wanninkhof, D. Sasano, H. Sugimoto, C. E. Cosca, S. Nakaoka, M. Telszewski, Y. Nojiri, S. E. Mikaloff Fletcher, Y. Niwa, P. K. Patra, V. Valsala, H. Nakano, I. Lima, S. C. Doney, E. T. Buitenhuis, O. Aumont, J. P. Dunne, A. Lenton, and T. Takahashi
Biogeosciences, 11, 709–734, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-709-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-709-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Modelling, Aquatic
Efficiency metrics for ocean alkalinity enhancements under responsive and prescribed atmospheric pCO2 conditions
Changes in Arctic Ocean plankton community structure and trophic dynamics on seasonal to interannual timescales
Global impact of benthic denitrification on marine N2 fixation and primary production simulated by a variable-stoichiometry Earth system model
Killing the predator: impacts of highest-predator mortality on the global-ocean ecosystem structure
Hydrodynamic and biochemical impacts on the development of hypoxia in the Louisiana–Texas shelf – Part 1: roles of nutrient limitation and plankton community
Argon Saturation in a Suite of Coupled General Ocean Circulation Biogeochemical Models off Mauretania
Validation of the coupled physical–biogeochemical ocean model NEMO–SCOBI for the North Sea–Baltic Sea system
Investigating ecosystem connections in the shelf sea environment using complex networks
Seasonal and interannual variability of the pelagic ecosystem and of the organic carbon budget in the Rhodes Gyre (eastern Mediterranean): influence of winter mixing
How much do bacterial growth properties and biodegradable dissolved organic matter control water quality at low flow?
Methane emissions from Arctic landscapes during 2000–2015: an analysis with land and lake biogeochemistry models
Including filter-feeding gelatinous macrozooplankton in a global marine biogeochemical model: model–data comparison and impact on the ocean carbon cycle
Riverine impact on future projections of marine primary production and carbon uptake
Subsurface oxygen maximum in oligotrophic marine ecosystems: mapping the interaction between physical and biogeochemical processes
Quantifying biological carbon pump pathways with a data-constrained mechanistic model ensemble approach
Assessing the spatial and temporal variability of methylmercury biogeochemistry and bioaccumulation in the Mediterranean Sea with a coupled 3D model
Hydrodynamic and biochemical impacts on the development of hypoxia in the Louisiana–Texas shelf – Part 2: statistical modeling and hypoxia prediction
Modelling the effects of benthic fauna on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in the Baltic Sea
Improved prediction of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) distributions in the northeast subarctic Pacific using machine-learning algorithms
Nutrient transport and transformation in macrotidal estuaries of the French Atlantic coast: a modeling approach using the Carbon-Generic Estuarine Model
A modelling study of temporal and spatial pCO2 variability on the biologically active and temperature-dominated Scotian Shelf
Modeling the marine chromium cycle: new constraints on global-scale processes
New insights into large-scale trends of apparent organic matter reactivity in marine sediments and patterns of benthic carbon transformation
Evaluation of ocean dimethylsulfide concentration and emission in CMIP6 models
Zooplankton mortality effects on the plankton community of the northern Humboldt Current System: sensitivity of a regional biogeochemical model
Multi-compartment kinetic–allometric (MCKA) model of radionuclide bioaccumulation in marine fish
Impact of bottom trawling on sediment biogeochemistry: a modelling approach
Cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea: a review of models and facts
Arctic Ocean acidification over the 21st century co-driven by anthropogenic carbon increases and freshening in the CMIP6 model ensemble
Modeling silicate–nitrate–ammonium co-limitation of algal growth and the importance of bacterial remineralization based on an experimental Arctic coastal spring bloom culture study
Role of jellyfish in the plankton ecosystem revealed using a global ocean biogeochemical model
Extreme event waves in marine ecosystems: an application to Mediterranean Sea surface chlorophyll
Use of optical absorption indices to assess seasonal variability of dissolved organic matter in Amazon floodplain lakes
The role of sediment-induced light attenuation on primary production during Hurricane Gustav (2008)
Quantifying spatiotemporal variability in zooplankton dynamics in the Gulf of Mexico with a physical–biogeochemical model
One size fits all? Calibrating an ocean biogeochemistry model for different circulations
Assessing the temporal scale of deep-sea mining impacts on sediment biogeochemistry
Seasonal patterns of surface inorganic carbon system variables in the Gulf of Mexico inferred from a regional high-resolution ocean biogeochemical model
Oxygen dynamics and evaluation of the single-station diel oxygen model across contrasting geologies
Oceanic CO2 outgassing and biological production hotspots induced by pre-industrial river loads of nutrients and carbon in a global modeling approach
Global trends in marine nitrate N isotopes from observations and a neural network-based climatology
Merging bio-optical data from Biogeochemical-Argo floats and models in marine biogeochemistry
Model constraints on the anthropogenic carbon budget of the Arctic Ocean
Modeling oceanic nitrate and nitrite concentrations and isotopes using a 3-D inverse N cycle model
Biogeochemical response of the Mediterranean Sea to the transient SRES-A2 climate change scenario
Modelling the biogeochemical effects of heterotrophic and autotrophic N2 fixation in the Gulf of Aqaba (Israel), Red Sea
A perturbed biogeochemistry model ensemble evaluated against in situ and satellite observations
Diazotrophy as the main driver of the oligotrophy gradient in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean: results from a one-dimensional biogeochemical–physical coupled model
Causes of simulated long-term changes in phytoplankton biomass in the Baltic proper: a wavelet analysis
Modelling N2 fixation related to Trichodesmium sp.: driving processes and impacts on primary production in the tropical Pacific Ocean
Michael D. Tyka
Biogeosciences, 22, 341–353, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-341-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-341-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Marine CO2 removal (mCDR) is a promising technology for removing legacy emissions from the atmosphere. Its indirect nature makes it difficult to assess experimentally; instead one relies heavily on simulation. Many past papers have treated the atmosphere as non-responsive to the intervention studied. We show that even under these simplified assumptions, the increase in ocean CO2 inventory is equal to the equivalent quantity of direct CO2 removals occurring over time, in a realistic atmosphere.
Gabriela Negrete-García, Jessica Y. Luo, Colleen M. Petrik, Manfredi Manizza, and Andrew D. Barton
Biogeosciences, 21, 4951–4973, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4951-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4951-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic Ocean experiences significant seasonal and year-to-year changes, impacting marine plankton populations. Using a plankton community model, we studied these effects on plankton communities and their influence on fish production. Our findings revealed earlier plankton blooms, shifts towards more carnivorous zooplankton, and increased fishery potential during summertime, especially in warmer years with less ice, highlighting the delicate balance of Arctic ecosystems.
Na Li, Christopher J. Somes, Angela Landolfi, Chia-Te Chien, Markus Pahlow, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 21, 4361–4380, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4361-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4361-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
N is a crucial nutrient that limits phytoplankton growth in large ocean areas. The amount of oceanic N is governed by the balance of N2 fixation and denitrification. Here we incorporate benthic denitrification into an Earth system model with variable particulate stoichiometry. Our model compares better to the observed surface nutrient distributions, marine N2 fixation, and primary production. Benthic denitrification plays an important role in marine N and C cycling and hence the global climate.
David Talmy, Eric Carr, Harshana Rajakaruna, Selina Våge, and Anne Willem Omta
Biogeosciences, 21, 2493–2507, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2493-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2493-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The structure of plankton communities is central to global cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements. This study explored the sensitivity of different assumptions about highest-predator mortality in ecosystem models with contrasting food web structures. In the context of environmental data, we find support for models assuming a density-dependent mortality of the highest predator, irrespective of assumed food web structure.
Yanda Ou and Z. George Xue
Biogeosciences, 21, 2385–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Developed for the Gulf of Mexico (2006–2020), a 3D hydrodynamic–biogeochemical model validated against in situ data reveals the impact of nutrients and plankton diversity on dissolved oxygen dynamics. It highlights the role of physical processes, sediment oxygen consumption, and nutrient distribution in shaping bottom oxygen levels and hypoxia. The model underscores the importance of complex plankton interactions for understanding primary production and hypoxia evolution.
Heiner Dietze and Ulrike Löptien
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-918, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-918, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce argon saturation as a prognostic variable in a suite of coupled general ocean circulation biogeochemical models off Mauretania. Our results indicate that the effect of increasing the spatial horizontal model resolutions from 12 km to 1.5 km leads to changes comparable to other infamous spurious effects of state-of-the-art numerical advection numerics.
Itzel Ruvalcaba Baroni, Elin Almroth-Rosell, Lars Axell, Sam T. Fredriksson, Jenny Hieronymus, Magnus Hieronymus, Sandra-Esther Brunnabend, Matthias Gröger, Ivan Kuznetsov, Filippa Fransner, Robinson Hordoir, Saeed Falahat, and Lars Arneborg
Biogeosciences, 21, 2087–2132, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The health of the Baltic and North seas is threatened due to high anthropogenic pressure; thus, different methods to assess the status of these regions are urgently needed. Here, we validated a novel model simulating the ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry of the Baltic and North seas that can be used to create future climate and nutrient scenarios, contribute to European initiatives on de-eutrophication, and provide water quality advice and support on nutrient load reductions for both seas.
Ieuan Higgs, Jozef Skákala, Ross Bannister, Alberto Carrassi, and Stefano Ciavatta
Biogeosciences, 21, 731–746, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-731-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-731-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A complex network is a way of representing which parts of a system are connected to other parts. We have constructed a complex network based on an ecosystem–ocean model. From this, we can identify patterns in the structure and areas of similar behaviour. This can help to understand how natural, or human-made, changes will affect the shelf sea ecosystem, and it can be used in multiple future applications such as improving modelling, data assimilation, or machine learning.
Joelle Habib, Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, Milad Fakhri, Patrick Marsaleix, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Marine Fourrier, Laurent Coppola, Alexandre Mignot, Laurent Mortier, and Pascal Conan
Biogeosciences, 20, 3203–3228, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3203-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3203-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Rhodes Gyre, eastern Mediterranean Sea, is the main Levantine Intermediate Water formation site. In this study, we use a 3D physical–biogeochemical model to investigate the seasonal and interannual variability of organic carbon dynamics in the gyre. Our results show its autotrophic nature and its high interannual variability, with enhanced primary production, downward exports, and onward exports to the surrounding regions during years marked by intense heat losses and deep mixed layers.
Masihullah Hasanyar, Thomas Romary, Shuaitao Wang, and Nicolas Flipo
Biogeosciences, 20, 1621–1633, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1621-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1621-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The results of this study indicate that biodegradable dissolved organic matter is responsible for oxygen depletion at low flow during summer seasons when heterotrophic bacterial activity is so intense. Therefore, the dissolved organic matter must be well measured in the water monitoring networks in order to have more accurate water quality models. It also advocates for high-frequency data collection for better quantification of the uncertainties related to organic matter.
Xiangyu Liu and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 20, 1181–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1181-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1181-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We are among the first to quantify methane emissions from inland water system in the pan-Arctic. The total CH4 emissions are 36.46 Tg CH4 yr−1 during 2000–2015, of which wetlands and lakes were 21.69 Tg yr−1 and 14.76 Tg yr−1, respectively. By using two non-overlap area change datasets with land and lake models, our simulation avoids small lakes being counted twice as both lake and wetland, and it narrows the gap between two different methods used to quantify regional CH4 emissions.
Corentin Clerc, Laurent Bopp, Fabio Benedetti, Meike Vogt, and Olivier Aumont
Biogeosciences, 20, 869–895, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-869-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-869-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Gelatinous zooplankton play a key role in the ocean carbon cycle. In particular, pelagic tunicates, which feed on a wide size range of prey, produce rapidly sinking detritus. Thus, they efficiently transfer carbon from the surface to the depths. Consequently, we added these organisms to a marine biogeochemical model (PISCES-v2) and evaluated their impact on the global carbon cycle. We found that they contribute significantly to carbon export and that this contribution increases with depth.
Shuang Gao, Jörg Schwinger, Jerry Tjiputra, Ingo Bethke, Jens Hartmann, Emilio Mayorga, and Christoph Heinze
Biogeosciences, 20, 93–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-93-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-93-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the impact of riverine nutrients and carbon (C) on projected marine primary production (PP) and C uptake using a fully coupled Earth system model. Riverine inputs alleviate nutrient limitation and thus lessen the projected PP decline by up to 0.7 Pg C yr−1 globally. The effect of increased riverine C may be larger than the effect of nutrient inputs in the future on the projected ocean C uptake, while in the historical period increased nutrient inputs are considered the largest driver.
Valeria Di Biagio, Stefano Salon, Laura Feudale, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Biogeosciences, 19, 5553–5574, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of dissolved oxygen in the ocean is the result of interacting physical and biological processes. Oxygen vertical profiles show a subsurface maximum in a large part of the ocean. We used a numerical model to map this subsurface maximum in the Mediterranean Sea and to link local differences in its properties to the driving processes. This emerging feature can help the marine ecosystem functioning to be better understood, also under the impacts of climate change.
Michael R. Stukel, Moira Décima, and Michael R. Landry
Biogeosciences, 19, 3595–3624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3595-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3595-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The biological carbon pump (BCP) transports carbon into the deep ocean, leading to long-term marine carbon sequestration. It is driven by many physical, chemical, and ecological processes. We developed a model of the BCP constrained using data from 11 cruises in 4 different ocean regions. Our results show that sinking particles and vertical mixing are more important than transport mediated by vertically migrating zooplankton. They also highlight the uncertainty in current estimates of the BCP.
Ginevra Rosati, Donata Canu, Paolo Lazzari, and Cosimo Solidoro
Biogeosciences, 19, 3663–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3663-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3663-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Methylmercury (MeHg) is produced and bioaccumulated in marine food webs, posing concerns for human exposure through seafood consumption. We modeled and analyzed the fate of MeHg in the lower food web of the Mediterranean Sea. The modeled spatial–temporal distribution of plankton bioaccumulation differs from the distribution of MeHg in surface water. We also show that MeHg exposure concentrations in temperate waters can be lowered by winter convection, which is declining due to climate change.
Yanda Ou, Bin Li, and Z. George Xue
Biogeosciences, 19, 3575–3593, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3575-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3575-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decades, the Louisiana–Texas shelf has been suffering recurring hypoxia (dissolved oxygen < 2 mg L−1). We developed a novel prediction model using state-of-the-art statistical techniques based on physical and biogeochemical data provided by a numerical model. The model can capture both the magnitude and onset of the annual hypoxia events. This study also demonstrates that it is possible to use a global model forecast to predict regional ocean water quality.
Eva Ehrnsten, Oleg Pavlovitch Savchuk, and Bo Gustav Gustafsson
Biogeosciences, 19, 3337–3367, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3337-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3337-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the effects of benthic fauna, animals living on or in the seafloor, on the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus using a model of the Baltic Sea ecosystem. By eating and excreting, the animals transform a large part of organic matter sinking to the seafloor into inorganic forms, which fuel plankton blooms. Simultaneously, when they move around (bioturbate), phosphorus is bound in the sediments. This reduces nitrogen-fixing plankton blooms and oxygen depletion.
Brandon J. McNabb and Philippe D. Tortell
Biogeosciences, 19, 1705–1721, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1705-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1705-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The trace gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS) plays an important role in the ocean sulfur cycle and can also influence Earth’s climate. Our study used two statistical methods to predict surface ocean concentrations and rates of sea–air exchange of DMS in the northeast subarctic Pacific. Our results show improved predictive power over previous approaches and suggest that nutrient availability, light-dependent processes, and physical mixing may be important controls on DMS in this region.
Xi Wei, Josette Garnier, Vincent Thieu, Paul Passy, Romain Le Gendre, Gilles Billen, Maia Akopian, and Goulven Gildas Laruelle
Biogeosciences, 19, 931–955, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-931-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-931-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Estuaries are key reactive ecosystems along the land–ocean aquatic continuum and are often strongly impacted by anthropogenic activities. We calculated nutrient in and out fluxes by using a 1-D transient model for seven estuaries along the French Atlantic coast. Among these, large estuaries with high residence times showed higher retention rates than medium and small ones. All reveal coastal eutrophication due to the excess of diffused nitrogen from intensive agricultural river basins.
Krysten Rutherford, Katja Fennel, Dariia Atamanchuk, Douglas Wallace, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 18, 6271–6286, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6271-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6271-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using a regional model of the northwestern North Atlantic shelves in combination with a surface water time series and repeat transect observations, we investigate surface CO2 variability on the Scotian Shelf. The study highlights a strong seasonal cycle in shelf-wide pCO2 and spatial variability throughout the summer months driven by physical events. The simulated net flux of CO2 on the Scotian Shelf is out of the ocean, deviating from the global air–sea CO2 flux trend in continental shelves.
Frerk Pöppelmeier, David J. Janssen, Samuel L. Jaccard, and Thomas F. Stocker
Biogeosciences, 18, 5447–5463, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5447-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5447-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Chromium (Cr) is a redox-sensitive element that holds promise as a tracer of ocean oxygenation and biological activity. We here implemented the oxidation states Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the Bern3D model to investigate the processes that shape the global Cr distribution. We find a Cr ocean residence time of 5–8 kyr and that the benthic source dominates the tracer budget. Further, regional model–data mismatches suggest strong Cr removal in oxygen minimum zones and a spatially variable benthic source.
Felipe S. Freitas, Philip A. Pika, Sabine Kasten, Bo B. Jørgensen, Jens Rassmann, Christophe Rabouille, Shaun Thomas, Henrik Sass, Richard D. Pancost, and Sandra Arndt
Biogeosciences, 18, 4651–4679, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4651-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4651-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
It remains challenging to fully understand what controls carbon burial in marine sediments globally. Thus, we use a model–data approach to identify patterns of organic matter reactivity at the seafloor across distinct environmental conditions. Our findings support the notion that organic matter reactivity is a dynamic ecosystem property and strongly influences biogeochemical cycling and exchange. Our results are essential to improve predictions of future changes in carbon cycling and climate.
Josué Bock, Martine Michou, Pierre Nabat, Manabu Abe, Jane P. Mulcahy, Dirk J. L. Olivié, Jörg Schwinger, Parvadha Suntharalingam, Jerry Tjiputra, Marco van Hulten, Michio Watanabe, Andrew Yool, and Roland Séférian
Biogeosciences, 18, 3823–3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3823-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3823-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we analyse surface ocean dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentration and flux to the atmosphere from four CMIP6 Earth system models over the historical and ssp585 simulations.
Our analysis of contemporary (1980–2009) climatologies shows that models better reproduce observations in mid to high latitudes. The models disagree on the sign of the trend of the global DMS flux from 1980 onwards. The models agree on a positive trend of DMS over polar latitudes following sea-ice retreat dynamics.
Mariana Hill Cruz, Iris Kriest, Yonss Saranga José, Rainer Kiko, Helena Hauss, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 18, 2891–2916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2891-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2891-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we use a regional biogeochemical model of the eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean to implicitly simulate the effect that fluctuations in populations of small pelagic fish, such as anchovy and sardine, may have on the biogeochemistry of the northern Humboldt Current System. To do so, we vary the zooplankton mortality in the model, under the assumption that these fishes eat zooplankton. We also evaluate the model for the first time against mesozooplankton observations.
Roman Bezhenar, Kyeong Ok Kim, Vladimir Maderich, Govert de With, and Kyung Tae Jung
Biogeosciences, 18, 2591–2607, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2591-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2591-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new approach to predicting the accumulation of radionuclides in fish was developed by taking into account heterogeneity of distribution of contamination in the organism and dependence of metabolic process rates on the fish mass. Predicted concentrations of radionuclides in fish agreed well with the laboratory and field measurements. The model with the defined generic parameters could be used in marine environments without local calibration, which is important for emergency decision support.
Emil De Borger, Justin Tiano, Ulrike Braeckman, Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 18, 2539–2557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Bottom trawling alters benthic mineralization: the recycling of organic material (OM) to free nutrients. To better understand how this occurs, trawling events were added to a model of seafloor OM recycling. Results show that bottom trawling reduces OM and free nutrients in sediments through direct removal thereof and of fauna which transport OM to deeper sediment layers protected from fishing. Our results support temporospatial trawl restrictions to allow key sediment functions to recover.
Britta Munkes, Ulrike Löptien, and Heiner Dietze
Biogeosciences, 18, 2347–2378, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2347-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2347-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cyanobacteria blooms can strongly aggravate eutrophication problems of water bodies. Their controls are, however, not comprehensively understood, which impedes effective management and protection plans. Here we review the current understanding of cyanobacteria blooms. Juxtaposition of respective field and laboratory studies with state-of-the-art mathematical models reveals substantial uncertainty associated with nutrient demands, grazing, and death of cyanobacteria.
Jens Terhaar, Olivier Torres, Timothée Bourgeois, and Lester Kwiatkowski
Biogeosciences, 18, 2221–2240, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2221-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2221-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The uptake of carbon, emitted as a result of human activities, results in ocean acidification. We analyse 21st-century projections of acidification in the Arctic Ocean, a region of particular vulnerability, using the latest generation of Earth system models. In this new generation of models there is a large decrease in the uncertainty associated with projections of Arctic Ocean acidification, with freshening playing a greater role in driving acidification than previously simulated.
Tobias R. Vonnahme, Martial Leroy, Silke Thoms, Dick van Oevelen, H. Rodger Harvey, Svein Kristiansen, Rolf Gradinger, Ulrike Dietrich, and Christoph Völker
Biogeosciences, 18, 1719–1747, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Diatoms are crucial for Arctic coastal spring blooms, and their growth is controlled by nutrients and light. At the end of the bloom, inorganic nitrogen or silicon can be limiting, but nitrogen can be regenerated by bacteria, extending the algal growth phase. Modeling these multi-nutrient dynamics and the role of bacteria is challenging yet crucial for accurate modeling. We recreated spring bloom dynamics in a cultivation experiment and developed a representative dynamic model.
Rebecca M. Wright, Corinne Le Quéré, Erik Buitenhuis, Sophie Pitois, and Mark J. Gibbons
Biogeosciences, 18, 1291–1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1291-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1291-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Jellyfish have been included in a global ocean biogeochemical model for the first time. The global mean jellyfish biomass in the model is within the observational range. Jellyfish are found to play an important role in the plankton ecosystem, influencing community structure, spatiotemporal dynamics and biomass. The model raises questions about the sensitivity of the zooplankton community to jellyfish mortality and the interactions between macrozooplankton and jellyfish.
Valeria Di Biagio, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, and Cosimo Solidoro
Biogeosciences, 17, 5967–5988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5967-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5967-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Events that influence the functioning of the Earth’s ecosystems are of interest in relation to a changing climate. We propose a method to identify and characterise
wavesof extreme events affecting marine ecosystems for multi-week periods over wide areas. Our method can be applied to suitable ecosystem variables and has been used to describe different kinds of extreme event waves of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the Mediterranean Sea, by analysing the output from a high-resolution model.
Maria Paula da Silva, Lino A. Sander de Carvalho, Evlyn Novo, Daniel S. F. Jorge, and Claudio C. F. Barbosa
Biogeosciences, 17, 5355–5364, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5355-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5355-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyze the seasonal changes in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) quality (based on its optical properties) in four Amazon floodplain lakes. DOM plays a fundamental role in surface water chemistry, controlling metal bioavailability and mobility, and nutrient cycling. The model proposed in our paper highlights the potential to study DOM quality at a wider spatial scale, which may help to better understand the persistence and fate of DOM in the ecosystem.
Zhengchen Zang, Z. George Xue, Kehui Xu, Samuel J. Bentley, Qin Chen, Eurico J. D'Sa, Le Zhang, and Yanda Ou
Biogeosciences, 17, 5043–5055, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5043-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5043-2020, 2020
Taylor A. Shropshire, Steven L. Morey, Eric P. Chassignet, Alexandra Bozec, Victoria J. Coles, Michael R. Landry, Rasmus Swalethorp, Glenn Zapfe, and Michael R. Stukel
Biogeosciences, 17, 3385–3407, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3385-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3385-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Zooplankton are the smallest animals in the ocean and important food for fish. Despite their importance, zooplankton have been relatively undersampled. To better understand the zooplankton community in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), we developed a model to simulate their dynamics. We found that heterotrophic protists are important for supporting mesozooplankton, which are the primary prey of larval fish. The model developed in this study has the potential to improve fisheries management in the GoM.
Iris Kriest, Paul Kähler, Wolfgang Koeve, Karin Kvale, Volkmar Sauerland, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 17, 3057–3082, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3057-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3057-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Constants of global biogeochemical ocean models are often tuned
by handto match observations of nutrients or oxygen. We investigate the effect of this tuning by optimising six constants of a global biogeochemical model, simulated in five different offline circulations. Optimal values for three constants adjust to distinct features of the circulation applied and can afterwards be swapped among the circulations, without losing too much of the model's fit to observed quantities.
Laura Haffert, Matthias Haeckel, Henko de Stigter, and Felix Janssen
Biogeosciences, 17, 2767–2789, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2767-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2767-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Deep-sea mining for polymetallic nodules is expected to have severe environmental impacts. Through prognostic modelling, this study aims to provide a holistic assessment of the biogeochemical recovery after a disturbance event. It was found that the recovery strongly depends on the impact type; e.g. complete removal of the surface sediment reduces seafloor nutrient fluxes over centuries.
Fabian A. Gomez, Rik Wanninkhof, Leticia Barbero, Sang-Ki Lee, and Frank J. Hernandez Jr.
Biogeosciences, 17, 1685–1700, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1685-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1685-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We use a numerical model to infer annual changes of surface carbon chemistry in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The main seasonality drivers of partial pressure of carbon dioxide and aragonite saturation state from the model are temperature and river runoff. The GoM basin is a carbon sink in winter–spring and carbon source in summer–fall, but uptake prevails near the Mississippi Delta year-round due to high biological production. Our model results show good correspondence with observational studies.
Simon J. Parker
Biogeosciences, 17, 305–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-305-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-305-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved oxygen (DO) models typically assume constant ecosystem respiration over the course of a single day. Using a data-driven approach, this research examines this assumption in four streams across two (hydro-)geological types (Chalk and Greensand). Despite hydrogeological equivalence in terms of baseflow index for each hydrogeological pairing, model suitability differed within, rather than across, geology types. This corresponded with associated differences in timings of DO minima.
Fabrice Lacroix, Tatiana Ilyina, and Jens Hartmann
Biogeosciences, 17, 55–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-55-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-55-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Contributions of rivers to the oceanic cycling of carbon have been poorly represented in global models until now. Here, we assess the long–term implications of preindustrial riverine loads in the ocean in a novel framework which estimates the loads through a hierarchy of weathering and land–ocean export models. We investigate their impacts for the oceanic biological production and air–sea carbon flux. Finally, we assess the potential incorporation of the framework in an Earth system model.
Patrick A. Rafter, Aaron Bagnell, Dario Marconi, and Timothy DeVries
Biogeosciences, 16, 2617–2633, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2617-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2617-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The N isotopic composition of nitrate (
nitrate δ15N) is a useful tracer of ocean N cycling and many other ocean processes. Here, we use a global compilation of marine nitrate δ15N as an input, training, and validating dataset for an artificial neural network (a.k.a.,
machine learning) and examine basin-scale trends in marine nitrate δ15N from the surface to the seafloor.
Elena Terzić, Paolo Lazzari, Emanuele Organelli, Cosimo Solidoro, Stefano Salon, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, and Pascal Conan
Biogeosciences, 16, 2527–2542, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2527-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2527-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring ecosystem properties in the ocean is a hard business. Recent availability of data from Biogeochemical-Argo floats can help make this task easier. Numerical models can integrate these new data in a coherent picture and can be used to investigate the functioning of ecosystem processes. Our new approach merges experimental information and model capabilities to quantitatively demonstrate the importance of light and water vertical mixing for algae dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea.
Jens Terhaar, James C. Orr, Marion Gehlen, Christian Ethé, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 16, 2343–2367, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2343-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2343-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A budget of anthropogenic carbon in the Arctic Ocean, the main driver of open-ocean acidification, was constructed for the first time using a high-resolution ocean model. The budget reveals that anthropogenic carbon enters the Arctic Ocean mainly by lateral transport; the air–sea flux plays a minor role. Coarser-resolution versions of the same model, typical of earth system models, store less anthropogenic carbon in the Arctic Ocean and thus underestimate ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean.
Taylor S. Martin, François Primeau, and Karen L. Casciotti
Biogeosciences, 16, 347–367, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-347-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-347-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrite is a key intermediate in many nitrogen (N) cycling processes in the ocean, particularly in areas with low oxygen that are hotspots for N loss. We have created a 3-D global N cycle model with nitrite as a tracer. Stable isotopes of N are also included in the model and we are able to model the isotope fractionation associated with each N cycling process. Our model accurately represents N concentrations and isotope distributions in the ocean.
Camille Richon, Jean-Claude Dutay, Laurent Bopp, Briac Le Vu, James C. Orr, Samuel Somot, and François Dulac
Biogeosciences, 16, 135–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-135-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-135-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the effects of climate change and biogeochemical forcing evolution on the nutrient and plankton cycles of the Mediterranean Sea for the first time. We use a high-resolution coupled physical and biogeochemical model and perform 120-year transient simulations. The results indicate that changes in external nutrient fluxes and climate change may have synergistic or antagonistic effects on nutrient concentrations, depending on the region and the scenario.
Angela M. Kuhn, Katja Fennel, and Ilana Berman-Frank
Biogeosciences, 15, 7379–7401, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7379-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7379-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Recent studies demonstrate that marine N2 fixation can be carried out without light. However, direct measurements of N2 fixation in dark environments are relatively scarce. This study uses a model that represents biogeochemical cycles at a deep-ocean location in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Different model versions are used to test assumptions about N2 fixers. Relaxing light limitation for marine N2 fixers improved the similarity between model results and observations of deep nitrate and oxygen.
Prima Anugerahanti, Shovonlal Roy, and Keith Haines
Biogeosciences, 15, 6685–6711, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6685-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6685-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Minor changes in the biogeochemical model equations lead to major dynamical changes. We assessed this structural sensitivity for the MEDUSA biogeochemical model on chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations at five oceanographic stations over 10 years, using 1-D ensembles generated by combining different process equations. The ensemble performed better than the default model in most of the stations, suggesting that our approach is useful for generating a probabilistic biogeochemical ensemble model.
Audrey Gimenez, Melika Baklouti, Thibaut Wagener, and Thierry Moutin
Biogeosciences, 15, 6573–6589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6573-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6573-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
During the OUTPACE cruise conducted in the oligotrophic to ultra-oligotrophic region of the western tropical South Pacific, two contrasted regions were sampled in terms of N2 fixation rates, primary production rates and nutrient availability. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of N2 fixation in the differences observed between the two contrasted areas by comparing two simulations only differing by the presence or not of N2 fixers using a 1-D biogeochemical–physical coupled model.
Jenny Hieronymus, Kari Eilola, Magnus Hieronymus, H. E. Markus Meier, Sofia Saraiva, and Bengt Karlson
Biogeosciences, 15, 5113–5129, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5113-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5113-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates how phytoplankton concentrations in the Baltic Sea co-vary with nutrient concentrations and other key variables on inter-annual timescales in a model integration over the years 1850–2008. The study area is not only affected by climate change; it has also been subjected to greatly increased nutrient loads due to extensive use of agricultural fertilizers. The results indicate the largest inter-annual coherence of phytoplankton with the limiting nutrient.
Cyril Dutheil, Olivier Aumont, Thomas Gorguès, Anne Lorrain, Sophie Bonnet, Martine Rodier, Cécile Dupouy, Takuhei Shiozaki, and Christophe Menkes
Biogeosciences, 15, 4333–4352, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4333-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4333-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
N2 fixation is recognized as one of the major sources of nitrogen in the ocean. Thus, N2 fixation sustains a significant part of the primary production (PP) by supplying the most common limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth. From numerical simulations, the local maximums of Trichodesmium biomass in the Pacific are found around islands, explained by the iron fluxes from island sediments. We assessed that 15 % of the PP may be due to Trichodesmium in the low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll areas.
Cited articles
Abram, N. J., Gagan, M. K., McCulloch, M. T., Chappell, J., and Hantoro, W. S.: Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires, Science, 301, 952–955, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1083841, 2003.
Abram, N. J., Gagan, M. G., McCulloch, M. T., Chappell, J., and Hantoro, W. S.: Response to comment on "Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires", Science, 303, 1297–1297, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094047, 2004.
Annamalai, H., Murtugudde, R., Potemra, J., Xie, S. P., Liu, P., and Wang, B.: Coupled dynamics over the Indian Ocean: spring initiation of the Zonal Mode, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 2305–2330, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00058-4, 2003.
Aumont, O. and Bopp, L.: Globalizing results from ocean in situ iron fertilization studies, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB2017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002591, 2006.
Aumont, O., Bopp, L., and Schulz, M.: What does temporal variability in aeolian dust deposition contribute to sea-surface iron and chlorophyll distributions?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L07607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031131, 2008.
Ballabrera-Poy, J., Murtugudde, R. G., Christian, J. R., and Busalacchi, A. J.: Signal-to-noise ratios of observed monthly tropical ocean color, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1645, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL016995, 2003.
Baquero-Bernal, A., Latif, M., and Legutke, S.: On dipolelike variability of sea surface temperature in the tropical Indian Ocean, J. Climate, 15, 1358–1368, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1358:ODVOSS>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Behrenfeld, M. J., Westberry, T. K., Boss, E. S., O'Malley, R. T., Siegel, D. A., Wiggert, J. D., Franz, B. A., McClain, C. R., Feldman, G. C., Doney, S. C., Moore, J. K., Dall'Olmo, G., Milligan, A. J., Lima, I., and Mahowald, N.: Satellite-detected fluorescence reveals global physiology of ocean phytoplankton, Biogeosciences, 6, 779–794, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-779-2009, 2009.
Bjerknes, J.: Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific, Mon. Weather Rev., 97, 163–172, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097<0163:ATFTEP>2.3.CO;2, 1969.
Blanke, B. and Delecluse, P.: Variability of the tropical Atlantic Ocean simulated by a general circulation model with two different mixed-Layer physics, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1363–1388, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<1363:VOTTAO>2.0.CO;2, 1993.
Boyer, T., Levitus, S., Garcia, H., Locarnini, R. A., Stephens, C., and Antonov, J.: Objective analyses of annual, seasonal, and monthly temperature and salinity for the World Ocean on a 0.25° grid, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 931–945, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1173, 2005.
Claustre, H., Morel, A., Hooker, S. B., Babin, M., Antoine, D., Oubelkheir, K., Bricaud, A., Leblanc, K., Quéguiner, B., and Maritorena, S.: Is desert dust making oligotrophic waters greener?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 107–1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014056, 2002.
Cleveland, R. B., Cleveland, W. S., McRae, J. E., and Terpenning, I.: STL: A seasonal-trend decomposition procedure based on loess, J. Official Statist., 6, 3–73, 1990.
Cravatte, S., Madec, G., Izumo, T., Menkes, C., and Bozec, A.: Progress in the 3-D circulation of the eastern equatorial Pacific in a climate ocean model, Ocean Model., 17, 28–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.11.003, 2007.
Dandonneau, Y., Vega, A., Loisel, H., Du Penhoat, Y., and Menkes, C.: Oceanic Rossby Waves acting as a "hay rake" for ecosystem floating by-products, Science, 302, 1548–1551, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090729, 2003.
Djavidnia, S., Mélin, F., and Hoepffner, N.: Comparison of global ocean colour data records, Ocean Sci., 6, 61–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-6-61-2010, 2010.
Du, Y., Xie, S.-P., Huang, G., and Hu, K.: Role of air–sea interaction in the long persistence of El Niño–induced north Indian Ocean warming, J. Climate, 22, 2023–2038, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2590.1, 2009.
Falkowski, P. G., Barber, R. T., and Smetacek, V.: Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production, Science, 281, 200–206, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5374.200, 1998.
Feng, M. and Meyers, G.: Interannual variability in the tropical Indian Ocean: a two-year time-scale of Indian Ocean Dipole, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 2263–2284, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00056-0, 2003.
Geider, R. J., MacIntyre, H. L., and Kana, T. M.: A dynamic regulatory model of phytoplanktonic acclimation to light, nutrients, and temperature, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 679–694, 1998.
Goosse, H.: Modelling the large-scale behaviour of the coupled ocean–sea-ice system, Ph.D. thesis, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium, 1997.
Gordon, H. R. and McCluney, W. R.: Estimation of the depth of sunlight penetration in the sea for remote sensing, Appl. Opt., 14, 413–416, 1975.
Hastenrath, S.: Dipoles, temperature gradients, and tropical climate anomalies, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 735–738, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0735:WLACNM>2.3.CO;2, 2002.
Hermes, J. C. and Reason, C. J. C.: Annual cycle of the south Indian Ocean (Seychelles-Chagos) thermocline ridge in a regional ocean model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C04035, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004363, 2008.
Hood, R. R., Wiggert, J. D., and Naqvi, S. W. A.: A New Basin-wide, International Program in the Indian Ocean, Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry News, 3, 5–8, 2010.
Horii, T., Hase, H., Ueki, I., and Masumoto, Y.: Oceanic precondition and evolution of the 2006 Indian Ocean dipole, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032464, 2008.
Howden, S. D. and Murtugudde, R.: Effects of river inputs into the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 19825–19843, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000656, 2001.
Iskandar, I., Rao, S., and Tozuka, T.: Chlorophyll-a bloom along the southern coasts of Java and Sumatra during 2006, Int. J. Remote. Sens., 30, 663–671, 2009.
Izumo, T., Vialard, J., Lengaigne, M., de Boyer Montégut, C., Behera, S. K., Luo, J.-J., Cravatte, S., Masson, S., and Yamagata, T.: Influence of the state of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the following year's El Niño, Nat. Geosci., 3, 168–172, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo760, 2010.
Jackett, D. R. and Mcdougall, T. J.: Minimal adjustment of hydrographic profiles to achieve static stability, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 12, 381–389, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012<0381:MAOHPT>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Kao, H.-Y. and Yu, J.-Y.: Contrasting eastern-Pacific and central-Pacific types of ENSO, J. Climate, 22, 615–632, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2309.1, 2009.
Keerthi, M., Lengaigne, M., Vialard, J., de Boyer Montégut, C., and Muraleedharan, P.: Interannual variability of the Tropical Indian Ocean mixed layer depth, Clim. Dynam., 38, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1295-2, 2012.
Klein, S. A., Soden, B. J., and Lau, N. C.: Remote sea surface temperature variations during ENSO: Evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge, J. Climate, 12, 917–932, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<0917:RSSTVD>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Koné, V., Aumont, O., Levy, C., and Resplandy, L.: Physical and biogeochemical controls of the phytoplankton seasonal cycle in the Indian Ocean: A modeling study, in: Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability, vol. 185, edited by: J. D. Wiggert, R. R. Hood, S. Wajih, A. Naqvi, K. H. Brink, and S. L. Smith, p. 350, 2009.
Lengaigne, M. and Vecchi, G.: Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models, Clim. Dynam., 35, 299–313, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0562-3, 2010.
Lengaigne, M., Boulanger, J.-P., Menkes, C., Masson, S., Madec, G., and Delecluse, P.: Ocean response to the March 1997 Westerly Wind Event, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 107, 8015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000841, 2002.
Lengaigne, M., Madec, G., Menkes, C., and Alory, G.: Impact of isopycnal mixing on the tropical ocean circulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 108, 3345, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001704, 2003.
Lengaigne, M., Boulanger, J.-P., Menkes, C., and Spencer, H.: Influence of the seasonal cycle on the termination of El Niño events in a coupled general circulation model, J. Climate, 19, 1850–1868, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3706.1, 2006.
Lengaigne, M., Menkes, C., Aumont, O., Gorgues, T., Bopp, L., André, J.-M., and Madec, G.: Influence of the oceanic biology on the tropical Pacific climate in a coupled general circulation model, Clim. Dynam., 28, 503–516, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0200-2, 2007.
Lengaigne, M., Hausmann, U., Madec, G., Menkes, C., Vialard, J., and Molines, J.: Mechanisms controlling warm water volume interannual variations in the equatorial Pacific: diabatic versus adiabatic processes, Clim. Dynam., 38, 1031–1046, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1051-z, 2012.
Lewis, M. R., Hebert, D., Harrison, W., Platt, T., and Oakey, N. S.: Vertical nitrate fluxes in the oligotrophic ocean, Science, 234, 870–873, 1986.
Madec, G., Delecluse, P., Imbard, M., and Lévy, C.: OPA 8.1 Ocean general circulation model reference manual, Note du Pôle de modélisation, IPSL, Paris, 1998.
Maritorena, S., D' Andon, O. H. F., Mangin, A., and Siegel, D. A.: Merged satellite ocean color data products using a bio-optical model: Characteristics, benefits and issues, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 1791–1804, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.04.002, 2010.
Marsac, F. and Le Blanc, J. L.: Oceanographic changes during the 1997–1998 El Niño in the Indian Ocean and their impact on the purse seine fishery, IOTC Proceedings, 2, 147–157, 1999.
Maury, O.: An overview of APECOSM, a spatialized mass balanced "Apex Predators ECOSystem Model" to study physiologically structured tuna population dynamics in their ecosystem, Prog. Oceanogr., 84, 113–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.09.013, 2010.
McClain, C. R., Signorini, S. R., and Christian, J. R.: Subtropical gyre variability observed by ocean-color satellites, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 51, 281–301, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.08.002, 2004.
McPhaden, M. J., Zebiak, S. E., and Glantz, M. H.: ENSO as an Integrating Concept in Earth Science, Science, 314, 1740–1745, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132588, 2006.
Ménard, F., Marsac, F., Bellier, E., and Cazelles, B.: Climatic oscillations and tuna catch rates in the Indian Ocean: a wavelet approach to time series analysis, Fish. Oceanogr., 16, 95–104, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.2006.00415.x, 2007.
Messié, M. and Chavez, F. P.: A global analysis of ENSO synchrony: The oceans' biological response to physical forcing, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C09001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC007938, 2012.
Meyers, G., McIntosh, P., Pigot, L., and Pook, M.: The Years of El Niño, La Niña, and interactions with the tropical Indian Ocean, J. Climate, 20, 2872–2880, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4152.1, 2007.
Morel, A. and Maritorena, S.: Bio-optical properties of oceanic waters: A reappraisal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 7163–7180, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000319, 2001.
Morel, A., Huot, Y., Gentili, B., Werdell, P. J., Hooker, S. B., and Franz, B. A.: Examining the consistency of products derived from various ocean color sensors in open ocean (Case 1) waters in the perspective of a multi-sensor approach, Remote Sens. Environ., 111, 69–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.03.012, 2007.
Murtugudde, R. and Busalacchi, A. J.: Interannual variability of the dynamics and thermodynamics of the tropical Indian Ocean, J. Climate, 12, 2300–2326, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2300:IVOTDA>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Murtugudde, R. G., Signorini, S. R., Christian, J. R., Busalacchi, A. J., McClain, C. R., and Picaut, J.: Ocean color variability of the tropical Indo-Pacific basin observed by SeaWiFS during 1997–1998, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 18351–18366, 1999.
Murtugudde, R., Wang, L., Hackert, E., Beauchamp, J., Christian, J., and Busalacchi, A. J.: Remote sensing of the Indo-Pacific region: ocean colour, sea level, winds and sea surface temperatures, Int. J. Remote. Sens., 25, 1423–1435, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160310001592391, 2004.
Nidheesh, A. G., Lengaigne, M., Vialard, J., Unnikrishnan, A. S., and Dayan, H.: Decadal and long-term sea level variability in the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean, Clim. Dynam., 41, 381–402, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1463-4, 2013.
O'Reilly, J. E., Maritorena, S., Mitchell, B. G., Siegel, D. A., Carder, K. L., Garver, S. A., Kahru, M., and McClain, C.: Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFS, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 103, 24937–24953, 1998.
Paulson, C. A. and Simpson, J. J.: Irradiance measurements in the upper ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 952–956, 1977.
Prasanna Kumar, S., Nuncio, M., Ramaiah, N., Sardesai, S., Narvekar, J., Fernandes, V., and Paul, J. T.: Eddy-mediated biological productivity in the Bay of Bengal during fall and spring intermonsoons, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 54, 1619–1640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.06.002, 2007.
Prasanna Kumar, S., Nuncio, M., Narvekar, J., Ramaiah, N., Sardessai, S., Gauns, M., Fernandes, V., Paul, J. T., Jyothibabu, R., and Jayaraj, K. A.: Seasonal cycle of physical forcing and biological response in the Bay of Bengal, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 39, 388–405, 2010.
R Development Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria, available at: http://www.R-project.org, 2011.
Rao, S. A. and Behera, S. K.: Subsurface influence on SST in the tropical Indian Ocean: structure and interannual variability, Dynam. Atmos. Oceans, 39, 103–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2004.10.014, 2005.
Rao, S. A., Behera, S. K., Masumoto, Y. and Yamagata, T.: Interannual subsurface variability in the tropical Indian Ocean with a special emphasis on the Indian Ocean Dipole, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 1549–1572, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00158-8, 2002.
Rao, R. R., Girish Kumar, M. S., Ravichandran, M., Rao, A. R., Gopalakrishna, V. V. and Thadathil, P.: Interannual variability of Kelvin wave propagation in the wave guides of the equatorial Indian Ocean, the coastal Bay of Bengal and the southeastern Arabian Sea during 1993–2006, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.008, 2010.
Reason, C. J. C., Allan, R. J., Lindesay, J. A., and Ansell, T. J.: ENSO and climatic signals across the Indian Ocean Basin in the global context: Part I, interannual composite patterns, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1285–1327, https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(200009)20:11<1285::AID-JOC536>3.0.CO;2-R, 2000.
Reverdin, G., Cadet, D. L., and Gutzler, D.: Interannual displacements of convection and surface circulation over the equatorial Indian Ocean, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 43–67, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711247104, 1986.
Rodgers, K. B., Aumont, O., Menkes, C., and Gorgues, T.: Decadal variations in equatorial Pacific ecosystems and ferrocline/pycnocline decoupling, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002919, 2008.
Saji, N. H., Goswami, B. N., Vinayachandran, P. N., and Yamagata, T.: A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean, Nature, 401, 360–363, 1999.
Sarma, V. V. S. S.: The influence of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on biogeochemistry of carbon in the Arabian Sea during 1997–1998, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 115, 433–450, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02702872, 2006.
Schott, F. A., Xie, S.-P., and McCreary, J. P.: Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RG000245, 2009.
Song, Q., Vecchi, G. A., and Rosati, A. J.: Indian Ocean variability in the GFDL coupled climate model, J. Climate, 20, 2895–2916, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4159.1, 2007.
Song, Q., Vecchi, G. A., and Rosati, A. J.: Predictability of the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies in the GFDL coupled model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02701, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031966, 2008.
Spencer, T., Teleki, K. A., Bradshaw, C., and Spalding, M. D.: Coral Bleaching in the Southern Seychelles During the 1997–1998 Indian Ocean Warm Event, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 40, 569–586, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00026-6, 2000.
Sprintall, J. and Tomczak, M.: Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the tropics, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 97, 7305–7316, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC00407, 1992.
Susanto, R. D. and Marra, J.: Effects of the 1997/98 El Niño on chlorophyll a variability along the southern coasts of Java and Sumatra, Oceanography, 18, 124–127, 2005.
Syroka, J. and Toumi, R.: On the withdrawal of the Indian summer monsoon, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 989–1008, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.36, 2004.
Takahashi, T., Broecker, W. S., and Langer, S.: Redfield ratio based on chemical data from isopycnal surfaces, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 90, 6907–6924, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC090iC04p06907, 1985.
Thadathil, P., Muraleedharan, P. M., Rao, R. R., Somayajulu, Y. K., Reddy, G. V., and Revichandran, C.: Observed seasonal variability of barrier layer in the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C02009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003651, 2007.
Timmermann, R., Goosse, H., Madec, G., Fichefet, T., Ethe, C., and Dulière, V.: On the representation of high latitude processes in the ORCA-LIM global coupled sea ice–ocean model, Ocean Model., 8, 175–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.12.009, 2005.
Trenberth, K. E.: The definition of El Niño, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2771–2777, 1997.
Trenberth, K. E., Olson, J. G., Large, W. G.: A global ocean wind stress climatology based on ECMWF analyses, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 1989.
Uppala, S. M., KÅllberg, P. W., Simmons, A. J., Andrae, U., Bechtold, V. D. C., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J. K., Haseler, J., Hernandez, A., Kelly, G. A., Li, X., Onogi, K., Saarinen, S., Sokka, N., Allan, R., Andersson, E., Arpe, K., Balmaseda, M., Beljaars, A., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Caires, S., Chevallier, F., Dethof, A., Dragosavac, M., Fisher, M., Fuentes, M., Hagemann, S., Holm, E., Hoskins, B., Isaksen, L., Janssen, P., Jenne, R., McNally, A., Mahfouf, J.-F., Morcrette, J.-J., Rayner, N., Saunders, R., Simon, P., Sterl, A., Trenberth, K., Untch, A., Vasiljevic, D., Viterbo, P., and Woollen, J.: The ERA-40 re-analysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961–3012, 2005.
Van Woesik, R.: Comment on "Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires", Science, 303, 1297–1297, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091983, 2004.
Venzke, S., Latif, M., and Villwock, A.: Coupled GCM ECHO-2. Part II: Indian ocean response to ENSO, J. Climate, 13, 1371–1383, 2000.
Vialard, J., Menkes, C., Boulanger, J.-P., Delecluse, P., Guilyardi, E., McPhaden, M. J., and Madec, G.: A model study of oceanic mechanisms affecting equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature during the 1997–98 El Niño, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1649–1675, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<1649:AMSOOM>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Vialard, J., Duvel, J. P., Mcphaden, M. J., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., Ward, B., Key, E., Bourras, D., Weller, R., Minnett, P., Weill, A., Cassou, C., Eymard, L., Fristedt, T., Basdevant, C., Dandonneau, Y., Duteil, O., Izumo, T., de Boyer Montégut, C., Masson, S., Marsac, F., Menkes, C., and Kennan, S.: Cirene: Air–Sea Interactions in the Seychelles–Chagos Thermocline Ridge Region, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 45–61, 2009.
Vinayachandran, P. N. and Mathew, S.: Phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon and its intensification by cyclones, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1572, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016717, 2003.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Masumoto, Y., Mikawa, T., and Yamagata, T.: Intrusion of the Southwest Monsoon Current into the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 104, 11077–11085, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900035, 1999.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Iizuka, S., and Yamagata, T.: Indian Ocean dipole mode events in an ocean general circulation model, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 1573–1596, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00157-6, 2002.
Vinueza, L. R., Branch, G. M., Branch, M. L., and Bustamante, R. H.: Top-down herbivory and bottom-up El Niño effects on Galápagos rocky-shore communities, Ecol. Monogr., 76, 111–131, https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1957, 2006.
Wang, C. and Fiedler, P. C.: ENSO variability and the eastern tropical Pacific: A review, Prog. Oceanogr., 69, 239–266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.004, 2006.
Webster, P. J., Moore, A. M., Loschnigg, J. P., and Leben, R. R.: Coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997-98, Nature, 401, 356–60, https://doi.org/10.1038/43848, 1999.
Wiggert, J. D. and Murtugudde, R. G.: The sensitivity of the southwest monsoon phytoplankton bloom to variations in aeolian iron deposition over the Arabian Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C05005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003514, 2007.
Wiggert, J., Murtugudde, R., and McClain, C.: Processes controlling interannual variations in wintertime (Northeast Monsoon) primary productivity in the central Arabian Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 2319–2343, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00039-5, 2002.
Wiggert, J. D., Hood, R. R., Banse, K., and Kindle, J. C.: Monsoon-driven biogeochemical processes in the Arabian Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 65, 176–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2005.03.008, 2005.
Wiggert, J. D., Murtugudde, R. G., and Christian, J. R.: Annual ecosystem variability in the tropical Indian Ocean: Results of a coupled bio-physical ocean general circulation model, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 644–676, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.027, 2006.
Wiggert, J. D., Vialard, J., and Behrenfeld, M. J.: Basinwide modification of dynamical and biogeochemical processes by the positive phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole during the SeaWiFS era, in: Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability, vol. 185, edited by: J. D. Wiggert, R. R. Hood, S. Wajih, A. Naqvi, K. H. Brink, and S. L. Smith, p. 350, 2009.
Wilson, C. and Adamec, D.: A global view of bio-physical coupling from SeaWiFS and TOPEX satellite data, 1997–2001, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1257, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014063, 2002.
Xavier, P. K., Marzin, C., and Goswami, B. N.: An objective definition of the Indian summer monsoon season and a new perspective on the ENSO–monsoon relationship, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 749–764, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.45, 2007.
Xie, P. and Arkin, P. A.: Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2539–2558, 1997.
Xie, S. P., Annamalai, H., Schott, F. A., and McCreary, J. P.: Structure and mechanisms of south Indian Ocean climate variability, J. Climate, 15, 864–878, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0864:SAMOSI>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Xie, S. P., Hafner, J., Tokinaga, H., Du, Y., Sampe, T., and Hu KaiMing, H. G.: Indian Ocean capacitor effect on Indo-western Pacific climate during the summer following El Niño, J. Climate, 22, 730–747, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2544.1, 2009.
Yamagata, T., Behera, S. K., Luo, J. J., Masson, S., Jury, M. R., and Rao, S. A.: Coupled ocean-atmosphere variability in the tropical Indian Ocean, Geoph. Monog. Series, 147, 189–211, https://doi.org/10.1029/147GM12, 2004.
Yoder, J. A. and Kennelly, M. A.: Seasonal and ENSO variability in global ocean phytoplankton chlorophyll derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS measurements, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001942, 2003.
Yokoi, T., Tozuka, T., and Yamagata, T.: Seasonal Variation of the Seychelles Dome, J. Climate, 21, 3740–3754, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI1957.1, 2008.
Yu, W., Xiang, B., Liu, L., and Liu, N.: Understanding the origins of interannual thermocline variations in the tropical Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 24706, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024327, 2005.
Zhang, Y., Rossow, W. B., Lacis, A. A., Oinas, V., and Mishchenko, M. I.: Calculation of radiative fluxes from the surface to top of atmosphere based on ISCCP and other global data sets: Refinements of the radiative transfer model and the input data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, 19105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004457, 2004.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint