Articles | Volume 11, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2295-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2295-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Apr 2014
Research article |
| 24 Apr 2014
Environmental controls on the Emiliania huxleyi calcite mass
M. T. Horigome
Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
P. Ziveri
Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
Earth & Climate Cluster, Department of Earth Sciences, FALW, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, FALW, HV1081 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
M. Grelaud
Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
K.-H. Baumann
Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, Postfach 330440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
G. Marino
Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
now at: Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
P. G. Mortyn
Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
Department of Geography, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
Related authors
No articles found.
Mariem Saavedra-Pellitero, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Nuria Bachiller-Jareno, Harold Lovell, Nele Manon Vollmar, and Elisa Malinverno
Biogeosciences, 22, 3143–3164, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3143-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3143-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study combines micropaleontology and satellite remote sensing to investigate particulate inorganic carbon in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. We compare estimates of calcium carbonate produced by coccolithophores (tiny marine algae) to satellite measurements of particulate inorganic carbon. Both datasets show good agreement north of the Polar Front, but large differences are observed to the south of it, likely because of highly reflective small opal particles in this zone.
Gerald Langer, Ian Probert, Jeremy R. Young, and Patrizia Ziveri
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1921, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1921, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Coccolithophores are important marine CaCO3 producers and their biominerals, the coccoliths, partly dissolve in the upper water column where dissolution is unexpected. Studying coccolith dissolution in field samples is hampered by a paucity of experimental studies describing dissolution morphologies. Here we fill this gap by experimentally dissolving different coccolithophores and applying our results to field samples.
Lukas Jonkers, Tonke Strack, Montserrat Alonso-Garcia, Simon D'haenens, Robert Huber, Michal Kucera, Iván Hernández-Almeida, Chloe L. C. Jones, Brett Metcalfe, Rajeev Saraswat, Lóránd Silye, Sanjay K. Verma, Muhamad Naim Abd Malek, Gerald Auer, Cátia F. Barbosa, Maria A. Barcena, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Flavia Boscolo-Galazzo, Joeven Austine S. Calvelo, Lucilla Capotondi, Martina Caratelli, Jorge Cardich, Humberto Carvajal-Chitty, Markéta Chroustová, Helen K. Coxall, Renata M. de Mello, Anne de Vernal, Paula Diz, Kirsty M. Edgar, Helena L. Filipsson, Ángela Fraguas, Heather L. Furlong, Giacomo Galli, Natalia L. García Chapori, Robyn Granger, Jeroen Groeneveld, Adil Imam, Rebecca Jackson, David Lazarus, Julie Meilland, Marína Molčan Matejová, Raphael Morard, Caterina Morigi, Sven N. Nielsen, Diana Ochoa, Maria Rose Petrizzo, Andrés S. Rigual-Hernández, Marina C. Rillo, Matthew L. Staitis, Gamze Tanık, Raúl Tapia, Nishant Vats, Bridget S. Wade, and Anna E. Weinmann
J. Micropalaeontol., 44, 145–168, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-44-145-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-44-145-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study provides guidelines improving the reuse of marine microfossil assemblage data, which are valuable for understanding past ecosystems and environmental change. Based on a survey of 113 researchers, we identified key data attributes required for effective reuse. Analysis of a selection of datasets available online reveals a gap between the attributes scientists consider essential and the data currently available, highlighting the need for clearer data documentation and sharing practices.
Stefania Bianco, Manuela Bordiga, Gerald Langer, Patrizia Ziveri, Federica Cerino, Andrea Di Giulio, and Claudia Lupi
Biogeosciences, 22, 1821–1837, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1821-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1821-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work focuses on the response in culture experiments to increasing CO2 of the coccolithophore species Helicosphaera carteri, a unicellular marine calcifying microalgae. The absence of significant changes in coccolith malformations, along with stable size, shape, and calcification-to-photosynthesis ratio, is indicative of H. carteri low sensitivity to CO2 rise, together with its ability to maintain a stable contribution to the marine rain ratio under future climate changes.
Pauline Cornuault, Luc Beaufort, Heiko Pälike, Torsten Bickert, Karl-Heinz Baumann, and Michal Kucera
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-198, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-198, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present new high-resolution data of the relative contribution of the two main pelagic carbonate producers (coccoliths and foraminifera) to the total pelagic carbonate production from the tropical Atlantic in past warm periods since the Miocene. Our findings suggests that the two groups responded differently to orbital forcing and oceanic changes in tropical ocean, but their proportion changes did not drive the changes in overall pelagic carbonate deposition.
Pauline Cornuault, Thomas Westerhold, Heiko Pälike, Torsten Bickert, Karl-Heinz Baumann, and Michal Kucera
Biogeosciences, 20, 597–618, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We generated high-resolution records of carbonate accumulation rate from the Miocene to the Quaternary in the tropical Atlantic Ocean to characterize the variability in pelagic carbonate production during warm climates. It follows orbital cycles, responding to local changes in tropical conditions, as well as to long-term shifts in climate and ocean chemistry. These changes were sufficiently large to play a role in the carbon cycle and global climate evolution.
Nele Manon Vollmar, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Mariem Saavedra-Pellitero, and Iván Hernández-Almeida
Biogeosciences, 19, 585–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-585-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-585-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied recent (sub-)fossil remains of a type of algae (coccolithophores) off southernmost Chile and across the Drake Passage, adding to the scarce knowledge that exists in the Southern Ocean, a rapidly changing environment. We found that those can be used to reconstruct the surface ocean conditions in the north but not in the south. We also found variations in shape in the dominant species Emiliania huxleyi depending on the location, indicating subtle adaptations to environmental conditions.
Gerhard Fischer, Oscar E. Romero, Johannes Karstensen, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Nasrollah Moradi, Morten Iversen, Götz Ruhland, Marco Klann, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 18, 6479–6500, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Low-oxygen eddies in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic can form an oasis for phytoplankton growth. Here we report on particle flux dynamics at the oligotrophic Cape Verde Ocean Observatory. We observed consistent flux patterns during the passages of low-oxygen eddies. We found distinct flux peaks in late winter, clearly exceeding background fluxes. Our findings suggest that the low-oxygen eddies sequester higher organic carbon than expected for oligotrophic settings.
Catarina Cavaleiro, Antje H. L. Voelker, Heather Stoll, Karl-Heinz Baumann, and Michal Kucera
Clim. Past, 16, 2017–2037, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2017-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2017-2020, 2020
Roberta Johnson, Clara Manno, and Patrizia Ziveri
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-53, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-53, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Oscar E. Romero, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Karin A. F. Zonneveld, Barbara Donner, Jens Hefter, Bambaye Hamady, Vera Pospelova, and Gerhard Fischer
Biogeosciences, 17, 187–214, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-187-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-187-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring of the multiannual evolution of populations representing different trophic levels allows for obtaining insights into the impact of climate variability in marine coastal upwelling ecosystems. By using a multiyear, continuous (1,900 d) sediment trap record, we assess the dynamics and fluxes of calcareous, organic and siliceous microorganisms off Mauritania (NW Africa). The experiment allowed for the recognition of a general sequence of seasonal variations of the main populations.
Mariem Saavedra-Pellitero, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Miguel Ángel Fuertes, Hartmut Schulz, Yann Marcon, Nele Manon Vollmar, José-Abel Flores, and Frank Lamy
Biogeosciences, 16, 3679–3702, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3679-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3679-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Open ocean phytoplankton include coccolithophore algae, a key element in carbon cycle regulation with important feedbacks to the climate system. We document latitudinal variability in both coccolithophore assemblage and the mass variation in one particular species, Emiliania huxleyi, for a transect across the Drake Passage (in the Southern Ocean). Coccolithophore abundance, diversity and maximum depth habitat decrease southwards, coinciding with changes in the predominant E. huxleyi morphotypes.
Catarina V. Guerreiro, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Geert-Jan A. Brummer, Gerhard Fischer, Laura F. Korte, Ute Merkel, Carolina Sá, Henko de Stigter, and Jan-Berend W. Stuut
Biogeosciences, 14, 4577–4599, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4577-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4577-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Our study provides insights into the factors governing the spatio-temporal variability of coccolithophores in the equatorial North Atlantic and illustrates how this supposedly oligotrophic and stable open-ocean region actually reveals significant ecological variability. We provide evidence for Saharan dust and the Amazon River acting as fertilizers for phytoplankton and highlight the the importance of the thermocline depth for coccolithophore productivity in the lower photic zone.
Miguel Mallo, Patrizia Ziveri, P. Graham Mortyn, Ralf Schiebel, and Michael Grelaud
Biogeosciences, 14, 2245–2266, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2245-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2245-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Single-celled living calcareous planktic foraminifera data across the Mediterranean Sea suggest that stratification of the surface water column, food availability, temperature, and seawater carbonate chemistry are the main factors controlling their distribution and mass. Increasing temperature, salinity, surface ocean stratification, and trophic conditions could be the causes of reduced abundance, diversity and species-specific changes in calcification in planktic foraminifera.
Gerhard Fischer, Johannes Karstensen, Oscar Romero, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Barbara Donner, Jens Hefter, Gesine Mollenhauer, Morten Iversen, Björn Fiedler, Ivanice Monteiro, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 13, 3203–3223, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3203-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3203-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Particle fluxes at the Cape Verde Ocean Observatory in the eastern tropical North Atlantic for the period December 2009 until May 2011 are discussed based on deep sediment trap time-series data collected at 1290 and 3439 m water depths. The typically open-ocean flux pattern with weak seasonality is modified by the appearance of a highly productive and low oxygen eddy in winter 2010. The eddy passage was accompanied by high biogenic and lithogenic fluxes, lasting from December 2009 to May 2010.
Anaid Rosas-Navarro, Gerald Langer, and Patrizia Ziveri
Biogeosciences, 13, 2913–2926, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2913-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2913-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The global warming debate has sparked an unprecedented interest in temperature effects on coccolithophores. We show that sub-optimal growth temperatures lead to an increase in malformed coccoliths in a strain-specific fashion and the inorganic / organic carbon has a minimum at optimum growth temperature. Global warming might cause a decline in coccoliths' inorganic carbon contribution to the "rain ratio", as well as improved fitness in some genotypes by reducing coccolith malformation.
E. Gemayel, A. E. R. Hassoun, M. A. Benallal, C. Goyet, P. Rivaro, M. Abboud-Abi Saab, E. Krasakopoulou, F. Touratier, and P. Ziveri
Earth Syst. Dynam., 6, 789–800, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-789-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-789-2015, 2015
A. Oviedo, P. Ziveri, M. Álvarez, and T. Tanhua
Ocean Sci., 11, 13–32, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-13-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-13-2015, 2015
K. J. S. Meier, L. Beaufort, S. Heussner, and P. Ziveri
Biogeosciences, 11, 2857–2869, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2857-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2857-2014, 2014
C. Berger, K. J. S. Meier, H. Kinkel, and K.-H. Baumann
Biogeosciences, 11, 929–944, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-929-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-929-2014, 2014
Karl-Heinz Baumann and Babette Boeckel
J. Micropalaeontol., 32, 123–133, https://doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2011-007, https://doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2011-007, 2013
Related subject area
Earth System Science/Response to Global Change: Climate Change
Simulating vertical phytoplankton dynamics in a stratified ocean using a two-layered ecosystem model
Assessing the lifetime of anthropogenic CO2 and its sensitivity to different carbon cycle processes
Foliar nutrient uptake from dust sustains plant nutrition
The effectiveness of agricultural carbon dioxide removal using the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model
Consistency of global carbon budget between concentration- and emission-driven historical experiments simulated by CMIP6 Earth system models and suggestions for improved simulation of CO2 concentration
Selecting allometric equations to estimate forest biomass from plot- rather than individual-level predictive performance
Tree Growth and Water-Use Efficiency at the Himalayan Fir Treeline and lower altitudes: Roles of Climate Warming and CO2 Fertilization
Impact of winter warming on CO2 fluxes in evergreen needleleaf forests
Effects of pH/pCO2 fluctuations on photosynthesis and fatty acid composition of two marine diatoms, with reference to consequences of coastal acidification
Long-term impacts of global temperature stabilization and overshoot on exploited marine species
Modelling ozone-induced changes in wheat amino acids and protein quality using a process-based crop model
Toward more robust net primary production projections in the North Atlantic Ocean
Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle
Review and syntheses: Ocean alkalinity enhancement and carbon dioxide removal through marine enhanced rock weathering using olivine
Southern Hemisphere tree-rings as proxies to reconstruct Southern Ocean upwelling
Particle fluxes by subtropical pelagic communities under ocean alkalinity enhancement
Responses of field-grown maize to different soil types, water regimes, and contrasting vapor pressure deficit
Effect of the 2022 summer drought across forest types in Europe
Ozone pollution may limit the benefits of irrigation to wheat productivity in India
Effect of terrestrial nutrient limitation on the estimation of the remaining carbon budget
Projected changes in forest fire season, the number of fires, and burnt area in Fennoscandia by 2100
New ozone–nitrogen model shows early senescence onset is the primary cause of ozone-induced reduction in grain quality of wheat
Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios
Variations of polyphenols and carbohydrates of Emiliania huxleyi grown under simulated ocean acidification conditions
Global and regional hydrological impacts of global forest expansion
Snow thermal conductivity controls future winter carbon emissions in shrub-tundra
Sensitivity of tropical woodland savannas to El Niño droughts
The biological and preformed carbon pumps in perpetually slower and warmer oceans
The Southern Ocean as the climate's freight train – driving ongoing global warming under zero-emission scenarios with ACCESS-ESM1.5
Mapping the future afforestation distribution of China constrained by a national afforestation plan and climate change
Southern Ocean phytoplankton under climate change: a shifting balance of bottom-up and top-down control
Coherency and time lag analyses between MODIS vegetation indices and climate across forests and grasslands in the European temperate zone
Direct foliar phosphorus uptake from wildfire ash
Disentangling future effects of climate change and forest disturbance on vegetation composition and land-surface properties of the boreal forest
The effect of forest cover changes on the regional climate conditions in Europe during the period 1986–2015
Carbon cycle feedbacks in an idealized simulation and a scenario simulation of negative emissions in CMIP6 Earth system models
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the increase in ocean acidity extremes in the northeastern Pacific
Anthropogenic climate change drives non-stationary phytoplankton internal variability
The response of wildfire regimes to Last Glacial Maximum carbon dioxide and climate
Simulated responses of soil carbon to climate change in CMIP6 Earth system models: the role of false priming
Alkalinity biases in CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for simulated CO2 drawdown via artificial alkalinity enhancement
Experiments of the efficacy of tree ring blue intensity as a climate proxy in central and western China
Burned area and carbon emissions across northwestern boreal North America from 2001–2019
Quantifying land carbon cycle feedbacks under negative CO2 emissions
The potential of an increased deciduous forest fraction to mitigate the effects of heat extremes in Europe
Ideas and perspectives: Alleviation of functional limitations by soil organisms is key to climate feedbacks from arctic soils
A comparison of the climate and carbon cycle effects of carbon removal by afforestation and an equivalent reduction in fossil fuel emissions
Stability of alkalinity in ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) approaches – consequences for durability of CO2 storage
Ideas and perspectives: Land–ocean connectivity through groundwater
Bioclimatic change as a function of global warming from CMIP6 climate projections
Qi Zheng, Johannes J. Viljoen, Xuerong Sun, Žarko Kovač, Shubha Sathyendranath, and Robert J. W. Brewin
Biogeosciences, 22, 3253–3278, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3253-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3253-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton contribute to half of Earth’s primary production, but not a lot is known about subsurface phytoplankton, living at the base of the sunlit ocean. We develop a two-layered box model to simulate phytoplankton seasonal and interannual variations in different depth layers of the ocean. Our model captures seasonal and long-term trends of the two layers, explaining how they respond to a warming ocean, furthering our understanding of how phytoplankton are responding to climate change.
Christine Kaufhold, Matteo Willeit, Bo Liu, and Andrey Ganopolski
Biogeosciences, 22, 2767–2801, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2767-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2767-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study simulates long-term future climate scenarios to assess the persistence of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. Results show that the land stores 4 %–13 % of emissions after 100 kyr and that the removal timescale of CO2 for silicate weathering is shorter than previously expected. Our study highlights the importance of adding model complexity to the global carbon cycle in Earth system models for improved predictions of long-term atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Anton Lokshin, Daniel Palchan, Elnatan Golan, Ran Erel, Daniele Andronico, and Avner Gross
Biogeosciences, 22, 2653–2666, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2653-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2653-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research explores how chickpea plants can absorb essential nutrients like phosphorus, iron, and nickel directly from dust deposited on their leaves in addition to uptake through their roots. This process is particularly effective under higher levels of atmospheric CO2, leading to increased plant growth. By using Nd isotopic tools, we traced the nutrients from dust and found that certain leaf traits enhance this uptake. This discovery may become increasingly important as CO2 levels rise.
Rebecca Chloe Evans and H. Damon Matthews
Biogeosciences, 22, 1969–1984, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1969-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1969-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To mitigate our impact on the climate, we must both drastically reduce emissions and perform carbon dioxide removal (CDR). We simulated agriculture as a form of CDR under three future climate scenarios to find out how the climate responds to CDR when the carbon is not permanently stored. We found that agricultural CDR is much more effective at reducing global temperatures if done in a low-emissions scenario and at a high rate, and it becomes less effective as removal continues.
Tomohiro Hajima, Michio Kawamiya, Akihiko Ito, Kaoru Tachiiri, Chris D. Jones, Vivek Arora, Victor Brovkin, Roland Séférian, Spencer Liddicoat, Pierre Friedlingstein, and Elena Shevliakova
Biogeosciences, 22, 1447–1473, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1447-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1447-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global carbon budgets simulated by multiple Earth system models, using several types of simulations (CO2 concentration- and emission-driven experiments). We successfully identified problems with regard to the global carbon budget in each model. We also found urgent issues with regard to land use change CO2 emissions that should be solved in the latest generation of models.
Nicolas Picard, Noël Fonton, Faustin Boyemba Bosela, Adeline Fayolle, Joël Loumeto, Gabriel Ngua Ayecaba, Bonaventure Sonké, Olga Diane Yongo Bombo, Hervé Martial Maïdou, and Alfred Ngomanda
Biogeosciences, 22, 1413–1426, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1413-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1413-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Allometric equations predict tree biomass and are crucial for estimating forest carbon storage, thus assessing the role of forests in climate change mitigation. Usually, these equations are selected based on tree-level predictive performance. However, we evaluated the model performance at plot and forest levels, finding it varies with plot size. This has significant implications for reducing uncertainty in biomass estimates at these levels.
Xing Pu and Lixin Lyu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-952, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-952, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how rising CO₂ and increasing temperatures affect the growth of Himalayan fir trees on the Tibetan Plateau, particularly in relation to water availability. We found that while tree growth in wet, high-elevation areas improved with increased CO₂, growth in dry, low-elevation areas declined due to water stress. These findings suggest that while CO₂ may boost growth in some areas, the negative effects of drought may outweigh these benefits.
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Lukas Hörtnagl, Luana Krebs, Nicola Arriga, Mirco Migliavacca, Marilyn Roland, Bert Gielen, Leonardo Montagnani, Enrico Tomelleri, Ladislav Šigut, Matthias Peichl, Peng Zhao, Marius Schmidt, Thomas Grünwald, Mika Korkiakoski, Annalea Lohila, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 22, 1393–1411, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of winter warming on forest CO2 fluxes has rarely been investigated. We tested the effect of the warm winter of 2020 on the forest CO2 fluxes across 14 sites in Europe and found that the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) across most sites declined during the warm winter due to increased respiration fluxes.
Yu Shang, Jingmin Qiu, Yuxi Weng, Xin Wang, Di Zhang, Yuwei Zhou, Juntian Xu, and Futian Li
Biogeosciences, 22, 1203–1214, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1203-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1203-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Research on the influences of dynamic pH on the marine ecosystem is still in its infancy. We manipulated the culturing pH to simulate pH fluctuation and found lower pH could increase eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid production with unaltered growth and photosynthesis in two marine diatoms. It is important to consider pH variation for more accurate predictions regarding the consequences of acidification in coastal waters.
Anne L. Morée, Fabrice Lacroix, William W. L. Cheung, and Thomas L. Frölicher
Biogeosciences, 22, 1115–1133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1115-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1115-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using novel Earth system model simulations and applying the Aerobic Growth Index, we show that only about half of the habitat loss for marine species is realized when temperature stabilization is initially reached. The maximum habitat loss happens over a century after peak warming in a temperature overshoot scenario peaking at 2 °C before stabilizing at 1.5 °C. We also emphasize that species adaptation may be key in mitigating the long-term impacts of temperature stabilization and overshoot.
Jo Cook, Durgesh Singh Yadav, Felicity Hayes, Nathan Booth, Sam Bland, Pritha Pande, Samarthia Thankappan, and Lisa Emberson
Biogeosciences, 22, 1035–1056, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1035-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1035-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) pollution reduces wheat yields and quality in India, affecting amino acids essential for nutrition, like lysine and methionine. Here, we improve the DO3SE-CropN model to simulate wheat’s protective processes against O3 and their impact on protein and amino acid concentrations. While the model captures O3-induced yield losses, it underestimates amino acid reductions. Further research is needed to refine the model, enabling future risk assessments of O3's impact on yields and nutrition.
Stéphane Doléac, Marina Lévy, Roy El Hourany, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 22, 841–862, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-841-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-841-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The marine biogeochemistry components of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) models vary widely in their process representations. Using an innovative bioregionalization of the North Atlantic, we reveal that this model diversity largely drives the divergence in net primary production projections under a high-emission scenario. The identification of the most mechanistically realistic models allows for a substantial reduction in projection uncertainty.
Nina Bednaršek, Hanna van de Mortel, Greg Pelletier, Marisol García-Reyes, Richard A. Feely, and Andrew G. Dickson
Biogeosciences, 22, 473–498, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-473-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-473-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The environmental impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) are unknown. Our synthesis, based on 68 collected studies with 84 unique species, shows that 35 % of species respond positively, 26 % respond negatively, and 39 % show a neutral response to alkalinity addition. Biological thresholds were found from 50 to 500 µmol kg−1 NaOH addition. A precautionary approach is warranted to avoid potential risks, while current regulatory framework needs improvements to assure safe biological limits.
Luna J. J. Geerts, Astrid Hylén, and Filip J. R. Meysman
Biogeosciences, 22, 355–384, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-355-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-355-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Marine enhanced rock weathering (mERW) with olivine is a promising method for capturing CO2 from the atmosphere, yet studies in field conditions are lacking. We bridge the gap between theoretical studies and the real-world environment by estimating the predictability of mERW parameters and identifying aspects to consider when applying mERW. A major source of uncertainty is the lack of experimental studies with sediment, which can heavily influence the speed and efficiency of CO2 drawdown.
Christian Blair Lewis, Rachel Corran, Sara Mikaloff-Fletcher, Erik Behrens, Rowena Moss, Gordon Brailsford, Andrew Lorrey, Margaret Norris, and Jocelyn Turnbull
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4107, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4107, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean carbon sink is a balance between two opposing forces: CO2 absorption at mid-latitudes and CO2 outgassing at high-latitudes. Radiocarbon analysis can be used to constrain the latter, as upwelling waters outgas old CO2, diluting atmospheric radiocarbon content. We present tree-ring radiocarbon measurements from New Zealand and Chile. We show that low radiocarbon in New Zealand’s Campbell Island is linked to outgassing in the critical Antarctic Southern Zone.
Philipp Suessle, Jan Taucher, Silvan Urs Goldenberg, Moritz Baumann, Kristian Spilling, Andrea Noche-Ferreira, Mari Vanharanta, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 22, 71–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-71-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-71-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a negative emission technology which may alter marine communities and the particle export they drive. Here, impacts of carbonate-based OAE on the flux and attenuation of sinking particles in an oligotrophic plankton community are presented. Whilst biological parameters remained unaffected, abiotic carbonate precipitation occurred. Among counteracting OAE’s efficiency, it influenced mineral ballasting and particle sinking velocities, requiring monitoring.
Thuy Huu Nguyen, Thomas Gaiser, Jan Vanderborght, Andrea Schnepf, Felix Bauer, Anja Klotzsche, Lena Lärm, Hubert Hüging, and Frank Ewert
Biogeosciences, 21, 5495–5515, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Leaf water potential was at certain thresholds, depending on soil type, water treatment, and weather conditions. In rainfed plots, the lower water availability in the stony soil resulted in fewer roots with a higher root tissue conductance than the silty soil. In the silty soil, higher stress in the rainfed soil led to more roots with a lower root tissue conductance than in the irrigated plot. Crop responses to water stress can be opposite, depending on soil water conditions that are compared.
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Jingfeng Xiao, Xing Li, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 5481–5494, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5481-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5481-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 2022, Europe's forests faced unprecedented dry conditions. Our study aimed to understand how different forest types respond to extreme drought. Using meteorological data and satellite imagery, we compared 2022 with two previous extreme years, 2003 and 2018. Despite less severe drought in 2022, forests showed a 30 % greater decline in photosynthesis compared to 2018 and 60 % more than 2003. This suggests an alarming level of vulnerability of forests across Europe to more frequent droughts.
Gabriella Everett, Øivind Hodnebrog, Madhoolika Agrawal, Durgesh Singh Yadav, Connie O'Neill, Chubamenla Jamir, Jo Cook, Pritha Pande, and Lisa Emberson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3371, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3371, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-level ozone (O3), heat, and water stress (WS) reduce wheat yields, threatening food security in India. O3, heat, and WS interact as stressed plants close stomata, limiting O3 entry and damage. This study models O3 uptake under rainfed (WS) and irrigated conditions for current and future climates. Results show little O3-related yield loss under wWS but higher losses with irrigation. Both climate scenarios increase O3-related losses, highlighting risks to India’s wheat productivity.
Makcim L. De Sisto and Andrew H. MacDougall
Biogeosciences, 21, 4853–4873, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4853-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4853-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The remaining carbon budget (RCB) represents the allowable future CO2 emissions before a temperature target is reached. Understanding the uncertainty in the RCB is critical for effective climate regulation and policy-making. One major source of uncertainty is the representation of the carbon cycle in Earth system models. We assessed how nutrient limitation affects the estimation of the RCB. We found a reduction in the estimated RCB when nutrient limitation is taken into account.
Outi Kinnunen, Leif Backman, Juha Aalto, Tuula Aalto, and Tiina Markkanen
Biogeosciences, 21, 4739–4763, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4739-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4739-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is expected to increase the risk of forest fires. Ecosystem process model simulations are used to project changes in fire occurrence in Fennoscandia under six climate projections. The findings suggest a longer fire season, more fires, and an increase in burnt area towards the end of the century.
Jo Cook, Clare Brewster, Felicity Hayes, Nathan Booth, Sam Bland, Pritha Pande, Samarthia Thankappan, Håkan Pleijel, and Lisa Emberson
Biogeosciences, 21, 4809–4835, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
At ground level, the air pollutant ozone (O3) damages wheat yield and quality. We modified the DO3SE-Crop model to simulate O3 effects on wheat quality and identified onset of leaf death as the key process affecting wheat quality upon O3 exposure. This aligns with expectations, as the onset of leaf death aids nutrient transfer from leaves to grains. Breeders should prioritize wheat varieties resistant to protein loss from delayed leaf death, to maintain yield and quality under O3 exposure.
Niels Suitner, Giulia Faucher, Carl Lim, Julieta Schneider, Charly A. Moras, Ulf Riebesell, and Jens Hartmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 4587–4604, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Recent studies described the precipitation of carbonates as a result of alkalinity enhancement in seawater, which could adversely affect the carbon sequestration potential of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) approaches. By conducting experiments in natural seawater, this study observed uniform patterns during the triggered runaway carbonate precipitation, which allow the prediction of safe and efficient local application levels of OAE scenarios.
Milagros Rico, Paula Santiago-Díaz, Guillermo Samperio-Ramos, Melchor González-Dávila, and Juana Magdalena Santana-Casiano
Biogeosciences, 21, 4381–4394, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in pH generate stress conditions, either because high pH drastically decreases the availability of trace metals such as Fe(II), a restrictive element for primary productivity, or because reactive oxygen species are increased with low pH. The metabolic functions and composition of microalgae can be affected. These modifications in metabolites are potential factors leading to readjustments in phytoplankton community structure and diversity and possible alteration in marine ecosystems.
James A. King, James Weber, Peter Lawrence, Stephanie Roe, Abigail L. S. Swann, and Maria Val Martin
Biogeosciences, 21, 3883–3902, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tackling climate change by adding, restoring, or enhancing forests is gaining global support. However, it is important to investigate the broader implications of this. We used a computer model of the Earth to investigate a future where tree cover expanded as much as possible. We found that some tropical areas were cooler because of trees pumping water into the atmosphere, but this also led to soil and rivers drying. This is important because it might be harder to maintain forests as a result.
Johnny Rutherford, Nick Rutter, Leanne Wake, and Alex Cannon
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2445, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2445, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic winter is vulnerable to climate warming and ~1700 Gt of carbon stored in high latitude permafrost ecosystems is at risk of degradation in the future due to enhanced microbial activity. Poorly represented cold season processes, such as the simulation of snow thermal conductivity in Land Surface Models (LSMs), causes uncertainty in projected carbon emission simulations. Improved snow conductivity parameterization in CLM5.0 significantly increases predicted winter CO2 emissions to 2100.
Simone Matias Reis, Yadvinder Malhi, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Beatriz S. Marimon, Huanyuan Zhang-Zheng, Renata Freitag, Cécile A. J. Girardin, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Karine da Silva Peixoto, Luciana Januário de Souza, Ediméia Laura Souza da Silva, Eduarda Bernardes Santos, Kamila Parreira da Silva, Maélly Dállet Alves Gonçalves, Cecilia A. L. Dahlsjö, Oliver L. Phillips, and Imma Oliveras Menor
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2118, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2118, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The 2015–2016 El Niño caused severe droughts in tropical forests, but its impact on the Cerrado, largest savanna, was unclear. Our study tracked the productivity of two key Cerrado vegetation types over five years. Before El Niño, productivity was higher in the transitional forest-savanna, but it dropped sharply during the event. Meanwhile, the savanna showed minor changes. These findings suggest that transitional ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to drought and climate change.
Benoît Pasquier, Mark Holzer, and Matthew A. Chamberlain
Biogeosciences, 21, 3373–3400, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3373-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3373-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
How do perpetually slower and warmer oceans sequester carbon? Compared to the preindustrial state, we find that biological productivity declines despite warming-stimulated growth because of a lower nutrient supply from depth. This throttles the biological carbon pump, which still sequesters more carbon because it takes longer to return to the surface. The deep ocean is isolated from the surface, allowing more carbon from the atmosphere to pass through the ocean without contributing to biology.
Matthew A. Chamberlain, Tilo Ziehn, and Rachel M. Law
Biogeosciences, 21, 3053–3073, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3053-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3053-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores the climate processes that drive increasing global average temperatures in zero-emission commitment (ZEC) simulations despite decreasing atmospheric CO2. ACCESS-ESM1.5 shows the Southern Ocean to continue to warm locally in all ZEC simulations. In ZEC simulations that start after the emission of more than 1000 Pg of carbon, the influence of the Southern Ocean increases the global temperature.
Shuaifeng Song, Xuezhen Zhang, and Xiaodong Yan
Biogeosciences, 21, 2839–2858, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2839-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2839-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We mapped the distribution of future potential afforestation regions based on future high-resolution climate data and climate–vegetation models. After considering the national afforestation policy and climate change, we found that the future potential afforestation region was mainly located around and to the east of the Hu Line. This study provides a dataset for exploring the effects of future afforestation.
Tianfei Xue, Jens Terhaar, A. E. Friederike Prowe, Thomas L. Frölicher, Andreas Oschlies, and Ivy Frenger
Biogeosciences, 21, 2473–2491, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2473-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2473-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton play a crucial role in marine ecosystems. However, climate change's impact on phytoplankton biomass remains uncertain, particularly in the Southern Ocean. In this region, phytoplankton biomass within the water column is likely to remain stable in response to climate change, as supported by models. This stability arises from a shallower mixed layer, favoring phytoplankton growth but also increasing zooplankton grazing due to phytoplankton concentration near the surface.
Kinga Kulesza and Agata Hościło
Biogeosciences, 21, 2509–2527, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present coherence and time lags in spectral response of three vegetation types in the European temperate zone to the influencing meteorological factors and teleconnection indices for the period 2002–2022. Vegetation condition in broadleaved forest, coniferous forest and pastures was measured with MODIS NDVI and EVI, and the coherence between NDVI and EVI and meteorological elements was described using the methods of wavelet coherence and Pearson’s linear correlation with time lag.
Anton Lokshin, Daniel Palchan, and Avner Gross
Biogeosciences, 21, 2355–2365, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2355-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2355-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ash particles from wildfires are rich in phosphorus (P), a crucial nutrient that constitutes a limiting factor in 43 % of the world's land ecosystems. We hypothesize that wildfire ash could directly contribute to plant nutrition. We find that fire ash application boosts the growth of plants, but the only way plants can uptake P from fire ash is through the foliar uptake pathway and not through the roots. The fertilization impact of fire ash was also maintained under elevated levels of CO2.
Lucia S. Layritz, Konstantin Gregor, Andreas Krause, Stefan Kruse, Ben F. Meyer, Tom A. M. Pugh, and Anja Rammig
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1028, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Disturbances (e.g. fire) can change which species grow in a forest, affecting water, carbon, energy flows, and the climate. They are expected to increase with climate change, but it is uncertain by how much. We studied how future climate and disturbances might impact vegetation with a simulation model. Our findings highlight the importance of considering both factors, with future disturbance patterns posing significant uncertainty. More research is needed to understand their future development.
Marcus Breil, Vanessa K. M. Schneider, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Biogeosciences, 21, 811–824, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The general impact of afforestation on the regional climate conditions in Europe during the period 1986–2015 is investigated. For this purpose, a regional climate model simulation is performed, in which afforestation during this period is considered, and results are compared to a simulation in which this is not the case. Results show that afforestation had discernible impacts on the climate change signal in Europe, which may have mitigated the local warming trend, especially in summer in Europe.
Ali Asaadi, Jörg Schwinger, Hanna Lee, Jerry Tjiputra, Vivek Arora, Roland Séférian, Spencer Liddicoat, Tomohiro Hajima, Yeray Santana-Falcón, and Chris D. Jones
Biogeosciences, 21, 411–435, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-411-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-411-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon cycle feedback metrics are employed to assess phases of positive and negative CO2 emissions. When emissions become negative, we find that the model disagreement in feedback metrics increases more strongly than expected from the assumption that the uncertainties accumulate linearly with time. The geographical patterns of such metrics over land highlight that differences in response between tropical/subtropical and temperate/boreal ecosystems are a major source of model disagreement.
Flora Desmet, Matthias Münnich, and Nicolas Gruber
Biogeosciences, 20, 5151–5175, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5151-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5151-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean acidity extremes in the upper 250 m depth of the northeastern Pacific rapidly increase with atmospheric CO2 rise, which is worrisome for marine organisms that rapidly experience pH levels outside their local environmental conditions. Presented research shows the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in this increase between regions and depths. In particular, the subsurface increase is substantially slowed down by the presence of mesoscale eddies, often not resolved in Earth system models.
Geneviève W. Elsworth, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Kristen M. Krumhardt, Thomas M. Marchitto, and Sarah Schlunegger
Biogeosciences, 20, 4477–4490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic climate change will influence marine phytoplankton over the coming century. Here, we quantify the influence of anthropogenic climate change on marine phytoplankton internal variability using an Earth system model ensemble and identify a decline in global phytoplankton biomass variance with warming. Our results suggest that climate mitigation efforts that account for marine phytoplankton changes should also consider changes in phytoplankton variance driven by anthropogenic warming.
Olivia Haas, Iain Colin Prentice, and Sandy P. Harrison
Biogeosciences, 20, 3981–3995, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3981-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3981-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the impact of CO2 and climate on global patterns of burnt area, fire size, and intensity under Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) conditions using three climate scenarios. Climate change alone did not produce the observed LGM reduction in burnt area, but low CO2 did through reducing vegetation productivity. Fire intensity was sensitive to CO2 but strongly affected by changes in atmospheric dryness. Low CO2 caused smaller fires; climate had the opposite effect except in the driest scenario.
Rebecca M. Varney, Sarah E. Chadburn, Eleanor J. Burke, Simon Jones, Andy J. Wiltshire, and Peter M. Cox
Biogeosciences, 20, 3767–3790, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3767-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3767-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates soil carbon projections during the 21st century in CMIP6 Earth system models. In general, we find a reduced spread of changes in global soil carbon in CMIP6 compared to the previous CMIP5 generation. The reduced CMIP6 spread arises from an emergent relationship between soil carbon changes due to change in plant productivity and soil carbon changes due to changes in turnover time. We show that this relationship is consistent with false priming under transient climate change.
Claudia Hinrichs, Peter Köhler, Christoph Völker, and Judith Hauck
Biogeosciences, 20, 3717–3735, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3717-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3717-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the alkalinity distribution in 14 climate models and found that most models underestimate alkalinity at the surface and overestimate it in the deeper ocean. It highlights the need for better understanding and quantification of processes driving alkalinity distribution and calcium carbonate dissolution and the importance of accounting for biases in model results when evaluating potential ocean alkalinity enhancement experiments.
Yonghong Zheng, Huanfeng Shen, Rory Abernethy, and Rob Wilson
Biogeosciences, 20, 3481–3490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3481-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3481-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Investigations in central and western China show that tree ring inverted latewood intensity expresses a strong positive relationship with growing-season temperatures, indicating exciting potential for regions south of 30° N that are traditionally not targeted for temperature reconstructions. Earlywood BI also shows good potential to reconstruct hydroclimate parameters in some humid areas and will enhance ring-width-based hydroclimate reconstructions in the future.
Stefano Potter, Sol Cooperdock, Sander Veraverbeke, Xanthe Walker, Michelle C. Mack, Scott J. Goetz, Jennifer Baltzer, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, Arden Burrell, Catherine Dieleman, Nancy French, Stijn Hantson, Elizabeth E. Hoy, Liza Jenkins, Jill F. Johnstone, Evan S. Kane, Susan M. Natali, James T. Randerson, Merritt R. Turetsky, Ellen Whitman, Elizabeth Wiggins, and Brendan M. Rogers
Biogeosciences, 20, 2785–2804, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2785-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2785-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we developed a new burned-area detection algorithm between 2001–2019 across Alaska and Canada at 500 m resolution. We estimate 2.37 Mha burned annually between 2001–2019 over the domain, emitting 79.3 Tg C per year, with a mean combustion rate of 3.13 kg C m−2. We found larger-fire years were generally associated with greater mean combustion. The burned-area and combustion datasets described here can be used for local- to continental-scale applications of boreal fire science.
V. Rachel Chimuka, Claude-Michel Nzotungicimpaye, and Kirsten Zickfeld
Biogeosciences, 20, 2283–2299, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2283-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2283-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new method to quantify carbon cycle feedbacks under negative CO2 emissions. Our method isolates the lagged carbon cycle response to preceding positive emissions from the response to negative emissions. Our findings suggest that feedback parameters calculated with the novel approach are larger than those calculated with the conventional approach whereby carbon cycle inertia is not corrected for, with implications for the effectiveness of carbon dioxide removal in reducing CO2 levels.
Marcus Breil, Annabell Weber, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Biogeosciences, 20, 2237–2250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2237-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2237-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A promising strategy for mitigating burdens of heat extremes in Europe is to replace dark coniferous forests with brighter deciduous forests. The consequence of this would be reduced absorption of solar radiation, which should reduce the intensities of heat periods. In this study, we show that deciduous forests have a certain cooling effect on heat period intensities in Europe. However, the magnitude of the temperature reduction is quite small.
Gesche Blume-Werry, Jonatan Klaminder, Eveline J. Krab, and Sylvain Monteux
Biogeosciences, 20, 1979–1990, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1979-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1979-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Northern soils store a lot of carbon. Most research has focused on how this carbon storage is regulated by cold temperatures. However, it is soil organisms, from minute bacteria to large earthworms, that decompose the organic material. Novel soil organisms from further south could increase decomposition rates more than climate change does and lead to carbon losses. We therefore advocate for including soil organisms when predicting the fate of soil functions in warming northern ecosystems.
Koramanghat Unnikrishnan Jayakrishnan and Govindasamy Bala
Biogeosciences, 20, 1863–1877, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1863-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1863-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Afforestation and reducing fossil fuel emissions are two important mitigation strategies to reduce the amount of global warming. Our work shows that reducing fossil fuel emissions is relatively more effective than afforestation for the same amount of carbon removed from the atmosphere. However, understanding of the processes that govern the biophysical effects of afforestation should be improved before considering our results for climate policy.
Jens Hartmann, Niels Suitner, Carl Lim, Julieta Schneider, Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Phil Renforth, Jan Taucher, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 781–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
CO2 can be stored in the ocean via increasing alkalinity of ocean water. Alkalinity can be created via dissolution of alkaline materials, like limestone or soda. Presented research studies boundaries for increasing alkalinity in seawater. The best way to increase alkalinity was found using an equilibrated solution, for example as produced from reactors. Adding particles for dissolution into seawater on the other hand produces the risk of losing alkalinity and degassing of CO2 to the atmosphere.
Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Amir Haroon, Hermann W. Bange, Ercan Erkul, Marion Jegen, Nils Moosdorf, Jens Schneider von Deimling, Christian Berndt, Michael Ernst Böttcher, Jasper Hoffmann, Volker Liebetrau, Ulf Mallast, Gudrun Massmann, Aaron Micallef, Holly A. Michael, Hendrik Paasche, Wolfgang Rabbel, Isaac Santos, Jan Scholten, Katrin Schwalenberg, Beata Szymczycha, Ariel T. Thomas, Joonas J. Virtasalo, Hannelore Waska, and Bradley A. Weymer
Biogeosciences, 20, 647–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater flows at the land–ocean transition and the extent of freshened groundwater below the seafloor are increasingly relevant in marine sciences, both because they are a highly uncertain term of biogeochemical budgets and due to the emerging interest in the latter as a resource. Here, we discuss our perspectives on future research directions to better understand land–ocean connectivity through groundwater and its potential responses to natural and human-induced environmental changes.
Morgan Sparey, Peter Cox, and Mark S. Williamson
Biogeosciences, 20, 451–488, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-451-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-451-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate climate models are vital for mitigating climate change; however, projections often disagree. Using Köppen–Geiger bioclimate classifications we show that CMIP6 climate models agree well on the fraction of global land surface that will change classification per degree of global warming. We find that 13 % of land will change climate per degree of warming from 1 to 3 K; thus, stabilising warming at 1.5 rather than 2 K would save over 7.5 million square kilometres from bioclimatic change.
Cited articles
Aldridge, D., Beer, C. J., and Purdie, D. A.: Calcification in the planktonic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides linked to phosphate concentrations in surface waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, Biogeosciences, 9, 1725–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1725-2012, 2012.
Bach, L. T., Riebesell, U., and Schulz, K. G.: Distinguishing between the effects of ocean acidification and ocean carbonation in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, Limnol. Oceanogr., 56, 2040–2050, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.6.2040, 2011.
Bach, L. T., Bauke, C., Meier, K. J. S., Riebesell, U., and Schulz, K. G.: Influence of changing carbonate chemistry on morphology and weight of coccoliths formed by Emiliania huxleyi, Biogeosciences, 9, 3449–3463, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3449-2012, 2012.
Baith, K., Lindsay, R., Fu, G., and McClain, C. R.: Data analysis system developed for ocean color satellite sensors, EOS Transactions AGU, 82, 202–202. https://doi.org/10.1029/01eo00109, available at: http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/seadas/, 2001.
Banse, K.: Low seasonality of low concentrations of surface chlorophyll in the Subantarctic water ring: underwater irradiance, iron, or grazing?, Prog. Oceanogr., 37, 241–291, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(96)00006-7, 1996.
Barcelos e Ramos, J., Müller, M. N., and Riebesell, U.: Short-term response of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi to an abrupt change in seawater carbon dioxide concentrations, Biogeosciences, 7, 177–186, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-177-2010, 2010.
Barker, S. and Elderfield, H.: Foraminiferal calcification response to glacial-interglacial changes in atmospheric CO2, Science, 297, 833–836, 2002.
Baumann, K.-H., Boeckel, B., Donner, B., Gerhardt, S., Henrich, R., Vink, A., Volbers, A., Willems, H., and Zonneveld, K. A. F.: Contribution of calcareous plankton groups to the carbonate budget of South Atlantic surface sediments, in: The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary; Reconstruction of Material Budget and Current Systems, edited by: Wefer, G., Mulitza, S., and Ratmeyer, V., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 81–99, 2004.
Båtvik, H., Heimdal, B. R., Fagerbakke, K. M., and Green, J. C.: Effects of unbalanced nutrient regime on coccolith morphology and size in Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyeae), Eur. J. Phycol., 32, 155–165, 1997.
Beaufort, L. and Heussner, S.: Coccolithophorids on the continental slope of the Bay of Biscay: production, transport and contribution to mass fluxes, Deep Sea Res. Pt II, 46, 2147–2174, 1999.
Beaufort, L. and Heussner, S.: Seasonal dynamics of calcareous nannoplankton on a West European continental margin: the Bay of Biscay, Mar. Micropaleont., 43, 27–55, 2001.
Beaufort, L. and Dollfus, D.: Automatic recognition of coccolith by dynamical neural network, Mar. Micropaleont., 51, 57–73, 2004.
Beaufort, L.: Weight estimates of coccoliths using the optical properties (birefringence) of calcite, Micropaleont., 51, 289–298, 2005.
Beaufort, L., Couapel, M., Buchet, N., Claustre, H., and Goyet, C.: Calcite production by coccolithophores in the south east Pacific Ocean, Biogeosciences, 5, 1101–1117, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1101-2008, 2008.
Beaufort, L., Probert, I., de Garidel-Thoron, T., Bendif, E. M., Ruiz-Pino, D., Metzl, N., Goyet, C., Buchet, N., Coupel, P., Grelaud, M., Rost, B., Rickaby, R. E. M., and de Vargas, C.: Sensitivity of coccolithophores to carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification, Nature, 476, 80–83, 2011.
Berger, W. H.: Biogenous deep-sea sediments: production, preservation and interpretation, in: Chemical Oceanography, edited by: Riley, J. P., and Chester, R., Academic Press, London, New York, 5, 265–389, 1976.
Bijma, J., Spero, H. J., and Lea, D. W.: Reassessing foraminiferal stable isotope geochemistery: Impact of the oceanic carbonate system (experimental results), in: Uses of Proxies in Paleoceanography: Examples from the South Atlantic, edited by: Fischer, G. and Wefer, G., Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 489–512, 1999.
Boeckel, B., Baumann, K.-H., Henrich, R., and Kinkel, R.: Coccolith distribution patterns in South Atlantic and Southern Ocean surface sediments in relation to environmental gradients, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 53, 1073–1099, 2006.
Boeckel, B. and Baumann, K.-H.: Vertical and lateral variations in coccolithophore community structure across the subtropical frontal zone in the South Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Micropaleontol., 67, 255–373, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.01.014, 2008.
Bollmann, J., Henderiks, J., and Brabec, B.: Calibration of Gephyrocapsa coccolith abundance in Holocene sediments for paleotemperature assessment, Paleoceanography, 17, 1035, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001PA000742, 2002.
Bollmann, J. and Herrle, J. O.: Morphological variation of Emiliania huxleyi and sea surface salinity, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 255, 273–288, 2007.
Bollmann, J., Herrle, J. O., Cortés, M. Y., and Fielding, S. R.: The effect of sea water salinity on the morphology of Emiliania huxleyi in plankton and sediment samples, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 320–328, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.003, 2009.
Broerse, A. T. C., Ziveri, P., van Hinte, J. E., and Honjo, S: Export production, species composition, and coccolith-CaCO3 fluxes in the NE Atlantic (34° N 21° W and 48° N 21° W), Deep Sea Res. Pt. II, 47, 1877–1905, 2000.
Bown P. R. and Young J. R.: Techniques, in: Calacareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy, edited by: Bown, P. R., Chapman & Hall, London, 16–28, 1998.
Charalampopoulou, A., Poulton, A. J., Tyrrell, T., and Lucas, M. I.: Irradiance and pH affect coccolithophore community composition on a transect between the North Sea and the Arctic Ocean, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 431, 25–43, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09140, 2011.
Delille, B., Harlay, J., Zondervan, I., Jacquet, S., Chou, L., Wollast, R., Bellerby, R. G. J., Frankignoulle, M., Borges, A. V., Riebesell, U., and Gattus, J. P.: Response of primary production and calcification to changes of pCO2 during experimental blooms of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002318, 2005.
de Bodt, C., Van Oostende, N., Harlay, J., Sabbe, K., and Chou, L.: Individual and interacting effects of pCO2 and temperature on Emiliania huxleyi calcification: study of the calcite production, the coccolith morphology and the coccosphere size, Biogeosciences, 7, 1401–1412, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1401-2010, 2010.
Dollfus, D. and Beaufort, L.: Fat neural network for recognition of position-normalised objects, Neural Networks, 12, 553–560, 1999.
Doney, S. C., Fabry, V. J., Feely, R. A., and Kleypas, J. A.: Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 169–192, 2009.
Fabry, V., Seibel, B. S., Feely, R. A., and Orr, J. C.: Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes, ICES J. Mar. Science, 65, 414–432, 2008.
Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Berelson, W., Kleypas, J., Fabry, V. J., and Millero, F. J.: Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans, Science, 305, 362–366, 2004.
Feldman, G. C. and McClain, C. R.: Ocean Color Web, MODIS Reprocessing L3, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, edited by: Kuring, N., Bailey, S. W., available at: http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/, 2011.
Fielding, S. R., Herrle, J. O., Bollmann, J., Worden, R. H., and Montagnes, D. J. S.: Assessing the applicability of Emiliania huxleyi coccolith morphology as a sea-surface salinity proxy, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 1475–1480, 2009.
Fischer, G. and Karakaş, G.: Sinking rates and ballast composition of particles in the Atlantic Ocean: implications for the organic carbon fluxes to the deep ocean, Biogeosciences, 6, 85–102, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-85-2009, 2009.
Foster, G. L.: Seawater pH, pCO2 and [\chemCO_3^{2-}] variations in the Caribbean Sea over the last 130 kyr: A boron isotope and B/Ca study of planktic foraminifera, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 271, 254–266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.04.015, 2008.
Frenz, M., Baumann, K.-H., Boeckel, B., Höppner, R., and Herich, R.: Quantification of foraminifer and coccolith carbonate in south atlantic surface sediments by means of carbonate grain-size distributions, J. Sediment. Res., 75, 464–475, 2005.
Gouretski, V. V. and Koltermann, K. P.: WOCE global hydrographic climatology, available at: http://odv.awi.de/en/data/ocean/woce_global_hydrographic_climatology/, 2004.
Goyet, C., Healy, R., and Ryan, J.: Estimated alkalinity and total dissolved inorganic carbon, available at: http://odv.awi.de/en/data/ocean/global_alkanity_tco2/, 2000.
Gruber, N.: Warming up, turning sour, losing breath: ocean biogeochemistry under global change, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Phys. Engineer. Sci., 369, 1980–1996, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0003, 2011.
Hagino, K., Okada, H., and Matsuoka, H.: Coccolithophore assemblages and morphotypes of Emiliania huxleyi in the boundary zone between the cold Oyashio and warm Kuroshio currents off the coast of Japan, Mar. Micropaleont., 55, 19–47, 2005.
Henderiks, J., Winter, A., Elbrächter, M., Feistel, R., van der Plas, A., Nausch, G., and Barlow, R.: Environmental controls on Emiliania huxleyi morphotypes in the Benguela coastal upwelling system (SE Atlantic), Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 448, 51–66, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09535, 2012.
Hönisch, B. and Hemming, N. G.: Surface ocean pH response to variations in pCO2 through two full glacial cycles, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 236, 305-314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.027, 2005.
Honjo, S.: Dissolution of suspended coccoliths in the deep-sea water column and sedimentation of coccolith ooze, in: Dissolution of Deep-Sea Carbonates, edited by: Sliter, W. V., Bé, A. W. H., and Berger, W.H., Volume Special Publication 13, Cushman Foundation Foraminiferal Research, 114–128, 1975.
Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D., Halloran, P. R., Rickaby, R. E. M., Hall, I. R., Colmenero-Hidalgo, E., Gittins, J. R., Green, D. R. H., Tyrrell, T., Gibbs, S. J., von Dassow, P., Rehm, E., Armbrust, E. V., and Boessenkool, K. P.: Phytoplankton calcification in a high-CO2 world, Science, 320, 336–340, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1154122, 2008. Jonkers, L., de Nooijer, L. J., Reichart, G.-J., Zahn, R., and Brummer, G.-J. A.: Encrustation and trace element composition of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei assessed from single chamber analyses – implications for paleotemperature estimates, Biogeosciences, 9, 4851–4860, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4851-2012, 2012.
Kroeker, K. J., R. L. Kordas, R. Crim, I. E. Hendriks, L. Ramajo, G. S. Singh, C. M. Duarte, and Gattuso, J.-P.: Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 1884–1896, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12179, 2013.
Langer, G., Geisen, M., Baumann, K.-H., Kläs, J., Riebesell, U., Thoms, S., and Young, J. R.: Species-specific responses of calcifying algae to changing seawater carbonate chemistry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 7, Q09006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001227, 2006.
Langer, G., Nehrke, G., Probert, I., Ly, J., and Ziveri, P.: Strain-specific responses of Emiliania huxleyi to changing seawater carbonate chemistry, Biogeosciences, 6, 2637–2646, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2637-2009, 2009.
Langer, G., Probert, I., Nehrke, G., and Ziveri, P.: The morphological response of Emiliania huxleyi to seawater carbonate chemistry changes: an inter-strain comparison, J. Nannoplankton Res., 32, 29–34, 2011.
Lewis, E. and Wallace, D. W. R.: Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations, ORNL/CDIAC-105, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, 1998.
Lohbeck, K. T., Riebesell, U., and Reusch, T. B. H.: Adaptive evolution of a key phytoplankton species to ocean acidification, Nat. Geosci., 5, 917–917, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1637, 2012.
Lüthi, D., Le Floch, M., Bereiter, B., Blunier, T., Barnola, J.-M., Siegenthaler, U., Raynaud, D., Jouzel, J., Fischer, H., Kawamura, K., and Stocker, T. F.: High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present, Nature, 453, 379–382, 2008.
Lutjeharms, J. R. E.: The Agulhas Current, Springer, 330 pp., 2006.
Martínez-Méndez, G., R. Zahn, I. R. Hall, F. J. C. Peeters, L. D. Pena, I. Cacho, and Negre, C.: Contrasting multiproxy reconstructions of surface ocean hydrography in the Agulhas Corridor and implications for the Agulhas Leakage during the last 345,000 years, Paleoceanography, 25, PA4227, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009pa001879, 2010.
Mizuki, T., Lynne, D. T., and Michael, S. M.: Water-mass distributions in the western South Atlantic; a section from South Georgia Island (54S) northward across the equator, J. Mar. Res., 52, 55–81, https://doi.org/10.1357/0022240943076759, 1994.
Mollenhauer, G.: Organic Carbon accumulation in the South Atlantic: Sedimentary processes and Glacial/Interglacial budgets. Berichte FB Geowissenschaften, Univ. Bremen, 204, 1–139, 2002.
Mollenhauer, G., Eglinton, T. I., Ohkouchi, N., Schneider, R. R., Müller, P. J., Grootes, P. M., and Rullkötter, J.: Asynchronous alkenone and foraminifera records from the Benguela Upwelling System, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67, 2157–2171, 2003.
Mollenhauer, G., Schneider, R. R., Jennerjahn, T. C., Müller, P. J., and Wefer, G.: Organic carbon accumulation in the South Atlantic Ocean: its modern, mid-Holocene and last glacial distribution, Global Planet. Change, 40, 249–266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2003.08.002, 2004.
Mollenhauer, G., Inthorn, M., Vogt, T., Zabel, M., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Eglinton, T. I.: Aging of marine organic matter during cross-shelf lateral transport in the Benguela upwelling system revealed by compound-specific radiocarbon dating, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., G3, 8, Q09004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001603, 2007.
Mönnin, E., Indermühle, A., Dällenbach, A., Flückiger, J., Stauffer, B., Stocker, T. F., Raynaud, D., and Barnola, J.-M.: Atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last glacial termination, Science, 291, 112–114, 2001.
Morel, A., Claustre, H., and Gentili, B.: The most oligotrophic subtropical zones of the global ocean: similarities and differences in terms of chlorophyll and yellow substance, Biogeosciences, 7, 3139–3151, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3139-2010, 2010.
Müller, M. N., Antia, A. N., and LaRoche, J.: Influence of cell cycle phase on calcification in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 506–512, 2008.
Müller, M. N., Schulz, K. G., and Riebesell, U.: Effects of long-term high CO2 exposure on two species of coccolithophores, Biogeosciences, 7, 1109–1116, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1109-2010, 2010.
Müller, M. N., Beaufort, L., Bernard, O., Pedrotti, M. L., Talec, A., and Sciandra, A.: Influence of CO2 and nitrogen limitation on the coccolith volume of Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta), Biogeosciences, 9, 4155–4167, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4155-2012, 2012.
Okada, H. and Honjo, S.: The distribution of oceanic coccolithophorids in the Pacific, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 20, 355–374, 1973.
Okada, H. and McIntyre, A.: Modern coccolithophores of the Pacific and North Atlantic oceans, Micropaleontology, 23, 1–54, 1977.
Orsi, A. H., Whitworth III, T., and Nowlin, W.: On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Deep-Sea Res., 42, 641–673, 1995.
Oviedo, A., Langer, G., and Ziveri, P.: Effect of phosphorus limitation on calcification and element ratios in Mediterranean strains of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., in review, 2014.
Paasche, E.: Roles of nitrogen and phosphorus in coccolith formation in Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae), Eur. J. Phycol., 33, 33–42, 1998.
Paasche, E.: A review of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae), with particular reference to growth, coccolith formation, and calcification-photosynthesis interactions, Phycologia, 40, 503–529, 2001.
Peterson, R. G. and Stramma, L.: Upper-level circulation in the South Atlantic Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 26, 1–73,1991.
Ploug, H., Iversen, M. H., Koski, M., and Buitenhuis, E. T.: Production, oxygen respiration rates, and sinking velocity of copepod fecal pellets: direct measurements of ballasting by opal and 25 calcite, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 469–476, 2008.
Popp, B. N., Kenig, F., Wakeham, S. G., Rust, T. M., Tilbrook, B., Griffiths, F. B., Wright, S. W., Marchant, H. J., Bidigare, R. R., and Laws, E. A.: Controls on the carbon isotopic composition of Southern Ocean phytoplankton, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 827–843, 1999.
Poulton, A. J., Painter, S. C., Young, J. R., Bates, N. R., Bowler, B., Drapeau, D., Lyczsckowski, E., and Balch, W. M.: The 2008 Emiliania huxleyi bloom along the Patagonian Shelf: Ecology, biogeochemistry, and cellular calcification, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 2013GB004641, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gb004641, 2013.
Raven, J., Caldeira, K., Elderfield, H., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Liss, P., Riebesell, U., Shepherd, J., Turley, C., and Watson, A.: Acidification due to increasing carbon dioxide, Tech. Rep., The Royal Society, 2005.
Read, B. A., Kegel, J., Klute, M. J., Kuo, A., Lefebvre, S. C., Maumus, F., Mayer, C., Miller, J., Monier, A., Salamov, A., Young, J., Aguilar, M., Claverie, J.-M., Frickenhaus, S., Gonzalez, K., Herman, E. K., Lin, Y.-C., Napier, J., Ogata, H., Sarno, A. F., Shmutz, J., Schroeder, D., de Vargas, C., Verret, F., von Dassow, P., Valentin, K., Van de Peer, Y., Wheeler, G., Emiliania huxleyi Annotation Consortium, Dacks, J. B., Delwiche, C. F., Dyhrman, S. T., Glöckner, G., John, U., Richards, T., Worden, A. Z., Zhang, X., and Grigoriev, I. V.: Pan genome of the phytoplankton Emiliania underpins its global distribution, Nature, 499, 209–213, 2013.
Ridgwell, A. and Zeebe. R. E.: The role of the global carbonate cycle in the regulation and evolution of the Earth system, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 234, 299–315, 2005.
Ridgwell, A., Schmidt, D. N., Turley, C., Brownlee, C., Maldonado, M. T., Tortell, P., and Young, J. R.: From laboratory manipulations to Earth system models: scaling calcification impacts of ocean acidification, Biogeosciences, 6, 2611–2623, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2611-2009, 2009.
Riebesell, U., Zondervan, I., Rost, B., Tortell, P. D., Zeebe, R. E., and Morel, F. M. M.: Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2, Nature, 407,364–367, 2000.
Riebesell, U., Bellerby, R. G. J., Engel, A., Fabry, V. J., Hutchins, D. A., Reusch, T. B. H., Schulz, K. G., and Morel, F. M. M.: Comment on "Phytoplankton calcification in a high CO2-world", Science, 322, 1466b, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1161096, 2008.
Riebesell, U. and Tortell, P. D.: Effects of ocean acidification on pelagic organisms and ecosystems, in: Ocean Acidification, edited by: Gattuso, J.-P. and Hansson, L., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 99–121, 2011.
Rintoul, R. S.: Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Enc. Ocean Sci., 2nd Edn.,178–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00603-2, 2009.
Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Hey, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J. L., Wanninkhof, R., Wong, C. S., Wallace, D. W. R., Tilbrook, B., Millero, F. J., Peng, T.-H., Kozyr, A., Ono, T., and Rios, A. F.: The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2, Science, 305, 367–371, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097403, 2004.
Schlitzer, R.: Ocean Data View, available at: http://odv.awi.de, 2009.
Sigman, D. M., Hain, M. P., and Haug, G. H.: The polar ocean and glacial cycles in atmospheric CO2 concentration, Nature, 466, 47–55, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09149, 2010.
Smith, H. E. K., Tyrrell, T., Charalampopoulou, A., Dumousseaud, C., Legge, O. J., Birchenough, S., Pettit, L. R., Garley, R., Hartman, S. E., Hartman, M. C., Sagoo, N., Daniels, C. J., Achterberg, E. P., and Hydes, D. J.: Predominance of heavily calcified coccolithophores at low CaCO3 saturation during winter in the Bay of Biscay, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 109, 8845–8849, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117508109, 2010.
Sokolov, S. and Rintoul, S. R.: Multiple jets of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 1394–1412, 2007.
Thierstein, H. R., Geitzenauer, K. R., Molfino, B., and Shackleton, N. J.: Global synchroneity of late Quaternary coccolith datum levels Validation by oxygen isotopes, Geology, 5, 400–404, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<400:gsolqc>2.co;2, 1977.
Toggweiler, J. R., Russell, J. L., and Carson, S. R.: Mid latitude westerlies, atmospheric CO2, and climate change during the ice ages, Paleoceanography, 21, PA2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005PA001154, 2006.
Van Cappellen, P.: Biomineralization and global biogeochemical cycles, in: Biomineralization, Mineralogical Reviews, vol. 54, edited by: Weiner, S., De Yoreo, J. J., and Dove, P., Mineralogical Society of America, 357–381, 2003.
Volbers, A. N. A. and Henrich, R.: Late Quaternary variations in calcium carbonate preservation of deep-sea sediments in the northern Cape Basin: results from a multiproxy approach, Mar. Geol., 180, 203–220, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00214-6, 2002.
Ward, J. H.: Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58, 236–244, https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1963.10500845, 1963.
Wefer, G., Mulitza, S., and Ratmeyer, V.: The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Material Budgets and Current Systems. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2003.
Winter, A., Jordan, R. W., and Roth, P. H.: Biogeography of living coccolithophores in ocean waters, in: Coccolithophores, edited by: Winter, A. and Siesser, W. G., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 161–177, 1994.
Young, J. R. and Westbroek, P.: Genotypic variation in the coccolithophorid species Emiliania huxleyi, Mar. Micropaleontol., 18, 5–23, 1991.
Young J. R.: Functions of coccoliths, in: Coccolithophores, edited by: Winter, A. and Siesser, W. G., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 63–82, 1994.
Young, J. and Ziveri, P.: Calculation of coccolith volume and its use in calibration of carbonate flux estimates, Deep-Sea Res., 47, 1679–1700, 2000.
Yu, J., Broecker, W. S., Elderfield, H., Jin, Z., McManus, J., and Zhang, F.: Loss of Carbon from the Deep Sea Since the Last Glacial Maximum, Science, 330, 1084–1087, 2010.
Zeebe, R. and Wolf-Gladrow, D.: CO2 in Seawater: Equilibrium, Kinetics, Isotopes, Elsev. Oceanogr. Series, 65, Elsevier, 2001.
Ziveri, P., Rutten, A., de Lange, G. J., Thomson, J., and Corselli, C.: Present-day coccolith fluxes recorded in central eastern Mediterranean sediment traps and surface sediments, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 158, 175–195, 2000.
Ziveri, P., Baumann, K.-H., Boeckel, B., Bollmann, J., and Young, J.: Present day coccolithophore biogeography in the Atlantic Ocean, in: Coccolithophores: From Molecular Processes to Global Impact, edited by: Thierstein, H. and Young, J., Springer Verlag, 403–428, 2004.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint