Articles | Volume 16, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1829-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1829-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 Apr 2019
Research article |
| 30 Apr 2019
| 30 Apr 2019
How representative are FLUXNET measurements of surface fluxes during temperature extremes?
Sophie V. J. van der Horst
Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University, 6700 HB,
Wageningen, the Netherlands
Andrew J. Pitman
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes and Climate Change Research
Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Martin G. De Kauwe
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes and Climate Change Research
Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Anna Ukkola
3ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes and Research School of
Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
Gab Abramowitz
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes and Climate Change Research
Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Peter Isaac
OzFlux Central Node, TERN Ecosystem Processes, Melbourne, VIC 3159, Australia
Related authors
No articles found.
Georgina Falster, Gab Abramowitz, Sanaa Hobeichi, Cath Hughes, Pauline Treble, Nerilie J. Abram, Michael I. Bird, Alexandre Cauquoin, Bronwyn Dixon, Russell Drysdale, Chenhui Jin, Niels Munksgaard, Bernadette Proemse, Jonathan J. Tyler, Martin Werner, and Carol Tadros
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2458, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2458, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
We used a random forest approach to produce estimates of monthly precipitation stable isotope variability from 1962–2023, at high resolution across the entire Australian continent. Comprehensive skill and sensitivity testing shows that our random forest models skilfully predict precipitation isotope values in places and times that observations are not available. We make all outputs publicly available, facilitating use in fields from ecology and hydrology to archaeology and forensic science.
Lingfei Wang, Gab Abramowitz, Ying-Ping Wang, Andy Pitman, Philippe Ciais, and Daniel S. Goll
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2545, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2545, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate estimates of global soil organic carbon (SOC) content and its spatial pattern are critical for future climate change mitigation. However, the most advanced mechanistic SOC models struggle to do this task. Here we apply multiple explainable machine learning methods to identify missing variables and misrepresented relationships between environmental factors and SOC in these models, offering new insights to guide model development for more reliable SOC predictions.
Matthew O. Grant, Anna M. Ukkola, Elisabeth Vogel, Sanaa Hobeichi, Andy J. Pitman, Alex Raymond Borowiak, and Keirnan Fowler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4024, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4024, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Australia is regularly subjected to severe and widespread drought. By using multiple drought indicators, we show that while there have been widespread decreases in droughts since the beginning of the 20th century. However, many regions have seen an increase in droughts in more recent decades. Despite these changes, our analysis shows that they remain within the range of observed variability and are not unprecedented in the context of past droughts.
Gab Abramowitz, Anna Ukkola, Sanaa Hobeichi, Jon Cranko Page, Mathew Lipson, Martin G. De Kauwe, Samuel Green, Claire Brenner, Jonathan Frame, Grey Nearing, Martyn Clark, Martin Best, Peter Anthoni, Gabriele Arduini, Souhail Boussetta, Silvia Caldararu, Kyeungwoo Cho, Matthias Cuntz, David Fairbairn, Craig R. Ferguson, Hyungjun Kim, Yeonjoo Kim, Jürgen Knauer, David Lawrence, Xiangzhong Luo, Sergey Malyshev, Tomoko Nitta, Jerome Ogee, Keith Oleson, Catherine Ottlé, Phillipe Peylin, Patricia de Rosnay, Heather Rumbold, Bob Su, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Xiaoni Wang-Faivre, Yunfei Wang, and Yijian Zeng
Biogeosciences, 21, 5517–5538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates land models – computer-based models that simulate ecosystem dynamics; land carbon, water, and energy cycles; and the role of land in the climate system. It uses machine learning and AI approaches to show that, despite the complexity of land models, they do not perform nearly as well as they could given the amount of information they are provided with about the prediction problem.
Anjana Devanand, Jason Evans, Andy Pitman, Sujan Pal, David Gochis, and Kevin Sampson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3148, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3148, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Including lateral flow increases evapotranspiration near major river channels in high-resolution land surface simulations in southeast Australia, consistent with observations. The 1-km resolution model shows a widespread pattern of dry ridges that does not exist at coarser resolutions. Our results have implications for improved simulations of droughts and future water availability.
Lingfei Wang, Gab Abramowitz, Ying-Ping Wang, Andy Pitman, and Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel
SOIL, 10, 619–636, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-619-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-619-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Effective management of soil organic carbon (SOC) requires accurate knowledge of its distribution and factors influencing its dynamics. We identify the importance of variables in spatial SOC variation and estimate SOC stocks in Australia using various models. We find there are significant disparities in SOC estimates when different models are used, highlighting the need for a critical re-evaluation of land management strategies that rely on the SOC distribution derived from a single approach.
Anna M. Ukkola, Steven Thomas, Elisabeth Vogel, Ulrike Bende-Michl, Steven Siems, Vjekoslav Matic, and Wendy Sharples
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.31223/X56110, https://doi.org/10.31223/X56110, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Future drought changes in Australia –the driest inhabited continent on Earth– have remained stubbornly uncertain. We assess future drought changes in Australia using projections from climate and hydrological models. We show an increasing probability of drought over highly-populated and agricultural regions of Australia in coming decades, suggesting potential impacts on agricultural activities, ecosystems and urban water supply.
Georgina M. Falster, Nicky M. Wright, Nerilie J. Abram, Anna M. Ukkola, and Benjamin J. Henley
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1383–1401, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1383-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1383-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Multi-year droughts have severe environmental and economic impacts, but the instrumental record is too short to characterise multi-year drought variability. We assessed the nature of Australian multi-year droughts using simulations of the past millennium from 11 climate models. We show that multi-decadal
megadroughtsare a natural feature of the Australian hydroclimate. Human-caused climate change is also driving a tendency towards longer droughts in eastern and southwestern Australia.
Lina Teckentrup, Martin G. De Kauwe, Gab Abramowitz, Andrew J. Pitman, Anna M. Ukkola, Sanaa Hobeichi, Bastien François, and Benjamin Smith
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 549–576, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-549-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-549-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Studies analyzing the impact of the future climate on ecosystems employ climate projections simulated by global circulation models. These climate projections display biases that translate into significant uncertainty in projections of the future carbon cycle. Here, we test different methods to constrain the uncertainty in simulations of the carbon cycle over Australia. We find that all methods reduce the bias in the steady-state carbon variables but that temporal properties do not improve.
Yuan Zhang, Devaraju Narayanappa, Philippe Ciais, Wei Li, Daniel Goll, Nicolas Vuichard, Martin G. De Kauwe, Laurent Li, and Fabienne Maignan
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 9111–9125, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9111-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9111-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
There are a few studies to examine if current models correctly represented the complex processes of transpiration. Here, we use a coefficient Ω, which indicates if transpiration is mainly controlled by vegetation processes or by turbulence, to evaluate the ORCHIDEE model. We found a good performance of ORCHIDEE, but due to compensation of biases in different processes, we also identified how different factors control Ω and where the model is wrong. Our method is generic to evaluate other models.
Keirnan Fowler, Murray Peel, Margarita Saft, Tim J. Peterson, Andrew Western, Lawrence Band, Cuan Petheram, Sandra Dharmadi, Kim Seong Tan, Lu Zhang, Patrick Lane, Anthony Kiem, Lucy Marshall, Anne Griebel, Belinda E. Medlyn, Dongryeol Ryu, Giancarlo Bonotto, Conrad Wasko, Anna Ukkola, Clare Stephens, Andrew Frost, Hansini Gardiya Weligamage, Patricia Saco, Hongxing Zheng, Francis Chiew, Edoardo Daly, Glen Walker, R. Willem Vervoort, Justin Hughes, Luca Trotter, Brad Neal, Ian Cartwright, and Rory Nathan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6073–6120, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, we have seen multi-year droughts tending to cause shifts in the relationship between rainfall and streamflow. In shifted catchments that have not recovered, an average rainfall year produces less streamflow today than it did pre-drought. We take a multi-disciplinary approach to understand why these shifts occur, focusing on Australia's over-10-year Millennium Drought. We evaluate multiple hypotheses against evidence, with particular focus on the key role of groundwater processes.
Jon Cranko Page, Martin G. De Kauwe, Gab Abramowitz, Jamie Cleverly, Nina Hinko-Najera, Mark J. Hovenden, Yao Liu, Andy J. Pitman, and Kiona Ogle
Biogeosciences, 19, 1913–1932, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1913-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1913-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Although vegetation responds to climate at a wide range of timescales, models of the land carbon sink often ignore responses that do not occur instantly. In this study, we explore the timescales at which Australian ecosystems respond to climate. We identified that carbon and water fluxes can be modelled more accurately if we include environmental drivers from up to a year in the past. The importance of antecedent conditions is related to ecosystem aridity but is also influenced by other factors.
Anna M. Ukkola, Gab Abramowitz, and Martin G. De Kauwe
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 449–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Flux towers provide measurements of water, energy, and carbon fluxes. Flux tower data are invaluable in improving and evaluating land models but are not suited to modelling applications as published. Here we present flux tower data tailored for land modelling, encompassing 170 sites globally. Our dataset resolves several key limitations hindering the use of flux tower data in land modelling, including incomplete forcing variable, data format, and low data quality.
Sami W. Rifai, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anna M. Ukkola, Lucas A. Cernusak, Patrick Meir, Belinda E. Medlyn, and Andy J. Pitman
Biogeosciences, 19, 491–515, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-491-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Australia's woody ecosystems have experienced widespread greening despite a warming climate and repeated record-breaking droughts and heat waves. Increasing atmospheric CO2 increases plant water use efficiency, yet quantifying the CO2 effect is complicated due to co-occurring effects of global change. Here we harmonized a 38-year satellite record to separate the effects of climate change, land use change, and disturbance to quantify the CO2 fertilization effect on the greening phenomenon.
Lina Teckentrup, Martin G. De Kauwe, Andrew J. Pitman, Daniel S. Goll, Vanessa Haverd, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Etsushi Kato, Sebastian Lienert, Danica Lombardozzi, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Anthony P. Walker, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 18, 5639–5668, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5639-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5639-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Australian continent is included in global assessments of the carbon cycle such as the global carbon budget, yet the performance of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) over Australia has rarely been evaluated. We assessed simulations by an ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models over Australia and highlighted a number of key areas that lead to model divergence on both short (inter-annual) and long (decadal) timescales.
Mengyuan Mu, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anna M. Ukkola, Andy J. Pitman, Weidong Guo, Sanaa Hobeichi, and Peter R. Briggs
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 919–938, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-919-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-919-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater can buffer the impacts of drought and heatwaves on ecosystems, which is often neglected in model studies. Using a land surface model with groundwater, we explained how groundwater sustains transpiration and eases heat pressure on plants in heatwaves during multi-year droughts. Our results showed the groundwater’s influences diminish as drought extends and are regulated by plant physiology. We suggest neglecting groundwater in models may overstate projected future heatwave intensity.
Sanaa Hobeichi, Gab Abramowitz, and Jason P. Evans
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3855–3874, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3855-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3855-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Evapotranspiration (ET) links the water, energy and carbon cycle on land. Reliable ET estimates are key to understand droughts and flooding. We develop a new ET dataset, DOLCE V3, by merging multiple global ET datasets, and we show that it matches ET observations better and hence is more reliable than its parent datasets. Next, we use DOLCE V3 to examine recent changes in ET and find that ET has increased over most of the land, decreased in some regions, and has not changed in some other regions
Atbin Mahabbati, Jason Beringer, Matthias Leopold, Ian McHugh, James Cleverly, Peter Isaac, and Azizallah Izady
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 10, 123–140, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-10-123-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-10-123-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We reviewed eight algorithms to estimate missing values of environmental drivers and three major fluxes in eddy covariance time series. Overall, machine-learning algorithms showed superiority over the rest. Among the top three models (feed-forward neural networks, eXtreme Gradient Boost, and random forest algorithms), the latter showed the most solid performance in different scenarios.
Anna B. Harper, Karina E. Williams, Patrick C. McGuire, Maria Carolina Duran Rojas, Debbie Hemming, Anne Verhoef, Chris Huntingford, Lucy Rowland, Toby Marthews, Cleiton Breder Eller, Camilla Mathison, Rodolfo L. B. Nobrega, Nicola Gedney, Pier Luigi Vidale, Fred Otu-Larbi, Divya Pandey, Sebastien Garrigues, Azin Wright, Darren Slevin, Martin G. De Kauwe, Eleanor Blyth, Jonas Ardö, Andrew Black, Damien Bonal, Nina Buchmann, Benoit Burban, Kathrin Fuchs, Agnès de Grandcourt, Ivan Mammarella, Lutz Merbold, Leonardo Montagnani, Yann Nouvellon, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, and Georg Wohlfahrt
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3269–3294, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated 10 representations of soil moisture stress in the JULES land surface model against site observations of GPP and latent heat flux. Increasing the soil depth and plant access to deep soil moisture improved many aspects of the simulations, and we recommend these settings in future work using JULES. In addition, using soil matric potential presents the opportunity to include parameters specific to plant functional type to further improve modeled fluxes.
Lina Teckentrup, Martin G. De Kauwe, Andrew J. Pitman, and Benjamin Smith
Biogeosciences, 18, 2181–2203, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2181-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2181-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) describes changes in the sea surface temperature patterns of the Pacific Ocean. This influences the global weather, impacting vegetation on land. There are two types of El Niño: central Pacific (CP) and eastern Pacific (EP). In this study, we explored the long-term impacts on the carbon balance on land linked to the two El Niño types. Using a dynamic vegetation model, we simulated what would happen if only either CP or EP El Niño events had occurred.
Mengyuan Mu, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anna M. Ukkola, Andy J. Pitman, Teresa E. Gimeno, Belinda E. Medlyn, Dani Or, Jinyan Yang, and David S. Ellsworth
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 447–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-447-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-447-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Land surface model (LSM) is a critical tool to study land responses to droughts and heatwaves, but lacking comprehensive observations limited past model evaluations. Here we use a novel dataset at a water-limited site, evaluate a typical LSM with a range of competing model hypotheses widely used in LSMs and identify marked uncertainty due to the differing process assumptions. We show the extensive observations constrain model processes and allow better simulated land responses to these extremes.
Cited articles
Abramowitz, G., Leuning, R., Clark, M., and Pitman, A.: Evaluating the
performance of land surface models, J. Climate, 21, 5468–5481,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2378.1, 2008.
Aubinet, M., Feigenwinter, C., Heinesch, B., Laffineur, Q., Papale, D.,
Reichstein, M., Rinne, J., and van Gorsel, E.: Nighttime Flux Correction,
chap. 5, in: Eddy Covariance; A Practical Guide to Measurement and Data
Analysis, Springer Atmospheric Sciences, the Netherlands, 133–157, ISBN
978-94-007-2350-4, 2012.
Barriopedro, D., Fischer, E. M., Luterbacher, J., Trigo, R. M., and
García-Herrera, R.: The hot summer of 2010: redrawing the temperature
record map of Europe, Science, 332, 220–224, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201224,
2011.
Berry, J. A. and Björkman, O.: Photosynthetic Response and Adaptation to
Temperature in Higher Plants, Annu. Rev. Plant Phys., 31, 491–543, 1980.
Blyth, E., Clark, D. B., Ellis, R., Huntingford, C., Los, S., Pryor, M.,
Best, M., and Sitch, S.: A comprehensive set of benchmark tests for a land
surface model of simultaneous fluxes of water and carbon at both the global
and seasonal scale, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 255–269,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-255-2011, 2011.
Burba, G.: Eddy Covariance Method for Scientific, Industrial, Agricultural
and Regulatory Applications, LI-COR Biosciences, LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln,
Nebraska, 331, 2013.
Ciais, P., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N., Granier, A., Ogée, J., Allard, V.,
Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Bernhofer, C,. Carrara, A., Chevallier, F.,
Friend, A. D., Friedlingstein, P., Grünwald, T., Heinesch, B. Keronen,
P., Knohl, A., Krinner, G., Loustau, D., Manca, G., Matteucci, G., Miglietta,
F., Ourcival, J. M., Papale, D., Pilegaard, K., Rambal, S., Seufert, G.,
Soussana, J. F., Sanz, M. J., Schulze, E. D., Vesala, T. and Valentini, R.:
Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought
in 2003, Nature, 437, 529–533, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03972, 2005.
Colombo, A. F., Etkin, D., and Karney, B. W.: Climate variability and the
frequency of extreme temperature events for nine sites across Canada:
implications for power usage, J. Climate, 12, 2490–2502,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2490:CVATFO>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Coumou, D. and Rahmstorf, S.: A decade of weather extremes, Nat. Clim.
Change, 2, 491–496, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1452, 2012.
De Kauwe, M. G., Medlyn, B. E., Pitman, A. J., Drake, J. E., Ukkola, A.,
Griebel, A., Pendall, E., Prober, S., and Roderick, M.: Examining the
evidence for decoupling between photosynthesis and transpiration during heat
extremes, Biogeosciences, 16, 903–916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-903-2019, 2019.
Donat, M. G., Pitman, A. J., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Regional warming of hot
extremes accelerated by surface energy fluxes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44,
7011–7019, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073733, 2017.
Donat, M. G., Pitman, A. J., and Angelil, O.: Understanding and reducing
future uncertainty in mid-latitude heat extremes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45,
10627–10636, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079128, 2018.
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R.
J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9,
1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016.
Fischer, E. M., Seneviratne, S. I., Vidale, P. L., Luẗhi, D., and
Schär, C.: Soil moisture–atmosphere interactions during the 2003
European summer heat wave, J. Climate, 20, 5081–5099, 2007.
Flach, M., Sippel, S., Gans, F., Bastos, A., Brenning, A., Reichstein, M.,
and Mahecha, M. D.: Contrasting biosphere responses to hydrometeorological
extremes: revisiting the 2010 western Russian heatwave, Biogeosciences, 15,
6067–6085, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6067-2018, 2018.
Foken, T., Gockede, M., Mauder, M., Mahrt, L., Amiro, B., and Munger, W.:
Post-field Data Quality Control, chap. 9, in: Handbook of Micrometeorology; A
Guide for Surface Flux Measurement and Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 181–208, 2010.
Gunderson, C. A., O'Hara, K. H., Campion, C. M., Walker, A. V., and Edwards,
N. T.: Thermal plasticity of photosynthesis: the role of acclimation in
forest responses to a warming climate, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 2272–2286,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02090.x, 2009.
Hartmann, D. L., Klein Tank, A. M. G., Rusticucci, M., Alexander, L. V.,
Brönnimann, S., Charabi, Y., Dentener, F. J., Dlugokencky, E. J.,
Easterling, D. R., Kaplan, A., Soden, B. J., Thorne, P. W., Qin, M.,
Plattner, G. K., Tignor, M. , Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia,
Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M.: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science
Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK, New York, NY, USA, 2013.
Kala, J., De Kauwe, M. G., Pitman, A. J., Medlyn, B. E., Wang, Y. P., Lorenz,
R., and Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E.: Impact of the representation of stomatal
conductance on model projections of heatwave intensity, Sci. Rep.-UK, 6,
23418, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep234, 2016.
Keenan, T. F., Migliavacca, M., Papale, D., Baldocchi, D., Reichstein, M.,
Torn, M., and Wutzler, T.: Widespread inhibition of daytime ecosystem
respiration, Nat. Ecol. Evol., 3, 407–415, 2019.
Krinner, G., Viovy, N., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Ogée, J., Polcher,
J., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Sitch, S., and Prentice, I. C.: A dynamic
global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere
system, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB1015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002199, 2005.
Kumarathunge, D. P., Medlyn, B. E., Drake, J. E., Tjoelker, M. G., Aspinwall,
M. J., Battaglia, M. , Cano, F. J., Carter, K. R., Cavaleri, M. A., Cernusak,
L. A., Chambers, J. Q., Crous, K. Y., De Kauwe, M. G., Dillaway, D. N.,
Dreyer, E. , Ellsworth, D. S., Ghannoum, O. , Han, Q. , Hikosaka, K. ,
Jensen, A. M., Kelly, J. W., Kruger, E. L., Mercado, L. M., Onoda, Y. ,
Reich, P. B., Rogers, A. , Slot, M. , Smith, N. G., Tarvainen, L. , Tissue,
D. T., Togashi, H. F., Tribuzy, E. S., Uddling, J. , Vårhammar, A. ,
Wallin, G. , Warren, J. M. and Way, D. A.: Acclimation and adaptation
components of the temperature dependence of plant photosynthesis at the
global scale, New Phytol., 222, 68–784, 2019.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: FLUXNET2015 dataset, available at:
https://fluxnet.fluxdata.org/data/fluxnet2015-dataset/, last access:
4 September 2018a.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: La Thuille synthesis dataset,
available at: https://fluxnet.fluxdata.org/data/la-thuile-dataset/,
last access: 4 September 2018b.
Lewis, S. L., Brando, P. M., Phillips, O. L., van der Heijden, G. M., and
Nepstad, D.: The 2010 amazon drought, Science, 331, 554–554, 2011.
Lombardozzi, D. L., Bonan, G. B., Smith, N. G., Dukes, J. S., and Fisher, R.
A.: Temperature acclimation of photosynthesis and respiration: A key
uncertainty in the carbon cycle-climate feedback, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42,
8624–8631, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065934, 2015.
McEvoy, D., Ahmed, I., and Mullett, J.: The impact of the 2009 heat wave on
Melbourne's critical infrastructure, Local Environ., 17, 783–796,
https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.678320, 2012.
McMichael, A. J. and Lindgren, E.: Climate change: present and future risks
to health, and necessary responses, J. Intern. Med., 270, 401–413,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02415.x, 2011.
Mercado, L. M., Medlyn, B. E., Huntingford, C., Oliver, R. J., Clark, D. B.,
Stephen, S., Przemyslaw, Z., Kattge, J., Harper, A. B., and Cox, P. M.: Large
sensitivity in land carbon storage due to geographical and temporal variation
in the thermal response of photosynthetic capacity, New Phytol., 218,
1462–1477, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15100, 2018.
Miralles, D. G., den Berg, M. V., Teuling, A. J., and Jeu, R. D.: Soil
moisture-temperature coupling: a multiscale observational analysis. Geophys.
Res. Lett., 39, L21707, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053703, 2012.
Miralles, D. G., Teuling, A. J., van Heerwaarden, C. C., and de Arellano, J.
V. G.: Megaheatwave temperatures due to combined soil desiccation and
atmospheric heat accumulation, Nat. Geosci, 7, 345–349,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2141, 2014.
Schär, C., Vidale, P. L., Lüthi, D., Frei, C., Häberli, C.,
Liniger, M. A., and Appenzeller, C.: The role of increasing temperature
variability in European summer heatwaves, Nature, 427, 332–336,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02300, 2004.
Seneviratne, S. I., Corti, T., Davin, E. L., Hirschi, M., Jaeger, E. B.,
Lehner, I., Orlowsky, B., and Teuling, A. J.: Investigating soil
moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review, Earth-Sci.
Rev., 99, 125–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004, 2010.
Sillmann, J., Kharin, V. V., Zhang, X., Zwiers, F. W., and Bronaugh, D.:
Climate extremes indices in the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble: Part 1. Model
evaluation in the present climate, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 1716–1733,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50203, 2013.
Sippel, S., Zscheischler, J., Mahecha, M. D., Orth, R., Reichstein, M.,
Vogel, M., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Refining multi-model projections of
temperature extremes by evaluation against land-atmosphere coupling
diagnostics, Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 387–403, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-387-2017,
2017.
Smith, N. G. and Dukes, J. S.: Plant respiration and photosynthesis in
global-scale models: incorporating acclimation to temperature and
CO2, Glob. Change Bio., 19, 45–63,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02797.x, 2013.
Teuling, A. J., Seneviratne, S. I., Stöckli, R., Reichstein, M., Moors,
E., Ciais, P., Luyssaert, S., van den Hurk, B., Ammann, C., Bernhofer, C.,
Dellwik, E., Gianelle, D., Gielen, B., Grünwald, T., Klumpp, K.,
Montagnani, L., Moureaux, C., Sottocornola, M., and Wohlfahrt, G.:
Contrasting response of European forest and grassland energy exchange to
heatwaves, Nat. Geosci., 3, 722–727, 2010.
Ukkola, A. M., De Kauwe, M. G., Pitman, A. J., Best, M. J., Abramowitz, G.,
Haverd, V., Decker, M., and Haughton, N.: Land surface models systematically
overestimate the intensity, duration and magnitude of seasonal-scale
evaporative droughts, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 104012,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/10/104012, 2016.
Ukkola, A. M., Haughton, N., De Kauwe, M. G., Abramowitz, G., and Pitman, A.
J.: FluxnetLSM R package (v1.0): a community tool for processing FLUXNET data
for use in land surface modelling, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3379–3390,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3379-2017, 2017.
Ukkola, A. M., Pitman, A. J., Donat, M. G., De Kauwe, M. G., and Angeìlil,
O.: Evaluating the contribution of land-atmosphere feedbacks to heat extremes
in CMIP5 models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 9003–9012,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079102, 2018.
Valladares, F., Matesanz, S., Guilhaumon, F., Araújo, M. B., Balaguer,
L., Benito-Garzón, M., Cornwell, W., Gianoli, E., van Kleunen, M., Naya,
D. E., Nicotra, A. B., Poorter, H., and Zavala, M. A.: The effects of
phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation on forecasts of species range
shifts under climate change, Ecol. Lett., 17, 1351–1364,
https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12348, 2014.
van der Horst, S. V. J.: FLUXNET, Github, available at:
https://github.com/sophievanderhorst/FLUXNET (last access:
25 April 2019), 2018.
van Gorsel, E., Wolf, S., Cleverly, J., Isaac, P., Haverd, V., Ewenz, C.,
Arndt, S., Beringer, J., Resco de Dios, V., Evans, B. J., Griebel, A.,
Hutley, L. B., Keenan, T., Kljun, N., Macfarlane, C., Meyer, W. S., McHugh,
I., Pendall, E., Prober, S. M., and Silberstein, R.: Carbon uptake and water
use in woodlands and forests in southern Australia during an extreme heat
wave event in the “Angry Summer” of 2012/2013, Biogeosciences, 13,
5947–5964, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5947-2016, 2016.
van Gorsel, E., Cleverly, J., Beringer, J., Cleugh, H., Eamus, D., Hutley, L.
B., Isaac, P., and Prober, S.: Preface: OzFlux: a network for the study of
ecosystem carbon and water dynamics across Australia and New Zealand,
Biogeosciences, 15, 349–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-349-2018, 2018.
van Mantgem, P. J., Stephenson, N. L., Byrne, J. C., Daniels, L. D.,
Franklin, J. F., Fulé, P. Z., Harmon, M. E., Larson, A. J., Smith, J. M.,
Taylor, A. H., and Veblen, T. T.: Widespread increase of tree mortality rates
in the western United States, Science, 323, 521–524,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1165000, 2009.
von Buttlar, J., Zscheischler, J., Rammig, A., Sippel, S., Reichstein, M.,
Knohl, A., Jung, M., Menzer, O., Arain, M. A., Buchmann, N., Cescatti, A.,
Gianelle, D., Kiely, G., Law, B. E., Magliulo, V., Margolis, H., McCaughey,
H., Merbold, L., Migliavacca, M., Montagnani, L., Oechel, W., Pavelka, M.,
Peichl, M., Rambal, S., Raschi, A., Scott, R. L., Vaccari, F. P., van Gorsel,
E., Varlagin, A., Wohlfahrt, G., and Mahecha, M. D.: Impacts of droughts and
extreme-temperature events on gross primary production and ecosystem
respiration: a systematic assessment across ecosystems and climate zones,
Biogeosciences, 15, 1293–1318, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1293-2018, 2018.
Way, D. A. and Sage, R. F.: Thermal acclimation of photosynthesis in black
spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.], Plant Cell Environ., 31, 1250–1262,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01842.x, 2008.
Wilson, K., Goldstein, A., Falge, E., Aubinet, M., Baldocchi, D. D.,
Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Ceulemans, R., Dolman, H., Field, C., Grelle,
A., Ibrom, A., Law, B. E., Kowalski, A., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Monson,
R., Oechel, W., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., and Verma, S.: Energy Balance
Closure at FLUXNET Sites, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 113, 223–243,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00109-0, 2002.
Wolf, S., Eugster, W., Ammann, C., Häni, M., Zielis, S., Hiller, R.,
Stieger, J., Imer, D., Merbold, L., and Buchmann, N.: Contrasting response of
grassland versus forest carbon and water fluxes to spring drought in
Switzerland, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 035007,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035007, 2013.
Wolter, K., Eischeid, J. K., Quan, X. W., Chase, T. N., Hoerling, M., Dole,
R. M., van Oldenborgh, G., and Walsh, J. E.: How Unusual was the Cold Winter
of 2013/14 in the Upper Midwest?, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, S10–S14,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00126.1, 2015.
Zander, K. K., Botzen, W. J. W, Oppermann, E., Kjellstrom, T., and Garnett,
S. T.: Heat stress causes substantial labour productivity loss in Australia,
Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 647–652, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2623, 2015.
Short summary
Measurements of surface fluxes are taken around the world and are extremely valuable for understanding how the land and atmopshere interact, and how the land can amplify temerature extremes. However, do these measurements sample extreme temperatures, or are they biased to the average? We examine this question and highlight data that do measure surface fluxes under extreme conditions. This provides a way forward to help model developers improve their models.
Measurements of surface fluxes are taken around the world and are extremely valuable for...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint