Articles | Volume 16, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3583-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3583-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Sep 2019
Research article |
| 24 Sep 2019
| 24 Sep 2019
Sensitivity of ocean biogeochemistry to the iron supply from the Antarctic Ice Sheet explored with a biogeochemical model
Renaud Person
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), IPSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, Paris, 75005, France
Olivier Aumont
Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), IPSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, Paris, 75005, France
Gurvan Madec
Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), IPSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, Paris, 75005, France
Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRIA, Grenoble INP, LJK, Grenoble, 38000, France
Martin Vancoppenolle
Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), IPSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, Paris, 75005, France
Laurent Bopp
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD), IPSL, École Normale Supérieure – PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Paris, 75005, France
Nacho Merino
Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Geosciences de l'Environnement (IGE), CNRS, IRD, Grenoble, 38000, France
Related authors
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Claudia Christine Stephan, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, Hugo Bellenger, Simon P. de Szoeke, Claudia Acquistapace, Katharina Baier, Thibaut Dauhut, Rémi Laxenaire, Yanmichel Morfa-Avalos, Renaud Person, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Tobias Böck, Alton Daley, Johannes Güttler, Kevin C. Helfer, Sebastian A. Los, Almuth Neuberger, Johannes Röttenbacher, Andreas Raeke, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Pauline Sadoulet, Imke Schirmacher, M. Katharina Stolla, Ethan Wright, Benjamin Charpentier, Alexis Doerenbecher, Richard Wilson, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Gilles Reverdin, Sabrina Speich, Sandrine Bony, and Bjorn Stevens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 491–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-491-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-491-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign took place in the western tropical Atlantic during January and February 2020. A total of 811 radiosondes, launched regularly (usually 4-hourly) from Barbados, and 4 ships measured wind, temperature, and relative humidity. They sampled atmospheric variability associated with different ocean surface conditions, synoptic variability, and mesoscale convective organization. The methods of data collection and post-processing for the radiosonde data are described here.
Mathieu Delteil, Marina Lévy, and Laurent Bopp
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2805, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2805, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean is losing oxygen due to climate change, threatening ecosystems, especially in naturally low-oxygen areas called Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs). Using the IPSL-CM6A-LR Large Ensemble, this study identifies when climate-driven changes in OMZ volumes and regional deoxygenation emerge from natural variability. We highlight hemispheric asymmetries due to ocean ventilation and provide model-based estimates for the timing of detectable OMZ evolution.
Baylor Fox-Kemper, Patricia DeRepentigny, Anne Marie Treguier, Christian Stepanek, Eleanor O’Rourke, Chloe Mackallah, Alberto Meucci, Yevgeny Aksenov, Paul J. Durack, Nicole Feldl, Vanessa Hernaman, Céline Heuzé, Doroteaciro Iovino, Gaurav Madan, André L. Marquez, François Massonnet, Jenny Mecking, Dhrubajyoti Samanta, Patrick C. Taylor, Wan-Ling Tseng, and Martin Vancoppenolle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3083, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3083, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
The earth system model variables needed for studies of the ocean and sea ice are prioritized and requested.
Alex Nalivaev, Francesco d'Ovidio, Laurent Bopp, Maristella Berta, Louise Rousselet, Clara Azarian, and Stéphane Blain
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2145, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2145, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Kerguelen region hosts a phytoplankton bloom influenced by several iron sources. In particular, glaciers supply iron to the coastal waters. However, the importance of glacial iron for the bloom is not known. Here we calculate iron transport pathways from glaciers to the open ocean using in situ and satellite data, showing that one third of the offshore bloom is reached by glacial iron. These results are important in the context of the melting of the Kerguelen ice cap under climate change.
Hugues Goosse, Stephy Libera, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Benjamin Richaud, Alessandro Silvano, and Martin Vancoppenolle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1837, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1837, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The position of the winter sea ice edge in the Southern Ocean is strongly linked to the one of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and thus to ocean bathymetry. This is due to the influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current on the southward heat flux that limits sea ice expansion, directly through oceanic processes and indirectly through its influence on atmospheric heat transport.
Madhavan Girijakumari Keerthi, Olivier Aumont, Lester Kwiatkowski, and Marina Levy
Biogeosciences, 22, 2163–2180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2163-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2163-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed how well climate models replicate sub-seasonal changes in ocean chlorophyll observed by satellites. Models struggle to capture these variations accurately. Some overestimate fluctuations and their impact on annual chlorophyll variability, while others underestimate them. The underestimation is likely due to limited model resolution, while the overestimation may come from internal model oscillations.
Lisa Di Matteo, Fabio Benedetti, Sakina-Dorothée Ayata, and Olivier Aumont
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1465, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1465, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Mesozooplankton gather small current-drifting animals. They are very diverse and play key roles in the functioning of marine ecosystem and ocean carbon cycle, especially through the production of rapidly sinking particles. Usually under-represented in marine biogeochemical models, we add 3 feeding strategies in the PISCES model and investigate their impact on carbon cycle at global scale. We find distinct distributions between mesozooplankton types with different contributions to carbon export.
Letizia Tedesco, Giulia Castellani, Pedro Duarte, Meibing Jin, Sebastien Moreau, Eric Mortenson, Benjamin Tobey Saenz, Nadja Steiner, and Martin Vancoppenolle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1107, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1107, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice is home to tiny algae that support polar marine life, but understanding how they grow and interact with their environment remains challenging. We compared six computer models that simulate these algae and nutrients in sea ice, testing them against real-world data from Arctic sea ice. Our results show that while models can capture algal growth, they struggle to represent nutrient changes. Improving these models will help in understanding how climate change affects polar marine ecosystems.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Hongmei Li, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Carla F. Berghoff, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Patricia Cadule, Katie Campbell, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Thomas Colligan, Jeanne Decayeux, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Carolina Duran Rojas, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Amanda R. Fay, Richard A. Feely, Daniel J. Ford, Adrianna Foster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul K. Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Xin Lan, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Zhu Liu, Junjie Liu, Lei Ma, Shamil Maksyutov, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, Eric J. Morgan, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Craig Neill, Yosuke Niwa, Tobias Nützel, Lea Olivier, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Zhangcai Qin, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Thais M. Rosan, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Roland Séférian, Shintaro Takao, Hiroaki Tatebe, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Olivier Torres, Etienne Tourigny, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido van der Werf, Rik Wanninkhof, Xuhui Wang, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Zhen Yu, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2024 describes the methodology, main results, and datasets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2024). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Alban Planchat, Laurent Bopp, and Lester Kwiatkowski
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-523, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-523, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Disparities in ocean carbon sink estimates derived from observations and models raise questions about our ability to accurately assess its magnitude and trend. Essential for isolating the anthropogenic component of the total air-sea carbon flux estimated from observations, the pre-industrial air-sea carbon flux is a key source of uncertainty. Thus, we take a fresh look at this flux using the alkalinity budget, alongside the carbon budget which had previously been considered alone.
Théo Brivoal, Virginie Guemas, Martin Vancoppenolle, Clément Rousset, and Bertrand Decharme
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3220, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3220, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Snow in polar regions is key to sea ice formation and the Earth's climate, but current climate models simplify snow cover on sea ice. This study integrates an intermediate complexity snow-physics scheme into a sea-ice model designed for climate applications. We show that modelling the temporal changes in properties such as the density and thermal conductivity of the snow layers leads to a more accurate representation of heat transfer between the underlying sea ice and the atmosphere.
Yona Silvy, Thomas L. Frölicher, Jens Terhaar, Fortunat Joos, Friedrich A. Burger, Fabrice Lacroix, Myles Allen, Raffaele Bernardello, Laurent Bopp, Victor Brovkin, Jonathan R. Buzan, Patricia Cadule, Martin Dix, John Dunne, Pierre Friedlingstein, Goran Georgievski, Tomohiro Hajima, Stuart Jenkins, Michio Kawamiya, Nancy Y. Kiang, Vladimir Lapin, Donghyun Lee, Paul Lerner, Nadine Mengis, Estela A. Monteiro, David Paynter, Glen P. Peters, Anastasia Romanou, Jörg Schwinger, Sarah Sparrow, Eric Stofferahn, Jerry Tjiputra, Etienne Tourigny, and Tilo Ziehn
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 1591–1628, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1591-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1591-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The adaptive emission reduction approach is applied with Earth system models to generate temperature stabilization simulations. These simulations provide compatible emission pathways and budgets for a given warming level, uncovering uncertainty ranges previously missing in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project scenarios. These target-based emission-driven simulations offer a more coherent assessment across models for studying both the carbon cycle and its impacts under climate stabilization.
Ed Blockley, Emma Fiedler, Jeff Ridley, Luke Roberts, Alex West, Dan Copsey, Daniel Feltham, Tim Graham, David Livings, Clement Rousset, David Schroeder, and Martin Vancoppenolle
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6799–6817, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6799-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6799-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents the sea ice model component of the latest Met Office coupled model configuration, which will be used as the physical basis for UK contributions to CMIP7. Documentation of science options used in the configuration are given along with a brief model evaluation. This is the first UK configuration to use NEMO’s new SI3 sea ice model. We provide details on how SI3 was adapted to work with Met Office coupling methodology and documentation of coupling processes in the model.
Timothée Bourgeois, Olivier Torres, Friederike Fröb, Aurich Jeltsch-Thömmes, Giang T. Tran, Jörg Schwinger, Thomas L. Frölicher, Jean Negrel, David Keller, Andreas Oschlies, Laurent Bopp, and Fortunat Joos
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2768, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2768, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions significantly impact ocean ecosystems through climate change and acidification, leading to either progressive or abrupt changes. This study maps the crossing of physical and ecological limits for various ocean impact metrics under three emission scenarios. Using Earth system models, we identify when these limits are exceeded, highlighting the urgent need for ambitious climate action to safeguard the world's oceans and ecosystems.
Alban Planchat, Laurent Bopp, Lester Kwiatkowski, and Olivier Torres
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 565–588, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-565-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-565-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean acidification is likely to impact all stages of the ocean carbonate pump. We show divergent responses of CaCO3 export throughout this century in earth system models, with anomalies by 2100 ranging from −74 % to +23 % under a high-emission scenario. While we confirm the limited impact of carbonate pump anomalies on 21st century ocean carbon uptake and acidification, we highlight a potentially abrupt shift in CaCO3 dissolution from deep to subsurface waters beyond 2100.
Bertrand Guenet, Jérémie Orliac, Lauric Cécillon, Olivier Torres, Laura Sereni, Philip A. Martin, Pierre Barré, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 21, 657–669, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-657-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-657-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Heterotrophic respiration fluxes are a major flux between surfaces and the atmosphere, but Earth system models do not yet represent them correctly. Here we benchmarked Earth system models against observation-based products, and we identified the important mechanisms that need to be improved in the next-generation Earth system models.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Bertrand Decharme, Laurent Bopp, Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika, Patricia Cadule, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Xinyu Dou, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Daniel J. Ford, Thomas Gasser, Josefine Ghattas, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Fortunat Joos, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Xin Lan, Nathalie Lefèvre, Hongmei Li, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Lei Ma, Greg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Galen A. McKinley, Gesa Meyer, Eric J. Morgan, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Melf Paulsen, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Carter M. Powis, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Erik van Ooijen, Rik Wanninkhof, Michio Watanabe, Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301–5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2023 describes the methodology, main results, and data sets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2023). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
David T. Ho, Laurent Bopp, Jaime B. Palter, Matthew C. Long, Philip W. Boyd, Griet Neukermans, and Lennart T. Bach
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 12, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) refers to the multistep process to quantify the amount of carbon dioxide removed by a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) activity. Here, we make recommendations for MRV for Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) research, arguing that it has an obligation for comprehensiveness, reproducibility, and transparency, as it may become the foundation for assessing large-scale deployment. Both observations and numerical simulations will be needed for MRV.
Max Thomas, Briana Cate, Jack Garnett, Inga J. Smith, Martin Vancoppenolle, and Crispin Halsall
The Cryosphere, 17, 3193–3201, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3193-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3193-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A recent study showed that pollutants can be enriched in growing sea ice beyond what we would expect from a perfectly dissolved chemical. We hypothesise that this effect is caused by the specific properties of the pollutants working in combination with fluid moving through the sea ice. To test our hypothesis, we replicate this behaviour in a sea-ice model and show that this type of modelling can be applied to predicting the transport of chemicals with complex behaviour in sea ice.
Katherine Hutchinson, Julie Deshayes, Christian Éthé, Clément Rousset, Casimir de Lavergne, Martin Vancoppenolle, Nicolas C. Jourdain, and Pierre Mathiot
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3629–3650, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3629-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3629-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Bottom Water constitutes the lower half of the ocean’s overturning system and is primarily formed in the Weddell and Ross Sea in the Antarctic due to interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and ice shelves. Here we use a global ocean 1° resolution model with explicit representation of the three large ice shelves important for the formation of the parent waters of Bottom Water. We find doing so reduces salt biases, improves water mass realism and gives realistic ice shelf melt rates.
Clément Haëck, Marina Lévy, Inès Mangolte, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 20, 1741–1758, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton vary in abundance in the ocean over large regions and with the seasons but also because of small-scale heterogeneities in surface temperature, called fronts. Here, using satellite imagery, we found that fronts enhance phytoplankton much more where it is already growing well, but despite large local increases the enhancement for the region is modest (5 %). We also found that blooms start 1 to 2 weeks earlier over fronts. These effects may have implications for ecosystems.
Xia Lin, François Massonnet, Thierry Fichefet, and Martin Vancoppenolle
The Cryosphere, 17, 1935–1965, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1935-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1935-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides clues on how improved atmospheric reanalysis products influence sea ice simulations in ocean–sea ice models. The summer ice concentration simulation in both hemispheres can be improved with changed surface heat fluxes. The winter Antarctic ice concentration and the Arctic drift speed near the ice edge and the ice velocity direction simulations are improved with changed wind stress. The radiation fluxes and winds in atmospheric reanalyses are crucial for sea ice simulations.
Alban Planchat, Lester Kwiatkowski, Laurent Bopp, Olivier Torres, James R. Christian, Momme Butenschön, Tomas Lovato, Roland Séférian, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Olivier Aumont, Michio Watanabe, Akitomo Yamamoto, Andrew Yool, Tatiana Ilyina, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Kristen M. Krumhardt, Jörg Schwinger, Jerry Tjiputra, John P. Dunne, and Charles Stock
Biogeosciences, 20, 1195–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity is critical to the uptake of atmospheric carbon and acidification in surface waters. We review the representation of alkalinity and the associated calcium carbonate cycle in Earth system models. While many parameterizations remain present in the latest generation of models, there is a general improvement in the simulated alkalinity distribution. This improvement is related to an increase in the export of biotic calcium carbonate, which closer resembles observations.
Yafei Nie, Chengkun Li, Martin Vancoppenolle, Bin Cheng, Fabio Boeira Dias, Xianqing Lv, and Petteri Uotila
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1395–1425, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1395-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1395-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
State-of-the-art Earth system models simulate the observed sea ice extent relatively well, but this is often due to errors in the dynamic and other processes in the simulated sea ice changes cancelling each other out. We assessed the sensitivity of these processes simulated by the coupled ocean–sea ice model NEMO4.0-SI3 to 18 parameters. The performance of the model in simulating sea ice change processes was ultimately improved by adjusting the three identified key parameters.
Corentin Clerc, Laurent Bopp, Fabio Benedetti, Meike Vogt, and Olivier Aumont
Biogeosciences, 20, 869–895, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-869-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-869-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Gelatinous zooplankton play a key role in the ocean carbon cycle. In particular, pelagic tunicates, which feed on a wide size range of prey, produce rapidly sinking detritus. Thus, they efficiently transfer carbon from the surface to the depths. Consequently, we added these organisms to a marine biogeochemical model (PISCES-v2) and evaluated their impact on the global carbon cycle. We found that they contribute significantly to carbon export and that this contribution increases with depth.
Hugues Goosse, Sofia Allende Contador, Cecilia M. Bitz, Edward Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, Clare Eayrs, Thierry Fichefet, Kenza Himmich, Pierre-Vincent Huot, François Klein, Sylvain Marchi, François Massonnet, Bianca Mezzina, Charles Pelletier, Lettie Roach, Martin Vancoppenolle, and Nicole P. M. van Lipzig
The Cryosphere, 17, 407–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-407-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-407-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using idealized sensitivity experiments with a regional atmosphere–ocean–sea ice model, we show that sea ice advance is constrained by initial conditions in March and the retreat season is influenced by the magnitude of several physical processes, in particular by the ice–albedo feedback and ice transport. Atmospheric feedbacks amplify the response of the winter ice extent to perturbations, while some negative feedbacks related to heat conduction fluxes act on the ice volume.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Luke Gregor, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Ramdane Alkama, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Lucas Gloege, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Annika Jersild, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Keith Lindsay, Junjie Liu, Zhu Liu, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Matthew J. McGrath, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Naiqing Pan, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Carmen Rodriguez, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Xiangjun Tian, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Chris Whitehead, Anna Willstrand Wranne, Rebecca Wright, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4811–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2022 describes the datasets and methodology used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, the land ecosystems, and the ocean. These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Laurent Bopp, Olivier Aumont, Lester Kwiatkowski, Corentin Clerc, Léonard Dupont, Christian Ethé, Thomas Gorgues, Roland Séférian, and Alessandro Tagliabue
Biogeosciences, 19, 4267–4285, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4267-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4267-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of anthropogenic climate change on the biological production of phytoplankton in the ocean is a cause for concern because its evolution could affect the response of marine ecosystems to climate change. Here, we identify biological N fixation and its response to future climate change as a key process in shaping the future evolution of marine phytoplankton production. Our results show that further study of how this nitrogen fixation responds to environmental change is essential.
Pradeebane Vaittinada Ayar, Laurent Bopp, Jim R. Christian, Tatiana Ilyina, John P. Krasting, Roland Séférian, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Michio Watanabe, Andrew Yool, and Jerry Tjiputra
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 1097–1118, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1097-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1097-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is the main driver for the natural variability of global atmospheric CO2. It modulates the CO2 fluxes in the tropical Pacific with anomalous CO2 influx during El Niño and outflux during La Niña. This relationship is projected to reverse by half of Earth system models studied here under the business-as-usual scenario. This study shows models that simulate a positive bias in surface carbonate concentrations simulate a shift in the ENSO–CO2 flux relationship.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew W. Jones, Michael O'Sullivan, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Rob B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Laurent Bopp, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Kim I. Currie, Bertrand Decharme, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Wiley Evans, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Thomas Gasser, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Atul Jain, Steve D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Sebastian Lienert, Junjie Liu, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Tsuneo Ono, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Clemens Schwingshackl, Roland Séférian, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1917–2005, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Ralf Döscher, Mario Acosta, Andrea Alessandri, Peter Anthoni, Thomas Arsouze, Tommi Bergman, Raffaele Bernardello, Souhail Boussetta, Louis-Philippe Caron, Glenn Carver, Miguel Castrillo, Franco Catalano, Ivana Cvijanovic, Paolo Davini, Evelien Dekker, Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, David Docquier, Pablo Echevarria, Uwe Fladrich, Ramon Fuentes-Franco, Matthias Gröger, Jost v. Hardenberg, Jenny Hieronymus, M. Pasha Karami, Jukka-Pekka Keskinen, Torben Koenigk, Risto Makkonen, François Massonnet, Martin Ménégoz, Paul A. Miller, Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Lars Nieradzik, Twan van Noije, Paul Nolan, Declan O'Donnell, Pirkka Ollinaho, Gijs van den Oord, Pablo Ortega, Oriol Tintó Prims, Arthur Ramos, Thomas Reerink, Clement Rousset, Yohan Ruprich-Robert, Philippe Le Sager, Torben Schmith, Roland Schrödner, Federico Serva, Valentina Sicardi, Marianne Sloth Madsen, Benjamin Smith, Tian Tian, Etienne Tourigny, Petteri Uotila, Martin Vancoppenolle, Shiyu Wang, David Wårlind, Ulrika Willén, Klaus Wyser, Shuting Yang, Xavier Yepes-Arbós, and Qiong Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2973–3020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth system model EC-Earth3 is documented here. Key performance metrics show physical behavior and biases well within the frame known from recent models. With improved physical and dynamic features, new ESM components, community tools, and largely improved physical performance compared to the CMIP5 version, EC-Earth3 represents a clear step forward for the only European community ESM. We demonstrate here that EC-Earth3 is suited for a range of tasks in CMIP6 and beyond.
Martí Galí, Marcus Falls, Hervé Claustre, Olivier Aumont, and Raffaele Bernardello
Biogeosciences, 19, 1245–1275, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1245-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1245-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Part of the organic matter produced by plankton in the upper ocean is exported to the deep ocean. This process, known as the biological carbon pump, is key for the regulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide and global climate. However, the dynamics of organic particles below the upper ocean layer are not well understood. Here we compared the measurements acquired by autonomous robots in the top 1000 m of the ocean to a numerical model, which can help improve future climate projections.
Xia Lin, François Massonnet, Thierry Fichefet, and Martin Vancoppenolle
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6331–6354, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6331-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6331-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces a new Sea Ice Evaluation Tool (SITool) to evaluate the model skills on the bipolar sea ice simulations by providing performance metrics and diagnostics. SITool is applied to evaluate the CMIP6 OMIP simulations. By changing the atmospheric forcing from CORE-II to JRA55-do data, many aspects of sea ice simulations are improved. SITool will be useful for helping teams managing various versions of a sea ice model or tracking the time evolution of model performance.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Damien Couespel, Marina Lévy, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 18, 4321–4349, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4321-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4321-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An alarming consequence of climate change is the oceanic primary production decline projected by Earth system models. These coarse-resolution models parameterize oceanic eddies. Here, idealized simulations of global warming with increasing resolution show that the decline in primary production in the eddy-resolved simulations is half as large as in the eddy-parameterized simulations. This stems from the high sensitivity of the subsurface nutrient transport to model resolution.
Julien Jouanno, Rachid Benshila, Léo Berline, Antonin Soulié, Marie-Hélène Radenac, Guillaume Morvan, Frédéric Diaz, Julio Sheinbaum, Cristele Chevalier, Thierry Thibaut, Thomas Changeux, Frédéric Menard, Sarah Berthet, Olivier Aumont, Christian Ethé, Pierre Nabat, and Marc Mallet
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4069–4086, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4069-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4069-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The tropical Atlantic has been facing a massive proliferation of Sargassum since 2011, with severe environmental and socioeconomic impacts. We developed a modeling framework based on the NEMO ocean model, which integrates transport by currents and waves, and physiology of Sargassum with varying internal nutrient quota, and considers stranding at the coast. Results demonstrate the ability of the model to reproduce and forecast the seasonal cycle and large-scale distribution of Sargassum biomass.
Ann Keen, Ed Blockley, David A. Bailey, Jens Boldingh Debernard, Mitchell Bushuk, Steve Delhaye, David Docquier, Daniel Feltham, François Massonnet, Siobhan O'Farrell, Leandro Ponsoni, José M. Rodriguez, David Schroeder, Neil Swart, Takahiro Toyoda, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Martin Vancoppenolle, and Klaus Wyser
The Cryosphere, 15, 951–982, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-951-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-951-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We compare the mass budget of the Arctic sea ice in a number of the latest climate models. New output has been defined that allows us to compare the processes of sea ice growth and loss in a more detailed way than has previously been possible. We find that that the models are strikingly similar in terms of the major processes causing the annual growth and loss of Arctic sea ice and that the budget terms respond in a broadly consistent way as the climate warms during the 21st century.
Claudia Christine Stephan, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, Hugo Bellenger, Simon P. de Szoeke, Claudia Acquistapace, Katharina Baier, Thibaut Dauhut, Rémi Laxenaire, Yanmichel Morfa-Avalos, Renaud Person, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Tobias Böck, Alton Daley, Johannes Güttler, Kevin C. Helfer, Sebastian A. Los, Almuth Neuberger, Johannes Röttenbacher, Andreas Raeke, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Pauline Sadoulet, Imke Schirmacher, M. Katharina Stolla, Ethan Wright, Benjamin Charpentier, Alexis Doerenbecher, Richard Wilson, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Gilles Reverdin, Sabrina Speich, Sandrine Bony, and Bjorn Stevens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 491–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-491-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-491-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign took place in the western tropical Atlantic during January and February 2020. A total of 811 radiosondes, launched regularly (usually 4-hourly) from Barbados, and 4 ships measured wind, temperature, and relative humidity. They sampled atmospheric variability associated with different ocean surface conditions, synoptic variability, and mesoscale convective organization. The methods of data collection and post-processing for the radiosonde data are described here.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone Alin, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M. Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam J. P. Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2020 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Clément Bricaud, Julien Le Sommer, Gurvan Madec, Christophe Calone, Julie Deshayes, Christian Ethe, Jérôme Chanut, and Marina Levy
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5465–5483, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5465-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5465-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In order to reduce the cost of ocean biogeochemical models, a multi-grid approach where ocean dynamics and tracer transport are computed with different spatial resolution has been developed in the NEMO v3.6 OGCM. Different experiments confirm that the spatial resolution of hydrodynamical fields can be coarsened without significantly affecting the resolved passive tracer fields. This approach leads to a factor of 7 reduction of the overhead associated with running a full biogeochemical model.
Cited articles
Anderson, J., Domack, E., and Kurtz, D.: Observations of Sediment–laden
Icebergs in Antarctic Waters: Implications to Glacial Erosion and
Transport, J. Glaciol., 25, 387–396,
https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000015240, 1980. a
Arrigo, K. R. and van Dijken, G. L.: Phytoplankton dynamics within 37
Antarctic coastal polynya systems, J. Geophys. Res., 108, C8,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001739, 2003. a
Arrigo, K. R., van Dijken, G. L., and Strong, A. L.: Environmental controls of
marine productivity hot spots around Antarctica, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 120, 5545–5565, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010888, 2015. a, b
Arrigo, K. R., Dijken, G. L. V., Castelao, R. M., Luo, H., Rennermalm, A. K.,
Tedesco, M., Mote, T. L., Oliver, H., and Yager, P. L.: Melting glaciers
stimulate large summer phytoplankton blooms in southwest Greenland waters,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6278–6285, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073583,
2017. a
Aumont, O., Ethé, C., Tagliabue, A., Bopp, L., and Gehlen, M.: PISCES-v2: an ocean biogeochemical model for carbon and ecosystem studies, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2465–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2465-2015, 2015. a, b, c, d
Barnes, D. K. A., Fleming, A., Sands, C. J., Quartino, M. L., and Deregibus,
D.: Icebergs, sea ice, blue carbon and Antarctic climate feedbacks,
Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 376, 20170176, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0176, 2018. a
Biddle, L. C., Kaiser, J., Heywood, K. J., Thompson, A. F., and Jenkins, A.:
Ocean glider observations of iceberg-enhanced biological production in the
northwestern Weddell Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 459–465,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062850, 2015. a, b
Blain, S., Quéguiner, B., Armand, L., Belviso, S., Bombled, B., Bopp, L.,
Bowie, A., Brunet, C., Brussaard, C., Carlotti, F., Christaki, U., Corbière,
A., Durand, I., Ebersbach, F., Fuda, J.-L., Garcia, N., Gerringa, L.,
Griffiths, B., Guigue, C., Guillerm, C., Jacquet, S., Jeandel, C., Laan, P.,
Lefèvre, D., Lo Monaco, C., Malits, A., Mosseri, J., Obernosterer, I., Park,
Y.-H., Picheral, M., Pondaven, P., Remenyi, T., Sandroni, V., Sarthou, G.,
Savoye, N., Scouarnec, L., Souhaut, M., Thuiller, D., Timmermans, K., Trull,
T., Uitz, J., van Beek, P., Veldhuis, M., Vincent, D., Viollier, E., Vong,
L., and Wagener, T.: Effect of natural iron fertilization on carbon
sequestration in the Southern Ocean, Nature, 446, 1070–1074,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05700, 2007. a
Blanke, B. and Delecluse, P.: Variability of the tropical Atlantic Ocean
simulated by a general circulation model with two different mixed-layer
physics, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1363–1388,
1993. a
Borrione, I., Aumont, O., Nielsdóttir, M. C., and Schlitzer, R.: Sedimentary and atmospheric sources of iron around South Georgia, Southern Ocean: a modelling perspective, Biogeosciences, 11, 1981–2001, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1981-2014, 2014. a, b, c
Bouhier, N., Tournadre, J., Rémy, F., and Gourves-Cousin, R.: Melting and fragmentation laws from the evolution of two large Southern Ocean icebergs estimated from satellite data, The Cryosphere, 12, 2267–2285, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2267-2018, 2018. a, b
Bowie, A. R., Maldonado, M. T., Frew, R. D., Croot, P. L., Achterberg, E. P.,
Mantoura, R. F. C., Worsfold, P. J., Law, C. S., and Boyd, P. W.: The fate of
added iron during a mesoscale fertilisation experiment in the Southern
Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 48,
2703–2743,
2001. a
Boyd, P., Dillingham, P., McGraw, C., Armstrong, E., Cornwall, C., Feng, Y.-y.,
Hurd, C., Gault-Ringold, M., Roleda, M., Timmins-Schiffman, E., and Nunn, B.:
Physiological responses of a Southern Ocean diatom to complex future
ocean conditions, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 2, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2811, 2015. a
Boyd, P. W.: Physiology and iron modulate diverse responses of diatoms to a
warming Southern Ocean, Nature Clim. Change, 9, 148–152,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0389-1, 2019. a
Boyd, P. W. and Ellwood, M. J.: The biogeochemical cycle of iron in the ocean,
Nat. Geosci., 3, 675–682, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo964, 2010. a
Boyd, P. W., Jickells, T., Law, C. S., Blain, S., Boyle, E. A., Buesseler,
K. O., Coale, K. H., Cullen, J. J., de Baar, H. J. W., Follows, M., Harvey,
M., Lancelot, C., Levasseur, M., Owens, N. P. J., Pollard, R., Rivkin, R. B.,
Sarmiento, J., Schoemann, V., Smetacek, V., Takeda, S., Tsuda, A., Turner,
S., and Watson, A. J.: Mesoscale Iron Enrichment Experiments 1993-2005:
Synthesis and Future Directions, Science, 315, 612–617,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1131669, 2007. a, b
Boyd, P. W., Mackie, D., and Hunter, K.: Aerosol iron deposition to the surface
ocean – Modes of iron supply and biological responses, Mar. Chem.,
120, 128–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.01.008, 2010a. a
Boyd, P. W., Strzepek, R., Fu, F., and Hutchins, D. A.: Environmental control
of open-ocean phytoplankton groups: Now and in the future, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 55, 1353–1376, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.3.1353,
2010b. a
Boyd, P. W., Arrigo, K. R., Strzepek, R., and van Dijken, G. L.: Mapping
phytoplankton iron utilization: Insights into Southern Ocean supply
mechanisms, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007726,
2012. a, b, c, d
Cape, M. R., Vernet, M., Pettit, E. C., Wellner, J., Truffer, M., Akie, G.,
Domack, E., Leventer, A., Smith, C. R., and Huber, B. A.: Circumpolar Deep
Water Impacts Glacial Meltwater Export and Coastal
Biogeochemical Cycling Along the West Antarctic Peninsula,
Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 144, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00144, 2019. a, b, c
Coale, K. H., Johnson, K. S., Chavez, F. P., Buesseler, K. O., Barber, R. T.,
Brzenski, M. A., Cochlan, W. P., Millero, F. J., Falkowski, P. G., Bauer,
J. E., Wanninkhof, R. H., Kudela, R. M., Altabet, M. A., Hales, B. E.,
Takahashi, T., Landry, M. R., Bidigare, R. R., Wang, X., Chase, Z., Strutton,
P. G., Friederich, G. E., Gorbunov, M. Y., Lance, V. P., Hilting, A. K.,
Hiscock, M. R., Demarest, M., and Hiscock, W. T.: Southern Ocean Iron
Enrichment Experiment: Carbon Cycling in High- and Low-Si
Waters, Science, 304, 408–414, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089778, 2004. a
de Baar, H. J. W., de Jong, J. T. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Löscher, B. M., Veth,
C., Bathmann, U., and Smetacek, V.: Importance of iron for plankton blooms
and carbon dioxide drawdown in the Southern Ocean, Nature, 373, 412–415,
https://doi.org/10.1038/373412a0, 1995. a
de Jong, J., Schoemann, V., Lannuzel, D., Croot, P., de Baar, H., and Tison,
J.-L.: Natural iron fertilization of the Atlantic sector of the Southern
Ocean by continental shelf sources of the Antarctic Peninsula, J.
Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 117, G1,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001679, 2012. a, b
de Jong, J., Schoemann, V., Maricq, N., Mattielli, N., Langhorne, P., Haskell,
T., and Tison, J.-L.: Iron in land-fast sea ice of McMurdo Sound derived
from sediment resuspension and wind-blown dust attributes to primary
productivity in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, Mar. Chem., 157,
24–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2013.07.001, 2013. a
De Jong, J., Stammerjohn, S., Ackley, S., Tison, J.-L., Mattielli, N., and
Schoemann, V.: Sources and fluxes of dissolved iron in the Bellingshausen
Sea (West Antarctica): The importance of sea ice, icebergs and the
continental margin, Mar. Chem., 177, 518–535,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.08.004, 2015. a, b, c, d
DeConto, R. M. and Pollard, D.: Contribution of Antarctica to past and future
sea-level rise, Nature, 531, 591–597, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17145, 2016. a
Dulaiova, H., Ardelan, M. V., Henderson, P. B., and Charette, M. A.:
Shelf-derived iron inputs drive biological productivity in the southern
Drake Passage, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, 4,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003406, 2009. a
Duprat, L. P. A. M., Bigg, G. R., and Wilton, D. J.: Enhanced Southern
Ocean marine productivity due to fertilization by giant icebergs, Nat.
Geosci., 9, 219–221, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2633, 2016. a, b, c
FitzMaurice, A., Cenedese, C., and Straneo, F.: Nonlinear response of iceberg
side melting to ocean currents, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5637–5644,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073585, 2017. a, b
Gent, P. R. and McWilliams, J. C.: Isopycnal Mixing in Ocean Circulation
Models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150–155,
1990. a
Gerringa, L. J., Alderkamp, A.-C., Laan, P., Thuróczy, C.-E., De Baar, H. J.,
Mills, M. M., van Dijken, G. L., Haren, H. v., and Arrigo, K. R.: Iron from
melting glaciers fuels the phytoplankton blooms in Amundsen Sea
(Southern Ocean): Iron biogeochemistry, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 71–76, 16–31,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.03.007, 2012. a, b
Griffies, S. M., Biastoch, A., Böning, C., Bryan, F., Danabasoglu, G.,
Chassignet, E. P., England, M. H., Gerdes, R., Haak, H., Hallberg, R. W.,
Hazeleger, W., Jungclaus, J., Large, W. G., Madec, G., Pirani, A., Samuels,
B. L., Scheinert, M., Gupta, A. S., Severijns, C. A., Simmons, H. L.,
Treguier, A. M., Winton, M., Yeager, S., and Yin, J.: Coordinated Ocean-ice
Reference Experiments (COREs), Ocean Modell., 26, 1–46,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.08.007, 2009. a
Hart, T.: On the phytoplankton of the south-west Atlantic and the
Bellingshausen Sea, 1929–31, Discovery reports VIII, 1934. a
Hawkings, J. R., Wadham, J. L., Tranter, M., Raiswell, R., Benning, L. G.,
Statham, P. J., Tedstone, A., Nienow, P., Lee, K., and Telling, J.: Ice
sheets as a significant source of highly reactive nanoparticulate iron to the
oceans, Nat. Commun., 5, 3929, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4929, 2014. a, b, c
Hawkings, J. R., Wadham, J., Tranter, M., Lawson, E., Sole, A., Cowton, T.,
Tedstone, A., Bartholomew, I., Nienow, P., Chandler, D., and Telling, J.: The
effect of warming climate on nutrient and solute export from the Greenland
Ice Sheet, Geochem. Perspect. Lett., 1, 94–104,
https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.1510, 2015. a
Hawkings, J. R., Benning, L. G., Raiswell, R., Kaulich, B., Araki, T., Abyaneh,
M., Stockdale, A., Koch-Müller, M., Wadham, J. L., and Tranter, M.:
Biolabile ferrous iron bearing nanoparticles in glacial sediments, Earth
Planet. Sc. Lett., 493, 92–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.022,
2018. a
Helly, J. J., Kaufmann, R. S., Stephenson, G. R., and Vernet, M.: Cooling,
dilution and mixing of ocean water by free-drifting icebergs in the Weddell
Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58,
1346–1363, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.11.010, 2011. a, b
Herraiz‐Borreguero, L., Coleman, R., Allison, I., Rintoul, S. R., Craven, M.,
and Williams, G. D.: Circulation of modified Circumpolar Deep Water and
basal melt beneath the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 3098–3112, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010697,
2015. a
Hodson, A., Nowak, A., Sabacka, M., Jungblut, A., Navarro, F., Pearce, D.,
Ávila Jiménez, M. L., Convey, P., and Vieira, G.: Climatically sensitive
transfer of iron to maritime Antarctic ecosystems by surface runoff, Nat.
Commun., 8, 14499, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14499, 2017. a
Hooper, J., Mayewski, P., Marx, S., Henson, S., Potocki, M., Sneed, S.,
Handley, M., Gassó, S., Fischer, M., and Saunders, K. M.: Examining links
between dust deposition and phytoplankton response using ice cores, Aeolian
Res., 36, 45–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2018.11.001, 2019. a
Hopwood, M., Cantoni, C., Clarke, J., Cozzi, S., and Achterberg, E.: The
heterogeneous nature of Fe delivery from melting icebergs, Geochem.
Perspect. Lett., 3, 200–209, https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.1723, 2017. a, b, c, d
Hopwood, M. J., Carroll, D., Browning, T. J., Meire, L., Mortensen, J., Krisch,
S., and Achterberg, E. P.: Non-linear response of summertime marine
productivity to increased meltwater discharge around Greenland, Nat.
Commun., 9, 3256, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05488-8, 2018. a
Ito, A., Myriokefalitakis, S., Kanakidou, M., Mahowald, N. M., Scanza, R. A.,
Hamilton, D. S., Baker, A. R., Jickells, T., Sarin, M., Bikkina, S., Gao, Y.,
Shelley, R. U., Buck, C. S., Landing, W. M., Bowie, A. R., Perron, M. M. G.,
Guieu, C., Meskhidze, N., Johnson, M. S., Feng, Y., Kok, J. F., Nenes, A.,
and Duce, R. A.: Pyrogenic iron: The missing link to high iron solubility
in aerosols, Sci. Adv., 5, eaau7671, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau7671,
2019. a
Jacobs, S. S., Helmer, H. H., Doake, C. S. M., Jenkins, A., and Frolich, R. M.:
Melting of ice shelves and the mass balance of Antarctica, J.
Glaciol., 38, 375–387, 1992. a
Jacobs, S. S., Jenkins, A., Giulivi, C. F., and Dutrieux, P.: Stronger ocean
circulation and increased melting under Pine Island Glacier ice shelf,
Nat. Geosci., 4, 519–523, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1188, 2011. a
Johnson, R., Strutton, P. G., Wright, S. W., McMinn, A., and Meiners, K. M.:
Three improved satellite chlorophyll algorithms for the Southern Ocean,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 3694–3703,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20270, 2013. a, b, c
Kanna, N., Sugiyama, S., Ohashi, Y., Sakakibara, D., Fukamachi, Y., and Nomura,
D.: Upwelling of Macronutrients and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon by a
Subglacial Freshwater Driven Plume in Bowdoin Fjord,
Northwestern Greenland, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci.,
123, 1666–1682, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JG004248, 2018. a
Khatiwala, S., Tanhua, T., Mikaloff Fletcher, S., Gerber, M., Doney, S. C., Graven, H. D., Gruber, N., McKinley, G. A., Murata, A., Ríos, A. F., and Sabine, C. L.: Global ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon, Biogeosciences, 10, 2169–2191, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2169-2013, 2013. a
Lancelot, C., de Montety, A., Goosse, H., Becquevort, S., Schoemann, V., Pasquer, B., and Vancoppenolle, M.: Spatial distribution of the iron supply to phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean: a model study, Biogeosciences, 6, 2861–2878, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2861-2009, 2009. a, b, c, d
Lannuzel, D., Schoemann, V., de Jong, J., Tison, J.-L., and Chou, L.:
Distribution and biogeochemical behaviour of iron in the East Antarctic
sea ice, Mar. Chem., 106, 18–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.06.010,
2007. a
Lannuzel, D., Schoemann, V., de Jong, J., Pasquer, B., van der Merwe, P.,
Masson, F., Tison, J.-L., and Bowie, A.: Distribution of dissolved iron in
Antarctic sea ice: Spatial, seasonal, and inter-annual variability,
J. Geophys. Res., 115, G3, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001031, 2010. a
Lannuzel, D., Vancoppenolle, M., van der Merwe, P., de Jong, J., Meiners, K.,
Grotti, M., Nishioka, J., and Schoemann, V.: Iron in sea ice: Review and
new insights, Elementa, 4, 000130,
https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000130, 2016. a
Le Moigne, F. A. C., Henson, S. A., Cavan, E., Georges, C., Pabortsava, K.,
Achterberg, E. P., Ceballos-Romero, E., Zubkov, M., and Sanders, R. J.: What
causes the inverse relationship between primary production and export
efficiency in the Southern Ocean?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
4457–4466, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068480, 2016. a
Maiti, K., Charette, M. A., Buesseler, K. O., and Kahru, M.: An inverse
relationship between production and export efficiency in the Southern
Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1557–1561,
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50219, 2013. a
Marsh, R., Ivchenko, V. O., Skliris, N., Alderson, S., Bigg, G. R., Madec, G., Blaker, A. T., Aksenov, Y., Sinha, B., Coward, A. C., Le Sommer, J., Merino, N., and Zalesny, V. B.: NEMO–ICB (v1.0): interactive icebergs in the NEMO ocean model globally configured at eddy-permitting resolution, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1547–1562, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1547-2015, 2015. a, b, c
Martin, H, J., Fitzwater, E, S., and Gordon, R, M.: Iron Deficiency Limits
Phytoplankton Growth in Antarctic Waters, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 4, 5–12,
1990. a
Mathiot, P., Jenkins, A., Harris, C., and Madec, G.: Explicit representation and parametrised impacts of under ice shelf seas in the z coordinate ocean model NEMO 3.6, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2849–2874, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2849-2017, 2017. a, b, c, d
Meire, L., Mortensen, J., Meire, P., Juul‐Pedersen, T., Sejr, M. K.,
Rysgaard, S., Nygaard, R., Huybrechts, P., and Meysman, F. J. R.:
Marine-terminating glaciers sustain high productivity in Greenland fjords,
Global Change Biol., 23, 5344–5357, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13801, 2017. a
Merino, N., Le Sommer, J., Durand, G., Jourdain, N. C., Madec, G., Mathiot, P.,
and Tournadre, J.: Antarctic icebergs melt over the Southern Ocean:
Climatology and impact on sea ice, Ocean Modell., 104, 99–110,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.05.001, 2016. a, b, c, d
Nicholson, S.-A., Lévy, M., Llort, J., Swart, S., and Monteiro, P. M. S.:
Investigation into the impact of storms on sustaining summer primary
productivity in the Sub-Antarctic Ocean: Storms Sustain Summer
Primary Production, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 9192–9199,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069973, 2016. a, b
Person, R., Aumont, O., and Lévy, M.: The Biological Pump and Seasonal
Variability of pCO2 in the Southern Ocean: Exploring the Role of
Diatom Adaptation to Low Iron, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013775, 2018. a
Person, R.: The Antarctic ice sheet iron source: a sensitivity study with a global ocean model, dataset, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2633097, 2019.
Pritchard, H. D., Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Fricker, H. A., Vaughan, D. G., van den
Broeke, M. R., and Padman, L.: Antarctic ice-sheet loss driven by basal
melting of ice shelves, Nature, 484, 502–505, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10968,
2012. a
Rackow, T., Wesche, C., Timmermann, R., Hellmer, H. H., Juricke, S., and Jung,
T.: A simulation of small to giant Antarctic iceberg evolution:
Differential impact on climatology estimates, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 122, 3170–3190, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012513, 2017. a
Raiswell, R.: Iceberg-hosted nanoparticulate Fe in the Southern Ocean:
Mineralogy, origin, dissolution kinetics and source of bioavailable Fe,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58, 1364–1375,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.11.011, 2011. a
Raiswell, R., Tranter, M., Benning, L. G., Siegert, M., De'ath, R.,
Huybrechts, P., and Payne, T.: Contributions from glacially derived sediment
to the global iron (oxyhydr)oxide cycle: Implications for iron delivery to
the oceans, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 70, 2765–2780,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.12.027, 2006. a, b, c, d, e
Raiswell, R., Vu, H. P., Brinza, L., and Benning, L. G.: The determination of
labile Fe in ferrihydrite by ascorbic acid extraction: Methodology,
dissolution kinetics and loss of solubility with age and de-watering,
Chem. Geol., 278, 70–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.09.002, 2010. a, b, c
Raiswell, R., Hawkings, J. R., Benning, L. G., Baker, A. R., Death, R., Albani, S., Mahowald, N., Krom, M. D., Poulton, S. W., Wadham, J., and Tranter, M.: Potentially bioavailable iron delivery by iceberg-hosted sediments and atmospheric dust to the polar oceans, Biogeosciences, 13, 3887–3900, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3887-2016, 2016. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l
Raiswell, R., Hawkings, J., Elsenousy, A., Death, R., Tranter, M., and Wadham,
J.: Iron in Glacial Systems: Speciation, Reactivity, Freezing
Behavior, and Alteration During Transport, Front. Earth
Sci., 6, 222, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00222, 2018. a, b, c
Rintoul, S. R., Chown, S. L., DeConto, R. M., England, M. H., Fricker, H. A.,
Masson-Delmotte, V., Naish, T. R., Siegert, M. J., and Xavier, J. C.:
Choosing the future of Antarctica, Nature, 558, 233–241,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0173-4, 2018. a, b, c
Romanov, Y. A., Romanova, N. A., and Romanov, P.: Shape and size of Antarctic
icebergs derived from ship observation data, Antarctic Sci., 24, 77–87,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102011000538, 2012. a
Rosso, I., Hogg, A. M., Matear, R., and Strutton, P. G.: Quantifying the
influence of sub-mesoscale dynamics on the supply of iron to Southern
Ocean phytoplankton blooms, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 115, 199–209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2016.06.009, 2016. a
Rousset, C., Vancoppenolle, M., Madec, G., Fichefet, T., Flavoni, S., Barthélemy, A., Benshila, R., Chanut, J., Levy, C., Masson, S., and Vivier, F.: The Louvain-La-Neuve sea ice model LIM3.6: global and regional capabilities, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2991–3005, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2991-2015, 2015. a
Saba, V. S., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Antoine, D., Armstrong, R. A., Asanuma, I., Behrenfeld, M. J., Ciotti, A. M., Dowell, M., Hoepffner, N., Hyde, K. J. W., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., Marra, J., Mélin, F., Morel, A., O'Reilly, J., Scardi, M., Smith Jr., W. O., Smyth, T. J., Tang, S., Uitz, J., Waters, K., and Westberry, T. K.: An evaluation of ocean color model estimates of marine primary productivity in coastal and pelagic regions across the globe, Biogeosciences, 8, 489–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-489-2011, 2011. a
Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J. L.,
Wanninkhof, R., Wong, C., Wallace, D. W., Tilbrook, B., Millero, F. J., Peng, T., Kozyr, A., Ono, T., and Rio, A. F.: The
oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2, science, 305, 367–371, 2004. a
Schwarz, J. and Schodlok, M.: Impact of drifting icebergs on surface
phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean: Ocean colour remote
sensing and in situ iceberg tracking, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56, 1727–1741, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.05.003, 2009. a
Shaw, T., Raiswell, R., Hexel, C., Vu, H., Moore, W., Dudgeon, R., and Smith,
K.: Input, composition, and potential impact of terrigenous material from
free-drifting icebergs in the Weddell Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58, 1376–1383,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.11.012, 2011. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j
Silva, T. A. M., Bigg, G. R., and Nicholls, K. W.: Contribution of giant
icebergs to the Southern Ocean freshwater flux, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 111, C3, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002843, 2006. a, b
Smetacek, V.: EisenEx: international team conducts iron experiment in
Southern Ocean, U.S. JGOFS Newsletter, 11, 11–14, 2001. a
Smith, K. L., Robison, B. H., Helly, J. J., Kaufmann, R. S., Ruhl, H. A., Shaw,
T. J., Twining, B. S., and Vernet, M.: Free-Drifting Icebergs: Hot
Spots of Chemical and Biological Enrichment in the Weddell Sea,
Science, 317, 478–482, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1142834, 2007. a, b, c, d
Stephenson, G. R., Sprintall, J., Gille, S. T., Vernet, M., Helly, J. J., and
Kaufmann, R. S.: Subsurface melting of a free-floating Antarctic iceberg,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58, 1336–1345,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.11.009, 2011. a, b
Swart, S., Thomalla, S., and Monteiro, P.: The seasonal cycle of mixed layer
dynamics and phytoplankton biomass in the Sub-Antarctic Zone: A
high-resolution glider experiment, J. Mar. Syst., 147, 103–115,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.06.002, 2015. a, b, c
Tagliabue, A., Bopp, L., and Aumont, O.: Evaluating the importance of
atmospheric and sedimentary iron sources to Southern Ocean
biogeochemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, 13,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038914, 2009. a, b, c, d
Tagliabue, A., Bopp, L., Dutay, J.-C., Bowie, A. R., Chever, F., Jean-Baptiste,
P., Bucciarelli, E., Lannuzel, D., Remenyi, T., Sarthou, G., Aumont, O.,
Gehlen, M., and Jeandel, C.: Hydrothermal contribution to the oceanic
dissolved iron inventory, Nat. Geosci., 3, 252–256,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo818, 2010. a
Tagliabue, A., Mtshali, T., Aumont, O., Bowie, A. R., Klunder, M. B., Roychoudhury, A. N., and Swart, S.: A global compilation of dissolved iron measurements: focus on distributions and processes in the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 9, 2333–2349, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2333-2012, 2012. a, b
Tagliabue, A., Aumont, O., and Bopp, L.: The impact of different external
sources of iron on the global carbon cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41,
920–926, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL059059, 2014a. a, b
Tagliabue, A., Sallée, J.-B., Bowie, A. R., Lévy, M., Swart, S., and Boyd,
P. W.: Surface-water iron supplies in the Southern Ocean sustained by
deep winter mixing, Nat. Geosci., 7, 314–320, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2101,
2014b. a, b, c
Tagliabue, A., Aumont, O., De'Ath, R., Dunne, J. P., Dutkiewicz, S., Galbraith,
E., Misumi, K., Moore, J. K., Ridgwell, A., Sherman, E., Stock, C., Vichi,
M., Völker, C., and Yool, A.: How well do global ocean biogeochemistry
models simulate dissolved iron distributions?, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 2, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005289, 2016. a, b, c
Tagliabue, A., Bowie, A. R., Boyd, P. W., Buck, K. N., Johnson, K. S., and
Saito, M. A.: The integral role of iron in ocean biogeochemistry, Nature,
543, 51–59, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21058, 2017. a
The IMBIE team: Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to
2017, Nature, 558, 219–222, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0179-y, 2018. a, b
Tournadre, J., Bouhier, N., Girard‐Ardhuin, F., and Rémy, F.: Large icebergs
characteristics from altimeter waveforms analysis, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 120, 1954–1974, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010502, 2015.
a, b
Tournadre, J., Bouhier, N., Girard-Ardhuin, F., and Rémy, F.: Antarctic
icebergs distributions 1992-2014, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
121, 327–349, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011178, 2016. a, b
Wadham, J. L., Hawkings, J., Telling, J., Chandler, D., Alcock, J., O'Donnell, E., Kaur, P., Bagshaw, E., Tranter, M., Tedstone, A., and Nienow, P.: Sources, cycling and export of nitrogen on the Greenland Ice Sheet, Biogeosciences, 13, 6339–6352, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6339-2016, 2016. a
Wagener, T., Guieu, C., Losno, R., Bonnet, S., and Mahowald, N.: Revisiting
atmospheric dust export to the Southern Hemisphere ocean:
Biogeochemical implications, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, 2,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002984, 2008. a
Wang, S., Bailey, D., Lindsay, K., Moore, J. K., and Holland, M.: Impact of sea ice on the marine iron cycle and phytoplankton productivity, Biogeosciences, 11, 4713–4731, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4713-2014, 2014. a
Wedepohl, K. H.: The composition of the continental crust, Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 1217–1232,
1995. a
White, D. A., Fink, D., Post, A. L., Simon, K., Galton-Fenzi, B., Foster, S.,
Fujioka, T., Jeromson, M. R., Blaxell, M., and Yokoyama, Y.: Beryllium
isotope signatures of ice shelves and sub-ice shelf circulation, Earth
Planet. Sc. Lett., 505, 86–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.10.004,
2019. a
Wu, S.-Y. and Hou, S.: Impact of icebergs on net primary productivity in the Southern Ocean, The Cryosphere, 11, 707–722, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-707-2017, 2017. a, b
Short summary
The Antarctic Ice Sheet is considered a possibly important but largely overlooked source of iron (Fe). Here we explore its fertilization capacity by evaluating the response of marine biogeochemistry to Fe release from icebergs and ice shelves in a global ocean model. Large regional impacts are simulated, leading to only modest primary production and carbon export increases at the scale of the Southern Ocean. Large uncertainties are due to low observational constraints on modeling choices.
The Antarctic Ice Sheet is considered a possibly important but largely overlooked source of iron...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint