Articles | Volume 19, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1913-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1913-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
05 Apr 2022
Research article |
| 05 Apr 2022
| 05 Apr 2022
Examining the role of environmental memory in the predictability of carbon and water fluxes across Australian ecosystems
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Martin G. De Kauwe
School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Gab Abramowitz
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Jamie Cleverly
Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
Nina Hinko-Najera
School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia
Mark J. Hovenden
Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
Yao Liu
Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
Andy J. Pitman
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Kiona Ogle
School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
Related authors
Gab Abramowitz, Anna Ukkola, Sanaa Hobeichi, Jon Cranko Page, Mathew Lipson, Martin G. De Kauwe, Samuel Green, Claire Brenner, Jonathan Frame, Grey Nearing, Martyn Clark, Martin Best, Peter Anthoni, Gabriele Arduini, Souhail Boussetta, Silvia Caldararu, Kyeungwoo Cho, Matthias Cuntz, David Fairbairn, Craig R. Ferguson, Hyungjun Kim, Yeonjoo Kim, Jürgen Knauer, David Lawrence, Xiangzhong Luo, Sergey Malyshev, Tomoko Nitta, Jerome Ogee, Keith Oleson, Catherine Ottlé, Phillipe Peylin, Patricia de Rosnay, Heather Rumbold, Bob Su, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Xiaoni Wang-Faivre, Yunfei Wang, and Yijian Zeng
Biogeosciences, 21, 5517–5538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates land models – computer-based models that simulate ecosystem dynamics; land carbon, water, and energy cycles; and the role of land in the climate system. It uses machine learning and AI approaches to show that, despite the complexity of land models, they do not perform nearly as well as they could given the amount of information they are provided with about the prediction problem.
Matthew O. Grant, Anna M. Ukkola, Elisabeth Vogel, Sanaa Hobeichi, Andy J. Pitman, Alex Raymond Borowiak, and Keirnan Fowler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4024, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4024, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Australia is regularly subjected to severe and widespread drought. By using multiple drought indicators, we show that while there have been widespread decreases in droughts since the beginning of the 20th century. However, many regions have seen an increase in droughts in more recent decades. Despite these changes, our analysis shows that they remain within the range of observed variability and are not unprecedented in the context of past droughts.
Gab Abramowitz, Anna Ukkola, Sanaa Hobeichi, Jon Cranko Page, Mathew Lipson, Martin G. De Kauwe, Samuel Green, Claire Brenner, Jonathan Frame, Grey Nearing, Martyn Clark, Martin Best, Peter Anthoni, Gabriele Arduini, Souhail Boussetta, Silvia Caldararu, Kyeungwoo Cho, Matthias Cuntz, David Fairbairn, Craig R. Ferguson, Hyungjun Kim, Yeonjoo Kim, Jürgen Knauer, David Lawrence, Xiangzhong Luo, Sergey Malyshev, Tomoko Nitta, Jerome Ogee, Keith Oleson, Catherine Ottlé, Phillipe Peylin, Patricia de Rosnay, Heather Rumbold, Bob Su, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Xiaoni Wang-Faivre, Yunfei Wang, and Yijian Zeng
Biogeosciences, 21, 5517–5538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates land models – computer-based models that simulate ecosystem dynamics; land carbon, water, and energy cycles; and the role of land in the climate system. It uses machine learning and AI approaches to show that, despite the complexity of land models, they do not perform nearly as well as they could given the amount of information they are provided with about the prediction problem.
Anjana Devanand, Jason Evans, Andy Pitman, Sujan Pal, David Gochis, and Kevin Sampson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3148, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3148, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Including lateral flow increases evapotranspiration near major river channels in high-resolution land surface simulations in southeast Australia, consistent with observations. The 1-km resolution model shows a widespread pattern of dry ridges that does not exist at coarser resolutions. Our results have implications for improved simulations of droughts and future water availability.
Lingfei Wang, Gab Abramowitz, Ying-Ping Wang, Andy Pitman, and Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel
SOIL, 10, 619–636, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-619-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-619-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Effective management of soil organic carbon (SOC) requires accurate knowledge of its distribution and factors influencing its dynamics. We identify the importance of variables in spatial SOC variation and estimate SOC stocks in Australia using various models. We find there are significant disparities in SOC estimates when different models are used, highlighting the need for a critical re-evaluation of land management strategies that rely on the SOC distribution derived from a single approach.
Lina Teckentrup, Martin G. De Kauwe, Gab Abramowitz, Andrew J. Pitman, Anna M. Ukkola, Sanaa Hobeichi, Bastien François, and Benjamin Smith
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 549–576, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-549-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-549-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Studies analyzing the impact of the future climate on ecosystems employ climate projections simulated by global circulation models. These climate projections display biases that translate into significant uncertainty in projections of the future carbon cycle. Here, we test different methods to constrain the uncertainty in simulations of the carbon cycle over Australia. We find that all methods reduce the bias in the steady-state carbon variables but that temporal properties do not improve.
Yuan Zhang, Devaraju Narayanappa, Philippe Ciais, Wei Li, Daniel Goll, Nicolas Vuichard, Martin G. De Kauwe, Laurent Li, and Fabienne Maignan
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 9111–9125, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9111-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9111-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
There are a few studies to examine if current models correctly represented the complex processes of transpiration. Here, we use a coefficient Ω, which indicates if transpiration is mainly controlled by vegetation processes or by turbulence, to evaluate the ORCHIDEE model. We found a good performance of ORCHIDEE, but due to compensation of biases in different processes, we also identified how different factors control Ω and where the model is wrong. Our method is generic to evaluate other models.
Bimal K. Bhattacharya, Kaniska Mallick, Devansh Desai, Ganapati S. Bhat, Ross Morrison, Jamie R. Clevery, William Woodgate, Jason Beringer, Kerry Cawse-Nicholson, Siyan Ma, Joseph Verfaillie, and Dennis Baldocchi
Biogeosciences, 19, 5521–5551, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5521-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5521-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Evaporation retrieval in heterogeneous ecosystems is challenging due to empirical estimation of ground heat flux and complex parameterizations of conductances. We developed a parameter-sparse coupled ground heat flux-evaporation model and tested it across different limits of water stress and vegetation fraction in the Northern/Southern Hemisphere. The model performed particularly well in the savannas and showed good potential for evaporative stress monitoring from thermal infrared satellites.
Anna M. Ukkola, Gab Abramowitz, and Martin G. De Kauwe
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 449–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Flux towers provide measurements of water, energy, and carbon fluxes. Flux tower data are invaluable in improving and evaluating land models but are not suited to modelling applications as published. Here we present flux tower data tailored for land modelling, encompassing 170 sites globally. Our dataset resolves several key limitations hindering the use of flux tower data in land modelling, including incomplete forcing variable, data format, and low data quality.
Sami W. Rifai, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anna M. Ukkola, Lucas A. Cernusak, Patrick Meir, Belinda E. Medlyn, and Andy J. Pitman
Biogeosciences, 19, 491–515, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-491-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Australia's woody ecosystems have experienced widespread greening despite a warming climate and repeated record-breaking droughts and heat waves. Increasing atmospheric CO2 increases plant water use efficiency, yet quantifying the CO2 effect is complicated due to co-occurring effects of global change. Here we harmonized a 38-year satellite record to separate the effects of climate change, land use change, and disturbance to quantify the CO2 fertilization effect on the greening phenomenon.
Lina Teckentrup, Martin G. De Kauwe, Andrew J. Pitman, Daniel S. Goll, Vanessa Haverd, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Etsushi Kato, Sebastian Lienert, Danica Lombardozzi, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Anthony P. Walker, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 18, 5639–5668, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5639-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5639-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Australian continent is included in global assessments of the carbon cycle such as the global carbon budget, yet the performance of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) over Australia has rarely been evaluated. We assessed simulations by an ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models over Australia and highlighted a number of key areas that lead to model divergence on both short (inter-annual) and long (decadal) timescales.
Mengyuan Mu, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anna M. Ukkola, Andy J. Pitman, Weidong Guo, Sanaa Hobeichi, and Peter R. Briggs
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 919–938, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-919-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-919-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater can buffer the impacts of drought and heatwaves on ecosystems, which is often neglected in model studies. Using a land surface model with groundwater, we explained how groundwater sustains transpiration and eases heat pressure on plants in heatwaves during multi-year droughts. Our results showed the groundwater’s influences diminish as drought extends and are regulated by plant physiology. We suggest neglecting groundwater in models may overstate projected future heatwave intensity.
Sanaa Hobeichi, Gab Abramowitz, and Jason P. Evans
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3855–3874, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3855-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3855-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Evapotranspiration (ET) links the water, energy and carbon cycle on land. Reliable ET estimates are key to understand droughts and flooding. We develop a new ET dataset, DOLCE V3, by merging multiple global ET datasets, and we show that it matches ET observations better and hence is more reliable than its parent datasets. Next, we use DOLCE V3 to examine recent changes in ET and find that ET has increased over most of the land, decreased in some regions, and has not changed in some other regions
Anna B. Harper, Karina E. Williams, Patrick C. McGuire, Maria Carolina Duran Rojas, Debbie Hemming, Anne Verhoef, Chris Huntingford, Lucy Rowland, Toby Marthews, Cleiton Breder Eller, Camilla Mathison, Rodolfo L. B. Nobrega, Nicola Gedney, Pier Luigi Vidale, Fred Otu-Larbi, Divya Pandey, Sebastien Garrigues, Azin Wright, Darren Slevin, Martin G. De Kauwe, Eleanor Blyth, Jonas Ardö, Andrew Black, Damien Bonal, Nina Buchmann, Benoit Burban, Kathrin Fuchs, Agnès de Grandcourt, Ivan Mammarella, Lutz Merbold, Leonardo Montagnani, Yann Nouvellon, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, and Georg Wohlfahrt
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3269–3294, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated 10 representations of soil moisture stress in the JULES land surface model against site observations of GPP and latent heat flux. Increasing the soil depth and plant access to deep soil moisture improved many aspects of the simulations, and we recommend these settings in future work using JULES. In addition, using soil matric potential presents the opportunity to include parameters specific to plant functional type to further improve modeled fluxes.
Lina Teckentrup, Martin G. De Kauwe, Andrew J. Pitman, and Benjamin Smith
Biogeosciences, 18, 2181–2203, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2181-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2181-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) describes changes in the sea surface temperature patterns of the Pacific Ocean. This influences the global weather, impacting vegetation on land. There are two types of El Niño: central Pacific (CP) and eastern Pacific (EP). In this study, we explored the long-term impacts on the carbon balance on land linked to the two El Niño types. Using a dynamic vegetation model, we simulated what would happen if only either CP or EP El Niño events had occurred.
Mengyuan Mu, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anna M. Ukkola, Andy J. Pitman, Teresa E. Gimeno, Belinda E. Medlyn, Dani Or, Jinyan Yang, and David S. Ellsworth
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 447–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-447-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-447-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Land surface model (LSM) is a critical tool to study land responses to droughts and heatwaves, but lacking comprehensive observations limited past model evaluations. Here we use a novel dataset at a water-limited site, evaluate a typical LSM with a range of competing model hypotheses widely used in LSMs and identify marked uncertainty due to the differing process assumptions. We show the extensive observations constrain model processes and allow better simulated land responses to these extremes.
Marion Nyberg and Mark J. Hovenden
Biogeosciences, 17, 4405–4420, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4405-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4405-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Experimental warming increased soil respiration (RS) by more than 25 % in a Tasmanian C-rich soil, but there was no impact on microbial respiration in laboratory experiments. Plant community composition had no effect on RS, suggesting the response is likely due to enhanced belowground plant respiration and C supply through rhizodeposition and root exudates. Results imply we need studies of both C inputs and losses to model net ecosystem C exchange of these crucial, C-dense systems effectively.
Christian Massari, Luca Brocca, Thierry Pellarin, Gab Abramowitz, Paolo Filippucci, Luca Ciabatta, Viviana Maggioni, Yann Kerr, and Diego Fernandez Prieto
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2687–2710, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2687-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2687-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Rain gauges are unevenly spaced around the world with extremely low gauge density over places like Africa and South America. Here, water-related problems like floods, drought and famine are particularly severe and able to cause fatalities, migration and diseases. We have developed a rainfall dataset that exploits the synergies between rainfall and soil moisture to provide accurate rainfall observations which can be used to face these problems.
Jun Ge, Andrew J. Pitman, Weidong Guo, Beilei Zan, and Congbin Fu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 515–533, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-515-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-515-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of revegetation on the hydrology of the Loess Plateau based on high-resolution simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. We find that past revegetation has caused decreased runoff and soil moisture with increased evapotranspiration as well as little response from rainfall. WRF suggests that further revegetation could aggravate this water imbalance. We caution that further revegetation might be unsustainable in this region.
Jinyan Yang, Belinda E. Medlyn, Martin G. De Kauwe, Remko A. Duursma, Mingkai Jiang, Dushan Kumarathunge, Kristine Y. Crous, Teresa E. Gimeno, Agnieszka Wujeska-Klause, and David S. Ellsworth
Biogeosciences, 17, 265–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-265-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-265-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study addressed a major knowledge gap in the response of forest productivity to elevated CO2. We first quantified forest productivity of an evergreen forest under both ambient and elevated CO2, using a model constrained by in situ measurements. The simulation showed the canopy productivity response to elevated CO2 to be smaller than that at the leaf scale due to different limiting processes. This finding provides a key reference for the understanding of CO2 impacts on forest ecosystems.
Mingkai Jiang, Sönke Zaehle, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anthony P. Walker, Silvia Caldararu, David S. Ellsworth, and Belinda E. Medlyn
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2069–2089, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2069-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2069-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Here we used a simple analytical framework developed by Comins and McMurtrie (1993) to investigate how different model assumptions affected plant responses to elevated CO2. This framework is useful in revealing both the consequences and the mechanisms through which different assumptions affect predictions. We therefore recommend the use of this framework to analyze the likely outcomes of new assumptions before introducing them to complex model structures.
Sophie V. J. van der Horst, Andrew J. Pitman, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anna Ukkola, Gab Abramowitz, and Peter Isaac
Biogeosciences, 16, 1829–1844, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1829-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1829-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of surface fluxes are taken around the world and are extremely valuable for understanding how the land and atmopshere interact, and how the land can amplify temerature extremes. However, do these measurements sample extreme temperatures, or are they biased to the average? We examine this question and highlight data that do measure surface fluxes under extreme conditions. This provides a way forward to help model developers improve their models.
Martin G. De Kauwe, Belinda E. Medlyn, Andrew J. Pitman, John E. Drake, Anna Ukkola, Anne Griebel, Elise Pendall, Suzanne Prober, and Michael Roderick
Biogeosciences, 16, 903–916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-903-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-903-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Recent experimental evidence suggests that during heat extremes, trees may reduce photosynthesis to near zero but increase transpiration. Using eddy covariance data and examining the 3 days leading up to a temperature extreme, we found evidence of reduced photosynthesis and sustained or increased latent heat fluxes at Australian wooded flux sites. However, when focusing on heatwaves, we were unable to disentangle photosynthetic decoupling from the effect of increasing vapour pressure deficit.
Gab Abramowitz, Nadja Herger, Ethan Gutmann, Dorit Hammerling, Reto Knutti, Martin Leduc, Ruth Lorenz, Robert Pincus, and Gavin A. Schmidt
Earth Syst. Dynam., 10, 91–105, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-91-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-91-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Best estimates of future climate projections typically rely on a range of climate models from different international research institutions. However, it is unclear how independent these different estimates are, and, for example, the degree to which their agreement implies robustness. This work presents a review of the varied and disparate attempts to quantify and address model dependence within multi-model climate projection ensembles.
Sanaa Hobeichi, Gab Abramowitz, Jason Evans, and Hylke E. Beck
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 851–870, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-851-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-851-2019, 2019
Anthony P. Walker, Ming Ye, Dan Lu, Martin G. De Kauwe, Lianhong Gu, Belinda E. Medlyn, Alistair Rogers, and Shawn P. Serbin
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3159–3185, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3159-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3159-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Large uncertainty is inherent in model predictions due to imperfect knowledge of how to describe the processes that a model is intended to represent. Yet methods to quantify and evaluate this model hypothesis uncertainty are limited. To address this, the multi-assumption architecture and testbed (MAAT) automates the generation of all possible models by combining multiple representations of multiple processes. MAAT provides a formal framework for quantification of model hypothesis uncertainty.
Ned Haughton, Gab Abramowitz, Martin G. De Kauwe, and Andy J. Pitman
Biogeosciences, 15, 4495–4513, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4495-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4495-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This project explores predictability in energy, water, and carbon fluxes in the free-use Tier 1 of the FLUXNET 2015 dataset using a uniqueness metric based on comparison of locally and globally trained models. While there is broad spread in predictability between sites, we found strikingly few strong patterns. Nevertheless, these results can contribute to the standardisation of site selection for land surface model evaluation and help pinpoint regions that are ripe for further FLUXNET research.
Kashif Mahmud, Belinda E. Medlyn, Remko A. Duursma, Courtney Campany, and Martin G. De Kauwe
Biogeosciences, 15, 4003–4018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4003-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4003-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A major limitation of current terrestrial vegetation models is that we do not know how to model C balance processes under sink-limited conditions. To address this limitation, we applied data assimilation of a simple C balance model to a manipulative experiment in which sink limitation was induced with low rooting volume. Our analysis framework allowed us to infer that, in addition to a feedback on photosynthetic rates, the reduction in growth was effected by other C balance processes.
Edmund M. Ryan, Kiona Ogle, Heather Kropp, Kimberly E. Samuels-Crow, Yolima Carrillo, and Elise Pendall
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1909–1928, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1909-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1909-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our work evaluated the appropriateness of the common steady-state (SS) assumption, for example when partitioning soil respiration of CO2 into recently photosynthesized carbon (C) and older C. Using a new model of soil CO2 production and transport we found that the SS assumption is valid most of the time, especially in sand/silt soils. Non-SS conditions occurred mainly for the few days following large rain events in all soil types, but the non-SS period was prolonged and magnified in clay soils.
Sanaa Hobeichi, Gab Abramowitz, Jason Evans, and Anna Ukkola
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1317–1336, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1317-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1317-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new global ET dataset and associated uncertainty with monthly temporal resolution for 2000–2009 and 0.5 grid cell size. Six existing gridded ET products are combined using a weighting approach trained by observational datasets from 159 FLUXNET sites. We confirm that point-based estimates of flux towers provide information at the grid scale of these products. We also show that the weighted product performs better than 10 different existing global ET datasets in a range of metrics.
Nadja Herger, Gab Abramowitz, Reto Knutti, Oliver Angélil, Karsten Lehmann, and Benjamin M. Sanderson
Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 135–151, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-135-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-135-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Users presented with large multi-model ensembles commonly use the equally weighted model mean as a best estimate, ignoring the issue of near replication of some climate models. We present an efficient and flexible tool that finds a subset of models with improved mean performance compared to the multi-model mean while at the same time maintaining the spread and addressing the problem of model interdependence. Out-of-sample skill and reliability are demonstrated using model-as-truth experiments.
Ned Haughton, Gab Abramowitz, and Andy J. Pitman
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 195–212, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-195-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-195-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies indicate that fluxes of heat, water, and carbon between the land surface and atmosphere are substantially more predictable than the performance of the current crop of land surface models would indicate. This study uses simple empirical models to estimate the amount of useful information in meteorological forcings that is available for predicting land surface fluxes. These models can be used as benchmarks for land surface models and may help identify areas ripe for improvement.
Martin G. De Kauwe, Belinda E. Medlyn, Jürgen Knauer, and Christopher A. Williams
Biogeosciences, 14, 4435–4453, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4435-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4435-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the sensitivity of transpiration to stomatal conductance is critical to simulating the water cycle. This sensitivity is a function of the degree of coupling between the vegetation and the atmosphere. We combined an extensive literature summary with estimates of coupling derived from FLUXNET data. We found notable departures from the values previously reported. These data form a model benchmarking metric to test existing coupling assumptions.
Richard Wartenburger, Martin Hirschi, Markus G. Donat, Peter Greve, Andy J. Pitman, and Sonia I. Seneviratne
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3609–3634, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3609-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3609-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This article analyses regional changes in climate extremes as a function of projected changes in global mean temperature. We introduce the DROUGHT-HEAT Regional Climate Atlas, an interactive tool to analyse and display a range of well-established climate extremes and water-cycle indices and their changes as a function of global warming. Readers are encouraged to use the online tool for visualization of specific indices of interest, e.g. to assess their response to 1.5 or 2 °C global warming.
Anna M. Ukkola, Ned Haughton, Martin G. De Kauwe, Gab Abramowitz, and Andy J. Pitman
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3379–3390, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3379-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3379-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Flux towers measure energy, carbon dioxide and water vapour fluxes. These data have become essential for evaluating land surface models (LSMs) – key tools for projecting future climate change. However, these data as released are not immediately usable with LSMs and must be post-processed to change units, screened for missing data and gap-filling. We present an open-source R package that transforms flux tower measurements into a format directly usable by LSMs.
Nina Hinko-Najera, Peter Isaac, Jason Beringer, Eva van Gorsel, Cacilia Ewenz, Ian McHugh, Jean-François Exbrayat, Stephen J. Livesley, and Stefan K. Arndt
Biogeosciences, 14, 3781–3800, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3781-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3781-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We undertook a 3-year study (2010–2012) of eddy covariance measurements in a dry temperate eucalypt (broadleaf evergreen) forest in southeastern Australia. The forest was a large and constant carbon sink, with the greatest uptake in early spring and summer. A strong seasonal pattern in environmental controls of daytime and night-time NEE was revealed. Our results show the potential of temperate eucalypt forests to sequester large amounts of carbon when not water limited.
Benedikt J. Fest, Nina Hinko-Najera, Tim Wardlaw, David W. T. Griffith, Stephen J. Livesley, and Stefan K. Arndt
Biogeosciences, 14, 467–479, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-467-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-467-2017, 2017
Jason Beringer, Lindsay B. Hutley, Ian McHugh, Stefan K. Arndt, David Campbell, Helen A. Cleugh, James Cleverly, Víctor Resco de Dios, Derek Eamus, Bradley Evans, Cacilia Ewenz, Peter Grace, Anne Griebel, Vanessa Haverd, Nina Hinko-Najera, Alfredo Huete, Peter Isaac, Kasturi Kanniah, Ray Leuning, Michael J. Liddell, Craig Macfarlane, Wayne Meyer, Caitlin Moore, Elise Pendall, Alison Phillips, Rebecca L. Phillips, Suzanne M. Prober, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Susanna Rutledge, Ivan Schroder, Richard Silberstein, Patricia Southall, Mei Sun Yee, Nigel J. Tapper, Eva van Gorsel, Camilla Vote, Jeff Walker, and Tim Wardlaw
Biogeosciences, 13, 5895–5916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5895-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5895-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
OzFlux is the regional Australian and New Zealand flux tower network that aims to provide a continental-scale national facility to monitor and assess trends, and improve predictions, of Australia’s terrestrial biosphere and climate. We describe the evolution, design, and status as well as an overview of data processing. We suggest that a synergistic approach is required to address all of the spatial, ecological, human, and cultural challenges of managing Australian ecosystems.
Anna M. Ukkola, Andy J. Pitman, Mark Decker, Martin G. De Kauwe, Gab Abramowitz, Jatin Kala, and Ying-Ping Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2403–2419, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2403-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2403-2016, 2016
M. G. De Kauwe, S.-X. Zhou, B. E. Medlyn, A. J. Pitman, Y.-P. Wang, R. A. Duursma, and I. C. Prentice
Biogeosciences, 12, 7503–7518, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7503-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7503-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Future climate change has the potential to increase drought in many regions of the globe. Recent data syntheses show that drought sensitivity varies considerably among plants from different climate zones, but state-of-the-art models currently assume the same drought sensitivity for all vegetation. Our results indicate that models will over-estimate drought impacts in drier climates unless different sensitivity of vegetation to drought is taken into account.
J. Kala, M. G. De Kauwe, A. J. Pitman, R. Lorenz, B. E. Medlyn, Y.-P Wang, Y.-S Lin, and G. Abramowitz
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3877–3889, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3877-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3877-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We implement a new stomatal conductance scheme within a land surface model coupled to a global climate model. The new model differs from the default in that it allows model parameters to vary by the different plant functional types, derived from global synthesis of observations. We show that the new scheme results in improvements in the model climatology and improves existing biases in warm temperature extremes by up to 10-20% over the boreal forests during summer.
M. Decker, A. Pitman, and J. Evans
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3433–3447, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3433-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3433-2015, 2015
M. G. De Kauwe, J. Kala, Y.-S. Lin, A. J. Pitman, B. E. Medlyn, R. A. Duursma, G. Abramowitz, Y.-P. Wang, and D. G. Miralles
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 431–452, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-431-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-431-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Stomatal conductance affects the fluxes of carbon, energy and water between the vegetated land surface and the atmosphere. We test an implementation of an optimal stomatal conductance model within the CABLE land surface model (LSM). The new implementation resulted in a large reduction in the annual fluxes of transpiration across evergreen needleleaf, tundra and C4 grass regions. We conclude that optimisation theory can yield a tractable approach to predicting stomatal conductance in LSMs.
J.-F. Exbrayat, A. J. Pitman, and G. Abramowitz
Biogeosciences, 11, 6999–7008, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6999-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6999-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
We use a reduced complexity soil organic carbon (SOC) model to address the influence of two parameters on the response of SOC stocks to climate change: baseline turnover time (k) and temperature sensitivity of decomposition (Q10). In our model, k determines SOC stocks and the magnitude of the response to climate change (from 1850 to 2100 under RCP 8.5) while Q10 drives its sign. We dismiss unlikely simulations using global SOC data to reduce the uncertainty in projections and parameter values.
J.-F. Exbrayat, A. J. Pitman, and G. Abramowitz
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2683–2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2683-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2683-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
Pre-industrial soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks vary 6-fold in models used in the 5th IPCC Assessment Report. This paper shows that this range is largely determined by model-specific responses of microbal decomposition during the equilibration procedure. As SOC stocks are maintained through the present and to 2100 almost unchanged, we propose that current SOC observations could be used to constrain this equilibration procedure and thereby reduce the uncertainty in climate change projections.
J. Kala, J. P. Evans, A. J. Pitman, C. B. Schaaf, M. Decker, C. Carouge, D. Mocko, and Q. Sun
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2121–2140, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2121-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2121-2014, 2014
R. Lorenz, A. J. Pitman, M. G. Donat, A. L. Hirsch, J. Kala, E. A. Kowalczyk, R. M. Law, and J. Srbinovsky
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 545–567, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-545-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-545-2014, 2014
J.-F. Exbrayat, A. J. Pitman, Q. Zhang, G. Abramowitz, and Y.-P. Wang
Biogeosciences, 10, 7095–7108, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7095-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7095-2013, 2013
Q. Zhang, A. J. Pitman, Y. P. Wang, Y. J. Dai, and P. J. Lawrence
Earth Syst. Dynam., 4, 333–345, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-333-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-333-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function: Terrestrial
Combined effects of topography, soil moisture, and snow cover regimes on growth responses of grasslands in a low- mountain range (Vosges, France)
Soil smoldering in temperate forests: a neglected contributor to fire carbon emissions revealed by atmospheric mixing ratios
Enhancing environmental models with a new downscaling method for global radiation in complex terrain
On the predictability of turbulent fluxes from land: PLUMBER2 MIP experimental description and preliminary results
Crowd-sourced trait data can be used to delimit global biomes
Biomass yield potential, feedstock quality, and nutrient removal of perennial buffer strips under continuous zero fertilizer application
Leaf habit drives leaf nutrient resorption globally alongside nutrient availability and climate
Optimal set of leaf and whole-tree elements for predicting forest functioning
Dune establishment drivers on the beach: narrowing down the window of opportunity
Ecosystem leaf area, gross primary production, and evapotranspiration responses to wildfire in the Columbia River Basin
Linking geomorphological processes and wildlife microhabitat selection: nesting birds select refuges generated by permafrost degradation in the Arctic
Distinguishing mature and immature trees allows estimating forest carbon uptake from stand structure
“Blooming” of litter-mixing effects: the role of flower and leaf litter interactions on decomposition in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
From simple labels to semantic image segmentation: leveraging citizen science plant photographs for tree species mapping in drone imagery
Elephant megacarcasses increase local nutrient pools in African savanna soils and plants
Plant functional traits modulate the effects of soil acidification on above- and belowground biomass
Regional effects and local climate jointly shape the global distribution of sexual systems in woody flowering plants
Ideas and perspectives: Sensing energy and matter fluxes in a biota-dominated Patagonian landscape through environmental seismology – introducing the Pumalín Critical Zone Observatory
Comparison of carbon and water fluxes and the drivers of ecosystem water use efficiency in a temperate rainforest and a peatland in southern South America
Kilometre-scale simulations over Fennoscandia reveal a large loss of tundra due to climate warming
Microclimate mapping using novel radiative transfer modelling
Root distributions predict shrub–steppe responses to precipitation intensity
Thermophilisation of Afromontane forest stands demonstrated in an elevation gradient experiment
Above-treeline ecosystems facing drought: lessons from the 2022 European summer heat wave
Canopy gaps and associated losses of biomass – combining UAV imagery and field data in a central Amazon forest
Ideas and perspectives: Beyond model evaluation – combining experiments and models to advance terrestrial ecosystem science
Primary succession and its driving variables – a sphere-spanning approach applied in proglacial areas in the upper Martell Valley (Eastern Italian Alps)
Contemporary biodiversity pattern is affected by climate change at multiple temporal scales in steppes on the Mongolian Plateau
Water usage of old growth oak at elevated CO2 in the FACE of climate change
Quantifying vegetation indices using terrestrial laser scanning: methodological complexities and ecological insights from a Mediterranean forest
Revisiting and attributing the global controls over terrestrial ecosystem functions of climate and plant traits at FLUXNET sites via causal graphical models
Dynamics of short-term ecosystem carbon fluxes induced by precipitation events in a semiarid grassland
Throughfall exclusion and fertilization effects on tropical dry forest tree plantations, a large-scale experiment
Tectonic controls on the ecosystem of the Mara River basin, East Africa, from geomorphological and spectral index analysis
Spruce bark beetles (Ips typographus) cause up to 700 times higher bark BVOC emission rates compared to healthy Norway spruce (Picea abies)
Technical note: Novel estimates of the leaf relative uptake rate of carbonyl sulfide from optimality theory
Observed water and light limitation across global ecosystems
A question of scale: modeling biomass, gain and mortality distributions of a tropical forest
Seed traits and phylogeny explain plants' geographic distribution
Effect of the presence of plateau pikas on the ecosystem services of alpine meadows
Allometric equations and wood density parameters for estimating aboveground and woody debris biomass in Cajander larch (Larix cajanderi) forests of northeast Siberia
Strong influence of trees outside forest in regulating microclimate of intensively modified Afromontane landscapes
Excess radiation exacerbates drought stress impacts on canopy conductance along aridity gradients
Dispersal of bacteria and stimulation of permafrost decomposition by Collembola
Modeling the effects of alternative crop–livestock management scenarios on important ecosystem services for smallholder farming from a landscape perspective
Contrasting strategies of nutrient demand and use between savanna and forest ecosystems in a neotropical transition zone
Monitoring post-fire recovery of various vegetation biomes using multi-wavelength satellite remote sensing
Updated estimation of forest biomass carbon pools in China, 1977–2018
Estimating dry biomass and plant nitrogen concentration in pre-Alpine grasslands with low-cost UAS-borne multispectral data – a comparison of sensors, algorithms, and predictor sets
Fire in lichen-rich subarctic tundra changes carbon and nitrogen cycling between ecosystem compartments but has minor effects on stocks
Pierre-Alexis Herrault, Albin Ullmann, and Damien Ertlen
Biogeosciences, 22, 705–724, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-705-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-705-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Mountain grasslands are impacted by climate change and need to adapt. Low-mountain grasslands are poorly understood compared to high-mountain massifs. Thanks to satellite archives, we found that grasslands occurring in the Vosges Mountains (France) exhibited stable productivity or tended to decrease in specific regions of the massif, with a reverse signal observed in high-mountain massifs. We also noted a high responsiveness in their growth strategy to soil moisture, snow regime, and topography.
Lilian Vallet, Charbel Abdallah, Thomas Lauvaux, Lilian Joly, Michel Ramonet, Philippe Ciais, Morgan Lopez, Irène Xueref-Remy, and Florent Mouillot
Biogeosciences, 22, 213–242, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-213-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-213-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The 2022 fire season had a huge impact on European temperate forest, with several large fires exhibiting prolonged soil combustion reported. We analyzed CO and CO2 concentration recorded at nearby atmospheric towers, revealing intense smoldering combustion. We refined a fire emission model to incorporate this process. We estimated 7.95 Mteq CO2 fire emission, twice the global estimate. Fires contributed to 1.97 % of France's annual carbon footprint, reducing forest carbon sink by 30 % this year.
Arsène Druel, Julien Ruffault, Hendrik Davi, André Chanzy, Olivier Marloie, Miquel De Cáceres, Albert Olioso, Florent Mouillot, Christophe François, Kamel Soudani, and Nicolas K. Martin-StPaul
Biogeosciences, 22, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate radiation data are essential for understanding ecosystem functions and dynamics. Traditional large-scale data lack the precision needed for complex terrain. This study introduces a new model, which accounts for sub-daily direct and diffuse radiation effects caused by terrain features, to enhance the radiation data resolution using elevation maps. Tested on a mountainous area, this method significantly improved radiation estimates, benefiting predictions of forest functions.
Gab Abramowitz, Anna Ukkola, Sanaa Hobeichi, Jon Cranko Page, Mathew Lipson, Martin G. De Kauwe, Samuel Green, Claire Brenner, Jonathan Frame, Grey Nearing, Martyn Clark, Martin Best, Peter Anthoni, Gabriele Arduini, Souhail Boussetta, Silvia Caldararu, Kyeungwoo Cho, Matthias Cuntz, David Fairbairn, Craig R. Ferguson, Hyungjun Kim, Yeonjoo Kim, Jürgen Knauer, David Lawrence, Xiangzhong Luo, Sergey Malyshev, Tomoko Nitta, Jerome Ogee, Keith Oleson, Catherine Ottlé, Phillipe Peylin, Patricia de Rosnay, Heather Rumbold, Bob Su, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Xiaoni Wang-Faivre, Yunfei Wang, and Yijian Zeng
Biogeosciences, 21, 5517–5538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates land models – computer-based models that simulate ecosystem dynamics; land carbon, water, and energy cycles; and the role of land in the climate system. It uses machine learning and AI approaches to show that, despite the complexity of land models, they do not perform nearly as well as they could given the amount of information they are provided with about the prediction problem.
Simon Scheiter, Sophie Wolf, and Teja Kattenborn
Biogeosciences, 21, 4909–4926, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4909-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4909-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Biomes are widely used to map vegetation patterns at large spatial scales and to assess impacts of climate change, yet there is no consensus on a generally valid biome classification scheme. We used crowd-sourced species distribution data and trait data to assess whether trait information is suitable for delimiting biomes. Although the trait data were heterogeneous and had large gaps with respect to the spatial distribution, we found that a global trait-based biome classification was possible.
Cheng-Hsien Lin, Colleen Zumpf, Chunhwa Jang, Thomas Voigt, Guanglong Tian, Olawale Oladeji, Albert Cox, Rehnuma Mehzabin, and DoKyoung Lee
Biogeosciences, 21, 4765–4784, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4765-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4765-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Riparian areas are subject to environmental issues (nutrient leaching) associated with low productivity. Perennial grasses can improve ecosystem services from riparian zones while producing forage/bioenergy feedstock biomass as potential income for farmers. The forage-type buffer can be an ideal short-term candidate due to its great efficiency of nutrient scavenging; the bioenergy-type buffer showed better sustainability than the forage buffer and a continuous yield supply potential.
Gabriela Sophia, Silvia Caldararu, Benjamin David Stocker, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 21, 4169–4193, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4169-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4169-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Through an extensive global dataset of leaf nutrient resorption and a multifactorial analysis, we show that the majority of spatial variation in nutrient resorption may be driven by leaf habit and type, with thicker, longer-lived leaves having lower resorption efficiencies. Climate, soil fertility and soil-related factors emerge as strong drivers with an additional effect on its role. These results are essential for comprehending plant nutrient status, plant productivity and nutrient cycling.
Ecio Souza Diniz, Eladio Rodríguez-Penedo, Roger Grau-Andrés, Jordi Vayreda, and Marcos Fernández-Martínez
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2572, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2572, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we found that the accumulation of nutrients (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium) in leaves is an important factor in explaining tree growth in forest ecosystems. This result provides evidence for forest growth studies aimed at forest conservation and restoration to better direct their resources to data collection and measurement. Collecting data on nutrient stocks in tree leaves can also provide valuable information to broaden our understanding of forest functioning.
Jan-Markus Homberger, Sasja van Rosmalen, Michel Riksen, and Juul Limpens
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1944, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1944, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding what determines establishment of dune-building vegetation could help to better predict coastal dune initiation and development. We monitored the establishment of dune building grasses and dune initiation in a large field experiment. Our results show that dune initiation takes place during peaks in dune-building grass establishment, which depend on favorable environmental conditions. Our findings can potentially be integrated into beach restoration and management strategies.
Mingjie Shi, Nate McDowell, Huilin Huang, Faria Zahura, Lingcheng Li, and Xingyuan Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.22541/au.171053013.30286044/v2, https://doi.org/10.22541/au.171053013.30286044/v2, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data products, we quantitatively estimate the resistance and resilience of ecosystem functions to wildfires that occurred in the Columbia River Basin in 2015. Carbon state exhibits lower resistance and resilience than the ecosystem fluxes. The random forest feature importance analysis indicates that burn severity plays a minor role in the resilience of grassland, while it has a relatively major role in the resilience of forest and savanna.
Madeleine-Zoé Corbeil-Robitaille, Éliane Duchesne, Daniel Fortier, Christophe Kinnard, and Joël Bêty
Biogeosciences, 21, 3401–3423, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3401-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the Arctic tundra, climate change is transforming the landscape, and this may impact wildlife. We focus on three nesting bird species and the islets they select as refuges from their main predator, the Arctic fox. A geomorphological process, ice-wedge polygon degradation, was found to play a key role in creating these refuges. This process is likely to affect predator–prey dynamics in the Arctic tundra, highlighting the connections between nature's physical and ecological systems.
Samuel M. Fischer, Xugao Wang, and Andreas Huth
Biogeosciences, 21, 3305–3319, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3305-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the drivers of forest productivity is key for accurately assessing forests’ role in the global carbon cycle. Yet, despite significant research effort, it is not fully understood how the productivity of a forest can be deduced from its stand structure. We suggest tackling this problem by identifying the share and structure of immature trees within forests and show that this approach could significantly improve estimates of forests’ net productivity and carbon uptake.
Mery Ingrid Guimarães de Alencar, Rafael D. Guariento, Bertrand Guenet, Luciana S. Carneiro, Eduardo L. Voigt, and Adriano Caliman
Biogeosciences, 21, 3165–3182, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Flowers are ephemeral organs for reproduction, and their litter is functionally different from leaf litter. Flowers can affect decomposition and interact with leaf litter, influencing decomposition non-additively. We show that mixing flower and leaf litter from the Tabebuia aurea tree creates reciprocal synergistic effects on decomposition in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. We highlight that flower litter input can generate biogeochemical hotspots in terrestrial ecosystems.
Salim Soltani, Olga Ferlian, Nico Eisenhauer, Hannes Feilhauer, and Teja Kattenborn
Biogeosciences, 21, 2909–2935, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2909-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2909-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this research, we developed a novel method using citizen science data as alternative training data for computer vision models to map plant species in unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) images. We use citizen science plant photographs to train models and apply them to UAV images. We tested our approach on UAV images of a test site with 10 different tree species, yielding accurate results. This research shows the potential of citizen science data to advance our ability to monitor plant species.
Courtney G. Reed, Michelle L. Budny, Johan T. du Toit, Ryan Helcoski, Joshua P. Schimel, Izak P. J. Smit, Tercia Strydom, Aimee Tallian, Dave I. Thompson, Helga van Coller, Nathan P. Lemoine, and Deron E. Burkepile
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1514, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1514, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We seek to understand the ecological legacies of elephants after they die. We sampled elephant carcasses in South Africa and found that they release nutrients into soil, which then enter plants and are available for consumption by other herbivores. This research reveals a key way that these elephants contribute to nutrient cycling on the savanna after death. It also highlights an important process that may be lost on savannas in areas where elephant populations are in decline.
Xue Feng, Ruzhen Wang, Tianpeng Li, Jiangping Cai, Heyong Liu, Hui Li, and Yong Jiang
Biogeosciences, 21, 2641–2653, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2641-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2641-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Plant functional traits have been considered as reflecting adaptations to environmental variations, indirectly affecting ecosystem productivity. How soil acidification affects above- and belowground biomass by altering leaf and root traits remains poorly understood. We found divergent trait responses driven by soil environmental conditions in two dominant species, resulting in a decrease in aboveground biomass and an increase in belowground biomass.
Minhua Zhang, Xiaoqing Hu, and Fangliang He
Biogeosciences, 21, 2133–2142, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2133-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2133-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Plant sexual systems are important to understanding the evolution and maintenance of plant diversity. We quantified region effects on their proportions while incorporating local climate factors and evolutionary history. We found regional processes and climate effects both play important roles in shaping the geographic distribution of sexual systems, providing a baseline for predicting future changes in forest communities in the context of global change.
Christian H. Mohr, Michael Dietze, Violeta Tolorza, Erwin Gonzalez, Benjamin Sotomayor, Andres Iroume, Sten Gilfert, and Frieder Tautz
Biogeosciences, 21, 1583–1599, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1583-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1583-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal temperate rainforests, among Earth’s carbon richest biomes, are systematically underrepresented in the global network of critical zone observatories (CZOs). Introducing here a first CZO in the heart of the Patagonian rainforest, Chile, we investigate carbon sink functioning, biota-driven landscape evolution, fluxes of matter and energy, and disturbance regimes. We invite the community to join us in cross-disciplinary collaboration to advance science in this particular environment.
Jorge F. Perez-Quezada, David Trejo, Javier Lopatin, David Aguilera, Bruce Osborne, Mauricio Galleguillos, Luca Zattera, Juan L. Celis-Diez, and Juan J. Armesto
Biogeosciences, 21, 1371–1389, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1371-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1371-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For 8 years we sampled a temperate rainforest and a peatland in Chile to estimate their efficiency to capture carbon per unit of water lost. The efficiency is more related to the water lost than to the carbon captured and is mainly driven by evaporation instead of transpiration. This is the first report from southern South America and highlights that ecosystems might behave differently in this area, likely explained by the high annual precipitation (~ 2100 mm) and light-limited conditions.
Fredrik Lagergren, Robert G. Björk, Camilla Andersson, Danijel Belušić, Mats P. Björkman, Erik Kjellström, Petter Lind, David Lindstedt, Tinja Olenius, Håkan Pleijel, Gunhild Rosqvist, and Paul A. Miller
Biogeosciences, 21, 1093–1116, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1093-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1093-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Fennoscandian boreal and mountain regions harbour a wide range of ecosystems sensitive to climate change. A new, highly resolved high-emission climate scenario enabled modelling of the vegetation development in this region at high resolution for the 21st century. The results show dramatic south to north and low- to high-altitude shifts of vegetation zones, especially for the open tundra environments, which will have large implications for nature conservation, reindeer husbandry and forestry.
Florian Zellweger, Eric Sulmoni, Johanna T. Malle, Andri Baltensweiler, Tobias Jonas, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Christian Ginzler, Dirk Nikolaus Karger, Pieter De Frenne, David Frey, and Clare Webster
Biogeosciences, 21, 605–623, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-605-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-605-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The microclimatic conditions experienced by organisms living close to the ground are not well represented in currently used climate datasets derived from weather stations. Therefore, we measured and mapped ground microclimate temperatures at 10 m spatial resolution across Switzerland using a novel radiation model. Our results reveal a high variability in microclimates across different habitats and will help to better understand climate and land use impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems.
Andrew Kulmatiski, Martin C. Holdrege, Cristina Chirvasă, and Karen H. Beard
Biogeosciences, 21, 131–143, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-131-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-131-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Warmer air and larger precipitation events are changing the way water moves through the soil and into plants. Here we show that detailed descriptions of root distributions can predict plant growth responses to changing precipitation patterns. Shrubs and forbs increased growth, while grasses showed no response to increased precipitation intensity, and these responses were predicted by plant rooting distributions.
Bonaventure Ntirugulirwa, Etienne Zibera, Nkuba Epaphrodite, Aloysie Manishimwe, Donat Nsabimana, Johan Uddling, and Göran Wallin
Biogeosciences, 20, 5125–5149, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5125-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5125-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Twenty tropical tree species native to Africa were planted along an elevation gradient (1100 m, 5.4 °C difference). We found that early-successional (ES) species, especially from lower elevations, grew faster at warmer sites, while several of the late-successional (LS) species, especially from higher elevations, did not respond or grew slower. Moreover, a warmer climate increased tree mortality in LS species, but not much in ES species.
Philippe Choler
Biogeosciences, 20, 4259–4272, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4259-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4259-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The year 2022 was unique in that the summer heat wave and drought led to a widespread reduction in vegetation growth at high elevation in the European Alps. This impact was unprecedented in the southwestern, warm, and dry part of the Alps. Over the last 2 decades, water has become a co-dominant control of vegetation activity in areas that were, so far, primarily controlled by temperature, and the growth of mountain grasslands has become increasingly sensitive to moisture availability.
Adriana Simonetti, Raquel Fernandes Araujo, Carlos Henrique Souza Celes, Flávia Ranara da Silva e Silva, Joaquim dos Santos, Niro Higuchi, Susan Trumbore, and Daniel Magnabosco Marra
Biogeosciences, 20, 3651–3666, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3651-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3651-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combined 2 years of monthly drone-acquired RGB (red–green–blue) imagery with field surveys in a central Amazon forest. Our results indicate that small gaps associated with branch fall were the most frequent. Biomass losses were partially controlled by gap area, with branch fall and snapping contributing the least and greatest relative values, respectively. Our study highlights the potential of drone images for monitoring canopy dynamics in dense tropical forests.
Silvia Caldararu, Victor Rolo, Benjamin D. Stocker, Teresa E. Gimeno, and Richard Nair
Biogeosciences, 20, 3637–3649, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3637-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3637-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ecosystem manipulative experiments are large experiments in real ecosystems. They include processes such as species interactions and weather that would be omitted in more controlled settings. They offer a high level of realism but are underused in combination with vegetation models used to predict the response of ecosystems to global change. We propose a workflow using models and ecosystem experiments together, taking advantage of the benefits of both tools for Earth system understanding.
Katharina Ramskogler, Bettina Knoflach, Bernhard Elsner, Brigitta Erschbamer, Florian Haas, Tobias Heckmann, Florentin Hofmeister, Livia Piermattei, Camillo Ressl, Svenja Trautmann, Michael H. Wimmer, Clemens Geitner, Johann Stötter, and Erich Tasser
Biogeosciences, 20, 2919–2939, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2919-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2919-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Primary succession in proglacial areas depends on complex driving forces. To concretise the complex effects and interaction processes, 39 known explanatory variables assigned to seven spheres were analysed via principal component analysis and generalised additive models. Key results show that in addition to time- and elevation-dependent factors, also disturbances alter vegetation development. The results are useful for debates on vegetation development in a warming climate.
Zijing Li, Zhiyong Li, Xuze Tong, Lei Dong, Ying Zheng, Jinghui Zhang, Bailing Miao, Lixin Wang, Liqing Zhao, Lu Wen, Guodong Han, Frank Yonghong Li, and Cunzhu Liang
Biogeosciences, 20, 2869–2882, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2869-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2869-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We used random forest models and structural equation models to assess the relative importance of the present climate and paleoclimate as determinants of diversity and aboveground biomass. Results showed that paleoclimate changes and modern climate jointly determined contemporary biodiversity patterns, while community biomass was mainly affected by modern climate. These findings suggest that contemporary biodiversity patterns may be affected by processes at divergent temporal scales.
Susan Elizabeth Quick, Giulio Curioni, Nicholas J. Harper, Stefan Krause, and Angus Rob MacKenzie
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1522, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1522, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To study the effects of rising carbon dioxide levels on water usage of old growth temperate oak forest, we monitored trees in an open-air elevated CO2 experiment for five years. We found no significant changes in water usage for ~34 % increase in atmospheric CO2. Stresses under this experiment may take longer to show their effect. Tree water usage depends on tree size, i.e. stem size and the canopy area, across all treatments. Experimental infrastructure changed the water demand of the trees.
William Rupert Moore Flynn, Harry Jon Foord Owen, Stuart William David Grieve, and Emily Rebecca Lines
Biogeosciences, 20, 2769–2784, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2769-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2769-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying vegetation indices is crucial for ecosystem monitoring and modelling. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has potential to accurately measure vegetation indices, but multiple methods exist, with little consensus on best practice. We compare three methods and extract wood-to-plant ratio, a metric used to correct for wood in leaf indices. We show corrective metrics vary with tree structure and variation among methods, highlighting the value of TLS data and importance of rigorous testing.
Haiyang Shi, Geping Luo, Olaf Hellwich, Alishir Kurban, Philippe De Maeyer, and Tim Van de Voorde
Biogeosciences, 20, 2727–2741, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2727-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2727-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In studies on the relationship between ecosystem functions and climate and plant traits, previously used data-driven methods such as multiple regression and random forest may be inadequate for representing causality due to limitations such as covariance between variables. Based on FLUXNET site data, we used a causal graphical model to revisit the control of climate and vegetation traits over ecosystem functions.
Josué Delgado-Balbuena, Henry W. Loescher, Carlos A. Aguirre-Gutiérrez, Teresa Alfaro-Reyna, Luis F. Pineda-Martínez, Rodrigo Vargas, and Tulio Arredondo
Biogeosciences, 20, 2369–2385, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the semiarid grassland, an increase in soil moisture at shallow depths instantly enhances carbon release through respiration. In contrast, deeper soil water controls plant carbon uptake but with a delay of several days. Previous soil conditions, biological activity, and the size and timing of precipitation are factors that determine the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere. Thus, future changes in precipitation patterns could convert ecosystems from carbon sinks to carbon sources.
German Vargas Gutiérrez, Daniel Pérez-Aviles, Nanette Raczka, Damaris Pereira-Arias, Julián Tijerín-Triviño, L. David Pereira-Arias, David Medvigy, Bonnie G. Waring, Ember Morrisey, Edward Brzostek, and Jennifer S. Powers
Biogeosciences, 20, 2143–2160, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2143-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2143-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To study whether nutrient availability controls tropical dry forest responses to reductions in soil moisture, we established the first troughfall exclusion experiment in a tropical dry forest plantation system crossed with a fertilization scheme. We found that the effects of fertilization on net primary productivity are larger than the effects of a ~15 % reduction in soil moisture, although in many cases we observed an interaction between drought and nutrient additions, suggesting colimitation.
Alina Lucia Ludat and Simon Kübler
Biogeosciences, 20, 1991–2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1991-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1991-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite-based analysis illustrates the impact of geological processes for the stability of the ecosystem in the Mara River basin (Kenya/Tanzania). Newly detected fault activity influences the course of river networks and modifies erosion–deposition patterns. Tectonic surface features and variations in rock chemistry lead to localized enhancement of clay and soil moisture values and seasonally stabilised vegetation growth patterns in this climatically vulnerable region.
Erica Jaakkola, Antje Gärtner, Anna Maria Jönsson, Karl Ljung, Per-Ola Olsson, and Thomas Holst
Biogeosciences, 20, 803–826, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-803-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-803-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Increased spruce bark beetle outbreaks were recently seen in Sweden. When Norway spruce trees are attacked, they increase their production of VOCs, attempting to kill the beetles. We provide new insights into how the Norway spruce act when infested and found the emitted volatiles to increase up to 700 times and saw a change in compound blend. We estimate that the 2020 bark beetle outbreak in Sweden could have increased the total monoterpene emissions from the forest by more than 10 %.
Georg Wohlfahrt, Albin Hammerle, Felix M. Spielmann, Florian Kitz, and Chuixiang Yi
Biogeosciences, 20, 589–596, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-589-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-589-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The trace gas carbonyl sulfide (COS), which is taken up by plant leaves in a process very similar to photosynthesis, is thought to be a promising proxy for the gross uptake of carbon dioxide by plants. Here we propose a new framework for estimating a key metric to that end, the so-called leaf relative uptake rate. The values we deduce by applying principles of plant optimality are considerably lower than published values and may help reduce the uncertainty of the global COS budget.
François Jonard, Andrew F. Feldman, Daniel J. Short Gianotti, and Dara Entekhabi
Biogeosciences, 19, 5575–5590, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5575-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5575-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of light and water limitation in plant function at the ecosystem scale. Using satellite observations, we characterize the nonlinear relationships between sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and water and light availability. This study highlights that soil moisture limitations on SIF are found primarily in drier environments, while light limitations are found in intermediately wet regions.
Nikolai Knapp, Sabine Attinger, and Andreas Huth
Biogeosciences, 19, 4929–4944, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4929-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4929-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The biomass of forests is determined by forest growth and mortality. These quantities can be estimated with different methods such as inventories, remote sensing and modeling. These methods are usually being applied at different spatial scales. The scales influence the obtained frequency distributions of biomass, growth and mortality. This study suggests how to transfer between scales, when using forest models of different complexity for a tropical forest.
Kai Chen, Kevin S. Burgess, Fangliang He, Xiang-Yun Yang, Lian-Ming Gao, and De-Zhu Li
Biogeosciences, 19, 4801–4810, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4801-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4801-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Why does plants' distributional range size vary enormously? This study provides evidence that seed mass, intraspecific seed mass variation, seed dispersal mode and phylogeny contribute to explaining species distribution variation on a geographic scale. Our study clearly shows the importance of including seed life-history traits in modeling and predicting the impact of climate change on species distribution of seed plants.
Ying Ying Chen, Huan Yang, Gen Sheng Bao, Xiao Pan Pang, and Zheng Gang Guo
Biogeosciences, 19, 4521–4532, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4521-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4521-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Investigating the effect of the presence of plateau pikas on ecosystem services of alpine meadows is helpful to understand the role of the presence of small mammalian herbivores in grasslands. The results of this study showed that the presence of plateau pikas led to higher biodiversity conservation, soil nitrogen and phosphorus maintenance, and carbon sequestration of alpine meadows, whereas it led to lower forage available to livestock and water conservation of alpine meadows.
Clement Jean Frédéric Delcourt and Sander Veraverbeke
Biogeosciences, 19, 4499–4520, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4499-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4499-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides new equations that can be used to estimate aboveground tree biomass in larch-dominated forests of northeast Siberia. Applying these equations to 53 forest stands in the Republic of Sakha (Russia) resulted in significantly larger biomass stocks than when using existing equations. The data presented in this work can help refine biomass estimates in Siberian boreal forests. This is essential to assess changes in boreal vegetation and carbon dynamics.
Iris Johanna Aalto, Eduardo Eiji Maeda, Janne Heiskanen, Eljas Kullervo Aalto, and Petri Kauko Emil Pellikka
Biogeosciences, 19, 4227–4247, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4227-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4227-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tree canopies are strong moderators of understory climatic conditions. In tropical areas, trees cool down the microclimates. Using remote sensing and field measurements we show how even intermediate canopy cover and agroforestry trees contributed to buffering the hottest temperatures in Kenya. The cooling effect was the greatest during hot days and in lowland areas, where the ambient temperatures were high. Adopting agroforestry practices in the area could assist in mitigating climate change.
Jing Wang and Xuefa Wen
Biogeosciences, 19, 4197–4208, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4197-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4197-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Excess radiation and low temperatures exacerbate drought impacts on canopy conductance (Gs) among transects. The primary determinant of drought stress on Gs was soil moisture on the Loess Plateau (LP) and the Mongolian Plateau (MP), whereas it was the vapor pressure deficit on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Radiation exhibited a negative effect on Gs via drought stress within transects, while temperature had negative effects on stomatal conductance on the TP but no effect on the LP and MP.
Sylvain Monteux, Janine Mariën, and Eveline J. Krab
Biogeosciences, 19, 4089–4105, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4089-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4089-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying the feedback from the decomposition of thawing permafrost soils is crucial to establish adequate climate warming mitigation scenarios. Past efforts have focused on abiotic and to some extent microbial drivers of decomposition but not biotic drivers such as soil fauna. We added soil fauna (Collembola Folsomia candida) to permafrost, which introduced bacterial taxa without affecting bacterial communities as a whole but increased CO2 production (+12 %), presumably due to priming.
Mirjam Pfeiffer, Munir P. Hoffmann, Simon Scheiter, William Nelson, Johannes Isselstein, Kingsley Ayisi, Jude J. Odhiambo, and Reimund Rötter
Biogeosciences, 19, 3935–3958, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3935-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3935-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Smallholder farmers face challenges due to poor land management and climate change. We linked the APSIM crop model and the aDGVM2 vegetation model to investigate integrated management options that enhance ecosystem functions and services. Sustainable intensification moderately increased yields. Crop residue grazing reduced feed gaps but not for dry-to-wet season transitions. Measures to improve soil water and nutrient status are recommended. Landscape-level ecosystem management is essential.
Marina Corrêa Scalon, Imma Oliveras Menor, Renata Freitag, Karine S. Peixoto, Sami W. Rifai, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, and Yadvinder Malhi
Biogeosciences, 19, 3649–3661, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3649-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3649-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated dynamic nutrient flow and demand in a typical savanna and a transition forest to understand how similar soils and the same climate dominated by savanna vegetation can also support forest-like formations. Savanna relied on nutrient resorption from wood, and nutrient demand was equally partitioned between leaves, wood and fine roots. Transition forest relied on resorption from the canopy biomass and nutrient demand was predominantly driven by leaves.
Emma Bousquet, Arnaud Mialon, Nemesio Rodriguez-Fernandez, Stéphane Mermoz, and Yann Kerr
Biogeosciences, 19, 3317–3336, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3317-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3317-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Pre- and post-fire values of four climate variables and four vegetation variables were analysed at the global scale, in order to observe (i) the general fire likelihood factors and (ii) the vegetation recovery trends over various biomes. The main result of this study is that L-band vegetation optical depth (L-VOD) is the most impacted vegetation variable and takes the longest to recover over dense forests. L-VOD could then be useful for post-fire vegetation recovery studies.
Chen Yang, Yue Shi, Wenjuan Sun, Jiangling Zhu, Chengjun Ji, Yuhao Feng, Suhui Ma, Zhaodi Guo, and Jingyun Fang
Biogeosciences, 19, 2989–2999, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2989-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2989-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying China's forest biomass C pool is important in understanding C cycling in forests. However, most of studies on forest biomass C pool were limited to the period of 2004–2008. Here, we used a biomass expansion factor method to estimate C pool from 1977 to 2018. The results suggest that afforestation practices, forest growth, and environmental changes were the main drivers of increased C sink. Thus, this study provided an essential basis for achieving China's C neutrality target.
Anne Schucknecht, Bumsuk Seo, Alexander Krämer, Sarah Asam, Clement Atzberger, and Ralf Kiese
Biogeosciences, 19, 2699–2727, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2699-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2699-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Actual maps of grassland traits could improve local farm management and support environmental assessments. We developed, assessed, and applied models to estimate dry biomass and plant nitrogen (N) concentration in pre-Alpine grasslands with drone-based multispectral data and canopy height information. Our results indicate that machine learning algorithms are able to estimate both parameters but reach a better level of performance for biomass.
Ramona J. Heim, Andrey Yurtaev, Anna Bucharova, Wieland Heim, Valeriya Kutskir, Klaus-Holger Knorr, Christian Lampei, Alexandr Pechkin, Dora Schilling, Farid Sulkarnaev, and Norbert Hölzel
Biogeosciences, 19, 2729–2740, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2729-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2729-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fires will probably increase in Arctic regions due to climate change. Yet, the long-term effects of tundra fires on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks and cycling are still unclear. We investigated the long-term fire effects on C and N stocks and cycling in soil and aboveground living biomass.
We found that tundra fires did not affect total C and N stocks because a major part of the stocks was located belowground in soils which were largely unaltered by fire.
Cited articles
Abramowitz, G.: Towards a public, standardized, diagnostic benchmarking system for land surface models, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 819–827, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-819-2012, 2012. a, b
Abramowitz, G., Pitman, A., Gupta, H., Kowalczyk, E., and Wang, Y.: Systematic
Bias in Land Surface Models, J. Hydrometeorol., 8,
989–1001, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM628.1, 2007. a
Abramowitz, G., Leuning, R., Clark, M., and Pitman, A.: Evaluating the
Performance of Land Surface Models, J. Clim., 21,
5468–5481, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2378.1, 2008. a
Anderegg, W. R. L., Schwalm, C., Biondi, F., Camarero, J. J., Koch, G., Litvak,
M., Ogle, K., Shaw, J. D., Shevliakova, E., Williams, A. P., Wolf, A., Ziaco,
E., and Pacala, S.: Pervasive Drought Legacies in Forest Ecosystems and Their
Implications for Carbon Cycle Models, Science, 349, 528–532,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab1833, 2015. a, b, c, d
Arndt, S., Hinko-Najera, N., and Griebel, A.: Wombat Wombat State Forest Flux Data Collection Level 6, Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) [data set], https://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/14237 (last access: 21 September 2021), 2013. a
Barraza, V., Restrepo-Coupe, N., Huete, A., Grings, F., Beringer, J.,
Cleverly, J., and Eamus, D.: Estimation of Latent Heat Flux over Savannah
Vegetation across the North Australian Tropical Transect from Multiple
Sensors and Global Meteorological Data, Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
232, 689–703, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.10.013, 2017. a, b
Barron-Gafford, G. A., Cable, J. M., Bentley, L. P., Scott, R. L., Huxman,
T. E., Jenerette, G. D., and Ogle, K.: Quantifying the Timescales over Which
Exogenous and Endogenous Conditions Affect Soil Respiration, New Phytol.,
202, 442–454, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12675, 2014. a
Bastos, A., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Pongratz, J., Fan, L.,
Wigneron, J. P., Weber, U., Reichstein, M., Fu, Z., Anthoni, P., Arneth, A.,
Haverd, V., Jain, A. K., Joetzjer, E., Knauer, J., Lienert, S., Loughran, T.,
McGuire, P. C., Tian, H., Viovy, N., and Zaehle, S.: Direct and Seasonal
Legacy Effects of the 2018 Heat Wave and Drought on European Ecosystem
Productivity, Sci. Adv., 6, eaba2724, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba2724,
2020. a
Beringer, J., Hutley, L., and Northwood, M.: Daly Daly Uncleared Flux Data Collection Level 6, Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) [data set], https://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/14239
(last access: 21 September 2021), 2015a. a
Beringer, J., Hutley, L., and Northwood, M.: Dry River Flux Data Collection Level 6, Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) [data set], https://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/14229
(last access: 21 September 2021), 2015b. a
Beringer, J., Hutley, L., and Northwood, M.: Howard Springs Flux Data Collection Level 6, Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) [data set], https://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/14234
(last access: 21 September 2021), 2015c. a
Beringer, J., Hutley, L., and Northwood, M.: Sturt Plains Flux Data Collection Level 6, Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) [data set], https://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/14230 (last access: 21 September 2021), 2015d. a
Beringer, J., Hutley, L., Hinko-Najera, N., and McHugh, I.: Whroo Flux Data Collection Level 6, Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) [data set],
https://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/14232 (last access: 21 September 2021),
2017. a
Beringer, J., Hutley, L. B., McHugh, I., Arndt, S. K., Campbell, D., Cleugh, H. A., Cleverly, J., Resco de Dios, V., Eamus, D., Evans, B., Ewenz, C., Grace, P., Griebel, A., Haverd, V., Hinko-Najera, N., Huete, A., Isaac, P., Kanniah, K., Leuning, R., Liddell, M. J., Macfarlane, C., Meyer, W., Moore, C., Pendall, E., Phillips, A., Phillips, R. L., Prober, S. M., Restrepo-Coupe, N., Rutledge, S., Schroder, I., Silberstein, R., Southall, P., Yee, M. S., Tapper, N. J., van Gorsel, E., Vote, C., Walker, J., and Wardlaw, T.: An introduction to the Australian and New Zealand flux tower network – OzFlux, Biogeosciences, 13, 5895–5916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5895-2016, 2016. a
Best, M. J., Abramowitz, G., Johnson, H. R., Pitman, A. J., Balsamo, G., Boone,
A., Cuntz, M., Decharme, B., Dirmeyer, P. A., Dong, J., Ek, M., Guo, Z.,
Haverd, V., van den Hurk, B. J. J., Nearing, G. S., Pak, B.,
Peters-Lidard, C., Santanello, J. A., Stevens, L., and Vuichard, N.: The
Plumbing of Land Surface Models: Benchmarking Model Performance,
J. Hydrometeorol., 16, 1425–1442, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-14-0158.1,
2015. a, b, c
Cable, J. M., Ogle, K., Barron-Gafford, G. A., Bentley, L. P., Cable, W. L.,
Scott, R. L., Williams, D. G., and Huxman, T. E.: Antecedent Conditions
Influence Soil Respiration Differences in Shrub and Grass Patches,
Ecosystems, 16, 1230–1247, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-013-9679-7, 2013. a, b, c
Charrad, M., Ghazzali, N., Boiteau, V., and Niknafs, A.: NbClust: An R Package for Determining the Relevant
Number of Clusters in a Data Set, J. Stat. Softw.,
61, 1–36, https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v061.i06, 2014. a
Ciais, P., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N., Granier, A., Ogée, J., Allard, V.,
Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Bernhofer, C., Carrara, A., Chevallier, F.,
De Noblet, N., Friend, A. D., Friedlingstein, P., Grünwald, T., Heinesch,
B., Keronen, P., Knohl, A., Krinner, G., Loustau, D., Manca, G., Matteucci,
G., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J. M., Papale, D., Pilegaard, K., Rambal, S.,
Seufert, G., Soussana, J. F., Sanz, M. J., Schulze, E. D., Vesala, T., and
Valentini, R.: Europe-Wide Reduction in Primary Productivity Caused by the
Heat and Drought in 2003, Nature, 437, 529–533, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03972,
2005. a, b
Cleverly, J., Eamus, D., Faux, R., Grant, N., and Li, Z.: Alice Springs Mulga Flux Data Collection Level 5, Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) [data set], https://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/14217 (last access: 21 September 2021), 2015. a
Cleverly, J., Boulain, N., Villalobos-Vega, R., Grant, N., Faux, R., Wood,
C., Cook, P. G., Yu, Q., Leigh, A., and Eamus, D.: Dynamics of Component
Carbon Fluxes in a Semi-Arid Acacia Woodland, Central Australia,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 118, 1168–1185,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20101, 2013. a
Cleverly, J., Eamus, D., Restrepo Coupe, N., Chen, C., Maes, W., Li, L., Faux,
R., Santini, N. S., Rumman, R., Yu, Q., and Huete, A.: Soil Moisture Controls
on Phenology and Productivity in a Semi-Arid Critical Zone, Sci.
Total Environ., 568, 1227–1237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.142,
2016. a
Cranko Page, J., De Kauwe, M. G., Abramowitz, G., Liu, Y., and Ogle, K.: OzFlux_SAM, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6361060, 2022. a
De Kauwe, M. G., Kala, J., Lin, Y.-S., Pitman, A. J., Medlyn, B. E., Duursma, R. A., Abramowitz, G., Wang, Y.-P., and Miralles, D. G.: A test of an optimal stomatal conductance scheme within the CABLE land surface model, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 431–452, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-431-2015, 2015a. a
De Kauwe, M. G., Zhou, S.-X., Medlyn, B. E., Pitman, A. J., Wang, Y.-P., Duursma, R. A., and Prentice, I. C.: Do land surface models need to include differential plant species responses to drought? Examining model predictions across a mesic-xeric gradient in Europe, Biogeosciences, 12, 7503–7518, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7503-2015, 2015b. a
Decker, M., Or, D., Pitman, A., and Ukkola, A.: New Turbulent Resistance
Parameterization for Soil Evaporation Based on a Pore-Scale Model: Impact
on Surface Fluxes in CABLE, J. Adv. Model. Earth
Syst., 9, 220–238, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016MS000832, 2017. a
Fanjul, L. and Jones, H. G.: Rapid Stomatal Responses to Humidity, Planta, 154,
135–138, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00387906, 1982. a
Fatichi, S., Leuzinger, S., and Körner, C.: Moving beyond Photosynthesis:
From Carbon Source to Sink-Driven Vegetation Modeling, New Phytol., 201,
1086–1095, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12614, 2014. a
Feldman, A. F., Short Gianotti, D. J., Konings, A. G., Gentine, P., and Entekhabi, D.: Patterns of plant rehydration and growth following pulses of soil moisture availability, Biogeosciences, 18, 831–847, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-831-2021, 2021. a, b
Fick, S. E. and Hijmans, R. J.: WorldClim 2: New 1-Km Spatial Resolution
Climate Surfaces for Global Land Areas, Int. J. Climatol.,
37, 4302–4315, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086, 2017. a, b
Flach, M., Sippel, S., Gans, F., Bastos, A., Brenning, A., Reichstein, M., and Mahecha, M. D.: Contrasting biosphere responses to hydrometeorological extremes: revisiting the 2010 western Russian heatwave, Biogeosciences, 15, 6067–6085, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6067-2018, 2018. a
Frank, D., Reichstein, M., Bahn, M., Thonicke, K., Frank, D., Mahecha, M. D.,
Smith, P., van der Velde, M., Vicca, S., Babst, F., Beer, C., Buchmann, N.,
Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Cramer, W., Ibrom, A., Miglietta, F., Poulter,
B., Rammig, A., Seneviratne, S. I., Walz, A., Wattenbach, M., Zavala, M. A.,
and Zscheischler, J.: Effects of Climate Extremes on the Terrestrial Carbon
Cycle: Concepts, Processes and Potential Future Impacts, Glob. Change
Biol., 21, 2861–2880, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12916, 2015. a
Gorelick, N., Hancher, M., Dixon, M., Ilyushchenko, S., Thau, D., and Moore,
R.: Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale Geospatial Analysis for
Everyone, Remote Sens. Environ., 202, 18–27,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031, 2017. a
Griebel, A., Bennett, L. T., Metzen, D., Cleverly, J., Burba, G., and Arndt,
S. K.: Effects of Inhomogeneities within the Flux Footprint on the
Interpretation of Seasonal, Annual, and Interannual Ecosystem Carbon
Exchange, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 221, 50–60,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.02.002, 2016. a
Griebel, A., Bennett, L. T., Metzen, D., Pendall, E., Lane, P. N. J., and
Arndt, S. K.: Trading Water for Carbon: Maintaining
Photosynthesis at the Cost of Increased Water Loss During High
Temperatures in a Temperate Forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 125, e2019JG005239, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005239, 2020. a
Harms, R. L. and Roebroeck, A.: Robust and Fast Markov Chain Monte Carlo
Sampling of Diffusion MRI Microstructure Models, Front.
Neuroinformatics, 12, 97, https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2018.00097, 2018. a
Haughton, N., Abramowitz, G., Pitman, A. J., Or, D., Best, M. J., Johnson,
H. R., Balsamo, G., Boone, A., Cuntz, M., Decharme, B., Dirmeyer, P. A.,
Dong, J., Ek, M., Guo, Z., Haverd, V., van den Hurk, B. J. J., Nearing,
G. S., Pak, B., Santanello, J. A., Stevens, L. E., and Vuichard, N.: The
Plumbing of Land Surface Models: Is Poor Performance a Result of Methodology
or Data Quality?, J. Hydrometeorol., 17, 1705–1723,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-15-0171.1, 2016. a, b, c
Haughton, N., Abramowitz, G., De Kauwe, M. G., and Pitman, A. J.: Does predictability of fluxes vary between FLUXNET sites?, Biogeosciences, 15, 4495–4513, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4495-2018, 2018a. a
Haughton, N., Abramowitz, G., and Pitman, A. J.: On the predictability of land surface fluxes from meteorological variables, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 195–212, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-195-2018, 2018b. a
Haverd, V., Smith, B., Nieradzik, L. P., and Briggs, P. R.: A stand-alone tree demography and landscape structure module for Earth system models: integration with inventory data from temperate and boreal forests, Biogeosciences, 11, 4039–4055, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4039-2014, 2014. a
Haverd, V., Smith, B., Nieradzik, L., Briggs, P. R., Woodgate, W., Trudinger, C. M., Canadell, J. G., and Cuntz, M.: A new version of the CABLE land surface model (Subversion revision r4601) incorporating land use and land cover change, woody vegetation demography, and a novel optimisation-based approach to plant coordination of photosynthesis, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2995–3026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2995-2018, 2018. a
Hovenden, M. J., Newton, P. C. D., and Wills, K. E.: Seasonal Not Annual
Rainfall Determines Grassland Biomass Response to Carbon Dioxide, Nature,
511, 583–586, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13281, 2014. a
Hovenden, M. J., Newton, P. C. D., and Newton, P. C. D.: Variability in
Precipitation Seasonality Limits Grassland Biomass Responses to Rising
CO2: Historical and Projected Climate Analyses, Climatic Change;
Dordrecht, Climatic Change, 149, 219–231, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2227-x,
2018. a
Huang, Y., Gerber, S., Huang, T., and Lichstein, J. W.: Evaluating the Drought
Response of CMIP5 Models Using Global Gross Primary Productivity, Leaf
Area, Precipitation, and Soil Moisture Data, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
30, 1827–1846, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005480, 2016. a
Humphrey, V., Zscheischler, J., Ciais, P., Gudmundsson, L., Sitch, S., and
Seneviratne, S. I.: Sensitivity of Atmospheric CO 2 Growth Rate to
Observed Changes in Terrestrial Water Storage, Nature, 560, 628–631,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0424-4, 2018. a
Hutley, L. B., Beringer, J., Isaac, P. R., Hacker, J. M., and Cernusak, L. A.:
A Sub-Continental Scale Living Laboratory: Spatial Patterns of Savanna
Vegetation over a Rainfall Gradient in Northern Australia, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 151, 1417–1428,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.03.002, 2011. a
Huxman, T. E., Snyder, K. A., Tissue, D., Leffler, A. J., Ogle, K., Pockman,
W. T., Sandquist, D. R., Potts, D. L., and Schwinning, S.: Precipitation
Pulses and Carbon Fluxes in Semiarid and Arid Ecosystems, Oecologia, 141,
254–268, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1682-4, 2004. a
Isaac, P., Cleverly, J., McHugh, I., van Gorsel, E., Ewenz, C., and Beringer, J.: OzFlux data: network integration from collection to curation, Biogeosciences, 14, 2903–2928, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2903-2017, 2017. a
Jones, S., Rowland, L., Cox, P., Hemming, D., Wiltshire, A., Williams, K., Parazoo, N. C., Liu, J., da Costa, A. C. L., Meir, P., Mencuccini, M., and Harper, A. B.: The impact of a simple representation of non-structural carbohydrates on the simulated response of tropical forests to drought, Biogeosciences, 17, 3589–3612, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3589-2020, 2020. a
Kannenberg, S. A., Schwalm, C. R., and Anderegg, W. R. L.: Ghosts of the Past:
How Drought Legacy Effects Shape Forest Functioning and Carbon Cycling,
Ecol. Lett., 23, 891–901, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13485, 2020. a, b
Katul, G., Lai, C.-T., Schäfer, K., Vidakovic, B., Albertson, J.,
Ellsworth, D., and Oren, R.: Multiscale Analysis of Vegetation Surface
Fluxes: From Seconds to Years, Adv. Water Resour., 24, 1119–1132,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00029-X, 2001. a
Keenan, T., Baker, I., Barr, A., Ciais, P., Davis, K., Dietze, M., Dragoni, D.,
Gough, C. M., Grant, R., Hollinger, D., Hufkens, K., Poulter, B., McCaughey,
H., Raczka, B., Ryu, Y., Schaefer, K., Tian, H., Verbeeck, H., Zhao, M., and
Richardson, A. D.: Terrestrial Biosphere Model Performance for Inter-Annual
Variability of Land-Atmosphere CO2 Exchange, Glob. Change Biol., 18,
1971–1987, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02678.x, 2012. a
Knapp, A. K. and Smith, M. D.: Variation among Biomes in Temporal
Dynamics of Aboveground Primary Production, Science, 291, 481–484,
2001. a
Knapp, A. K., Ciais, P., and Smith, M. D.: Reconciling Inconsistencies in
Precipitation – Productivity Relationships: Implications for Climate
Change, New Phytol., 214, 41–47, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14381, 2017. a
Knight, J.: Root Distributions and Water Uptake Patterns in Eucalypts and
Other Species, The ways trees use water, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, pp. 66–93, ISBN 0-642-57811-7, 1999. a
Kolus, H. R., Huntzinger, D. N., Schwalm, C. R., Fisher, J. B., McKay, N.,
Fang, Y., Michalak, A. M., Schaefer, K., Wei, Y., Poulter, B., Mao, J.,
Parazoo, N. C., and Shi, X.: Land Carbon Models Underestimate the Severity
and Duration of Drought's Impact on Plant Productivity, Sci. Rep.,
9, 2758, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39373-1, 2019. a
Kowalczyk, E., Wang, Y., Law, R., Davies, H., Mcgregor, J., and Abramowitz, G.:
The CSIRO Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) Model for Use in
Climate Models and as an Offline Model, CSIRO Mar. Atmos.
Res., 13, 1615, https://doi.org/10.4225/08/58615c6a9a51d, 2006. a
Kowalczyk, E., Stevens, L., Law, R., Dix, M., Wang, Y., Harman, I., Haynes, K.,
Srbinovsky, J., Pak, B., and Ziehn, T.: The Land Surface Model Component of
ACCESS: Description and Impact on the Simulated Surface Climatology,
Aust. Meteorol. Oceanogr. J., 63, 65–82,
https://doi.org/10.22499/2.6301.005, 2013. a
Kruschke, J. K.: Doing Bayesian Data Analysis: A Tutorial with R,
JAGS, and Stan, Academic Press, Boston, edition 2 edn., 143–191,
ISBN 978-0-12-405888-0, 2015. a
Lasslop, G., Reichstein, M., Kattge, J., and Papale, D.: Influences of
Observation Errors in Eddy Flux Data on Inverse Model Parameter Estimation,
Biogeosciences, 5, 1311–1324, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1311-2008, 2008. a
Lauenroth, W. K. and Sala, O. E.: Long-Term Forage Production of North
American Shortgrass Steppe, Ecol. Appl., 2, 397–403,
https://doi.org/10.2307/1941874, 1992. a, b, c
Lemoine, N. P., Griffin-Nolan, R. J., Lock, A. D., and Knapp, A. K.: Drought
Timing, Not Previous Drought Exposure, Determines Sensitivity of Two
Shortgrass Species to Water Stress, Oecologia, 188, 965–975,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-018-4265-5, 2018. a
Liu, L., Zhang, Y., Wu, S., Li, S., and Qin, D.: Water Memory Effects and Their
Impacts on Global Vegetation Productivity and Resilience, Sci. Rep.,
8, 2962, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21339-4, 2018. a, b
Lorenz, R., Pitman, A. J., Donat, M. G., Hirsch, A. L., Kala, J., Kowalczyk, E. A., Law, R. M., and Srbinovsky, J.: Representation of climate extreme indices in the ACCESS1.3b coupled atmosphere–land surface model, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 545–567, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-545-2014, 2014. a
Macfarlane, C., Prober, S., and Wiehl, G.: Great Western Woodlands Flux Data Collection Level 6, Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) [data set], https://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/14226 (last access: 21 September 2021), 2013. a
Mahecha, M. D., Reichstein, M., Jung, M., Seneviratne, S. I., Zaehle, S., Beer,
C., Braakhekke, M. C., Carvalhais, N., Lange, H., Le Maire, G., and Moors,
E.: Comparing Observations and Process-Based Simulations of
Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchanges on Multiple Timescales, J. Geophys.
Res.-Biogeosci., 115, G02003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001016, 2010. a
Mencuccini, M. and Hölttä, T.: The Significance of Phloem Transport for
the Speed with Which Canopy Photosynthesis and Belowground Respiration Are
Linked, New Phytol., 185, 189–203,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03050.x, 2010. a
Meyer, W., Ewenz, C., Koerber, G., and Lubcke, T.: Calperum Flux Data Collection Level 6, Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) [data set], https://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/14236 (last access: 21 September 2021), 2013. a
Mottl, O., Flantua, S. G. A., Bhatta, K. P., Felde, V. A., Giesecke, T.,
Goring, S., Grimm, E. C., Haberle, S., Hooghiemstra, H., Ivory, S., Kuneš, P., Wolters, S., Seddon, A. W. R., and Williams, J. W.: Global
Acceleration in Rates of Vegetation Change over the Past 18,000 Years,
Science, 372, 860–864, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg1685, 2021. a
Nearing, G. S., Ruddell, B. L., Clark, M. P., Nijssen, B., and Peters-Lidard,
C.: Benchmarking and Process Diagnostics of Land Models, J.
Hydrometeorol., 19, 1835–1852, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-17-0209.1, 2018. a
Ogle, K. and Barber, J. J.: Plant and Ecosystem Memory, CHANCE, 29, 16–22,
https://doi.org/10.1080/09332480.2016.1181961, 2016. a
Ogle, K., Barber, J. J., Barron-Gafford, G. A., Bentley, L. P., Young, J. M.,
Huxman, T. E., Loik, M. E., and Tissue, D. T.: Quantifying Ecological Memory
in Plant and Ecosystem Processes, Ecol. Lett., 18, 221–235,
https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12399, 2015. a, b, c
Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G.
V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison,
J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux,
J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P., and Kassem, K. R.: Terrestrial
Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth:
A New Global Map of Terrestrial Ecoregions Provides an Innovative Tool
for Conserving Biodiversity, BioScience, 51, 933–938,
https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2, 2001. a
OzFlux Australian and New Zealand Flux Research and Monitoring: https://www.ozflux.org.au/ (last access: 21 September 2021), 2021. a
Parton, W. J., Stewart, J. W. B., and Cole, C. V.: Dynamics of C, N,
P and S in Grassland Soils: A Model, Biogeochemistry, 5, 109–131,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02180320, 1988. a
Pendall, E., Griebel, A., and Barton, C., and Metzen, D.: Cumberland Plain Flux Data Collection Level 6, Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) [data set], https://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/25164 (last access: 21 September 2021), 2019. a
Peters, J. M. R., López, R., Nolf, M., Hutley, L. B., Wardlaw, T.,
Cernusak, L. A., and Choat, B.: Living on the Edge: A Continental-Scale
Assessment of Forest Vulnerability to Drought, Glob. Change Biol., 27,
3620–3641, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15641, 2021. a
Pitman, A. J., Avila, F. B., Abramowitz, G., Wang, Y. P., Phipps, S. J., and
de Noblet-Ducoudré, N.: Importance of Background Climate in Determining
Impact of Land-Cover Change on Regional Climate, Nat. Clim. Change, 1,
472–475, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1294, 2011. a
Plummer, M.: JAGS: A Program for Analysis of Bayesian Graphical
Models Using Gibbs Sampling, 3rd International Workshop on Distributed
Statistical Computing (DSC 2003); Vienna, Austria, 124, 2003. a
Plummer, M., Best, N., Cowles, K., and Vines, K.: CODA: Convergence
Diagnosis and Output Analysis for MCMC, R News, 6, 7–11, 2006. a
R Core Team: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R
Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020. a
Raupach, M. R.: Simplified Expressions for Vegetation Roughness Length and
Zero-Plane Displacement as Functions of Canopy Height and Area Index,
Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 71, 211–216, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00709229, 1994. a
Raupach, M. R., Finkele, K., and Zhang, L.: SCAM: A Soil-Canopy-Atmosphere
Model: Description and Comparisons with Field Data, Technical Report 132,
CSIRO Centre for Environmental Mechanics, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 1997. a
Renchon, A. A., Drake, J. E., Macdonald, C. A., Sihi, D., Hinko-Najera, N.,
Tjoelker, M. G., Arndt, S. K., Noh, N. J., Davidson, E., and Pendall, E.:
Concurrent Measurements of Soil and Ecosystem Respiration in a
Mature Eucalypt Woodland: Advantages, Lessons, and Questions,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 126, e2020JG006221,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JG006221, 2021. a
Richardson, A. D., Hollinger, D. Y., Burba, G. G., Davis, K. J., Flanagan,
L. B., Katul, G. G., William Munger, J., Ricciuto, D. M., Stoy, P. C.,
Suyker, A. E., Verma, S. B., and Wofsy, S. C.: A Multi-Site Analysis of
Random Error in Tower-Based Measurements of Carbon and Energy Fluxes,
Agr. Forest Meteorol., 136, 1–18,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.01.007, 2006. a
Ryan, E. M., Ogle, K., Zelikova, T. J., LeCain, D. R., Williams, D. G., Morgan,
J. A., and Pendall, E.: Antecedent Moisture and Temperature Conditions
Modulate the Response of Ecosystem Respiration to Elevated CO2 and
Warming, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 2588–2602, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12910,
2015. a
Ryan, E. M., Ogle, K., Peltier, D., Walker, A. P., De Kauwe, M. G., Medlyn,
B. E., Williams, D. G., Parton, W., Asao, S., Guenet, B., Harper, A. B., Lu,
X., Luus, K. A., Zaehle, S., Shu, S., Werner, C., Xia, J., and Pendall, E.:
Gross Primary Production Responses to Warming, Elevated CO2, and Irrigation: Quantifying the Drivers of Ecosystem
Physiology in a Semiarid Grassland, Glob. Change Biol., 23, 3092–3106,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13602, 2017. a, b
Sala, O. E., Gherardi, L. A., Reichmann, L., Jobbágy, E., and Peters, D.:
Legacies of Precipitation Fluctuations on Primary Production: Theory and Data
Synthesis, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 367, 3135–3144, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0347, 2012. a, b
Samuels-Crow, K. E., Ogle, K., and Litvak, M. E.: Atmosphere-Soil
Interactions Govern Ecosystem Flux Sensitivity to Environmental
Conditions in Semiarid Woody Ecosystems Over Varying Timescales,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 125, e2019JG005554,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005554, 2020. a
Schaaf, C. and Wang, Z.: MCD43A3 MODIS/Terra+Aqua BRDF/Albedo
Daily L3 Global – 500m V006, NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC,
https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MCD43A3.006, 2015. a
Seabloom, E. W., Borer, E. T., and Tilman, D.: Grassland Ecosystem Recovery
after Soil Disturbance Depends on Nutrient Supply Rate, Ecol. Lett., 23,
ele.13591, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13591, 2020. a
Silberstein, R., Lambert, P., Lardner, T., and Macfarlane, C.: Gingin Flux Data Collection Level 6, Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) [data set], https://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/22677 (last access: 21 September 2021), 2015. a
Smith, N. G. and Dukes, J. S.: Plant Respiration and Photosynthesis in
Global-Scale Models: Incorporating Acclimation to Temperature and CO2,
Glob. Change Biol., 19, 45–63, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02797.x,
2013. a
Stoll, J. and Kitchen, M.: Tumbarumba Flux Data Collection Level 6, Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) [data set], https://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/14241 (last access: 21 September 2021), 2013. a
Su, Y.-S. and Yajima, M.: R2jags: Using R to Run 'JAGS', R package
version 0.6-1, 2020. a
Sun, Q., Meyer, W. S., Koerber, G. R., and Marschner, P.: Rapid Recovery of Net
Ecosystem Production in a Semi-Arid Woodland after a Wildfire, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 291, 108099, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108099,
2020. a
Teuling, A. J., Seneviratne, S. I., Stöckli, R., Reichstein, M., Moors, E.,
Ciais, P., Luyssaert, S., van den Hurk, B., Ammann, C., Bernhofer, C.,
Dellwik, E., Gianelle, D., Gielen, B., Grünwald, T., Klumpp, K.,
Montagnani, L., Moureaux, C., Sottocornola, M., and Wohlfahrt, G.:
Contrasting Response of European Forest and Grassland Energy Exchange to
Heatwaves, Nat. Geosci., 3, 722–727, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo950, 2010. a
Trabucco, A. and Zomer, R.: Global Aridity Index and Potential Evapotranspiration (ET0) Climate Database v2, figshare [data set], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7504448.v3, 2019. a, b, c
Ukkola, A. M., De Kauwe, M. G., Pitman, A. J., Best, M. J., Abramowitz, G.,
Haverd, V., Decker, M., and Haughton, N.: Land Surface Models Systematically
Overestimate the Intensity, Duration and Magnitude of Seasonal-Scale
Evaporative Droughts, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 104012,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/10/104012, 2016a. a
Ukkola, A. M., Pitman, A. J., Decker, M., De Kauwe, M. G., Abramowitz, G., Kala, J., and Wang, Y.-P.: Modelling evapotranspiration during precipitation deficits: identifying critical processes in a land surface model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2403–2419, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2403-2016, 2016b. a
Ukkola, A. M., De Kauwe, M. G., Roderick, M. L., Burrell, A., Lehmann, P., and
Pitman, A. J.: Annual Precipitation Explains Variability in Dryland
Vegetation Greenness Globally but Not Locally, Glob. Change Biol., 27,
gcb.15729, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15729, 2021. a
Vanoni, M., Bugmann, H., Nötzli, M., and Bigler, C.: Quantifying the
Effects of Drought on Abrupt Growth Decreases of Major Tree Species in
Switzerland, Ecol. Evol., 6, 3555–3570,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2146, 2016. a
von Buttlar, J., Zscheischler, J., Rammig, A., Sippel, S., Reichstein, M., Knohl, A., Jung, M., Menzer, O., Arain, M. A., Buchmann, N., Cescatti, A., Gianelle, D., Kiely, G., Law, B. E., Magliulo, V., Margolis, H., McCaughey, H., Merbold, L., Migliavacca, M., Montagnani, L., Oechel, W., Pavelka, M., Peichl, M., Rambal, S., Raschi, A., Scott, R. L., Vaccari, F. P., van Gorsel, E., Varlagin, A., Wohlfahrt, G., and Mahecha, M. D.: Impacts of droughts and extreme-temperature events on gross primary production and ecosystem respiration: a systematic assessment across ecosystems and climate zones, Biogeosciences, 15, 1293–1318, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1293-2018, 2018. a
Wang, J., Rich, P. M., and Price, K. P.: Temporal Responses of NDVI to
Precipitation and Temperature in the Central Great Plains, USA,
Int. J. Remote Sens., 24, 2345–2364,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160210154812, 2003.
a
Wang, Y. P. and Leuning, R.: A Two-Leaf Model for Canopy Conductance,
Photosynthesis and Partitioning of Available Energy I:: Model
Description and Comparison with a Multi-Layered Model, Agr.
Forest Meteorol., 91, 89–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00061-6, 1998. a
Wang, Y. P., Kowalczyk, E., Leuning, R., Abramowitz, G., Raupach, M. R., Pak,
B., van Gorsel, E., and Luhar, A.: Diagnosing Errors in a Land Surface Model
(CABLE) in the Time and Frequency Domains, J. Geophys.
Res.-Biogeosci., 116, G01034, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001385, 2011. a, b
Weber, T. K. D., Gerling, L., Reineke, D., Weber, S., Durner, W., and Iden,
S. C.: Robust Inverse Modeling of Growing Season Net Ecosystem
Exchange in a Mountainous Peatland: Influence of Distributional
Assumptions on Estimated Parameters and Total Carbon Fluxes,
J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 10, 1319–1336,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2017MS001044, 2018. a
Whitley, R., Beringer, J., Hutley, L. B., Abramowitz, G., De Kauwe, M. G., Duursma, R., Evans, B., Haverd, V., Li, L., Ryu, Y., Smith, B., Wang, Y.-P., Williams, M., and Yu, Q.: A model inter-comparison study to examine limiting factors in modelling Australian tropical savannas, Biogeosciences, 13, 3245–3265, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3245-2016, 2016. a, b
Wilcox, K. R., Blair, J. M., Smith, M. D., and Knapp, A. K.: Does Ecosystem
Sensitivity to Precipitation at the Site-Level Conform to Regional-Scale
Predictions?, Ecology, 97, 561–568, https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1437.1, 2016. a
Zhang, T., Xu, M., Xi, Y., Zhu, J., Tian, L., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Shi,
P., Yu, G., Sun, X., and Zhang, Y.: Lagged Climatic Effects on Carbon Fluxes
over Three Grassland Ecosystems in China, J. Plant Ecol., 8,
291–302, https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtu026, 2015. a
Zomer, R., Bossio, D., Trabucco, A., Yuanjie, L., Gupta, D., and Singh, V.:
Trees and Water: Smallholder Agroforestry on Irrigated Lands in Northern
India, IWMI Research Report, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2007. a
Zomer, R., Trabucco, A., Bossio, D., and Verchot, L.: Climate Change
Mitigation: A Spatial Analysis of Global Land Suitability for
Clean Development Mechanism Afforestation and Reforestation,
Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 126, 67–80,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.014, 2008. a
Short summary
Although vegetation responds to climate at a wide range of timescales, models of the land carbon sink often ignore responses that do not occur instantly. In this study, we explore the timescales at which Australian ecosystems respond to climate. We identified that carbon and water fluxes can be modelled more accurately if we include environmental drivers from up to a year in the past. The importance of antecedent conditions is related to ecosystem aridity but is also influenced by other factors.
Although vegetation responds to climate at a wide range of timescales, models of the land carbon...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint