Articles | Volume 19, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2599-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2599-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 May 2022
Research article |
| 25 May 2022
| 25 May 2022
Summer trends and drivers of sea surface fCO2 and pH changes observed in the southern Indian Ocean over the last two decades (1998–2019)
Coraline Leseurre
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, 75005, France
Claire Lo Monaco
Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, 75005, France
Gilles Reverdin
Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, 75005, France
Nicolas Metzl
Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, 75005, France
Jonathan Fin
Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, 75005, France
Claude Mignon
Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, 75005, France
Léa Benito
Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, 75005, France
Related authors
Nicolas Metzl, Claire Lo Monaco, Coraline Leseurre, Céline Ridame, Gilles Reverdin, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, and Marion Gehlen
Ocean Sci., 20, 725–758, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-725-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-725-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the southern Indian Ocean, south of the polar front, an observed increase of sea surface fCO2 and a decrease of pH over 1985–2021 are mainly driven by anthropogenic CO2 uptake, but in the last decade (2010–2020) fCO2 and pH were stable in summer, highlighting the competitive balance between anthropogenic CO2 and primary production. In the water column the increase of anthropogenic CO2 concentrations leads to migration of the aragonite saturation state from 600 m in 1985 up to 400 m in 2021.
Nicolas Metzl, Claire Lo Monaco, Coraline Leseurre, Céline Ridame, Jonathan Fin, Claude Mignon, Marion Gehlen, and Thi Tuyet Trang Chau
Biogeosciences, 19, 1451–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1451-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1451-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
During an oceanographic cruise conducted in January 2020 in the south-western Indian Ocean, we observed very low CO2 concentrations associated with a strong phytoplankton bloom that occurred south-east of Madagascar. This biological event led to a strong regional CO2 ocean sink not previously observed.
Nicolas Metzl, Claire Lo Monaco, Aline Tribollet, Jean-François Ternon, Frédéric Chevallier, and Marion Gehlen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3469, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3469, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
In the Mozambique Channel, observed acceleration of the ocean acidification in the recent decades is mainly driven by anthropogenic CO2 uptake. In this region the aragonite saturation state reached 3.2 in 2025 and could be as low as 3 in the next 10 years with potential impact on marine ecosystem including corals reefs areas.
Li-Qing Jiang, Amanda Fay, Jens Daniel Müller, Lydia Keppler, Dustin Carroll, Siv K. Lauvset, Tim DeVries, Judith Hauck, Christian Rödenbeck, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Metzl, Andrea J. Fassbender, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Peter Landschützer, Rik Wanninkhof, Christopher Sabine, Simone R. Alin, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Matthew P. Humphreys, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Nicole Besemer, Henry C. Bittig, Albert E. Boyd, Daniel Broullón, Wei-Jun Cai, Brendan R. Carter, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Frédéric Cyr, John E. Dore, Ian Enochs, Richard A. Feely, Hernan E. Garcia, Marion Gehlen, Lucas Gloege, Melchor González-Dávila, Nicolas Gruber, Yosuke Iida, Masao Ishii, Esther Kennedy, Alex Kozyr, Nico Lange, Claire Lo Monaco, Derek P. Manzello, Galen A. McKinley, Natalie M. Monacci, Xose A. Padin, Ana M. Palacio-Castro, Fiz F. Pérez, Alizée Roobaert, J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Jonathan Sharp, Adrienne Sutton, Jim Swift, Toste Tanhua, Maciej Telszewski, Jens Terhaar, Ruben van Hooidonk, Anton Velo, Andrew J. Watson, Angelicque E. White, Zelun Wu, Hyelim Yoo, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This review article provides an overview of 60 existing ocean carbonate chemistry data products, encompassing a broad range of types, including compilations of cruise datasets, gap-filled observational products, model simulations, and more. It is designed to help researchers identify and access the data products that best support their scientific objectives, thereby facilitating progress in understanding the ocean's changing carbonate chemistry.
Nicolas Metzl, Jonathan Fin, Claire Lo Monaco, Claude Mignon, Samir Alliouane, Bruno Bombled, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Steeve Comeau, Pascal Conan, Laurent Coppola, Pascale Cuet, Eva Ferreira, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Frédéric Gazeau, Catherine Goyet, Emilie Grossteffan, Bruno Lansard, Dominique Lefèvre, Nathalie Lefèvre, Coraline Leseurre, Sébastien Petton, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Christophe Rabouille, Gilles Reverdin, Céline Ridame, Peggy Rimmelin-Maury, Jean-François Ternon, Franck Touratier, Aline Tribollet, Thibaut Wagener, and Cathy Wimart-Rousseau
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1075–1100, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1075-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1075-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a new synthesis of 67 000 total alkalinity and total dissolved inorganic carbon observations obtained between 1993 and 2023 in the global ocean, coastal zones, and the Mediterranean Sea. We describe the data assemblage and associated quality control and discuss some potential uses of this dataset. The dataset is provided in a single format and includes the quality flag for each sample.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Hongmei Li, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Carla F. Berghoff, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Patricia Cadule, Katie Campbell, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Thomas Colligan, Jeanne Decayeux, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Carolina Duran Rojas, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Amanda R. Fay, Richard A. Feely, Daniel J. Ford, Adrianna Foster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul K. Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Xin Lan, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Zhu Liu, Junjie Liu, Lei Ma, Shamil Maksyutov, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, Eric J. Morgan, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Craig Neill, Yosuke Niwa, Tobias Nützel, Lea Olivier, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Zhangcai Qin, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Thais M. Rosan, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Roland Séférian, Shintaro Takao, Hiroaki Tatebe, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Olivier Torres, Etienne Tourigny, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido van der Werf, Rik Wanninkhof, Xuhui Wang, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Zhen Yu, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2024 describes the methodology, main results, and datasets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2024). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Gilles Reverdin, Claire Waelbroeck, Antje H. L. Voelker, and Hanno Meyer
Ocean Sci., 21, 567–575, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-567-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-567-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Water isotopes in the ocean trace the freshwater exchanges between the ocean, the atmosphere, and the cryosphere and are used to investigate processes of the hydrological cycle. We illustrate offsets in seawater isotopic composition between different datasets that are larger than the expected variability that one often wants to explore. This highlights the need to share seawater isotopic composition samples dedicated to specific intercomparison of data produced in different laboratories.
Nicolas Metzl, Claire Lo Monaco, Coraline Leseurre, Céline Ridame, Gilles Reverdin, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, and Marion Gehlen
Ocean Sci., 20, 725–758, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-725-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-725-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the southern Indian Ocean, south of the polar front, an observed increase of sea surface fCO2 and a decrease of pH over 1985–2021 are mainly driven by anthropogenic CO2 uptake, but in the last decade (2010–2020) fCO2 and pH were stable in summer, highlighting the competitive balance between anthropogenic CO2 and primary production. In the water column the increase of anthropogenic CO2 concentrations leads to migration of the aragonite saturation state from 600 m in 1985 up to 400 m in 2021.
Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Marion Gehlen, Nicolas Metzl, and Frédéric Chevallier
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 121–160, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
CMEMS-LSCE leads as the first global observation-based reconstructions of six carbonate system variables for the years 1985–2021 at monthly and 0.25° resolutions. The high-resolution reconstructions outperform their 1° counterpart in reproducing horizontal and temporal gradients of observations over various oceanic regions to nearshore time series stations. New datasets can be exploited in numerous studies, including monitoring changes in ocean carbon uptake and ocean acidification.
Nicolas Metzl, Jonathan Fin, Claire Lo Monaco, Claude Mignon, Samir Alliouane, David Antoine, Guillaume Bourdin, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Pascal Conan, Laurent Coppola, Frédéric Diaz, Eric Douville, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Frédéric Gazeau, Melek Golbol, Bruno Lansard, Dominique Lefèvre, Nathalie Lefèvre, Fabien Lombard, Férial Louanchi, Liliane Merlivat, Léa Olivier, Anne Petrenko, Sébastien Petton, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Christophe Rabouille, Gilles Reverdin, Céline Ridame, Aline Tribollet, Vincenzo Vellucci, Thibaut Wagener, and Cathy Wimart-Rousseau
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 89–120, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a synthesis of 44 000 total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon observations obtained between 1993 and 2022 in the Global Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea at the surface and in the water column. Seawater samples were measured using the same method and calibrated with international Certified Reference Material. We describe the data assemblage, quality control and some potential uses of this dataset.
Pierre L'Hégaret, Florian Schütte, Sabrina Speich, Gilles Reverdin, Dariusz B. Baranowski, Rena Czeschel, Tim Fischer, Gregory R. Foltz, Karen J. Heywood, Gerd Krahmann, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Philippe Le Bot, Stéphane Leizour, Callum Rollo, Michael Schlundt, Elizabeth Siddle, Corentin Subirade, Dongxiao Zhang, and Johannes Karstensen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1801–1830, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1801-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1801-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In early 2020, the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC experiment took place in the northwestern Tropical Atlantic Ocean, a dynamical region where different water masses interact. Four oceanographic vessels and a fleet of autonomous devices were deployed to study the processes at play and sample the upper ocean, each with its own observing capability. The article first describes the data calibration and validation and second their cross-validation, using a hierarchy of instruments and estimating the uncertainty.
Adriana Bailey, Franziska Aemisegger, Leonie Villiger, Sebastian A. Los, Gilles Reverdin, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Claudia Acquistapace, Dariusz B. Baranowski, Tobias Böck, Sandrine Bony, Tobias Bordsdorff, Derek Coffman, Simon P. de Szoeke, Christopher J. Diekmann, Marina Dütsch, Benjamin Ertl, Joseph Galewsky, Dean Henze, Przemyslaw Makuch, David Noone, Patricia K. Quinn, Michael Rösch, Andreas Schneider, Matthias Schneider, Sabrina Speich, Bjorn Stevens, and Elizabeth J. Thompson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 465–495, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-465-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
One of the novel ways EUREC4A set out to investigate trade wind clouds and their coupling to the large-scale circulation was through an extensive network of isotopic measurements in water vapor, precipitation, and seawater. Samples were taken from the island of Barbados, from aboard two aircraft, and from aboard four ships. This paper describes the full collection of EUREC4A isotopic in situ data and guides readers to complementary remotely sensed water vapor isotope ratios.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Luke Gregor, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Ramdane Alkama, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Lucas Gloege, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Annika Jersild, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Keith Lindsay, Junjie Liu, Zhu Liu, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Matthew J. McGrath, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Naiqing Pan, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Carmen Rodriguez, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Xiangjun Tian, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Chris Whitehead, Anna Willstrand Wranne, Rebecca Wright, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4811–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2022 describes the datasets and methodology used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, the land ecosystems, and the ocean. These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Léa Olivier, Jacqueline Boutin, Gilles Reverdin, Nathalie Lefèvre, Peter Landschützer, Sabrina Speich, Johannes Karstensen, Matthieu Labaste, Christophe Noisel, Markus Ritschel, Tobias Steinhoff, and Rik Wanninkhof
Biogeosciences, 19, 2969–2988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of the interactions between eddies and the Amazon River plume on the CO2 air–sea fluxes to better characterize the ocean carbon sink in winter 2020. The region is a strong CO2 sink, previously underestimated by a factor of 10 due to a lack of data and understanding of the processes responsible for the variability in ocean carbon parameters. The CO2 absorption is mainly driven by freshwater from the Amazon entrained by eddies and by the winter seasonal cooling.
Gilles Reverdin, Claire Waelbroeck, Catherine Pierre, Camille Akhoudas, Giovanni Aloisi, Marion Benetti, Bernard Bourlès, Magnus Danielsen, Jérôme Demange, Denis Diverrès, Jean-Claude Gascard, Marie-Noëlle Houssais, Hervé Le Goff, Pascale Lherminier, Claire Lo Monaco, Herlé Mercier, Nicolas Metzl, Simon Morisset, Aïcha Naamar, Thierry Reynaud, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Virginie Thierry, Susan E. Hartman, Edward W. Mawji, Solveig Olafsdottir, Torsten Kanzow, Anton Velo, Antje Voelker, Igor Yashayaev, F. Alexander Haumann, Melanie J. Leng, Carol Arrowsmith, and Michael Meredith
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2721–2735, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2721-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2721-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The CISE-LOCEAN seawater stable isotope dataset has close to 8000 data entries. The δ18O and δD isotopic data measured at LOCEAN have uncertainties of at most 0.05 ‰ and 0.25 ‰, respectively. Some data were adjusted to correct for evaporation. The internal consistency indicates that the data can be used to investigate time and space variability to within 0.03 ‰ and 0.15 ‰ in δ18O–δD17; comparisons with data analyzed in other institutions suggest larger differences with other datasets.
Nicolas Metzl, Claire Lo Monaco, Coraline Leseurre, Céline Ridame, Jonathan Fin, Claude Mignon, Marion Gehlen, and Thi Tuyet Trang Chau
Biogeosciences, 19, 1451–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1451-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1451-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
During an oceanographic cruise conducted in January 2020 in the south-western Indian Ocean, we observed very low CO2 concentrations associated with a strong phytoplankton bloom that occurred south-east of Madagascar. This biological event led to a strong regional CO2 ocean sink not previously observed.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Claudia Christine Stephan, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, Hugo Bellenger, Simon P. de Szoeke, Claudia Acquistapace, Katharina Baier, Thibaut Dauhut, Rémi Laxenaire, Yanmichel Morfa-Avalos, Renaud Person, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Tobias Böck, Alton Daley, Johannes Güttler, Kevin C. Helfer, Sebastian A. Los, Almuth Neuberger, Johannes Röttenbacher, Andreas Raeke, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Pauline Sadoulet, Imke Schirmacher, M. Katharina Stolla, Ethan Wright, Benjamin Charpentier, Alexis Doerenbecher, Richard Wilson, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Gilles Reverdin, Sabrina Speich, Sandrine Bony, and Bjorn Stevens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 491–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-491-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-491-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign took place in the western tropical Atlantic during January and February 2020. A total of 811 radiosondes, launched regularly (usually 4-hourly) from Barbados, and 4 ships measured wind, temperature, and relative humidity. They sampled atmospheric variability associated with different ocean surface conditions, synoptic variability, and mesoscale convective organization. The methods of data collection and post-processing for the radiosonde data are described here.
Anastasiia Tarasenko, Alexandre Supply, Nikita Kusse-Tiuz, Vladimir Ivanov, Mikhail Makhotin, Jean Tournadre, Bertrand Chapron, Jacqueline Boutin, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, and Gilles Reverdin
Ocean Sci., 17, 221–247, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-221-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-221-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Data from the ARKTIKA-2018 expedition and new satellite data help us to follow rapid changes in the upper layer of the Laptev and East Siberian seas (LS, ESS) in summer 2018. With satellite-derived surface temperature, an improved SMOS salinity, and wind, we study how the fresh river water is mixed with cold sea water and ice-melted water at small time and spatial scales. The wind pushes fresh water northward and northeastward, close to and under the ice, forcing it into the deep Arctic Ocean.
Cited articles
Auger, M., Morrow, R., Kestenare, E., Sallée, J.-B., and Cowley, R.:
Southern Ocean in-situ temperature trends over 25 years emerge from interannual variability, Nat. Commun., 12, 514, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20781-1, 2021.
Bakker, D. C. E., Nielsdóttir, M. C., Morris, P. J., Venables, H. J., and Watson, A. J.:
The island mass effect and biological carbon uptake for the subantarctic Crozet Archipelago, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 2174–2190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.009, 2007.
Bakker, D. C. E., Hoppema, M., Schröder, M., Geibert, W., and de Baar, H. J. W.:
A rapid transition from ice covered
Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C. S., Metzl, N., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S. D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S. R., Balestrini, C. F., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bianchi, A. A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E. F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ibánhez, J. S. P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lo Monaco, C., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F. J., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K. F., Sutherland, S. C., Sutton, A. J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A. J., and Xu, S.:
A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016.
Bakker, D. C. E., Alin, S. R., Bates, N., Becker, M., Castaño-Primo, R., Cosca, C. E., Cronin, M., Kadono, K., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., Metzl, N., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S., O'Brien, K. M., Ólafsson, J., Olsen, A., Pfeil, B., Pierrot, D., Smith, K., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wanninkhof, R., Andersson, A., Atamanchuk, D., Benoit-Cattin, A., Bott, R., Burger, E. F., Cai, W.-J., Cantoni, C., Collins, A., Corredor, J. E., Cronin, M. F., Cross, J. N., Currie, K. I., De Carlo, E. H., DeGrandpre, M. D., Dietrich, C., Emerson, S., Enright, M. P., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., García-Ibáñez, M. I., Gkritzalis, T., Glockzin, M., Hales, B., Hartman, S. E., Hashida, G., Herndon, J., Howden, S. D., Humphreys, M. P., Hunt, C. W., Jones, S. D., Kim, S., Kitidis, V., Landa, C. S., Landschützer, P., Lebon, G. T., Lefèvre, N., Lo Monaco, C., Luchetta, A., Maenner Jones, S., Manke, A. B., Manzello, D. P., Mears, P., Mickett, J., Monacci, N. M., Morell, J. M., Musielewicz, S., Newberger, T., Newton, J., Noakes, S., Noh, J.-H., Nojiri, Y., Ohman, M., Ólafsdóttir, S. R., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Osborne, J., Plueddemann, A. J., Rehder, G., Sabine, C. L., Salisbury, J. E., Schlitzer, R., Send, U., Skjelvan, I., Sparnocchia, S., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sutherland, S. C., Sweeney, C., Tadokoro, K., Tanhua, T., Telszewski, M., Tomlinson, M., Tribollet, A., Trull, T., Vandemark, D., Wada, C., Wallace, D. W. R., Weller, R. A., and Woosley, R. J.: Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database Version 2020 (SOCATv2020) (NCEI Accession 0210711), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/4xkx-ss49, 2020.
Bakker, D. C. E., Alin, S. R., Castaño-Primo, R., Cronin, M., Gkritzalis, T., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., Metzl, N., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Pfeil, B., Pierrot, D., Rodriguez, C., Steinhoff, T., Sutton, A. J., Tilbrook, B., Wanninkhof, R., Willstrand Wranne, A., Ahmed, M., Andersson, A., Apelthun, L. B., Bates, N., Battisti, R., Beaumont, L., Becker, M., Benoit-Cattin, A., Berghoff, C. F., Boutin, J., Burger, E. F., Burgers, T. M., Cantoni, C., Cattrijsse, A., Chierici, M., Cross, J. N., Coppola, L., Cosca, C. E., Currie, K. I., De Carlo, E. H., Else, B., Enright, M. P., Ericson, Y., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fiedler, B., Fransson, A., García-Ibáñez, M. I., Gehrung, M., Glockzin, M., González-Dávila, M., Gutekunst, S., Hermes, R., Humphreys, M. P., Hunt, C. W., Ibánhez, J. S. P., Jones, S. D., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Kosugi, N., Landa, C. S., Landschützer, P., Lefèvre, N., Lo Monaco, C., Luchetta, A., Lutz, V. A., Macovei, V. A., Manke, A. B., Merlivat, L., Millero, F. J., Monacci, N. M., Negri, R. M., Newberger, T., Newton, J., Nickford, S. E., Nojiri, Y., Ohman, M., Ólafsdóttir, S. R., Sweeney, C., Ono, T., Palter, J. B., Papakyriakou, T., Peterson, W. T., Plueddemann, A. J., Qi, D., Rehder, G., Ritschel, M., Rutgersson, A., Sabine, C. L., Salisbury, J. E., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Schlitzer, R., Send, U., Skjelvan, I., Smith, K., Sparnocchia, S., Sullivan, K. F., Sutherland, S. C., Szuts, Z. B., Tadokoro, K., Tanhua, T., Telszewski, Ma., Theetaert, H., Vandemark, D., Voynova, Y. G., Wada, C., Weller, R. A., and Woosley, R. J.: Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database Version 2021 (SOCATv2021) (NCEI Accesion 0235360), NOAA National Centers for Envrionmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/yg69-jd96, 2021.
Balch, W. M., Bates, N. R., Lam, P. J., Twining, B. S., Rosengard, S. Z., Bowler, B. C., Drapeau, D. T., Garley, R., Lubelczyk, L. C., Mitchell, C., and Rauschenberg, S.:
Factors regulating the Great Calcite Belt in the Southern Ocean and its biogeochemical significance, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 1124–1144, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005414, 2016.
Bates, N., Astor, Y., Church, M., Currie, K., Dore, J., Gonaález-Dávila, M., Lorenzoni, L., Muller-Karger, F., Olafsson, J., and Santa-Casiano, M.:
A Time-Series View of Changing Ocean Chemistry Due to Ocean Uptake of Anthropogenic CO2 and Ocean Acidification, Oceanography, 27, 126–141, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.16, 2014.
Benson, B. B. and Krause, D.:
The concentration and isotopic fractionation of gases dissolved in freshwater in equilibrium with the atmosphere. 1. Oxygen, Limnol. Oceanogr., 25, 662–671, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1980.25.4.0662, 1980.
Blain, S., Quéguiner, B., Armand, L., Belviso, S., Bombled, B., Bopp, L., Bowie, A., Brunet, C., Brussaard, C., Carlotti, F., Christaki, U., Corbière, A., Durand, I., Ebersbach, F., Fuda, J.-L., Garcia, N., Gerringa, L., Griffiths, B., Guigue, C., Guillerm, C., Jacquet, S., Jeandel, C., Laan, P., Lefèvre, D., Lo Monaco, C., Malits, A., Mosseri, J., Obernosterer, I., Park, Y.-H., Picheral, M., Pondaven, P., Remenyi, T., Sandroni, V., Sarthou, G., Savoye, N., Scouarnec, L., Souhaut, M., Thuiller, D., Timmermans, K., Trull, T., Uitz, J., van Beek, P., Veldhuis, M., Vincent, D., Viollier, E., Vong, L., and Wagener, T.:
Effect of natural iron fertilization on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean, Nature, 446, 1070–1074, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05700, 2007.
Blain, S., Quéguiner, B., and Trull, T.:
The natural iron fertilization experiment KEOPS (KErguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study): An overview, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 559–565, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.01.002, 2008.
Bopp, L., Resplandy, L., Orr, J. C., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P., Gehlen, M., Halloran, P., Heinze, C., Ilyina, T., Séférian, R., Tjiputra, J., and Vichi, M.:
Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models, Biogeosciences, 10, 6225–6245, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013, 2013.
Borrione, I. and Schlitzer, R.:
Distribution and recurrence of phytoplankton blooms around South Georgia, Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 10, 217–231, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-217-2013, 2013.
Brewer, P. G.:
Direct observation of the oceanic CO2 increase, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 997–1000, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL005i012p00997, 1978.
Broullón, D., Pérez, F. F., Velo, A., Hoppema, M., Olsen, A., Takahashi, T., Key, R. M., Tanhua, T., Santana-Casiano, J. M., and Kozyr, A.:
A global monthly climatology of oceanic total dissolved inorganic carbon: a neural network approach, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1725–1743, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1725-2020, 2020.
Brown, M. S., Munro, D. R., Feehan, C. J., Sweeney, C., Ducklow, H. W., and Schofield, O. M.:
Enhanced oceanic CO2 uptake along the rapidly changing West Antarctic Peninsula, Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 678–683, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0552-3, 2019.
Bushinsky, S. M., Landschützer, P., Rödenbeck, C., Gray, A. R., Baker, D., Mazloff, M. R., Resplandy, L., Johnson, K. S., and Sarmiento, J. L.:
Reassessing Southern Ocean Air-Sea CO2 Flux Estimates With the Addition of Biogeochemical Float Observations, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 33, 1370–1388, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006176, 2019.
Canadell, J. G., Monteiro, P. M. S., Costa, M. H., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Cox, P. M., Eliseev, A. V., Henson, S., Ishii, M., Jaccard, S.,
Koven, C., Lohila, A., Patra, P. K., Piao, S., Rogelj, J., Syampungani, S., Zaehle, S., and Zickfeld, K.: Global Carbon and
other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks, in: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of
Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 673–816, 2021.
Carpenter, J. H.:
The Accuracy of the Winkler Method for Dissolved Oxygen Analysis, Limnol. Oceanogr., 10, 135–140, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1965.10.1.0135, 1965.
Chau, T. T. T., Gehlen, M., and Chevallier, F.:
QUALITY INFORMATION DOCUMENT for Global Ocean Surface Carbon Product MULTIOBS_GLO_BIO_CARBON_SURFACE_REP_015_008, Res. Rap. Lab. Sci. Clim. Environ., 25, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02957656 (last access: 27 January 2022), 2020.
Chau, T. T. T., Gehlen, M., and Chevallier, F.:
A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans, Biogeosciences, 19, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022, 2022.
Chen, G.-T. and Millero, F. J.:
Gradual increase of oceanic CO2, Nature, 277, 205, https://doi.org/10.1038/277205a0, 1979.
Copin-Montegut, C.:
A new formula for the effect of temperature on the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater, Mar. Chem., 25, 29–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(88)90012-6, 1988.
Copin-Montegut, C.:
A new formula for the effect of temperature on the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater, Corrigendum, Mar. Chem., 27, 143–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(89)90034-0, 1989.
Coverly, S. C., Aminot, A., and Kérouel, R.:
Nutrients in Seawater Using Segmented Flow Analysis, in: Practical Guidelines for the Analysis of Seawater, 1st Edn., CRC Press, 143–178, 2009.
de Baar, H. J. W., Boyd, P. W., Coale, K. H., Landry, M. R., Tsuda, A., Assmy, P., Bakker, D. C. E., Bozec, Y., Barber, R. T., Brzezinski, M. A., Buesseler, K. O., Boyé, M., Croot, P. L., Gervais, F., Gorbunov, M. Y., Harrison, P. J., Hiscock, W. T., Laan, P., Lancelot, C., Law, C. S., Levasseur, M., Marchetti, A., Millero, F. J., Nishioka, J., Nojiri, Y., Oijen, T. van, Riebesell, U., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Saito, H., Takeda, S., Timmermans, K. R., Veldhuis, M. J. W., Waite, A. M., and Wong, C.-S.:
Synthesis of iron fertilization experiments: From the Iron Age in the Age of Enlightenment, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 110, C09S16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002601, 2005.
Dickson, A. G.:
Standard potential of the reaction: AgCl(s) +
Dickson, A. G. and Millero, F. J.:
A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media, Deep-Sea Res., 34, 1733–1743, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90021-5, 1987.
Doney, S. C., Fabry, V. J., Feely, R. A., and Kleypas, J. A.:
Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 169–192, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834, 2009.
Edmond, J. M.:
High precision determination of titration alkalinity and total carbon dioxide content of sea water by potentiometric titration, Deep Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr., 17, 737–750, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(70)90038-0, 1970.
Fay, A. R. and McKinley, G. A.:
Global trends in surface ocean pCO2 from in situ data, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 27, 541–557, https://doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20051, 2013.
Fay, A. R. and McKinley, G. A.:
Global open-ocean biomes: mean and temporal variability, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 273–284, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-273-2014, 2014.
Fay, A. R., Lovenduski, N. S., McKinley, G. A., Munro, D. R., Sweeney, C., Gray, A. R., Landschützer, P., Stephens, B. B., Takahashi, T., and Williams, N.:
Utilizing the Drake Passage Time-series to understand variability and change in subpolar Southern Ocean pCO2, Biogeosciences, 15, 3841–3855, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018, 2018.
Freeman, N. M. and Lovenduski, N. S.:
Decreased calcification in the Southern Ocean over the satellite record, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1834–1840, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062769, 2015.
Friis, K., Körtzinger, A., and Wallace, D. W. R.:
The salinity normalization of marine inorganic carbon chemistry data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1085, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015898, 2003.
GLODAP: Global Ocean Data Analysis Project, http://www.glodap.info, last access: 23 March 2022.
Gray, A. R., Johnson, K. S., Bushinsky, S. M., Riser, S. C., Russell, J. L., Talley, L. D., Wanninkhof, R., Williams, N. L., and Sarmiento, J. L.:
Autonomous Biogeochemical Floats Detect Significant Carbon Dioxide Outgassing in the High-Latitude Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 9049–9057, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078013, 2018.
Gregg, W. W. and Rousseaux, C. S.:
Decadal trends in global pelagic ocean chlorophyll: A new assessment integrating multiple satellites, in situ data, and models, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 5921–5933, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010158, 2014.
Gregor, L. and Gruber, N.:
OceanSODA-ETHZ: a global gridded data set of the surface ocean carbonate system for seasonal to decadal studies of ocean acidification, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 777–808, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-777-2021, 2021.
Gregor, L., Kok, S., and Monteiro, P. M. S.:
Interannual drivers of the seasonal cycle of CO2 in the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 15, 2361–2378, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, 2018.
Gruber, N., Clement, D., Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Heuven, S. van, Hoppema, M., Ishii, M., Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., Lo Monaco, C., Mathis, J. T., Murata, A., Olsen, A., Perez, F. F., Sabine, C. L., Tanhua, T., and Wanninkhof, R.:
The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007, Science, 363, 1193–1199, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5153, 2019a.
Gruber, N., Landschützer, P., and Lovenduski, N. S.:
The Variable Southern Ocean Carbon Sink, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 11, 159–186, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063407, 2019b.
Hartmann, D. L., Klein Tank, A. M. G., Rusticucci, M., Alexander, L. V., Brönnimann, S., Charabi, Y., Dentener, F. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Easterling, D. R., Kaplan, A., Soden, B. J., Thorne, P. W., Wild, M., and Zhai, P. M.:
Observations: Atmosphere and Surface, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 159–254, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.008, 2013.
Hauck, J., Völker, C., Wang, T., Hoppema, M., Losch, M., and Wolf-Gladrow, D. A.:
Seasonally different carbon flux changes in the Southern Ocean in response to the southern annular mode, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 27, 1236–1245, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004600, 2013.
Hauck, J., Zeising, M., Le Quéré, C., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E., Bopp, L., Chau, T. T. T., Gürses, Ö., Ilyina, T., Landschützer, P., Lenton, A., Resplandy, L., Rödenbeck, C., Schwinger, J., and Séférian, R.:
Consistency and Challenges in the Ocean Carbon Sink Estimate for the Global Carbon Budget, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 852, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.571720, 2020.
Hauri, C., Friedrich, T., and Timmermann, A.:
Abrupt onset and prolongation of aragonite undersaturation events in the Southern Ocean, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 172–176, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2844, 2016.
Iida, Y., Takatani, Y., Kojima, A., and Ishii, M.:
Global trends of ocean CO2 sink and ocean acidification: an observation-based reconstruction of surface ocean inorganic carbon variables, J. Oceanogr., 77, 323–358, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-020-00571-5, 2021.
Ishii, M., Inoue, H. Y., Matsueda, H., and Tanoue, E.:
Close coupling between seasonal biological production and dynamics of dissolved inorganic carbon in the Indian Ocean sector and the western Pacific Ocean sector of the Antarctic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 45, 1187–1209, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00010-7, 1998.
Jabaud-Jan, A., Metzl, N., Brunet, C., Poisson, A., and Schauer, B.:
Interannual variability of the carbon dioxide system in the southern Indian Ocean (20∘ S–60∘ S): The impact of a warm anomaly in austral summer 1998, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB002017, 2004.
Jiang, L.-Q., Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Lauvset, S. K., and Olsen, A.:
Surface ocean pH and buffer capacity: past, present and future, Sci. Rep.-UK, 9, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55039-4, 2019.
Jones, E. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Venables, H. J., and Watson, A. J.:
Dynamic seasonal cycling of inorganic carbon downstream of South Georgia, Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 59–60, 25–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.08.001, 2012.
Jouandet, M. P., Blain, S., Metzl, N., Brunet, C., Trull, T. W., and Obernosterer, I.:
A seasonal carbon budget for a naturally iron-fertilized bloom over the Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 856–867, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.12.037, 2008.
Keeling, C. D., Brix, H., and Gruber, N.:
Seasonal and long-term dynamics of the upper ocean carbon cycle at Station ALOHA near Hawaii, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB4006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002227, 2004.
Keppler, L. and Landschützer, P.:
Regional Wind Variability Modulates the Southern Ocean Carbon Sink, Sci. Rep.-UK, 9, 7384, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43826-y, 2019.
Kessler, A. and Tjiputra, J.:
The Southern Ocean as a constraint to reduce uncertainty in future ocean carbon sinks, Earth Syst. Dynam., 7, 295–312, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-295-2016, 2016.
Key, R. M., Olsen, A., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Perez, F. F., and Suzuki, T.: Global Ocean Data Analysis Project, Version 2 (GLODAPv2), ORNL/CDIAC-162, ND-P093. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 2015.
Khatiwala, S., Primeau, F., and Hall, T.:
Reconstruction of the history of anthropogenic CO2 concentrations in the ocean, Nature, 462, 346–349, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08526, 2009.
Körtzinger, A., Mintrop, L., and Duinker, J. C.:
On the penetration of anthropogenic CO2 into the North Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 103, 18681–18689, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JC01737, 1998.
Körtzinger, A., Hedges, J. I., and Quay, P. D.:
Redfield ratios revisited: Removing the biasing effect of anthropogenic CO2, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 964–970, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2001.46.4.0964, 2001.
Kwiatkowski, L., Torres, O., Bopp, L., Aumont, O., Chamberlain, M., Christian, J. R., Dunne, J. P., Gehlen, M., Ilyina, T., John, J. G., Lenton, A., Li, H., Lovenduski, N. S., Orr, J. C., Palmieri, J., Santana-Falcón, Y., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Stock, C. A., Tagliabue, A., Takano, Y., Tjiputra, J., Toyama, K., Tsujino, H., Watanabe, M., Yamamoto, A., Yool, A., and Ziehn, T.:
Twenty-first century ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and upper-ocean nutrient and primary production decline from CMIP6 model projections, Biogeosciences, 17, 3439–3470, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3439-2020, 2020.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Haumann, F. A., Rödenbeck, C., Bakker, D. C. E., Heuven, S. van, Hoppema, M., Metzl, N., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., and Wanninkhof, R.:
The reinvigoration of the Southern Ocean carbon sink, Science, 349, 1221–1224, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2620, 2015.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., and Bakker, D. C. E.:
Decadal variations and trends of the global ocean carbon sink, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 1396–1417, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005359, 2016.
Lauvset, S. K., Gruber, N., Landschützer, P., Olsen, A., and Tjiputra, J.:
Trends and drivers in global surface ocean pH over the past 3 decades, Biogeosciences, 12, 1285–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1285-2015, 2015.
Le Quéré, C., Rödenbeck, C., Buitenhuis, E. T., Conway, T. J., Langenfelds, R., Gomez, A., Labuschagne, C., Ramonet, M., Nakazawa, T., Metzl, N., Gillett, N., and Heimann, M.:
Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO2 Sink Due to Recent Climate Change, Science, 316, 1735–1738, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136188, 2007.
Lee, K., Tong, L. T., Millero, F. J., Sabine, C. L., Dickson, A. G., Goyet, C., Park, G.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., and Key, R. M.:
Global relationships of total alkalinity with salinity and temperature in surface waters of the world's oceans, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027207, 2006.
Lenton, A. and Matear, R. J.:
Role of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in Southern Ocean CO2 uptake, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB2016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002714, 2007.
Lenton, A., Codron, F., Bopp, L., Metzl, N., Cadule, P., Tagliabue, A., and Le Sommer, J.:
Stratospheric ozone depletion reduces ocean carbon uptake and enhances ocean acidification, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038227, 2009.
Lenton, A., Metzl, N., Takahashi, T., Kuchinke, M., Matear, R. J., Roy, T., Sutherland, S. C., Sweeney, C., and Tilbrook, B.:
The observed evolution of oceanic pCO2 and its drivers over the last two decades, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004095, 2012.
Lenton, A., Tilbrook, B., Law, R. M., Bakker, D., Doney, S. C., Gruber, N., Ishii, M., Hoppema, M., Lovenduski, N. S., Matear, R. J., McNeil, B. I., Metzl, N., Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Monteiro, P. M. S., Rödenbeck, C., Sweeney, C., and Takahashi, T.:
Sea–air CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean for the period 1990–2009, Biogeosciences, 10, 4037–4054, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4037-2013, 2013.
Leseurre, C., Lo Monaco, C., Reverdin, G., Metzl, N., Fin, J., Olafsdottir, S., and Racapé, V.:
Ocean carbonate system variability in the North Atlantic Subpolar surface water (1993–2017), Biogeosciences, 17, 2553–2577, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2553-2020, 2020.
Lewis, E., Wallace, D., and Allison, L. J.:
Program developed for CO2 system calculations, Brookhaven National Lab., Dept. of Applied Science, Upton, NY (USA), Oak Ridge National Lab., Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, TN (USA), https://doi.org/10.2172/639712, 1998.
Lo Monaco, C., Metzl, N., Poisson, A., Brunet, C., and Schauer, B.:
Anthropogenic CO2 in the Southern Ocean: Distribution and inventory at the Indian-Atlantic boundary (World Ocean Circulation Experiment line I6), J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 110, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002643, 2005a.
Lo Monaco, C., Goyet, C., Metzl, N., Poisson, A., and Touratier, F.:
Distribution and inventory of anthropogenic CO2 in the Southern Ocean: Comparison of three data-based methods, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 110, C09S02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002571, 2005b.
Lo Monaco, C., Álvarez, M., Key, R. M., Lin, X., Tanhua, T., Tilbrook, B., Bakker, D. C. E., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Metzl, N., Ríos, A. F., Sabine, C. L., and Velo, A.:
Assessing the internal consistency of the CARINA database in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 2, 51–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-51-2010, 2010.
Lo Monaco, C., Metzl, N., D'Ovidio, F., Llort, J., and Ridame, C.:
Rapid establishment of the CO2 sink associated with Kerguelen's bloom observed during the KEOPS2/OISO20 cruise, Biogeosciences Discuss., 11, 17543–17578, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-17543-2014, 2014.
Lo Monaco, C., Metzl, N., Fin, J., Mignon, C., Cuet, P., Douville, E., Gehlen, M., Chau, T. T. T., and Tribollet, A.:
Distribution and long-term change of the sea surface carbonate system in the Mozambique Channel (1963–2019), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 186–188, 104936, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2021.104936, 2021.
Long, M. C., Stephens, B. B., McKain, K., Sweeney, C., Keeling, R. F., Kort, E. A., Morgan, E. J., Bent, J. D., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Commane, R., Daube, B. C., Krummel, P. B., Loh, Z., Luijkx, I. T., Munro, D., Patra, P., Peters, W., Ramonet, M., Rödenbeck, C., Stavert, A., Tans, P., and Wofsy, S. C.:
Strong Southern Ocean carbon uptake evident in airborne observations, Science, 374, 1275–1280, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi4355, 2021.
Lourantou, A. and Metzl, N.:
Decadal evolution of carbon sink within a strong bloom area in the subantarctic zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049614, 2011.
Lovenduski, N. S., Gruber, N., Doney, S. C., and Lima, I. D.:
Enhanced CO2 outgassing in the Southern Ocean from a positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB2026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002900, 2007.
Mackay, N. and Watson, A.:
Winter Air–Sea CO2 Fluxes Constructed From Summer Observations of the Polar Southern Ocean Suggest Weak Outgassing, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC016600, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016600, 2021.
Mahieu, L., Lo Monaco, C., Metzl, N., Fin, J., and Mignon, C.:
Variability and stability of anthropogenic CO2 in Antarctic Bottom Water observed in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, 1978–2018, Ocean Sci., 16, 1559–1576, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1559-2020, 2020.
Martin, J. H., Fitzwater, S. E., and Gordon, R. M.:
Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in Antarctic waters, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 4, 5–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/GB004i001p00005, 1990.
McNeil, B. I. and Matear, R. J.:
Southern Ocean acidification: A tipping point at 450-ppm atmospheric CO2, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 18860–18864, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806318105, 2008.
McNeil, B. I., Tilbrook, B., and Matear, R. J.:
Accumulation and uptake of anthropogenic CO2 in the Southern Ocean, south of Australia between 1968 and 1996, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 106, 31431–31445, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000331, 2001.
Mehrbach, C., Culberson, C. H., Hawley, J. E., and Pytkowicx, R. M.:
Measurement of the Apparent Dissociation Constants of Carbonic Acid in Seawater at Atmospheric Pressure1, Limnol. Oceanogr., 18, 897–907, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1973.18.6.0897, 1973.
Metzl, N.:
Decadal increase of oceanic carbon dioxide in Southern Indian Ocean surface waters (1991–2007), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 607–619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.007, 2009.
Metzl, N., Brunet, C., Jabaud-Jan, A., Poisson, A., and Schauer, B.:
Summer and winter air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 53, 1548–1563, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2006.07.006, 2006.
Midorikawa, T., Ishii, M., Saito, S., Sasano, D., Kosugi, N., Motoi, T., Kamiya, H., Nakadate, A., Nemoto, K., and Inoue, H. Y.:
Decreasing pH trend estimated from 25-yr time series of carbonate parameters in the western North Pacific, Tellus B, 62, 649–659, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00474.x, 2010.
Midorikawa, T., Inoue, H. Y., Ishii, M., Sasano, D., Kosugi, N., Hashida, G., Nakaoka, S., and Suzuki, T.:
Decreasing pH trend estimated from 35-year time series of carbonate parameters in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean in summer, Deep-Sea Res., 61, 131–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.12.003, 2012.
Millero, F. J., Lee, K., and Roche, M.:
Distribution of alkalinity in the surface waters of the major oceans, Mar. Chem., 60, 111–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00084-4, 1998.
Minas, H. and Minas, M.:
Net community production in high nutrient-low chlorophyll waters of the tropical and antarctic oceans – grazing vs iron hypothesis, Oceanol. Acta, 15, 145–162, 1992.
Mongwe, N. P., Vichi, M., and Monteiro, P. M. S.:
The seasonal cycle of pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean: diagnosing anomalies in CMIP5 Earth system models, Biogeosciences, 15, 2851–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, 2018.
Moore, J. K. and Abbott, M. R.:
Phytoplankton chlorophyll distributions and primary production in the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 105, 28709–28722, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC000043, 2000.
Munro, D. R., Lovenduski, N. S., Takahashi, T., Stephens, B. B., Newberger, T., and Sweeney, C.:
Recent evidence for a strengthening CO2 sink in the Southern Ocean from carbonate system measurements in the Drake Passage (2002–2015), Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 7623–7630, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065194, 2015.
Murphy, J. and Riley, J. P.:
A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters, Anal. Chim. Acta, 27, 31–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5, 1962.
NOAA: The OISO Lines, NOAA [data set], https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/VOS_Program/OISO.html, last access: 30 April 2020.
Olsen, A., Key, R. M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Pérez, F. F., and Suzuki, T.:
The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2) – an internally consistent data product for the world ocean, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 297–323, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-297-2016, 2016.
Olsen, A., Lange, N., Key, R. M., Tanhua, T., Álvarez, M., Becker, S., Bittig, H. C., Carter, B. R., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Feely, R. A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Ishii, M., Jeansson, E., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Karlsen, M. K., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., Lo Monaco, C., Murata, A., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Schirnick, C., Steinfeldt, R., Suzuki, T., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Velo, A., and Wanninkhof, R.:
GLODAPv2.2019 – an update of GLODAPv2, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1437–1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1437-2019, 2019.
Orr, J. C., Fabry, V. J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Feely, R. A., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Key, R. M., Lindsay, K., Maier-Reimer, E., Matear, R., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Najjar, R. G., Plattner, G.-K., Rodgers, K. B., Sabine, C. L., Sarmiento, J. L., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R. D., Totterdell, I. J., Weirig, M.-F., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A.:
Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms, Nature, 437, 681–686, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04095, 2005.
Orr, J. C., Epitalon, J.-M., Dickson, A. G., and Gattuso, J.-P.:
Routine uncertainty propagation for the marine carbon dioxide system, Mar. Chem., 207, 84–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.10.006, 2018.
Pardo, P. C., Pérez, F. F., Khatiwala, S., and Ríos, A. F.:
Anthropogenic CO2 estimates in the Southern Ocean: Storage partitioning in the different water masses, Prog. Oceanogr., 120, 230–242, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.09.005, 2014.
Pardo, P. C., Tilbrook, B., Langlais, C., Trull, T. W., and Rintoul, S. R.:
Carbon uptake and biogeochemical change in the Southern Ocean, south of Tasmania, Biogeosciences, 14, 5217–5237, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5217-2017, 2017.
Park, Y.-H., Gamberoni, L., and Charriaud, E.:
Frontal structure, water masses, and circulation in the Crozet Basin, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 98, 12361–12385, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JC00938, 1993.
Pauthenet, E., Roquet, F., Madec, G., Guinet, C., Hindell, M., McMahon, C. R., Harcourt, R., and Nerini, D.:
Seasonal Meandering of the Polar Front Upstream of the Kerguelen Plateau, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 9774–9781, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079614, 2018.
Pellichero, V., Boutin, J., Claustre, H., Merlivat, L., Sallée, J.-B., and Blain, S.:
Relaxation of Wind Stress Drives the Abrupt Onset of Biological Carbon Uptake in the Kerguelen Bloom: A Multisensor Approach, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL085992, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085992, 2020.
Pérez, F. F., Olafsson, J., Ólafsdóttir, S. R., Fontela, M., and Takahashi, T.:
Contrasting drivers and trends of ocean acidification in the subarctic Atlantic, Sci. Rep.-UK, 11, 13991, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93324-3, 2021.
Pfeil, B., Olsen, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Hankin, S., Koyuk, H., Kozyr, A., Malczyk, J., Manke, A., Metzl, N., Sabine, C. L., Akl, J., Alin, S. R., Bates, N., Bellerby, R. G. J., Borges, A., Boutin, J., Brown, P. J., Cai, W.-J., Chavez, F. P., Chen, A., Cosca, C., Fassbender, A. J., Feely, R. A., González-Dávila, M., Goyet, C., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N., Heinze, C., Hood, M., Hoppema, M., Hunt, C. W., Hydes, D., Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Jones, S. D., Key, R. M., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lourantou, A., Merlivat, L., Midorikawa, T., Mintrop, L., Miyazaki, C., Murata, A., Nakadate, A., Nakano, Y., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Omar, A. M., Padin, X. A., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Perez, F. F., Pierrot, D., Poisson, A., Ríos, A. F., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schuster, U., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Suzuki, T., Takahashi, T., Tedesco, K., Telszewski, M., Thomas, H., Tilbrook, B., Tjiputra, J., Vandemark, D., Veness, T., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A. J., Weiss, R., Wong, C. S., and Yoshikawa-Inoue, H.:
A uniform, quality controlled Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 125–143, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-125-2013, 2013.
Planquette, H., Statham, P. J., Fones, G. R., Charette, M. A., Moore, C. M., Salter, I., Nédélec, F. H., Taylor, S. L., French, M., Baker, A. R., Mahowald, N., and Jickells, T. D.:
Dissolved iron in the vicinity of the Crozet Islands, Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 1999–2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.019, 2007.
Poisson, A. and Chen, C.-T. A.:
Why is there little anthropogenic CO2 in the Antarttic bottom water?, Deep-Sea Res., 34, 1255–1275, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90075-6, 1987.
Poisson, A., Metzl, N., Brunet, C., Schauer, B., Bres, B., Ruiz-Pino, D., and Louanchi, F.:
Variability of sources and sinks of CO2 in the western Indian and southern oceans during the year 1991, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 98, 22759–22778, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JC02501, 1993.
Pollard, R., Sanders, R., Lucas, M., and Statham, P.:
The Crozet Natural Iron Bloom and Export Experiment (CROZEX), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 1905–1914, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.07.023, 2007.
Ritter, R., Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Fay, A. R., Iida, Y., Jones, S., Nakaoka, S., Park, G.-H., Peylin, P., Rödenbeck, C., Rodgers, K. B., Shutler, J. D., and Zeng, J.:
Observation-Based Trends of the Southern Ocean Carbon Sink, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 12,339-12,348, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074837, 2017.
Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J. L., Wanninkhof, R., Wong, C. S., Wallace, D. W. R., Tilbrook, B., Millero, F. J., Peng, T.-H., Kozyr, A., Ono, T., and Rios, A. F.:
The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2, Science, 305, 367–371, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097403, 2004.
Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Millero, F. J., Dickson, A. G., Langdon, C., Mecking, S., and Greeley, D.:
Decadal changes in Pacific carbon, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C07021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004577, 2008.
Sanial, V., van Beek, P., Lansard, B., d'Ovidio, F., Kestenare, E., Souhaut, M., Zhou, M., and Blain, S.:
Study of the phytoplankton plume dynamics off the Crozet Islands (Southern Ocean): A geochemical-physical coupled approach, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 2227–2237, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009305, 2014.
Sasse, T. P., McNeil, B. I., Matear, R. J., and Lenton, A.:
Quantifying the influence of CO2 seasonality on future aragonite undersaturation onset, Biogeosciences, 12, 6017–6031, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6017-2015, 2015.
Schlitzer, R.:
Ocean Data View, AWI, http://odv.awi.de, last access: 6 January 2021.
Strickland, J. D. H. and Parsons, T. R.:
A Practical Hand Book of Seawater Analysis. Ficheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin, 2nd edn., 310 pp., Ottawa, 1972.
Sutton, A. J., Williams, N. L., and Tilbrook, B.:
Constraining Southern Ocean CO2 Flux Uncertainty Using Uncrewed Surface Vehicle Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091748, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091748, 2021.
Takahashi, T., Olafsson, J., Goddard, J. G., Chipman, D. W., and Sutherland, S. C.:
Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans: A comparative study, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 7, 843–878, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB02263, 1993.
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Wanninkhof, R., Sweeney, C., Feely, R. A., Chipman, D. W., Hales, B., Friederich, G., Chavez, F., Sabine, C., Watson, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Schuster, U., Metzl, N., Yoshikawa-Inoue, H., Ishii, M., Midorikawa, T., Nojiri, Y., Körtzinger, A., Steinhoff, T., Hoppema, M., Olafsson, J., Arnarson, T. S., Tilbrook, B., Johannessen, T., Olsen, A., Bellerby, R., Wong, C. S., Delille, B., Bates, N. R., and de Baar, H. J. W.:
Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global oceans, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 554–577, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009, 2009.
Takahashi, T., Sweeney, C., Hales, B., Chipman, D., Newberger, T., Goddard, J., Iannuzzi, R., and Sutherland, S.:
The Changing Carbon Cycle in the Southern Ocean, Oceanography, 25, 26–37, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.71, 2012.
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Chipman, D. W., Goddard, J. G., Ho, C., Newberger, T., Sweeney, C., and Munro, D. R.:
Climatological distributions of pH, pCO2, total CO2, alkalinity, and CaCO3 saturation in the global surface ocean, and temporal changes at selected locations, Mar. Chem., 164, 95–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2014.06.004, 2014.
Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jones, E. M., Stöven, T., Hauck, J., Dávila, M. G., Santana-Casiano, M., Álvarez, M., and Strass, V. H.:
Temporal changes in ventilation and the carbonate system in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 138, 26–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.10.004, 2017.
Terrats, L., Claustre, H., Cornec, M., Mangin, A., and Neukermans, G.:
Detection of Coccolithophore Blooms With BioGeoChemical-Argo Floats, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL090559, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090559, 2020.
Tjiputra, J. F., Olsen, A., Bopp, L., Lenton, A., Pfeil, B., Roy, T., Segschneider, J., Totterdell, I., and Heinze, C.:
Long-term surface pCO2 trends from observations and models, Tellus B, 66, 23083, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v66.23083, 2014.
Touratier, F. and Goyet, C.:
Applying the new TrOCA approach to assess the distribution of anthropogenic CO2 in the Atlantic Ocean, J. Marine Syst.. 46, 181–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2003.11.020, 2004.
Touratier, F., Azouzi, L., and Goyet, C.:
CFC-11, Δ14C and 3H tracers as a means to assess anthropogenic CO2 concentrations in the ocean, Tellus B, 59, 318–325, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00247.x, 2007.
Tréguer, P. and Le Corre, P.:
Manuel d'analyse des sels nutritifs dans l'eau de mer (utilisation de l'autoanalyzer II Technicon R), UBO, Brest, France, 109 pp., 1975.
Tyrrell, T., Merico, A., Waniek, J. J., Wong, C. S., Metzl, N., and Whitney, F.:
Effect of seafloor depth on phytoplankton blooms in high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 110, G02007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000041, 2005.
Uppström, L. R.:
The boron/chlorinity ratio of deep-sea water from the Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr., 21, 161–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(74)90074-6, 1974.
van Heuven, S., Pierrot, D., Rae, J. W. B., Lewis, E., and Wallace, D. W. R.:
MATLAB Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations, ORNL/CDIAC-105b, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennesee, 2011.
Venables, H. J., Pollard, R. T., and Popova, E. E.:
Physical conditions controlling the development of a regular phytoplankton bloom north of the Crozet Plateau, Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 1949–1965, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.06.014, 2007.
Wanninkhof, R. and Triñanes, J.:
The impact of changing wind speeds on gas transfer and its effect on global air–sea CO2 fluxes, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 31, 961–974, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005592, 2017.
Weiss, R. F. and Price, B. A.:
Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater, Mar. Chem., 8, 347–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(80)90024-9, 1980.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO): The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), Chairperson, Publications Board, https://gcos.wmo.int/en/global-climate-indicators (last access: 14 September 2020), 2018.
Xue, L., Gao, L., Cai, W.-J., Yu, W., and Wei, M.:
Response of sea surface fugacity of CO2 to the SAM shift south of Tasmania: Regional differences, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3973–3979, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063926, 2015.
Xue, L., Cai, W.-J., Takahashi, T., Gao, L., Wanninkhof, R., Wei, M., Li, K., Feng, L., and Yu, W.:
Climatic modulation of surface acidification rates through summertime wind forcing in the Southern Ocean, Nat. Commun., 9, 3240, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05443-7, 2018.
Short summary
Decadal trends of fugacity of CO2 (fCO2), total alkalinity (AT), total carbon (CT) and pH in surface waters are investigated in different domains of the southern Indian Ocean (45°S–57°S) from ongoing and station observations regularly conducted in summer over the period 1998–2019. The fCO2 increase and pH decrease are mainly driven by anthropogenic CO2 estimated just below the summer mixed layer, as well as by a warming south of the polar front or in the fertilized waters near Kerguelen Island.
Decadal trends of fugacity of CO2 (fCO2), total alkalinity (AT), total carbon (CT) and pH in...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint