Articles | Volume 20, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-929-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-929-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Abrasion of sedimentary rocks as a source of hydrogen peroxide and nutrients to subglacial ecosystems
Beatriz Gill-Olivas
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
Jon Telling
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
Mark Skidmore
Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
Martyn Tranter
Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
Related authors
No articles found.
Tyler Pelle, Paul G. Myers, Andrew Hamilton, Matthew Mazloff, Krista M. Soderlund, Lucas Beem, Donald D. Blankenship, Cyril Grima, Feras Habbal, Mark Skidmore, and Jamin S. Greenbaum
Ocean Sci., 22, 187–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-187-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-187-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we develop and run a high-resolution ocean model of Jones Sound from 2003–2016 and characterize circulation into, out of, and within the sound as well as associated sea ice and productivity cycles. Atmospheric and ocean warming drives sea ice decline, which enhances biological productivity due to the increased light availability. These results highlight the utility of high-resolution models in simulating complex waterways and the need for sustained oceanographic measurements in the sound.
Lou-Anne Chevrollier, Adrien Wehrlé, Joseph M. Cook, Norbert Pirk, Liane G. Benning, Alexandre M. Anesio, and Martyn Tranter
The Cryosphere, 19, 1527–1538, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1527-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1527-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Light-absorbing particles (LAPs) are often present as a mixture on snow surfaces and are important to disentangle because their darkening effects vary but also because the processes governing their presence and accumulation on snow surfaces are different. This study presents a novel method to retrieve the concentration and albedo-reducing effect of different LAPs present at the snow surface from surface spectral albedo. The method is then successfully applied to ground observations on seasonal snow.
Eva L. Doting, Ian T. Stevens, Anne M. Kellerman, Pamela E. Rossel, Runa Antony, Amy M. McKenna, Martyn Tranter, Liane G. Benning, Robert G. M. Spencer, Jon R. Hawkings, and Alexandre M. Anesio
Biogeosciences, 22, 41–53, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-41-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-41-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides the first evidence for biogeochemical cycling of supraglacial dissolved organic matter (DOM) in meltwater flowing through the porous crust of weathering ice that covers glacier ice surfaces during the melt season. Movement of water through the weathering crust is slow, allowing microbes and solar radiation to alter the DOM in glacial meltwaters. This is important as supraglacial meltwaters deliver DOM to downstream aquatic environments.
Amy Jenson, Mark Skidmore, Lucas Beem, Martin Truffer, and Scott McCalla
The Cryosphere, 18, 5451–5464, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5451-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5451-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Water in some glacier environments contains salt, which increases its density and lowers its freezing point, allowing saline water to exist where freshwater cannot. Previous subglacial hydrology models do not consider saline fluid. We model the flow of saline fluid from a subglacial lake through a circular channel at the glacier bed, finding that higher salinities lead to less melting at the channel walls and lower discharge rates. We also observe the impact of increased fluid density on flow.
Chris Pierce, Christopher Gerekos, Mark Skidmore, Lucas Beem, Don Blankenship, Won Sang Lee, Ed Adams, Choon-Ki Lee, and Jamey Stutz
The Cryosphere, 18, 1495–1515, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Water beneath glaciers in Antarctica can influence how the ice slides or melts. Airborne radar can detect this water, which looks bright in radar images. However, common techniques cannot identify the water's size or shape. We used a simulator to show how the radar image changes based on the bed material, size, and shape of the waterbody. This technique was applied to a suspected waterbody beneath Thwaites Glacier. We found it may be consistent with a series of wide, flat canals or a lake.
Ashley J. Dubnick, Rachel L. Spietz, Brad D. Danielson, Mark L. Skidmore, Eric S. Boyd, Dave Burgess, Charvanaa Dhoonmoon, and Martin Sharp
The Cryosphere, 17, 2993–3012, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2993-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2993-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
At the end of an Arctic winter, we found ponded water 500 m under a glacier. We explored the chemistry and microbiology of this unique, dark, and cold aquatic habitat to better understand ecology beneath glaciers. The water was occupied by cold-loving and cold-tolerant microbes with versatile metabolisms and broad habitat ranges and was depleted in compounds commonly used by microbes. These results show that microbes can become established beneath glaciers and deplete nutrients within months.
Anja Rutishauser, Donald D. Blankenship, Duncan A. Young, Natalie S. Wolfenbarger, Lucas H. Beem, Mark L. Skidmore, Ashley Dubnick, and Alison S. Criscitiello
The Cryosphere, 16, 379–395, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-379-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-379-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, a hypersaline subglacial lake complex was hypothesized to lie beneath Devon Ice Cap, Canadian Arctic. Here, we present results from a follow-on targeted aerogeophysical survey. Our results support the evidence for a hypersaline subglacial lake and reveal an extensive brine network, suggesting more complex subglacial hydrological conditions than previously inferred. This hypersaline system may host microbial habitats, making it a compelling analog for bines on other icy worlds.
Cited articles
Allen, J. J.:
Glacial effects on stream water nitrate: an examination of paired catchments in southern Montana, Earth Sciences, Montana State University, 2019.
Anderson, S. P.:
Glaciers show direct linkage between erosion rate and chemical weathering fluxes, Geomorphology, 67, 147–157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.07.010, 2005.
Baga, A. N., Johnson, G. R. A., Nazhat, N. B., and Saadalla-Nazhat, R. A.:
A simple spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen peroxide at low concentrations in aqueous solution, Anal. Chim. Acta, 204, 349–353, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)86374-6, 1988.
Bak, E. N., Zafirov, K., Merrison, J. P., Jensen, S. J. K., Nornberg, P., Gunnlaugsson, H. P., and Finster, K.:
Production of reactive oxygen species from abraded silicates. Implications for the reactivity of the Martian soil, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 473, 113–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.008, 2017.
Bataineh, H., Pestovsky, O., and Bakac, A.:
pH-induced mechanistic changeover from hydroxyl radicals to iron(iv) in the Fenton reaction, Chem. Sci., 3, 1594–1599, https://doi.org/10.1039/C2SC20099F, 2012.
Borda, M. J., Elsetinow, A. R., Schoonen, M. A., and Strongin, D. R.:
Pyrite-Induced Hydrogen Peroxide Formation as a Driving Force in the Evolution of Photosynthetic Organisms on an Early Earth, Astrobiology, 1, 283–288, https://doi.org/10.1089/15311070152757474, 2001.
Borda, M. J., Elsetinow, A. R., Strongin, D. R., and Schoonen, M. A.:
A mechanism for the production of hydroxyl radical at surface defect sites on pyrite, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 67, 935–939, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01222-X, 2003.
Boyd, E. S., Skidmore, M., Mitchell, A. C., Bakermans, C., and Peters, J. W.:
Methanogenesis in subglacial sediments, Env. Microbiol. Rep., 2, 685–692, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00162.x, 2010.
Boyd, E. S., Lange, R. K., Mitchell, A. C., Havig, J. R., Hamilton, T. L., Lafrenière, M. J., Shock, E. L., Peters, J. W., and Skidmore, M.:
Diversity, Abundance, and Potential Activity of Nitrifying and Nitrate-Reducing Microbial Assemblages in a Subglacial Ecosystem, Appl. Environ. Microb., 77, 4778–4787, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00376-11, 2011.
Boyd, S. R.:
Determination of the ammonium content of potassic rocks and minerals by capacitance manometry: a prelude to the calibration of FTIR microscopes, Chem. Geol., 137, 57–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00150-7, 1997.
Campbell, T., Patterson, M. O., Skidmore, M. L., Leventer, A., Michaud, A. B., Rosenheim, B. E., Harwood, D. M., Dore, J. E., Tranter, M., Venturelli, R., and Priscu, J. C.:
Physical and chemical characterization of sediments from Mercer Subglacial Lake, West Antarctica, AGU Fall Meeting, Moscone Centre, San Francisco CA (USA), 9–13 December 2019, C53B-1342, 2019.
Carter, S. P., Fricker, H. A., and Siegfried, M. R.:
Evidence of rapid subglacial water piracy under Whillans Ice Stream, West Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 59, 1147–1162, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG13J085, 2013.
Christner, B. C., Priscu, J. C., Achberger, A. M., Barbante, C., Carter, S. P., Christianson, K., Michaud, A. B., Mikucki, J. A., Mitchell, A. C., Skidmore, M. L., Vick-Majors, T. J., and WISSARD Science Team: A microbial ecosystem beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet, Nature, 512, 310–313, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13667, 2014.
Dinakar, M., Tao, W., and Daley, D.:
Using hydrogen peroxide to supplement oxygen for nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8, 104517, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104517, 2020.
Dunham, E. C., Dore, J. E., Skidmore, M. L., Roden, E. E., and Boyd, E. S.:
Lithogenic hydrogen supports microbial primary production in subglacial and proglacial environments, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, e2007051117, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007051117, 2021.
Edgar, J. O., Gilmour, K., White, M. L., Abbott, G. D., and Telling, J.:
Aeolian driven oxidant and hydrogen generation in Martian regolith: The role of mineralogy and abrasion temperature, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 579, 117361, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117361, 2022.
Elvevold, S., Dallmann, W., and Blomeier, D.:
Geology of Svalbard, Norwegian Polar Institute/Norsk Polarinstitutt, Tromsø, Norway, 2007.
Foght, J., Aislabie, J., Turner, S., Brown, C. E., Ryburn, J., Saul, D. J., and Lawson, W.:
Culturable bacteria in subglacial sediments and ice from two Southern Hemisphere glaciers, Microb. Ecol., 47, 329–340, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-003-1036-5, 2004.
Folk, R. L. and Ward, W. C.:
Brazos River bar [Texas]; a study in the significance of grain size parameters, J. Sediment. Res., 27, 3–26, https://doi.org/10.1306/74d70646-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d, 1957.
Gil-Lozano, C., Losa-Adams, E., Davila, A. F., and Gago-Duport, L.:
Pyrite nanoparticles as a Fenton-like reagent for in situ remediation of organic pollutants, Beilstein J. Nanotech., 5, 855–864, https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.97, 2014.
Gil-Lozano, C., Davila, A. F., Losa-Adams, E., Fairén, A. G., and Gago-Duport, L.:
Quantifying Fenton reaction pathways driven by self-generated H2O2 on pyrite surfaces, Sci. Rep.-UK, 7, 43703, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43703, 2017.
Gill-Olivas, B., Telling, J., Tranter, M., Skidmore, M., Christner, B., O'Doherty, S., and Priscu, J.:
Subglacial erosion has the potential to sustain microbial processes in Subglacial Lake Whillans, Antarctica, Communications Earth & Environment, 2, 134, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00202-x, 2021.
Gill-Olivas, B., Telling, J., and Tranter, M.: Hydrogen peroxide, solute and methane released from crushing sedimentary rocks, Version 1.0, Interdisciplinary Earth Data Alliance (IEDA) [data set], https://doi.org/10.26022/IEDA/112762, 2023.
Harris, D., Horwáth, W. R., and van Kessel, C.:
Acid fumigation of soils to remove carbonates prior to total organic carbon or Carbon-13 isotopic analysis, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 65, 1853–1856, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.1853, 2001.
Hasegawa, M., Ogata, T., and Sato, M.:
Mechano-radicals produced from ground quartz and quartz glass, Powder Technol., 85, 269–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(96)80150-1, 1995.
He, H., Wu, X., Xian, H., Zhu, J., Yang, Y., Lv, Y., Li, Y., and Konhauser, K. O.:
An abiotic source of Archean hydrogen peroxide and oxygen that pre-dates oxygenic photosynthesis, Nat. Commun., 12, 6611, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26916-2, 2021.
Hodson, A., Tranter, M., and Vatne, G.:
Contemporary rates of chemical denudation and atmospheric CO2 sequestration in glacier basins: An Arctic perspective, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 25, 1447–1471, https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200012)25:13<1447::aid-esp156>3.0.co;2-9, 2000.
Hodson, A., Anesio, A. M., Tranter, M., Fountain, A., Osborn, M., Priscu, J., Laybourn-Parry, J., and Sattler, B.:
Glacial ecosystems, Ecol. Monogr., 78, 41–67, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0187.1, 2008.
Hodson, A., Roberts, T. J., Engvall, A.-C., Holmén, K., and Mumford, P.:
Glacier ecosystem response to episodic nitrogen enrichment in Svalbard, European High Arctic, Biogeochemistry, 98, 171–184, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9384-y, 2010.
Hodson, T. O., Powell, R. D., Brachfeld, S. A., Tulaczyk, S., Scherer, R. P., and WISSARD Science Team: Physical processes in Subglacial Lake Whillans, West Antarctica: Inferences from sediment cores, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 444, 56–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.03.036, 2016.
Hood, E., Fellman, J., Spencer, R. G. M., Hernes, P. J., Edwards, R., D'Amore, D., and Scott, D.:
Glaciers as a source of ancient and labile organic matter to the marine environment, Nature, 462, 1044–1047, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08580, 2009.
Houlton, B. Z., Morford, S. L., and Dahlgren, R. A.:
Convergent evidence for widespread rock nitrogen sources in Earth's surface environment, Science, 360, 58–62, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan4399, 2018.
Illes, E., Mizrahi, A., Marks, V., and Meyerstein, D.:
Carbonate-radical-anions, and not hydroxyl radicals, are the products of the Fenton reaction in neutral solutions containing bicarbonate, Free Radical Bio. Med., 131, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.015, 2019.
Kameda, J., Saruwatari, K., and Tanaka, H.:
H2 generation during dry grinding of kaolinite, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 275, 225–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.02.014, 2004.
Kaštovská, K., Stibal, M., Šabacká, M., Černá, B., Šantrůčková, H., and Elster, J.:
Microbial community structure and ecology of subglacial sediments in two polythermal Svalbard glaciers characterized by epifluorescence microscopy and PLFA, Polar Biol., 30, 277–287, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-006-0181-y, 2007.
Kita, I., Matsuo, S., and Wakita, H.:
H2 generation by reaction between H2O and crushed rock – An experimental-study on H2 degassing from the active fault zone, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 789–795, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB087iB13p10789, 1982.
Kohler, T. J., Žárský, J. D., Yde, J. C., Lamarche-Gagnon, G., Hawkings, J. R., Tedstone, A. J., Wadham, J. L., Box, J. E., Beaton, A. D., and Stibal, M.:
Carbon dating reveals a seasonal progression in the source of particulate organic carbon exported from the Greenland Ice Sheet, Chem. Geol., 44, 6209–6217, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073219, 2017.
Lanoil, B., Skidmore, M., Priscu, J. C., Han, S., Foo, W., Vogel, S. W., Tulaczyk, S., and Engelhardt, H.:
Bacteria beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Environ. Microbiol., 11, 609–615, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01831.x, 2009.
Lawson, E. C., Wadham, J. L., Tranter, M., Stibal, M., Lis, G. P., Butler, C. E. H., Laybourn-Parry, J., Nienow, P., Chandler, D., and Dewsbury, P.:
Greenland Ice Sheet exports labile organic carbon to the Arctic oceans, Biogeosciences, 11, 4015–4028, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4015-2014, 2014.
Le, P. T. T. and Boyd, C. E.:
Comparison of Phenate and Salicylate Methods for Determination of Total Ammonia Nitrogen in Freshwater and Saline Water, J. World Aquacult. Soc., 43, 885–889, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2012.00616.x, 2012.
Lerman, A.:
Dissolution of Feldspars, in: Geochemical Processes Water and Sediment Environments, Robert E. Krieager Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 244–248, ISBN: 9780471032632, 1988.
Macdonald, M. L., Wadham, J. L., Telling, J., and Skidmore, M. L.:
Glacial Erosion Liberates Lithologic Energy Sources for Microbes and Acidity for Chemical Weathering Beneath Glaciers and Ice Sheets, Front. Earth Sci., 6, 15, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00212, 2018.
Madigan, M. T., Bender, K. S., Buckley, D. H., Sattley, W. M., and Stahl, D. A.:
Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 16th edn., Pearson, Harlow, United Kingdom,
ISBN: 9781292404790, 2020.
McMechan, M. E.:
Geology, Peter Lougheed Provincial Park, west of fifth meridian, Alberta, “A” Series Map 1920A, Geological Survey of Canada, https://doi.org/10.4095/209966, 1998.
Medina-Cordoba, L. K., Valencia-Mosquera, L. L., Tarazona-Diaz, G. P., and Arias-Palacios, J. D. C.:
Evaluation of the efficacy of a hydrogen peroxide disinfectant, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10, 104–108, https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i10.24652, 2018.
Michaud, A. B., Skidmore, M. L., Mitchell, A. C., Vick-Majors, T. J., Barbante, C., Turetta, C., vanGelder, W., and Priscu, J. C.:
Solute sources and geochemical processes in Subglacial Lake Whillans, West Antarctica, Geology, 44, 347–350, https://doi.org/10.1130/g37639.1, 2016.
Michaud, A. B., Dore, J. E., Achberger, A. M., Christner, B. C., Mitchell, A. C., Skidmore, M. L., Vick-Majors, T. J., and Priscu, J. C.:
Microbial oxidation as a methane sink beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Nat. Geosci., 10, 582–586, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2992, 2017.
Montross, G. G., McGlynn, B. L., Montross, S. N., and Gardner, K. K.:
Nitrogen production from geochemical weathering of rocks in southwest Montana, USA, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118, 1068–1078, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20085, 2013.
Montross, S. N., Skidmore, M., Tranter, M., Kivimäki, A.-L., and Parkes, R. J.:
A microbial driver of chemical weathering in glaciated systems, Geology, 41, 215–218, https://doi.org/10.1130/G33572.1, 2013.
Moore, D. S., Notz, W. I., and Flinger, M. A.:
The basic practice of statistics, 6th edn., W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY, ISBN: 1464117667, 2013.
Nesbitt, H. W., Bancroft, G. M., Pratt, A. R., and Scaini, M. J.:
Sulfur and iron surface states on fractured pyrite surfaces, Am. Mineral., 83, 1067–1076, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1998-9-1015, 1998.
Plummer, L. N., Wigley, T. M., and Parkhurst, D. L.:
The kinetics of calcite dissolution in CO2-water systems at 5 degrees to 60 ∘C and 0.0 to 1.0 atm CO2, Am. J. Chem., 278, 179–216, 1978.
Priscu, J. C., Tulaczyk, S., Studinger, M., Kennicutt II, M. C., Christner, B., and Foreman, C.:
Antarctic subglacial water: origin, evolution, and ecology, in: Polar Lakes and Rivers, edited by: Vincent, W. F. and Laybourn-Parry, J., Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 119–136, 9780199213887, 2008.
Priscu, J. C., Kalin, J., Winans, J., Campbell, T., Siegfried, M. R., Skidmore, M., Dore, J. E., Leventer, A., Harwood, D. M., Duling, D., Zook, R., Burnett, J., Gibson, D., Krula, E., Mironov, A., McManis, J., Roberts, G., Rosenheim, B. E., Christner, B. C., Kasic, K., Fricker, H. A., Lyons, W. B., Barker, J., Bowling, M., Collins, B., Davis, C., Gagnon, A., Gardner, C., Gustafson, C., Kim, O.-S., Li, W., Michaud, A., Patterson, M. O., Tranter, M., Venturelli, R., Vick-Majors, T., and Elsworth, C.:
Scientific access into Mercer Subglacial Lake: scientific objectives, drilling operations and initial observations, Ann. Glaciol., 62, 340–352, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2021.10, 2021.
Rimstidt, J. D. and Vaughan, D. J.:
Pyrite oxidation: a state-of-the-art assessment of the reaction mechanism, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 67, 873–880, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01165-1, 2003.
Saros, J. E., Rose, K. C., Clow, D. W., Stephens, V. C., Nurse, A. B., Arnett, H. A., Stone, J. R., Williamson, C. E., and Wolfe, A. P.:
Melting Alpine Glaciers Enrich High-Elevation Lakes with Reactive Nitrogen, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 4891–4896, https://doi.org/10.1021/es100147j, 2010.
Saruwatari, K., Kameda, J., and Tanaka, H.:
Generation of hydrogen ions and hydrogen gas in quartz-water crushing experiments: an example of chemical processes in active faults, Phys. Chem. Miner., 31, 176–182, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00269-004-0382-2, 2004.
Skidmore, M.:
Microbial communities in Antarctic subglacial aquatic environments, American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 192, 61–81, 2011.
Skidmore, M., Tranter, M., Tulaczyk, S., and Lanoil, B.:
Hydrochemistry of ice stream beds – evaporitic or microbial effects?, Hydrol. Process., 24, 517–523, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7580, 2010.
Souchez, R., Jouzel, J., Landais, A., Chappellaz, J., Lorrain, R., and Tison, J.-L.:
Gas isotopes in ice reveal a vegetated central Greenland during ice sheet invasion, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028424, 2006.
Stibal, M., Tranter, M., Benning, L. G., and Řehák, J.:
Microbial primary production on an Arctic glacier is insignificant in comparison with allochthonous organic carbon input, Environ. Microbiol., 10, 2172–2178, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01620.x, 2008.
Stibal, M., Wadham, J. L., Lis, G. P., Telling, J., Pancost, R. D., Dubnick, A., Sharp, M. J., Lawson, E. C., Butler, C. E. H., Hasan, F., Tranter, M., and Anesio, A. M.:
Methanogenic potential of Arctic and Antarctic subglacial environments with contrasting organic carbon sources, Glob. Change Biol., 18, 3332–3345, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02763.x, 2012.
Stillings, M., Lunn, R. J., Pytharouli, S., Shipton, Z. K., Kinali, M., Lord, R., and Thompson, S.:
Microseismic Events Cause Significant pH Drops in Groundwater, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL089885, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089885, 2021.
Stone, J., Edgar, J. O., Gould, J. A., and Telling, J.:
Tectonically-driven oxidant production in the hot biosphere, Nat. Commun., 13, 4529, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32129-y, 2022.
Sugahara, H., Takano, Y., Ogawa, N. O., Chikaraishi, Y., and Ohkouchi, N.:
Nitrogen Isotopic Fractionation in Ammonia during Adsorption on Silicate Surfaces, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 1, 24–29, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.6b00006, 2017.
Suzuki, N., Saito, H., and Hoshino, T.:
Hydrogen gas of organic origin in shales and metapelites, Int. J. Coal Geol., 173, 227–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2017.02.014, 2017.
Takehiro, H., Shinsuke, K., and Katsuhiko, S.:
Mechanoradical H2 generation during simulated faulting: Implications for an earthquake-driven subsurface biosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048850, 2011.
Telling, J., Boyd, E. S., Bone, N., Jones, E. L., Tranter, M., MacFarlane, J. W., Martin, P. G., Wadham, J. L., Lamarche-Gagnon, G., Skidmore, M. L., Hamilton, T. L., Hill, E., Jackson, M., and Hodgson, D. A.:
Rock comminution as a source of hydrogen for subglacial ecosystems, Nat. Geosci., 8, 851–855, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2533, 2015.
Tranter, M.:
Geochemical Weathering in Glacial and Proglacial Environments, in: Treatise on Geochemistry, edited by: Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K., Elsevier-Permagon, Oxford, 189–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/05078-7, 2003.
Tranter, M.:
Biogeochemistry Microbes eat rock under ice, Nature, 512, 256–257, https://doi.org/10.1038/512256a, 2014.
Tranter, M.:
Grand challenge for low temperature and pressure geochemistry – sparks in the dark, on Earth, Mars, and throughout the Galaxy, Earth Sci., 3, 69, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2015.00069, 2015.
Tranter, M., Brown, G., Raiswell, R., Sharp, M., and Gurnell, A.:
A conceptual model of solute acquisition by Alpine glacial meltwaters, J. Glaciol., 39, 573–581, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000016464, 1993.
Tranter, M., Sharp, M. J., Lamb, H. R., Brown, G. H., Hubbard, B. P., and Willis, I. C.:
Geochemical weathering at the bed of Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland – a new model, Hydrol. Process., 16, 959–993, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.309, 2002a.
Tranter, M., Huybrechts, P., Munhoven, G., Sharp, M. J., Brown, G. H., Jones, I. W., Hodson, A. J., Hodgkins, R., and Wadham, J. L.:
Direct effect of ice sheets on terrestrial bicarbonate, sulphate and base cation fluxes during the last glacial cycle: minimal impact on atmospheric CO2 concentrations, Chem. Geol., 190, 33–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(02)00109-2, 2002b.
Tranter, M., Skidmore, M., and Wadham, J.:
Hydrological controls on microbial communities in subglacial environments, Hydrol. Process., 19, 995–998, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5854, 2005.
Tulaczyk, S., Kamb, B., Scherer, R. P., and Engelhardt, H. F.:
Sedimentary processes at the base of a West Antarctic ice stream: Constraints from textural and compositional properties of subglacial debris, J. Sediment. Res., 68, 487–496, 1998.
Viollier, E., Inglett, P. W., Hunter, K., Roychoudhury, A. N., and Van Cappellen, P.:
The ferrozine method revisited: Fe(II)/Fe(III) determination in natural waters, Appl. Geochem., 15, 785–790, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-2927(99)00097-9, 2000.
Wadham, J. L., Tranter, M., Skidmore, M., Hodson, A. J., Priscu, J., Lyons, W. B., Sharp, M., Wynn, P., and Jackson, M.:
Biogeochemical weathering under ice: Size matters, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gb003688, 2010.
Wadham, J. L., Hawkings, J. R., Tarasov, L., Gregoire, L. J., Spencer, R. G. M., Gutjahr, M., Ridgwell, A., and Kohfeld, K. E.:
Ice sheets matter for the global carbon cycle, Nat. Commun., 10, 3567, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11394-4, 2019.
Wakita, H., Nakamura, Y., Kita, I., Fujii, N., and Notsu, K.:
Hydrogen release – New indicator of fault activity, Science, 210, 188–190, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.210.4466.188, 1980.
Wiebe, R. and Gaddy, V. L.:
The Solubility of Hydrogen in Water at 0, 50, 75 and 100∘ from 25 to 1000 Atmospheres, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 56, 76–79, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01316a022, 1934.
Wynn, P. M., Hodson, A. J., Heaton, T. H. E., and Chenery, S. R.:
Nitrate production beneath a High Arctic glacier, Svalbard, Chem. Geol., 244, 88–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.06.008, 2007.
Zhou, S., Zhang, D., Wang, H., and Li, X.:
A modified BET equation to investigate supercritical methane adsorption mechanisms in shale, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 105, 284–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.04.036, 2019.
Short summary
Microbial ecosystems have been found in all subglacial environments sampled to date. Yet, little is known of the sources of energy and nutrients that sustain these microbial populations. This study shows that crushing of sedimentary rocks, which contain organic carbon, carbonate and sulfide minerals, along with previously weathered silicate minerals, produces a range of compounds and nutrients which can be utilised by the diverse suite of microbes that inhabit glacier beds.
Microbial ecosystems have been found in all subglacial environments sampled to date. Yet, little...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint