Articles | Volume 9, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1007-2012
© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1007-2012
© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Mar 2012
Research article |
| 13 Mar 2012
How do variations in the temporal distribution of rainfall events affect ecosystem fluxes in seasonally water-limited Northern Hemisphere shrublands and forests?
I. Ross
CEFE-CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34000 Montpellier, France
L. Misson
CEFE-CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34000 Montpellier, France
deceased
S. Rambal
CEFE-CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34000 Montpellier, France
A. Arneth
Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
R. L. Scott
USDA ARS, SW Watershed Research Center, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
A. Carrara
Fundación CEAM, Paterna 46980, Spain
A. Cescatti
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy
L. Genesio
Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Caproni 8, 51045 Firenze, Italy
Related subject area
Biogeophysics: Physical - Biological Coupling
Phytoplankton reaction to an intense storm in the north-western Mediterranean Sea
Lagrangian and Eulerian time and length scales of mesoscale ocean chlorophyll from Bio-Argo floats and satellites
Reply to Lars Olof Björn's comment on “Fundamental molecules of life are pigments which arose and co-evolved as a response to the thermodynamic imperative of dissipating the prevailing solar spectrum” by Michaelian and Simeonov (2015)
Assimilation of multiple different datasets results in large differences in regional to global-scale NEE and GPP budgets simulated by a terrestrial biosphere model
Evaluation of gradient boosting and random forest methods to model subdaily variability of the atmosphere–forest CO2 exchange
Modelling submerged biofouled microplastics and their vertical trajectories
A Bayesian sequential updating approach to predict phenology of silage maize
Using an oceanographic model to investigate the mystery of the missing puerulus
Climate pathways behind phytoplankton-induced atmospheric warming
Impact of moderately energetic fine-scale dynamics on the phytoplankton community structure in the western Mediterranean Sea
Seasonal ecosystem vulnerability to climatic anomalies in the Mediterranean
Grazing behavior and winter phytoplankton accumulation
Episodic subduction patches in the western North Pacific identified from BGC-Argo float data
Do Loop Current eddies stimulate productivity in the Gulf of Mexico?
Quasi-tropical cyclone caused anomalous autumn coccolithophore bloom in the Black Sea
Divergent climate feedbacks on winter wheat growing and dormancy periods as affected by sowing date in the North China Plain
Microclimatic comparison of lichen heaths and shrubs: shrubification generates atmospheric heating but subsurface cooling during the growing season
Fire and vegetation dynamics in northwest Siberia during the last 60 years based on high-resolution remote sensing
Evidence of eddy-related deep-ocean current variability in the northeast tropical Pacific Ocean induced by remote gap winds
Root uptake under mismatched distributions of water and nutrients in the root zone
Interactive impacts of meteorological and hydrological conditions on the physical and biogeochemical structure of a coastal system
Protists and collembolans alter microbial community composition, C dynamics and soil aggregation in simplified consumer–prey systems
Abundance and viability of particle-attached and free-floating bacteria in dusty and nondusty air
Linking tundra vegetation, snow, soil temperature, and permafrost
Drivers of the spatial phytoplankton gradient in estuarine–coastal systems: generic implications of a case study in a Dutch tidal bay
Biological and biogeochemical methods for estimating bioirrigation: a case study in the Oosterschelde estuary
Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and particulate organic nitrogen budget in the Yucatán shelf: driving mechanisms through a physical–biogeochemical coupled model
Basal thermal regime affects the biogeochemistry of subglacial systems
Influence of oceanic conditions in the energy transfer efficiency estimation of a micronekton model
Modulation of the North Atlantic deoxygenation by the slowdown of the nutrient stream
Stand age and species composition effects on surface albedo in a mixedwood boreal forest
Assessing the peatland hummock–hollow classification framework using high-resolution elevation models: implications for appropriate complexity ecosystem modeling
Tidal and seasonal forcing of dissolved nutrient fluxes in reef communities
Ideas and perspectives: Development of nascent autotrophic carbon fixation systems in various redox conditions of the fluid degassing on early Earth
Vertical distribution of chlorophyll in dynamically distinct regions of the southern Bay of Bengal
Remote and local drivers of oxygen and nitrate variability in the shallow oxygen minimum zone off Mauritania in June 2014
Longitudinal contrast in turbulence along a ∼ 19° S section in the Pacific and its consequences for biogeochemical fluxes
Ideas and perspectives: Strengthening the biogeosciences in environmental research networks
Imprint of Southern Ocean mesoscale eddies on chlorophyll
Grazing increases litter decomposition rate but decreases nitrogen release rate in an alpine meadow
Large- to submesoscale surface circulation and its implications on biogeochemical/biological horizontal distributions during the OUTPACE cruise (southwest Pacific)
OUTPACE long duration stations: physical variability, context of biogeochemical sampling, and evaluation of sampling strategy
Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone
Effects of shrub and tree cover increase on the near-surface atmosphere in northern Fennoscandia
Morphological plasticity of root growth under mild water stress increases water use efficiency without reducing yield in maize
Amplification of global warming through pH dependence of DMS production simulated with a fully coupled Earth system model
Physical control of interannual variations of the winter chlorophyll bloom in the northern Arabian Sea
Tree growth and its climate signal along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients: comparison of tree rings between Finland and the Tibetan Plateau
Biogeochemical versus ecological consequences of modeled ocean physics
Analytical solution of the nitracline with the evolution of subsurface chlorophyll maximum in stratified water columns
Stéphanie Barrillon, Robin Fuchs, Anne A. Petrenko, Caroline Comby, Anthony Bosse, Christophe Yohia, Jean-Luc Fuda, Nagib Bhairy, Frédéric Cyr, Andrea M. Doglioli, Gérald Grégori, Roxane Tzortzis, Francesco d'Ovidio, and Melilotus Thyssen
Biogeosciences, 20, 141–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-141-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-141-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme weather events can have a major impact on ocean physics and biogeochemistry, but their study is challenging. In May 2019, an intense storm occurred in the north-western Mediterranean Sea, during which in situ multi-platform measurements were performed. The results show a strong impact on the surface phytoplankton, highlighting the need for high-resolution measurements coupling physics and biology during these violent events that may become more common in the context of global change.
Darren C. McKee, Scott C. Doney, Alice Della Penna, Emmanuel S. Boss, Peter Gaube, Michael J. Behrenfeld, and David M. Glover
Biogeosciences, 19, 5927–5952, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5927-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5927-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As phytoplankton (small, drifting photosynthetic organisms) drift with ocean currents, biomass accumulation rates should be evaluated in a Lagrangian (observer moves with a fluid parcel) as opposed to an Eulerian (observer is stationary) framework. Here, we use profiling floats and surface drifters combined with satellite data to analyse time and length scales of chlorophyll concentrations (a proxy for biomass) and of velocity to quantify how phytoplankton variability is related to water motion.
Karo Michaelian and Aleksandar Simeonov
Biogeosciences, 19, 4029–4034, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4029-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4029-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We reply to Lars Björn's critique of our article concerning the importance of photon dissipation to the origin and evolution of the biosphere. Björn doubts our assertion that organic pigments, ecosystems, and the biosphere arose out of a non-equilibrium thermodynamic imperative to increase global photon dissipation. He shows that the albedo of some non-living material is less than that of living material. We point out, however, that photon dissipation involves other factors besides albedo.
Cédric Bacour, Natasha MacBean, Frédéric Chevallier, Sébastien Léonard, Ernest N. Koffi, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-109, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
1. The impact of assimilating different dataset combinations on regional to global scale C budgets is explored with the ORCHIDEE model, 2. Assimilating simultaneously multiple datasets is preferable to optimize the values of the model parameters and avoid model overfitting, 3. The challenges in optimizing soil C pools using atmospheric CO2 data are highlighted for an accurate prediction of the land sink distribution
Matti Kämäräinen, Anna Lintunen, Markku Kulmala, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Ivan Mammarella, Juha Aalto, Henriikka Vekuri, and Annalea Lohila
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-108, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-108, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we present an alternative machine learning approach to model the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and the study site, located in a boreal forest in Southern Finland. The suggested method produces more accurate results than another which has been widely used previously in this context. Accurate estimations of the exchange of carbon are needed for better understanding of the role of forests in regulating atmospheric carbon and climate change.
Reint Fischer, Delphine Lobelle, Merel Kooi, Albert Koelmans, Victor Onink, Charlotte Laufkötter, Linda Amaral-Zettler, Andrew Yool, and Erik van Sebille
Biogeosciences, 19, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2211-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2211-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Since current estimates show that only about 1 % of the all plastic that enters the ocean is floating at the surface, we look at subsurface processes that can cause vertical movement of (micro)plastic. We investigate how modelled algal attachment and the ocean's vertical movement can cause particles to sink and oscillate in the open ocean. Particles can sink to depths of > 5000 m in regions with high wind intensity and mainly remain close to the surface with low winds and biological activity.
Michelle Viswanathan, Tobias K. D. Weber, Sebastian Gayler, Juliane Mai, and Thilo Streck
Biogeosciences, 19, 2187–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2187-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2187-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed the evolution of model parameter uncertainty and prediction error as we updated parameters of a maize phenology model based on yearly observations, by sequentially applying Bayesian calibration. Although parameter uncertainty was reduced, prediction quality deteriorated when calibration and prediction data were from different maize ripening groups or temperature conditions. The study highlights that Bayesian methods should account for model limitations and inherent data structures.
Jessica Kolbusz, Tim Langlois, Charitha Pattiaratchi, and Simon de Lestang
Biogeosciences, 19, 517–539, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-517-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-517-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Western rock lobster larvae spend up to 11 months in offshore waters before ocean currents and their ability to swim transport them back to the coast. In 2008, there was a reduction in the number of puerulus (larvae) settling into the fishery. We use an oceanographic model to see how the environment may have contributed to the reduction. Our results show that a combination of effects from local currents and a widespread quiet period in the ocean off WA likely led to less puerulus settlement.
Rémy Asselot, Frank Lunkeit, Philip B. Holden, and Inga Hense
Biogeosciences, 19, 223–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-223-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-223-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies show that phytoplankton light absorption can warm the atmosphere, but how this warming occurs is still unknown. We compare the importance of air–sea heat versus CO2 flux in the phytoplankton-induced atmospheric warming and determine the main driver. To shed light on this research question, we conduct simulations with a climate model of intermediate complexity. We show that phytoplankton mainly warms the atmosphere by increasing the air–sea CO2 flux.
Roxane Tzortzis, Andrea M. Doglioli, Stéphanie Barrillon, Anne A. Petrenko, Francesco d'Ovidio, Lloyd Izard, Melilotus Thyssen, Ananda Pascual, Bàrbara Barceló-Llull, Frédéric Cyr, Marc Tedetti, Nagib Bhairy, Pierre Garreau, Franck Dumas, and Gérald Gregori
Biogeosciences, 18, 6455–6477, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6455-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6455-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work analyzes an original high-resolution data set collected in the Mediterranean Sea. The major result is the impact of a fine-scale frontal structure on the distribution of phytoplankton groups, in an area of moderate energy with oligotrophic conditions. Our results provide an in situ confirmation of the findings obtained by previous modeling studies and remote sensing about the structuring effect of the fine-scale ocean dynamics on the structure of the phytoplankton community.
Johannes Vogel, Eva Paton, and Valentin Aich
Biogeosciences, 18, 5903–5927, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5903-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5903-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates extreme ecosystem impacts evoked by temperature and soil moisture in the Mediterranean Basin for the time span 1999–2019 with a specific focus on seasonal variations. The analysis showed that ecosystem vulnerability is caused by several varying combinations of both drivers during the yearly cycle. The approach presented here helps to provide insights on the specific phenological stage of the year in which ecosystem vulnerability to a certain climatic condition occurs.
Mara Freilich, Alexandre Mignot, Glenn Flierl, and Raffaele Ferrari
Biogeosciences, 18, 5595–5607, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Observations reveal that in some regions phytoplankton biomass increases during the wintertime when growth conditions are sub-optimal, which has been attributed to a release from grazing during mixed layer deepening. Measurements of grazer populations to support this theory are lacking. We demonstrate that a release from grazing when the winter mixed layer is deepening holds only for certain grazing models, extending the use of phytoplankton observations to make inferences about grazer dynamics.
Shuangling Chen, Mark L. Wells, Rui Xin Huang, Huijie Xue, Jingyuan Xi, and Fei Chai
Biogeosciences, 18, 5539–5554, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Subduction transports surface waters to the oceanic interior, which can supply significant amounts of carbon and oxygen to the twilight zone. Using a novel BGC-Argo dataset covering the western North Pacific, we successfully identified the imprints of episodic shallow subduction patches. These subduction patches were observed mainly in spring and summer (70.6 %), and roughly half of them extended below ~ 450 m, injecting carbon- and oxygen-enriched waters into the ocean interior.
Pierre Damien, Julio Sheinbaum, Orens Pasqueron de Fommervault, Julien Jouanno, Lorena Linacre, and Olaf Duteil
Biogeosciences, 18, 4281–4303, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4281-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4281-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Gulf of Mexico deep waters are relatively poor in phytoplankton biomass due to low levels of nutrients in the upper layers. Using modeling techniques, we find that the long-living anticyclonic Loop Current eddies that are shed episodically from the Yucatan Channel strongly shape the distribution of phytoplankton and, more importantly, stimulate their growth. This results from the contribution of multiple mechanisms of physical–biogeochemical interactions discussed in this study.
Sergey V. Stanichny, Elena A. Kubryakova, and Arseny A. Kubryakov
Biogeosciences, 18, 3173–3188, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3173-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3173-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we show that the short-term impact of tropical cyclones can trigger the intense, long-term bloom of coccolithophores, which are major marine calcifiers playing an important role in the balance and fluxes of inorganic carbon in the ocean. In our paper, we describe the evolution of and physical reasons for such an unusual bloom observed in autumn 2005 in the Black Sea on the basis of satellite data.
Fengshan Liu, Ying Chen, Nini Bai, Dengpan Xiao, Huizi Bai, Fulu Tao, and Quansheng Ge
Biogeosciences, 18, 2275–2287, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2275-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2275-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The sowing date is key to the surface biophysical processes in the winter dormancy period. The climate effect of the sowing date shift is therefore very interesting and may contribute to the mitigation of climate change. An earlier sowing date always had a higher LAI but a higher temperature in the dormancy period and a lower temperature in the growth period. The main reason was the relative contributions of the surface albedo and energy partitioning processes.
Peter Aartsma, Johan Asplund, Arvid Odland, Stefanie Reinhardt, and Hans Renssen
Biogeosciences, 18, 1577–1599, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1577-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1577-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the literature, it is generally assumed that alpine lichen heaths keep their direct environment cool due to their relatively high albedo. However, we reveal that the soil temperature and soil heat flux are higher below lichens than below shrubs during the growing season, despite a lower net radiation for lichens. We also show that the differences in microclimatic conditions between these two vegetation types are more pronounced during warm and sunny days than during cold and cloudy days.
Oleg Sizov, Ekaterina Ezhova, Petr Tsymbarovich, Andrey Soromotin, Nikolay Prihod'ko, Tuukka Petäjä, Sergej Zilitinkevich, Markku Kulmala, Jaana Bäck, and Kajar Köster
Biogeosciences, 18, 207–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-207-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-207-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In changing climate, tundra is expected to turn into shrubs and trees, diminishing reindeer pasture and increasing risks of tick-borne diseases. However, this transition may require a disturbance. Fires in Siberia are increasingly widespread. We studied wildfire dynamics and tundra–forest transition over 60 years in northwest Siberia near the Arctic Circle. Based on satellite data analysis, we found that transition occurs in 40 %–85 % of burned tundra compared to 5 %–15 % in non-disturbed areas.
Kaveh Purkiani, André Paul, Annemiek Vink, Maren Walter, Michael Schulz, and Matthias Haeckel
Biogeosciences, 17, 6527–6544, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6527-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6527-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
There has been a steady increase in interest in mining of deep-sea minerals in the eastern Pacific Ocean recently. The ocean state in this region is known to be highly influenced by rotating bodies of water (eddies), some of which can travel long distances in the ocean and impact the deeper layers of the ocean. Better insight into the variability of eddy activity in this region is of great help to mitigate the impact of the benthic ecosystem from future potential deep-sea mining activity.
Jing Yan, Nathaniel A. Bogie, and Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
Biogeosciences, 17, 6377–6392, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6377-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6377-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An uneven supply of water and nutrients in soils often drives how plants behave. We observed that plants extract all their required nutrients from dry soil patches in sufficient quantity, provided adequate water is available elsewhere in the root zone. Roots in nutrient-rich dry patches facilitate the nutrient acquisition by extensive growth, water release, and modifying water retention in their immediate environment. The findings are valuable in managing nutrient losses in agricultural systems.
Onur Kerimoglu, Yoana G. Voynova, Fatemeh Chegini, Holger Brix, Ulrich Callies, Richard Hofmeister, Knut Klingbeil, Corinna Schrum, and Justus E. E. van Beusekom
Biogeosciences, 17, 5097–5127, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5097-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5097-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, using extensive field observations and a numerical model, we analyzed the physical and biogeochemical structure of a coastal system following an extreme flood event. Our results suggest that a number of anomalous observations were driven by a co-occurrence of peculiar meteorological conditions and increased riverine discharges. Our results call for attention to the combined effects of hydrological and meteorological extremes that are anticipated to increase in frequency.
Amandine Erktan, Matthias C. Rillig, Andrea Carminati, Alexandre Jousset, and Stefan Scheu
Biogeosciences, 17, 4961–4980, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4961-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4961-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soil aggregation is crucial for soil functioning. While the role of bacteria and fungi in soil aggregation is well established, how predators feeding on microbes modify soil aggregation has hardly been investigated. We showed for the first time that protists modify soil aggregation, presumably through changes in the production of bacterial mucilage, and that collembolans reduce soil aggregation, presumably by reducing the abundance of saprotrophic fungi.
Wei Hu, Kotaro Murata, Chunlan Fan, Shu Huang, Hiromi Matsusaki, Pingqing Fu, and Daizhou Zhang
Biogeosciences, 17, 4477–4487, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4477-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4477-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports the first estimate of the status of bacteria in long-distance-transported Asian dust, demonstrating that airborne dust, which can carry viable and nonviable bacteria on particle surfaces, is an efficient medium for constantly spreading bacteria at regional and even global scales. Such data are essential to better model and understand the roles and activities of bioaerosols in environmental evolution and climate change and the potential risks of bioaerosols to human health.
Inge Grünberg, Evan J. Wilcox, Simon Zwieback, Philip Marsh, and Julia Boike
Biogeosciences, 17, 4261–4279, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on topsoil temperature data for different vegetation types at a low Arctic tundra site, we found large small-scale variability. Winter temperatures were strongly influenced by vegetation through its effects on snow. Summer temperatures were similar below most vegetation types and not consistently related to late summer permafrost thaw depth. Given that vegetation type defines the relationship between winter and summer soil temperature and thaw depth, it controls permafrost vulnerability.
Long Jiang, Theo Gerkema, Jacco C. Kromkamp, Daphne van der Wal, Pedro Manuel Carrasco De La Cruz, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 17, 4135–4152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4135-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4135-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A seaward increasing chlorophyll-a gradient is observed during the spring bloom in a Dutch tidal bay. Biophysical model runs indicate the roles of bivalve grazing and tidal import in shaping the gradient. Five common spatial phytoplankton patterns are summarized in global estuarine–coastal ecosystems: seaward increasing, seaward decreasing, concave with a chlorophyll maximum, weak spatial gradients, and irregular patterns.
Emil De Borger, Justin Tiano, Ulrike Braeckman, Tom Ysebaert, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 17, 1701–1715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1701-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1701-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
By applying a novel technique to quantify organism-induced sediment–water column fluid exchange (bioirrigation), we show that organisms in subtidal (permanently submerged) areas have similar bioirrigation rates as those that inhabit intertidal areas (not permanently submerged), but organisms in the latter irrigate deeper burrows in this study. Our results expand on traditional methods to quantify bioirrigation rates and broaden the pool of field measurements of bioirrigation rates.
Sheila N. Estrada-Allis, Julio Sheinbaum Pardo, Joao M. Azevedo Correia de Souza, Cecilia Elizabeth Enríquez Ortiz, Ismael Mariño Tapia, and Jorge A. Herrera-Silveira
Biogeosciences, 17, 1087–1111, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1087-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1087-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Continental shelves are the most productive areas in the ocean and can have an important impact on the nutrient cycle as well as the climate system. The one in Yucatán is the largest shelf in the Gulf of Mexico. However, its nutrient budget remains unidentifiable. Here we propose not only a general nutrient budget for the Yucatán Shelf but also the physical processes responsible for its pathway modulation through a physical–biogeochemical coupled model of the whole Gulf of Mexico.
Ashley Dubnick, Martin Sharp, Brad Danielson, Alireza Saidi-Mehrabad, and Joel Barker
Biogeosciences, 17, 963–977, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-963-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-963-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We found that glaciers with basal temperatures near the melting point mobilize more solutes, nutrients, and microbes from the underlying substrate and are more likely to promote in situ biogeochemical activity than glaciers with basal temperatures well below the melting point. The temperature at the base of glaciers is therefore an important control on the biogeochemistry of ice near glacier beds, and, ultimately, the potential solutes, nutrients, and microbes exported from glaciated watersheds.
Audrey Delpech, Anna Conchon, Olivier Titaud, and Patrick Lehodey
Biogeosciences, 17, 833–850, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-833-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-833-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Micronekton is an important, yet poorly known, component of the trophic chain, which partly contributes to the storage of CO2 in the deep ocean thanks to biomass vertical migrations. In this study, we characterize the ideal sampling regions to estimate the amount of biomass that undergoes theses migrations. We find that observations made in warm, nondynamic and productive waters reduce the error of the estimation by 20 %. This result should likely serve for future in situ network deployment.
Filippos Tagklis, Takamitsu Ito, and Annalisa Bracco
Biogeosciences, 17, 231–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-231-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-231-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Deoxygenation of the oceans is potentially one of the most severe ecosystem stressors resulting from global warming given the high sensitivity of dissolved oxygen to ocean temperatures. Climate models suggest that despite the thermodynamic tendency of the oceans to lose oxygen, certain regions experience significant changes in the biologically driven O2 consumption, resulting in a resistance against deoxygenation. Overturning circulation changes are responsible for such a behavior.
Mohammad Abdul Halim, Han Y. H. Chen, and Sean C. Thomas
Biogeosciences, 16, 4357–4375, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4357-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4357-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using field data collected over 4 years across a range of stand ages, we investigated how seasonal surface albedo in boreal forest varies with stand age, stand structure, and composition. Our results indicate that successional change in species composition is a key driver of age–related patterns in albedo, with hardwood species associated with higher albedo. The patterns described have important implications for both climate modeling and
climate–smartboreal forest management.
Paul A. Moore, Maxwell C. Lukenbach, Dan K. Thompson, Nick Kettridge, Gustaf Granath, and James M. Waddington
Biogeosciences, 16, 3491–3506, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3491-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3491-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using very-high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs), we assessed the basic structure and microtopographic variability of hummock–hollow plots at boreal and hemi-boreal sites primarily in North America. Using a simple model of peatland biogeochemical function, our results suggest that both surface heating and moss productivity may not be adequately resolved in models which only consider idealized hummock–hollow units.
Renee K. Gruber, Ryan J. Lowe, and James L. Falter
Biogeosciences, 16, 1921–1935, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1921-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1921-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Researchers from the University of Western Australia's Oceans Institute are studying large tides (up to 12 m range) that occur in the Kimberley region of Australia. These tides flush coral reefs with water rich in nutrients, which supports the growth of reef organisms. In this paper, we show how tidal cycles and seasons control nutrient availability on reefs. This study is among the first published accounts of reefs and water quality data in the remote and pristine Kimberley region.
Sergey A. Marakushev and Ol'ga V. Belonogova
Biogeosciences, 16, 1817–1828, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1817-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1817-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Among the existing theories of the autotrophic origin of life, CO2 is usually considered to be the carbon source for nascent autotrophic metabolism. However, ancestral carbon used in metabolism may have been derived from CH4 if the outflow of magma fluid to the surface of the Earth consisted mainly of methane. The hydrothermal system model is considered in the form of a phase diagram, which demonstrates the area of redox and P and T conditions favorable to development of primary methanotroph.
Venugopal Thushara, Puthenveettil Narayana Menon Vinayachandran, Adrian J. Matthews, Benjamin G. M. Webber, and Bastien Y. Queste
Biogeosciences, 16, 1447–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1447-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1447-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Chlorophyll distribution in the ocean remains to be explored in detail, despite its climatic significance. Here, we document the vertical structure of chlorophyll in the Bay of Bengal using observations and a model. The shape of chlorophyll profiles, characterized by prominent deep chlorophyll maxima, varies in dynamically different regions, controlled by the monsoonal forcings. The present study provides new insights into the vertical distribution of chlorophyll, rarely observed by satellites.
Soeren Thomsen, Johannes Karstensen, Rainer Kiko, Gerd Krahmann, Marcus Dengler, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 16, 979–998, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-979-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-979-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Physical and biogeochemical observations from an autonomous underwater vehicle in combination with ship-based measurements are used to investigate remote and local drivers of the oxygen and nutrient variability off Mauritania. Beside the transport of oxygen and nutrients characteristics from remote areas towards Mauritania also local remineralization of organic material close to the seabed seems to be important for the distribution of oxygen and nutrients.
Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Yannis Cuypers, Andrea Doglioli, Mathieu Caffin, Christophe Yohia, Alain de Verneil, Anne Petrenko, Dominique Lefèvre, Hervé Le Goff, Gilles Rougier, Marc Picheral, and Thierry Moutin
Biogeosciences, 15, 7485–7504, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7485-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7485-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The OUTPACE cruise took place between New Caledonia and French Polynesia. The main purpose was to understand how micro-organisms can survive in a very poor environment. One main source of nutrients is at depth, below the euphotic layer where micro-organisms live. The purpose of the turbulence measurements was to determine to which extent turbulence may
upliftnutrients into the euphotic layer. The origin of the turbulence that was found contrasted along the transect was also determined.
Daniel D. Richter, Sharon A. Billings, Peter M. Groffman, Eugene F. Kelly, Kathleen A. Lohse, William H. McDowell, Timothy S. White, Suzanne Anderson, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Steve Banwart, Susan Brantley, Jean J. Braun, Zachary S. Brecheisen, Charles W. Cook, Hilairy E. Hartnett, Sarah E. Hobbie, Jerome Gaillardet, Esteban Jobbagy, Hermann F. Jungkunst, Clare E. Kazanski, Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Daniel Markewitz, Katherine O'Neill, Clifford S. Riebe, Paul Schroeder, Christina Siebe, Whendee L. Silver, Aaron Thompson, Anne Verhoef, and Ganlin Zhang
Biogeosciences, 15, 4815–4832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4815-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4815-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
As knowledge in biology and geology explodes, science becomes increasingly specialized. Given the overlap of the environmental sciences, however, the explosion in knowledge inevitably creates opportunities for interconnecting the biogeosciences. Here, 30 scientists emphasize the opportunities for biogeoscience collaborations across the world’s remarkable long-term environmental research networks that can advance science and engage larger scientific and public audiences.
Ivy Frenger, Matthias Münnich, and Nicolas Gruber
Biogeosciences, 15, 4781–4798, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4781-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4781-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Although mesoscale ocean eddies are ubiquitous in the Southern Ocean (SO), their regional and seasonal association with phytoplankton has not been quantified. We identify over 100 000 eddies and determine the associated phytoplankton biomass anomalies using satellite-based chlorophyll (Chl) as a proxy. The emerging Chl anomalies can be explained largely by lateral advection of Chl by eddies. This impact of eddies on phytoplankton may implicate downstream effects on SO biogeochemical properties.
Yi Sun, Xiong Z. He, Fujiang Hou, Zhaofeng Wang, and Shenghua Chang
Biogeosciences, 15, 4233–4243, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4233-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4233-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate how grazing alters litter composition, quality and decomposition, we collected litter from grazing (GP) and grazing exclusion paddocks (GEP) and incubated them in situ and across sites. Grazing increased litter N and grazing exclusion increased litter mass of palatable species and promoted SOC. Litter decomposed faster in GP and N was opposite. Site environment had more impact on litter decomposition. Results may be helpful in developing strategies to restore degraded grasslands.
Louise Rousselet, Alain de Verneil, Andrea M. Doglioli, Anne A. Petrenko, Solange Duhamel, Christophe Maes, and Bruno Blanke
Biogeosciences, 15, 2411–2431, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2411-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2411-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The patterns of the large- and fine-scale surface circulation on biogeochemical and biological distributions are examined in the western tropical South Pacific (WTSP) in the context of the OUTPACE oceanographic cruise. The combined use of in situ and satellite data allows for the identification of water mass transport pathways and fine-scale structures, such as fronts, that drive surface distribution of tracers and microbial community structures.
Alain de Verneil, Louise Rousselet, Andrea M. Doglioli, Anne A. Petrenko, Christophe Maes, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, and Thierry Moutin
Biogeosciences, 15, 2125–2147, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2125-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2125-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanographic campaigns to measure biogeochemical processes popularly deploy drifters with onboard incubations to stay in a single body of water. Here, we aggregate physical data taken during such a cruise, OUTPACE, to independently test in a new approach whether the drifter really stayed in what can be considered a single biological or chemical environment. This study concludes that future campaigns would benefit from similar data collection and analysis to validate their sampling strategy.
Susan L. Brantley, David M. Eissenstat, Jill A. Marshall, Sarah E. Godsey, Zsuzsanna Balogh-Brunstad, Diana L. Karwan, Shirley A. Papuga, Joshua Roering, Todd E. Dawson, Jaivime Evaristo, Oliver Chadwick, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, and Kathleen C. Weathers
Biogeosciences, 14, 5115–5142, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5115-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5115-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This review represents the outcome from an invigorating workshop discussion that involved tree physiologists, geomorphologists, ecologists, geochemists, and hydrologists and developed nine hypotheses that could be tested. We argue these hypotheses point to the essence of issues we must explore if we are to understand how the natural system of the earth surface evolves, and how humans will affect its evolution. This paper will create discussion and interest both before and after publication.
Johanne H. Rydsaa, Frode Stordal, Anders Bryn, and Lena M. Tallaksen
Biogeosciences, 14, 4209–4227, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4209-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4209-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the atmospheric sensitivity to an expansion in shrub and tree cover in the northern Fennoscandia region. We applied a regional weather and climate model in evaluating biophysical effects of increased shrub cover at a fine resolution. We find that shrub cover increase causes a warming that is sensitive to the shrub and tree heights. Cooling effects include increased snow cover, cloud cover, and precipitation. We show that the net warming will likely increase in the future.
Qian Cai, Yulong Zhang, Zhanxiang Sun, Jiaming Zheng, Wei Bai, Yue Zhang, Yang Liu, Liangshan Feng, Chen Feng, Zhe Zhang, Ning Yang, Jochem B. Evers, and Lizhen Zhang
Biogeosciences, 14, 3851–3858, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3851-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3851-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Large yield gaps exist in rain-fed maize in semi-arid regions caused by frequent droughts halfway through the growing period due to uneven distribution of rainfall. It can be questioned whether irrigation systems are economically and ecologically required. Maize yield was not affected by mild water stress due to the morphological plasticity in root growth. Our results help to mitigate drought risk in dry-land agriculture.
Jörg Schwinger, Jerry Tjiputra, Nadine Goris, Katharina D. Six, Alf Kirkevåg, Øyvind Seland, Christoph Heinze, and Tatiana Ilyina
Biogeosciences, 14, 3633–3648, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3633-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3633-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Transient global warming under the high emission scenario RCP8.5 is amplified by up to 6 % if a pH dependency of marine DMS production is assumed. Importantly, this additional warming is not spatially homogeneous but shows a pronounced north–south gradient. Over the Antarctic continent, the additional warming is almost twice the global average. In the Southern Ocean we find a small DMS–climate feedback that counteracts the original reduction of DMS production due to ocean acidification.
Madhavan Girijakumari Keerthi, Matthieu Lengaigne, Marina Levy, Jerome Vialard, Vallivattathillam Parvathi, Clément de Boyer Montégut, Christian Ethé, Olivier Aumont, Iyyappan Suresh, Valiya Parambil Akhil, and Pillathu Moolayil Muraleedharan
Biogeosciences, 14, 3615–3632, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3615-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3615-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The northern Arabian Sea hosts a winter chlorophyll bloom, which exhibits strong interannual variability. The processes responsible for this interannual variation of the bloom are investigated using observations and a model. The interannual fluctuations of the winter bloom are largely related to the interannual mixed-layer depth (MLD) anomalies, which are driven by net heat flux anomalies. MLD controls the bloom amplitude through a modulation of nutrient turbulent fluxes into the mixed layer.
Lixin Lyu, Susanne Suvanto, Pekka Nöjd, Helena M. Henttonen, Harri Mäkinen, and Qi-Bin Zhang
Biogeosciences, 14, 3083–3095, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3083-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3083-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Our results reveal that the change in the tree growth–climate relationship is similar along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, especially during growing seasons. Moreover, the critical periods for climatic effects on tree radial growth occurred earlier at lower latitudes and altitudes than at the cold ends of the gradients. We further demonstrate the use of daily climate data, as they may disclose more precise gradient patterns that could not be detected if monthly climate data were used.
Sophie Clayton, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Oliver Jahn, Christopher Hill, Patrick Heimbach, and Michael J. Follows
Biogeosciences, 14, 2877–2889, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2877-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2877-2017, 2017
Xiang Gong, Wensheng Jiang, Linhui Wang, Huiwang Gao, Emmanuel Boss, Xiaohong Yao, Shuh-Ji Kao, and Jie Shi
Biogeosciences, 14, 2371–2386, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2371-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2371-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer (SCML) forms near the nitracline. By incorporating a piecewise function for the approximate Gaussian vertical profile of chlorophyll, we derive analytical solutions of a specified nutrient–phytoplankton model. Nitracline depth is deeper than SCML depth, and a thinner SCML corresponds to a steeper nitracline. A higher light attenuation coefficient leads to a shallower but steeper nitracline. Nitracline steepness is independent of surface light intensity.
Cited articles
Aires, L. M., Pio, C. A., and Pereira, J. S.: The effect of drought on energy and water vapour exchange above a {M}editerranean $\mathrm{C_3}$/$\mathrm{C_4}$ grassland in {S}outhern {P}ortugal, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 565–579, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.11.001, 2008.
Alexander, L. V., Zhang, X., Peterson, T. C., Caesar, J., Gleason, B., Tank, A. M. G. K., Haylock, M., Collins, D., Trewin, B., Rahimzadeh, F., Tagipour, A., Kumar, K. R., Revadekar, J., Griffiths, G., Vincent, L., Stephenson, D. B., Burn, J., Aguilar, E., Brunet, M., Taylor, M., New, M., Zhai, P., Rusticucci, M., and V{á}zquez-Aguirre, J. L.: Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, 123–138, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006290, 2006.
Arneth, A., Veenendaal, E. M., Best, C., Timmermans, W., Kolle, O., Montagnani, L., and Shibistova, O.: Water use strategies and ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of CO2 in two highly seasonal environments, Biogeosciences, 3, 421–437, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-421-2006, 2006.
Baldocchi, D.: Breathing of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems, Aust. J. Bot., 56, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1071/BT07151, 2008.
Campbell, J. L., Sun, O. J., and Law, B. E.: Supply-side controls on soil respiration among {O}regon forests, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 1857–1869, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00850.x, 2004.
Casals, P., Gimeno, C., Carrara, A., Lopez-Sangil, L., and Sanz, M. J.: Soil $CO2$ efflux and extractable organic carbon fractions under simulated precipitation events in a {M}editerranean Dehesa, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 1915–1922, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.06.015, 2009.
Chen, S. P., Lin, G. H., Huang, J. H., and Jenerette, G. D.: Dependence of carbon sequestration on the differential responses of ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration to rain pulses in a semiarid steppe, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 2450–2461, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01879.x, 2009.
Chiesi, M., Maselli, F., Bindi, M., Fibbi, L., Cherubini, P., Arlotta, E., Tirone, G., Matteucci, G., and Seufert, G.: Modelling carbon budget of {M}editerranean forests using ground and remote sensing measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 135, 22–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.09.011, 2005.
Chiesi, M., Fibbi, L., Genesio, L., Gioli, B., Magno, R., Maselli, F., Moriondo, M., and Vaccari, F. P.: Integration of ground and satellite data to model {M}editerranean forest processes, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 13, 504–515, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2010.10.006, 2011.
Clark, K. L., Gholz, H. L., and Castro, M. S.: Carbon dynamics along a chronosequence of slash pine plantations in north {F}lorida, Ecol. Appl., 14, 1154–1171, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-5391, 2004.
David, T. S., Henriques, M. O., Kurz-Besson, C., Nunes, J., Valente, F., Vaz, M., Pereira, J. S., Siegwolf, R., Chaves, M. M., Gazarini, L. C., and David, J. S.: Water-use strategies in two co-occurring {M}editerranean evergreen oaks: surviving the summer drought, Tree Physiol., 27, 793–803, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/27.6.793, 2007.
Davidson, E. A., Belk, E., and Boone, R. D.: Soil water content and temperature as independent or confounded factors controlling soil respiration in a temperate mixed hardwood forest, Glob. Change Biol., 4, 217–227, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00128.x, 1998.
Eagleson, P. S.: Ecohydrology: Darwinian Expression of Vegetation Form and Function, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Eamus, D., Hatton, T., Cook, P., and Colvin, C.: Ecohydrology: Vegetation Function, Water and Resource Management, CSIRO Publishing, 2006.
Easterling, D. R., Meehl, G. A., Parmesan, C., Changnon, S. A., Karl, T. R., and Mearns, L. O.: Climate extremes: Observations, modeling, and impacts, Science, 289, 2068–2074, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5487.2068, 2000.
Fang, J. Y., Piao, S. L., Zhou, L. M., He, J. S., Wei, F. Y., Myneni, R. B., Tucker, C. J., and Tan, K.: Precipitation patterns alter growth of temperate vegetation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 924–930, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024231, 2005.
Fay, P. A., Carlisle, J. D., Danner, B. T., Lett, M. S., McCarron, J. K., Stewart, C., Knapp, A. K., Blair, J. M., and Collins, S. L.: Altered rainfall patterns, gas exchange, and growth in grasses and forbs, Int. J. Plant Sci., 163, 549–557, https://doi.org/10.1086/339718, 2002.
Fay, P. A., Kaufman, D. M., Nippert, J. B., Carlisle, J. D., and Harper, C. W.: Changes in grassland ecosystem function due to extreme rainfall events: implications for responses to climate change, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 1600–1608, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01605.x, 2008.
Gao, X. J. and Giorgi, F.: Increased aridity in the {M}editerranean region under greenhouse gas forcing estimated from high resolution simulations with a regional climate model, Global Planet. Change, 62, 195–209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.02.002, 2008.
Garbulsky, M. F., Pe{ñ}uelas, J., Papale, D., and Filella, I.: Remote estimation of carbon dioxide uptake by a {M}editerranean forest, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 2860–2867, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01684.x, 2008.
Giorgi, F. and Lionello, P.: Climate change projections for the {M}editerranean region, Global Planet. Change, 63, 90–104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.09.005, 2008.
Goldstein, A. H., Hultman, N. E., Fracheboud, J. M., Bauer, M. R., Panek, J. A., Xu, M., Qi, Y., Guenther, A. B., and Baugh, W.: Effects of climate variability on the carbon dioxide, water, and sensible heat fluxes above a ponderosa pine plantation in the {S}ierra {N}evada ({CA}), Agr. Forest Meteorol., 101, 113–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00168-9, 2000.
Good, S. P. and Caylor, K. K.: Climatological determinants of woody cover in {A}frica, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 4902–4907, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1013100108, 2011.
Gr{ü}nzweig, J. M., Lin, T., Rotenberg, E., Schwartz, A., and Yakir, D.: Carbon sequestration in arid-land forest, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 791–799, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00612.x, 2003.
Gu, L., Meyers, T., Pallardy, S. G., Hanson, P. J., Yang, B., Heuer, M., Hosman, K. P., Riggs, J. S., Sluss, D., and Wullschleger, S. D.: Direct and indirect effects of atmospheric conditions and soil moisture on surface energy partitioning revealed by a prolonged drought at a temperate forest site, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D16102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007161, 2006.
Harper, C. W., Blair, J. M., Fay, P. A., Knapp, A. K., and Carlisle, J. D.: Increased rainfall variability and reduced rainfall amount decreases soil $CO2$ flux in a grassland ecosystem, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 322–334, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00899.x, 2005.
Heisler-White, J. L., Knapp, A. K., and Kelly, E. F.: Increasing precipitation event size increases aboveground net primary productivity in a semi-arid grassland, Oecologia, 158, 129–140, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1116-9, 2008.
Huxman, T. E., Smith, M. D., Fay, P. A., Knapp, A. K., Shaw, M. R., Loik, M. E., Smith, S. D., Tissue, D. T., Zak, J. C., Weltzin, J. F., Pockman, W. T., Sala, O. E., Haddad, B. M., Harte, J., Koch, G. W., Schwinning, S., Small, E. E., and Williams, D. G.: Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency, Nature, 429, 651–654, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02561, 2004{a}.
Huxman, T. E., Snyder, K. A., Tissue, D., Leffler, A. J., Ogle, K., Pockman, W. T., Sandquist, D. R., Potts, D. L., and Schwinning, S.: Precipitation pulses and carbon fluxes in semiarid and arid ecosystems, Oecologia, 141, 254–268, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1682-4, 2004{b}.
Ignace, D. D., Huxman, T. E., Weltzin, J. F., and Williams, D. G.: Leaf gas exchange and water status responses of a native and non-native grass to precipitation across contrasting soil surfaces in the {S}onoran Desert, Oecologia, 152, 401–413, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0670-x, 2007.
Inglima, I., Alberti, G., Bertolini, T., Vaccari, F. P., Gioli, B., Miglietta, F., Cotrufo, M. F., and Peressotti, A.: Precipitation pulses enhance respiration of {M}editerranean ecosystems: the balance between organic and inorganic components of increased soil $CO2$ efflux, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 1289–1301, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01793.x, 2009.
Janssens, I. A., Lankreijer, H., Matteucci, G., Kowalski, A. S., Buchmann, N., Epron, D., Pilegaard, K., Kutsch, W., Longdoz, B., Gr{ü}nwald, T., Montagnani, L., Dore, S., Rebmann, C., Moors, E. J., Grelle, A., Rannik, Ü., Morgenstern, K., Oltchev, S., Clement, R., Gudmundsson, J., Minerbi, S., Berbigier, P., Ibrom, A., Moncrieff, J., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, C., Jensen, N. O., Vesala, T., Granier, A., Schulze, E. D., Lindroth, A., Dolman, A. J., Jarvis, P. G., Ceulemans, R., and Valentini, R.: Productivity overshadows temperature in determining soil and ecosystem respiration across {E}uropean forests, Glob. Change Biol., 7, 269–278, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00412.x, 2001.
Jenerette, G. D., Scott, R. L., and Huxman, T. E.: Whole ecosystem metabolic pulses following precipitation events, Funct. Ecol., 22, 924–930, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01450.x, 2008.
Jentsch, A., Kreyling, J., and Beierkuhnlein, C.: A new generation of climate-change experiments: events, not trends, Front. Ecol. Environ., 5, 365–374, https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[365:ANGOCE]2.0.CO;2, 2007.
Karl, T. R., Knight, R. W., Easterling, D. R., and Quayle, R. G.: Indices of climate change for the {U}nited {S}tates, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 279–292, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0279:IOCCFT>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Knapp, A. K., Fay, P. A., Blair, J. M., Collins, S. L., Smith, M. D., Carlisle, J. D., Harper, C. W., Danner, B. T., Lett, M. S., and McCarron, J. K.: Rainfall variability, carbon cycling, and plant species diversity in a mesic grassland, Science, 298, 2202–2205, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1076347, 2002.
Knapp, A. K., Beier, C., Briske, D. D., Classen, A. T., Luo, Y., Reichstein, M., Smith, M. D., Smith, S. D., Bell, J. E., Fay, P. A., Heisler, J. L., Leavitt, S. W., Sherry, R., Smith, B., and Weng, E.: Consequences of more extreme precipitation regimes for terrestrial ecosystems, Bioscience, 58, 811–821, https://doi.org/10.1641/B580908, 2008.
Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., and Rubel, F.: World map of the K{ö}ppen-Geiger climate classification updated, Meteorol. Z., 15, 259–263, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130, 2006.
Kowalski, A. S., Serrano-Ortiz, P., Janssens, I. A., S{á}nchez-Moraic, S., Cuezva, S., Domingo, F., Were, A., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: Can flux tower research neglect geochemical $CO2$ exchange?, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 1045–1054, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.02.004, 2008.
Laio, F., Porporato, A., Ridolfi, L., and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Iturbe, I.: Plants in water-controlled ecosystems: active role in hydrologic processes and response to water stress. II. {P}robabilistic soil moisture dynamics, Adv. Water Resour., 24, 707–723, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00005-7, 2001.
Law, B. E., Baldocchi, D. D., and Anthoni, P. M.: Below-canopy and soil $CO2$ fluxes in a ponderosa pine forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 94, 171–188, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00019-2, 1999.
Law, B. E., Thornton, P. E., Irvine, J., Anthoni, P. M., and Tuyl, S. V.: Carbon storage and fluxes in ponderosa pine forests at different developmental stages, Glob. Change Biol., 7, 755–777, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00439.x, 2001.
Lee, X., Wu, H. J., Sigler, J., Oishi, C., and Siccama, T.: Rapid and transient response of soil respiration to rain, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 1017–1026, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00787.x, 2004.
Limousin, J.-M., Misson, L., Lavoir, A.-V., Martin, N. K., and Rambal, S.: Do photosynthetic limitations of evergreen Quercus ilex leaves change with long-term increased drought severity?, Plant Cell Environ., 33, 863–875, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02112.x, 2010.
Lipson, D. A., Wilson, R. F., and Oechel, W. C.: Effects of elevated atmospheric $CO2$ on soil microbial biomass, activity, and diversity in a chaparral ecosystem, Appl. Environ. Microb., 71, 8573–8580, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.12.8573-8580.2005, 2005.
Loik, M. E., Breshears, D. D., Lauenroth, W. K., and Belnap, J.: A multi-scale perspective of water pulses in dryland ecosystems: climatology and ecohydrology of the western USA, Oecologia, 141, 269–281, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1570-y, 2004.
Ma, S. Y., Baldocchi, D. D., Xu, L. K., and Hehn, T.: Inter-annual variability in carbon dioxide exchange of an oak/grass savanna and open grassland in {C}alifornia, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 147, 157–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.07.008, 2007.
Manabe, S. and Wetherald, R. T.: Large-scale changes of soil wetness induced by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1211–1235, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<1211:LSCOSW>2.0.CO;2, 1987.
Mart{\'\i}nez-Ferri, E., Balaguer, L., Valladares, F., Chico, J. M., and Manrique, E.: Energy dissipation in drought-avoiding and drought-tolerant tree species at midday during the {M}editerranean summer, Tree Physiol., 20, 131–138, 2000.
Migliavacca, M., Meroni, M., Manca, G., Matteucci, G., Montagnani, L., Grassi, G., Zenone, T., Teobaldelli, M., Goded, I., Colombo, R., and Seufert, G.: Seasonal and interannual patterns of carbon and water fluxes of a poplar plantation under peculiar eco-climatic conditions, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1460–1476, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.04.003, 2009.
Migliavacca, M., Reichstein, M., Richardson, A. D., Colombo, R., Sutton, M. A., Lasslop, G., Tomelleri, E., Wohlfahrt, G., Carvalhais, N., Cescatti, A., Mahecha, M. D., Montagnani, L., Papale, D., Zaehle, S., Arain, A., Arneth, A., Black, T. A., Carrara, A., Dore, S., Gianelle, D., Helfter, C., Hollinger, D., Kutsch, W. L., Lafleur, P. M., Nouvellon, Y., Rebmann, C., da Rocha, H. R., Rodeghiero, M., Roupsard, O., Sebasti{à}, M. T., Seufert, G., Soussana, J. F., and van der Molen, M. K.: Semiempirical modeling of abiotic and biotic factors controlling ecosystem respiration across eddy covariance sites, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 390–409, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02243.x, 2011.
Miranda, J. D., Padilla, F. M., Lazaro, R., and Pugnaire, F. I.: Do changes in rainfall patterns affect semiarid annual plant communities?, J. Veg. Sci., 20, 269–276, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.05680.x, 2009.
Misson, L., Gershenson, A., Tang, J. W., McKay, M., Cheng, W. X., and Goldstein, A.: Influences of canopy photosynthesis and summer rain pulses on root dynamics and soil respiration in a young ponderosa pine forest, Tree Physiol., 26, 833–844, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/26.7.833, 2006.
Misson, L., Baldocchi, D. D., Black, T. A., Blanken, P. D., Brunet, Y., Yuste, J. C., Dorsey, J. R., Falk, M., Granier, A., Irvine, M. R., Jarosz, N., Lamaud, E., Launiainen, S., Law, B. E., Longdoz, B., Loustau, D., Mckay, M., Paw, K. T., Vesala, T., Vickers, D., Wilson, K. B., and Goldstein, A. H.: Partitioning forest carbon fluxes with overstory and understory eddy-covariance measurements: a synthesis based on FLUXNET data, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 144, 14–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.01.006, 2007.
Misson, L., Limousin, J.-M., Rodriguez, R., and Letts, M. G.: Leaf physiological responses to extreme droughts in {M}editerranean Quercus ilex forest, Plant Cell Environ., 33, 1898–1910, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02193.x, 2010.
Moffat, A. M., Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Hollinger, D. Y., Richardson, A. D., Barr, A. G., Beckstein, C., Braswell, B. H., Churkina, G., Desai, A. R., Falge, E., Gove, J. H., Heimann, M., Hui, D. F., Jarvis, A. J., Kattge, J., Noormets, A., and Stauch, V. J.: Comprehensive comparison of gap-filling techniques for eddy covariance net carbon fluxes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 147, 209–232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.011, 2007.
Moreno, G., Obrador, J. J., Cubera, E., and Dupraz, C.: Fine root distribution in {D}ehesas of {C}entral-{W}estern {S}pain, Plant Soil, 277, 153–162, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-6805-0, 2005.
Ogle, K. and Reynolds, J. F.: Plant responses to precipitation in desert ecosystems: integrating functional types, pulses, thresholds, and delays, Oecologia, 141, 282–294, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1507-5, 2004.
Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Aubinet, M., Canfora, E., Bernhofer, C., Kutsch, W., Longdoz, B., Rambal, S., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., and Yakir, D.: Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation, Biogeosciences, 3, 571–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-571-2006, 2006.
Pataki, D. E. and Oren, R.: Species differences in stomatal control of water loss at the canopy scale in a mature bottomland deciduous forest, Adv. Water Resour., 26, 1267–1278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2003.08.001, 2003.
Pereira, J. S., Mateus, J. A., Aires, L. M., Pita, G., Pio, C., David, J. S., Andrade, V., Banza, J., David, T. S., Paço, T. A., and Rodrigues, A.: Net ecosystem carbon exchange in three contrasting Mediterranean ecosystems – the effect of drought, Biogeosciences, 4, 791–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-791-2007, 2007.
Peterson, T. C., Zhang, X. B., Brunet-India, M., and V{á}zquez-Aguirre, J. L.: Changes in {N}orth {A}merican extremes derived from daily weather data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, 123–138, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009453, 2008.
Porporato, A., Laio, F., Ridolfi, L., and Rodr{\'\i}guez-Iturbe, I.: Plants in water-controlled ecosystems: active role in hydrologic processes and response to water stress. III. {V}egetation water stress, Adv. Water Resour., 24, 725–744, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00006-9, 2001.
Potts, D. L., Huxman, T. E., Cable, J. M., English, N. B., Ignace, D. D., Eilts, J. A., Mason, M. J., Weltzin, J. F., and Williams, D. G.: Antecedent moisture and seasonal precipitation influence the response of canopy-scale carbon and water exchange to rainfall pulses in a semi-arid grassland, New Phytol., 170, 849–860, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01732.x, 2006.
Powell, T. L., Bracho, R., Li, J. H., Dore, S., Hinkle, C. R., and Drake, B. G.: Environmental controls over net ecosystem carbon exchange of scrub oak in central {F}lorida, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 141, 19–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.09.002, 2006.
R Development Core Team: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, available at: http://www.R-project.org, {ISBN} 3-900051-07-0, 2011.
Rambal, S.: Water balance and pattern of root water uptake by a Quercus coccifera L. evergreen scrub, Oecologia, 62, 18–25, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00377367, 1984.
Rambal, S.: Quercus ilex facing water stress: A functional equilibrium hypothesis, Vegetatio, 99–100, 147–153, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00118220, 1992.
Rambal, S., Ourcival, J. M., Joffre, R., Mouillot, F., Nouvellon, Y., Reichstein, M., and Rocheteau, A.: Drought controls over conductance and assimilation of a {M}editerranean evergreen ecosystem: scaling from leaf to canopy, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 1813–1824, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00687.x, 2003.
Reichstein, M., Tenhunen, J. D., Roupsard, O., Ourcival, J. M., Rambal, S., Dore, S., and Valentini, R.: Ecosystem respiration in two {M}editerranean evergreen {H}olm {O}ak forests: drought effects and decomposition dynamics, Funct. Ecol., 16, 27–39, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00597.x, 2002.
Reichstein, M., Rey, A., Freibauer, A., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Banza, J., Casals, P., Cheng, Y. F., Gr{ü}nzweig, J. M., Irvine, J., Joffre, R., Law, B. E., Loustau, D., Miglietta, F., Oechel, W., Ourcival, J. M., Pereira, J. S., Peressotti, A., Ponti, F., Qi, Y., Rambal, S., Rayment, M., Romanya, J., Rossi, F., Tedeschi, V., Tirone, G., Xu, M., and Yakir, D.: Modeling temporal and large-scale spatial variability of soil respiration from soil water availability, temperature and vegetation productivity indices, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 211–220, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002035, 2003.
Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., Gr{ü}nwald, T., Havr{á}nkov{á}, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J. M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., and Valentini, R.: On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1424–1439, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x, 2005.
Rey, A., Pegoraro, E., Tedeschi, V., Parri, I. D., Jarvis, P. G., and Valentini, R.: Annual variation in soil respiration and its components in a coppice oak forest in Central {I}taly, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 851–866, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00521.x, 2002.
Rodr{\'\i}guez-Iturbe, I. and Porporato, A.: Ecohydrology of Water-Controlled Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Rodr{\'\i}guez-Iturbe, I., Porporato, A., Laio, F., and Ridolfi, L.: Plants in water-controlled ecosystems: active role in hydrologic processes and response to water stress. I. {S}cope and general outline, Adv. Water Resour., 24, 695–705, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00004-5, 2001.
Rowell, D. P. and Jones, R. G.: Causes and uncertainty of future summer drying over {E}urope, Clim. Dynam., 27, 281–299, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0125-9, 2006.
Sala, O. E. and Lauenroth, W. K.: Root profiles and the ecological effect of light rainshowers in arid and semiarid regions, Am. Midl. Nat., 114, 406–408, https://doi.org/10.2307/2425617, 1985.
Schenk, H. J. and Jackson, R. B.: Rooting depths, lateral root spreads and below-ground/above-ground allometries of plants in water-limited ecosystems, J. Ecol., 90, 480–494, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00682.x, 2002.
Schmid, H. P., Grimmond, C. S. B., Cropley, F., Offerle, B., and Su, H. B.: Measurements of $CO2$ and energy fluxes over a mixed hardwood forest in the mid-western {U}nited {S}tates, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 103, 357–374, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00140-4,, 2000.
Schwinning, S. and Sala, O. E.: Hierarchy of responses to resource pulses in arid and semi-arid ecosystems, Oecologia, 141, 211–220, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1520-8, 2004.
Scott, R. L., Huxman, T. E., Cable, W. L., and Emmerich, W. E.: Partitioning of evapotranspiration and its relation to carbon dioxide exchange in a {C}hihuahuan {D}esert shrubland, Hydrol. Process., 20, 3227–3243, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6329, 2006.
Scott, R. L., Jenerette, G. D., Potts, D. L., and Huxman, T. E.: Effects of seasonal drought on net carbon dioxide exchange from a woody-plant-encroached semiarid grassland, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 114, 504–515, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000900, 2009.
Serrano-Ortiz, P., Domingo, F., Cazorla, A., Were, A., Cuezva, S., Villagarcia, L., Alados-Arboledas, L., and Kowalski, A. S.: Interannual $CO2$ exchange of a sparse {M}editerranean shrubland on a carbonaceous substrate, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 114, G04015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG000983, 2009.
Siam, A. M. J., Radoglou, K. M., Noitsakis, B., and Smiris, P.: Physiological and growth responses of three {M}editerranean oak species to different water availability regimes, J. Arid Environ., 72, 583–592, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.11.001, 2008.
Sponseller, R. A.: Precipitation pulses and soil $CO2$ flux in a {S}onoran {D}esert ecosystem, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 426–436, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01307.x, 2007.
Tank, A. M. G. K. and Konnen, G. P.: Trends in indices of daily temperature and precipitation extremes in {E}urope, 1946–99, J. Climate, 16, 3665–3680, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3665:TIIODT>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Tebaldi, C., Hayhoe, K., Arblaster, J. M., and Meehl, G. A.: Going to the extremes, Climatic Change, 79, 185–211, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9051-4, 2006.
Tedeschi, V., Rey, A., Manca, G., Valentini, R., Jarvis, P. G., and Borghetti, M.: Soil respiration in a {M}editerranean oak forest at different developmental stages after coppicing, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 110–121, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01081.x, 2006.
Thomey, M. L., Collins, S. L., Vargas, R., Johnson, J. E., Brown, R. F., Natvig, D. O., and Friggens, M. T.: Effect of precipitation variability on net primary production and soil respiration in a {C}hihuahuan {D}esert grassland, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 1505–1515, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02363.x, 2011.
Trenberth, K. E.: Changes in precipitation with climate change, Clim. Res., 47, 123–138, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00953, 2011.
Trenberth, K. E., Dai, A., Rasmussen, R. M., and Parsons, D. B.: The changing character of precipitation, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84, 1205–1217, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-84-9-1205, 2003.
Valentini, R., DeAngelis, P., Matteucci, G., Monaco, R., Dore, S., and Mugnozza, G. E. S.: Seasonal net carbon dioxide exchange of a beech forest with the atmosphere, Glob. Change Biol., 2, 199–207, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00072.x, 1996.
Vickers, D., Thomas, C., and Law, B. E.: Random and systematic $CO2$ flux sampling errors for tower measurements over forests in the convective boundary layer, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 73–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.07.005, 2009.
Viola, F., Daly, E., Vico, G., Cannarozzo, M., and Porporato, A.: Transient soil-moisture dynamics and climate change in {M}editerranean ecosystems, Water Resour. Res., 44, 469–480, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006371, 2008.
Volder, A., Tjoelker, M. G., and Briske, D. D.: Contrasting physiological responsiveness of establishing trees and a $\mathrm{C_4}$ grass to rainfall events, intensified summer drought, and warming in oak savanna, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 3349–3362, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02152.x, 2010.
Weltzin, J. F., Loik, M. E., Schwinning, S., Williams, D. G., Fay, P. A., Haddad, B. M., Harte, J., Huxman, T. E., Knapp, A. K., Lin, G. H., Pockman, W. T., Shaw, M. R., Small, E. E., Smith, M. D., Smith, S. D., Tissue, D. T., and Zak, J. C.: Assessing the response of terrestrial ecosystems to potential changes in precipitation, Bioscience, 53, 941–952, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0941:ATROTE]2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Williams, C. A., Hanan, N., Scholes, R. J., and Kutsch, W.: Complexity in water and carbon dioxide fluxes following rain pulses in an {A}frican savanna, Oecologia, 161, 469–480, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1405-y, 2009.
Wu, Z. T., Dijkstra, P., Koch, G. W., Pe{ñ}uelas, J., and Hungate, B. A.: Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and precipitation change: a meta-analysis of experimental manipulation, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 927–942, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02302.x, 2011.
Xu, L. K., Baldocchi, D. D., and Tang, J. W.: How soil moisture, rain pulses, and growth alter the response of ecosystem respiration to temperature, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, 1424–1439, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002281, 2004.
Zavala, M. A. and de la Parra, R. B.: A mechanistic model of tree competition and facilitation for {M}editerranean forests: Scaling from leaf physiology to stand dynamics, Ecol. Model., 188, 76–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.05.006, 2005.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint