Articles | Volume 14, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-651-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-651-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Feb 2017
Research article |
| 09 Feb 2017
Evaluating environmental drivers of spatial variability in free-living nematode assemblages along the Portuguese margin
Marine Biology research group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8,
9000 Ghent, Belgium
Meiofauna Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof
Moraes Rego 1235, 50670-901, Cidade Universitária, Brazil
Frederik Leliaert
Marine Biology research group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8,
9000 Ghent, Belgium
Torben Riehl
CeNak, Center of Natural History, University of Hamburg – Zoological
Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Sofia Pinto Ramalho
Marine Biology research group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8,
9000 Ghent, Belgium
Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de
Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
Eliana Alfaro Cordova
Prodelphinus, Jose Galvez 780-E, Lima 18, Peru
André Morgado Esteves
Meiofauna Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof
Moraes Rego 1235, 50670-901, Cidade Universitária, Brazil
Ann Vanreusel
Marine Biology research group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8,
9000 Ghent, Belgium
Related authors
Timm Schoening, Autun Purser, Daniel Langenkämper, Inken Suck, James Taylor, Daphne Cuvelier, Lidia Lins, Erik Simon-Lledó, Yann Marcon, Daniel O. B. Jones, Tim Nattkemper, Kevin Köser, Martin Zurowietz, Jens Greinert, and Jose Gomes-Pereira
Biogeosciences, 17, 3115–3133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3115-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3115-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Seafloor imaging is widely used in marine science and industry to explore and monitor areas of interest. The selection of the most appropriate imaging gear and deployment strategy depends on the target application. This paper compares imaging platforms like autonomous vehicles or towed camera frames and different deployment strategies of those in assessing the megafauna abundance of polymetallic-nodule fields. The deep-sea mining industry needs that information for robust impact monitoring.
Marius Buydens, Emil De Borger, Lorenz Meire, Samuel Bodé, Antonio Schirone, Karline Soetaert, Ann Vanreusel, and Ulrike Braeckman
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-102, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-102, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
As the Greenland Ice Sheet retreats, it is important to understand how this impacts the carbon burial in Greenland fjords. By comparing a fjord with marine-terminating glaciers versus one fed by a land-terminating glacier, we see that the productive waters associated to marine-terminating glaciers not necessary lead to enhanced carbon burial. Instead, we highlight the complex interplay of physical, biological, and sedimentary processes that mediate carbon dynamics in these fjords.
Timm Schoening, Autun Purser, Daniel Langenkämper, Inken Suck, James Taylor, Daphne Cuvelier, Lidia Lins, Erik Simon-Lledó, Yann Marcon, Daniel O. B. Jones, Tim Nattkemper, Kevin Köser, Martin Zurowietz, Jens Greinert, and Jose Gomes-Pereira
Biogeosciences, 17, 3115–3133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3115-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3115-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Seafloor imaging is widely used in marine science and industry to explore and monitor areas of interest. The selection of the most appropriate imaging gear and deployment strategy depends on the target application. This paper compares imaging platforms like autonomous vehicles or towed camera frames and different deployment strategies of those in assessing the megafauna abundance of polymetallic-nodule fields. The deep-sea mining industry needs that information for robust impact monitoring.
Daphne Cuvelier, Pedro A. Ribeiro, Sofia P. Ramalho, Daniel Kersken, Pedro Martinez Arbizu, and Ana Colaço
Biogeosciences, 17, 2657–2680, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2657-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2657-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Polymetallic nodule mining will remove hard substrata from the abyssal deep-sea floor. The only neighbouring ecosystems featuring hard substratum are seamounts, and their inhabiting fauna could aid in recovery post-mining. Nevertheless, first observations of seamount megafauna were very different from nodule-associated megafauna and showed little overlap. The possible uniqueness of these ecosystems implies that they should be included in management plans for the conservation of biodiversity.
Freija Hauquier, Lara Macheriotou, Tania N. Bezerra, Great Egho, Pedro Martínez Arbizu, and Ann Vanreusel
Biogeosciences, 16, 3475–3489, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3475-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3475-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Future mining operations in the deep sea provide a source of scientific uncertainty and call for detailed study of the ecosystem. We investigated one of the most diverse and abundant taxa present in deep-sea sediments, nematodes, and demonstrate the importance of sediment attributes for their communities. Especially species that are less common and have a limited spatial distribution will be vulnerable to mining-induced changes. Our findings can serve as a reference for future impact studies.
Lisa Mevenkamp, Katja Guilini, Antje Boetius, Johan De Grave, Brecht Laforce, Dimitri Vandenberghe, Laszlo Vincze, and Ann Vanreusel
Biogeosciences, 16, 2329–2341, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2329-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2329-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
To elucidate the potential effects of crushed nodule particle deposition on abyssal meiobenthos, we covered abyssal soft sediment in the Peru Basin (4200 m depth) with approximately 2 cm of this nodule material for 11 d. About half of the meiobenthos migrated from the sediment into the added material, and nematode feeding type proportions in that added layer were altered. These results considerably contribute to our understanding of the short-term responses of deep-sea meiobenthos to burial.
Related subject area
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function: Marine
Ideas and perspectives: How sediment archives can improve model projections of marine ecosystem change
Multispecies expression of coccolithophore vital effects with changing CO2 concentrations and pH in the laboratory with insights for reconstructing CO2 levels in geological history
The distribution and abundance of planktonic foraminifera under summer sea ice in the Arctic Ocean
Biological response of eelgrass epifauna, Taylor's Sea hare (Phyllaplysia taylori) and eelgrass isopod (Idotea resecata), to elevated ocean alkalinity
Including the invisible: deep depth-integrated chlorophyll estimates from remote sensing may assist in identifying biologically important areas in oligotrophic coastal margins
Growth response of Emiliania huxleyi to ocean alkalinity enhancement
Phytoplankton adaptation to steady or changing environments affects marine ecosystem functioning
Characterizing regional oceanography and bottom environmental conditions at two contrasting sponge grounds on the northern Labrador Shelf
Reviews and Syntheses: Trait-based approach to constrain controls on planktic foraminiferal ecology: key trade-offs and current knowledge gaps
Seasonal foraging behavior of Weddell seals in relation to oceanographic environmental conditions in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Multifactorial effects of warming, low irradiance, and low salinity on Arctic kelps
Extraordinary bloom of toxin-producing phytoplankton enhanced by strong retention in offshore continental shelf waters
Early life stages of fish under ocean alkalinity enhancement in coastal plankton communities
Sedimentary ancient DNA insights into foraminiferal diversity near the grounding line in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica
Planktonic foraminifera assemblage composition and flux dynamics inferred from an annual sediment trap record in the central Mediterranean Sea
Reefal ostracod assemblages from the Zanzibar Archipelago (Tanzania)
Composite calcite and opal test in Foraminifera (Rhizaria)
Influence of oxygen minimum zone on macrobenthic community structure in the northern Benguela Upwelling System: a macro-nematode perspective
Simulated terrestrial runoff shifts the metabolic balance of a coastal Mediterranean plankton community towards heterotrophy
Contrasting carbon cycling in the benthic food webs between a river-fed, high-energy canyon and an upper continental slope
A critical trade-off between nitrogen quota and growth allows Coccolithus braarudii life cycle phases to exploit varying environment
Structural complexity and benthic metabolism: resolving the links between carbon cycling and biodiversity in restored seagrass meadows
Building your own mountain: the effects, limits, and drawbacks of cold-water coral ecosystem engineering
Phytoplankton response to increased nickel in the context of ocean alkalinity enhancement
Diversity and density relationships between lebensspuren and tracemaking organisms: a study case from abyssal northwest Pacific
Technical note: An autonomous flow-through salinity and temperature perturbation mesocosm system for multi-stressor experiments
Reviews and syntheses: The clam before the storm – a meta-analysis showing the effect of combined climate change stressors on bivalves
A step towards measuring connectivity in the deep sea: elemental fingerprints of mollusk larval shells discriminate hydrothermal vent sites
Spawner weight and ocean temperature drive Allee effect dynamics in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua: inherent and emergent density regulation
Bacterioplankton dark CO2 fixation in oligotrophic waters
The bottom mixed layer depth as an indicator of subsurface Chlorophyll a distribution
Ideas and perspectives: The fluctuating nature of oxygen shapes the ecology of aquatic habitats and their biogeochemical cycles – the aquatic oxyscape
Impact of deoxygenation and warming on global marine species in the 21st century
Ecological divergence of a mesocosm in an eastern boundary upwelling system assessed with multi-marker environmental DNA metabarcoding
Unique benthic foraminiferal communities (stained) in diverse environments of sub-Antarctic fjords, South Georgia
Upwelled plankton community modulates surface bloom succession and nutrient availability in a natural plankton assemblage
First phytoplankton community assessment of the Kong Håkon VII Hav, Southern Ocean, during austral autumn
Early life stages of a Mediterranean coral are vulnerable to ocean warming and acidification
Mediterranean seagrasses as carbon sinks: methodological and regional differences
Contrasting vertical distributions of recent planktic foraminifera off Indonesia during the southeast monsoon: implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions
The onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the coastal North Sea supports the Disturbance Recovery Hypothesis
Species richness and functional attributes of fish assemblages across a large-scale salinity gradient in shallow coastal areas
Modeling the growth and sporulation dynamics of the macroalga Ulva in mixed-age populations in cultivation and the formation of green tides
Spatial changes in community composition and food web structure of mesozooplankton across the Adriatic basin (Mediterranean Sea)
Predicting mangrove forest dynamics across a soil salinity gradient using an individual-based vegetation model linked with plant hydraulics
Will daytime community calcification reflect reef accretion on future, degraded coral reefs?
Modeling polar marine ecosystem functions guided by bacterial physiological and taxonomic traits
Quantifying functional consequences of habitat degradation on a Caribbean coral reef
Enhanced chlorophyll-a concentration in the wake of Sable Island, eastern Canada, revealed by two decades of satellite observations: a response to grey seal population dynamics?
Population dynamics and reproduction strategies of planktonic foraminifera in the open ocean
Isabell Hochfeld, Ben A. Ward, Anke Kremp, Juliane Romahn, Alexandra Schmidt, Miklós Bálint, Lutz Becks, Jérôme Kaiser, Helge W. Arz, Sarah Bolius, Laura S. Epp, Markus Pfenninger, Christopher A. Klausmeier, Elena Litchman, and Jana Hinners
Biogeosciences, 22, 2363–2380, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2363-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2363-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Marine ecosystem models (MEMs) are valuable for assessing the threats of global warming to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, but their predictions vary widely. We argue that MEMs should consider evolutionary processes and undergo independent validation. Here, we present a novel framework for MEM development using validation data from sediment archives, which map long-term environmental and evolutionary change. Our approach is a crucial step towards improving the predictive power of MEMs.
Goulwen Le Guevel, Fabrice Minoletti, Carla Geisen, Gwendoline Duong, Virginia Rojas, and Michaël Hermoso
Biogeosciences, 22, 2287–2308, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2287-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2287-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the impact of environmental conditions on the chemistry of coccoliths, calcite minerals produced by marine algae, to better understand past climate changes. By cultivating different species of coccolithophores under various CO2 and pH levels, we have shown that the isotopic composition of certain species varies with CO2 concentration and quantified these variations.
Flor Vermassen, Clare Bird, Tirza M. Weitkamp, Kate F. Darling, Hanna Farnelid, Céline Heuzé, Allison Y. Hsiang, Salar Karam, Christian Stranne, Marcus Sundbom, and Helen K. Coxall
Biogeosciences, 22, 2261–2286, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2261-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2261-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We provide the first systematic survey of planktonic foraminifera in the high Arctic Ocean. Our results describe the abundance and species composition under summer sea ice. They indicate that the polar specialist N. pachyderma is the only species present, with subpolar species absent. The data set will be a valuable reference for continued monitoring of the state of planktonic foraminifera communities as they respond to the ongoing sea-ice decline and the “Atlantification” of the Arctic Ocean.
Kristin Jones, Lenaïg G. Hemery, Nicholas D. Ward, Peter J. Regier, Mallory C. Ringham, and Matthew D. Eisaman
Biogeosciences, 22, 1615–1630, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1615-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1615-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a marine carbon dioxide removal method that aims to mitigate the effects of climate change. This method causes localized increases in ocean pH, but the biological impacts of such changes are not well known. Our study investigated the response of two nearshore invertebrate species to increased pH and found the sea hare to be sensitive to pH changes, whereas the isopod was more resilient. Understanding interactions with biology is important as this field expands.
Renée P. Schoeman, Christine Erbe, and Robert D. McCauley
Biogeosciences, 22, 959–974, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-959-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-959-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Marine habitat models do not include deep chlorophyll maxima, which may support higher trophic level foraging in (meso-)oligotrophic habitats. We used ocean glider data to show that chlorophyll maxima form off Western Australia in September–April. At least 50 % were biomass maxima, likely supporting local krill growing sufficiently for whale consumption. We suggest including deep chlorophyll maxima in marine habitat models as deep depth-integrated estimates from satellite-derived surface values.
Giulia Faucher, Mathias Haunost, Allanah Joy Paul, Anne Ulrike Christiane Tietz, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 22, 405–415, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-405-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-405-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is being evaluated for its capacity to absorb atmospheric CO2 in the ocean and store it long term to mitigate climate change. As researchers plan for field tests to gain insights into OAE, sharing knowledge on its environmental impact on marine ecosystems is urgent. Our study examined NaOH-induced OAE in Emiliania huxleyi, a key coccolithophore species, and found that the added total alkalinity (ΔTA) should stay below 600 µmol kg⁻¹ to avoid negative impacts.
Isabell Hochfeld and Jana Hinners
Biogeosciences, 21, 5591–5611, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5591-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5591-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ecosystem models disagree on future changes in marine ecosystem functioning. We suspect that the lack of phytoplankton adaptation represents a major uncertainty factor, given the key role that phytoplankton play in marine ecosystems. Using an evolutionary ecosystem model, we found that phytoplankton adaptation can notably change simulated ecosystem dynamics. Future models should include phytoplankton adaptation; otherwise they can systematically overestimate future ecosystem-level changes.
Evert de Froe, Igor Yashayaev, Christian Mohn, Johanne Vad, Furu Mienis, Gerard Duineveld, Ellen Kenchington, Erica Head, Steve W. Ross, Sabena Blackbird, George A. Wolff, J. Murray Roberts, Barry MacDonald, Graham Tulloch, and Dick van Oevelen
Biogeosciences, 21, 5407–5433, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5407-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5407-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Deep-sea sponge grounds are distributed globally and are considered hotspots of biological diversity and biogeochemical cycling. To date, little is known about the environmental constraints that control where deep-sea sponge grounds occur and what conditions favour high sponge biomass. Here, we characterize oceanographic conditions at two contrasting sponge grounds. Our results imply that sponges and associated fauna benefit from strong tidal currents and favourable regional ocean currents.
Kirsty Marie Edgar, Maria Grigoratou, Fanny Monteiro, Ruby Barrett, Rui Ying, and Daniela Schmidt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3295, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3295, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Planktic foraminifera are microscopic marine organisms whose calcium carbonate shells provide valuable insights into past ocean conditions. A promising means of understanding foraminiferal ecology and their environmental interactions is to constrain their key functional traits relating to feeding, symbioses, motility, calcification and reproduction. Here we review what we know of their functional traits, key gaps in our understanding and suggestions on how to fill them.
Hyunjae Chung, Jikang Park, Mijin Park, Yejin Kim, Unyoung Chun, Sukyoung Yun, Won Sang Lee, Hyun A. Choi, Ji Sung Na, Seung-Tae Yoon, and Won Young Lee
Biogeosciences, 21, 5199–5217, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5199-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5199-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how marine animals adapt to variations in marine environmental conditions is paramount. In this paper, we investigated the influence of changes in seawater and light conditions on the seasonal foraging behavior of Weddell seals in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Our findings could serve as a baseline and establish a foundational understanding for future research, particularly concerning the impact of marine environmental changes on the ecosystem of the Ross Sea Marine Protected Area.
Anaïs Lebrun, Cale A. Miller, Marc Meynadier, Steeve Comeau, Pierre Urrutti, Samir Alliouane, Robert Schlegel, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, and Frédéric Gazeau
Biogeosciences, 21, 4605–4620, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4605-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4605-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We tested the effects of warming, low salinity, and low irradiance on Arctic kelps. We show that growth rates were similar across species and treatments. Alaria esculenta is adapted to low-light conditions. Saccharina latissima exhibited nitrogen limitation, suggesting coastal erosion and permafrost thawing could be beneficial. Laminaria digitata did not respond to the treatments. Gene expression of Hedophyllum nigripes and S. latissima indicated acclimation to the experimental treatments.
Valeria Ana Guinder, Urban Tillmann, Martin Rivarossa, Carola Ferronato, Fernando Javier Ramirez, Bernd Krock, Haifeng Gu, and Martin Saraceno
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3157, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3157, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
An unusual survey involving two vessels in the Argentine Sea over a ten-day period enabled synoptic observations of a significant bloom of toxic phytoplankton. Simultaneous species characterization of the bloom, along with measurements of surface currents and fronts, provided insights into its development and retention. Interdisciplinary approaches shed light on the biophysical coupling underlying the persistence and horizontal transport of harmful algal blooms in productive marine environments.
Silvan Urs Goldenberg, Ulf Riebesell, Daniel Brüggemann, Gregor Börner, Michael Sswat, Arild Folkvord, Maria Couret, Synne Spjelkavik, Nicolás Sánchez, Cornelia Jaspers, and Marta Moyano
Biogeosciences, 21, 4521–4532, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4521-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4521-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is being evaluated as a carbon dioxide removal technology for climate change mitigation. With an experiment on species communities, we show that larval and juvenile fish can be resilient to the resulting perturbation of seawater. Fish may hence recruit successfully and continue to support fisheries' production in regions of OAE. Our findings help to establish an environmentally safe operating space for this ocean-based solution.
Ewa Demianiuk, Mateusz Baca, Danijela Popović, Inès Barrenechea Angeles, Ngoc-Loi Nguyen, Jan Pawlowski, John B. Anderson, and Wojciech Majewski
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2824, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2824, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ancient foraminifera DNA is studied in five Antarctic cores with sediments up to 25 kyr old. We use a standard and a new, more effective marker, which may become the next standard for paleoenvironmental studies. Much less diverse foraminifera occur on slopes of submarine moraines than in open-marine settings. Softly-walled foraminifera, not found in the fossil record, are especially abundant. There is no foraminiferal DNA in tills, suggesting its destruction during glacial redeposition.
Thibauld M. Béjard, Andrés S. Rigual-Hernández, Javier P. Tarruella, José-Abel Flores, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, Irene Llamas-Cano, and Francisco J. Sierro
Biogeosciences, 21, 4051–4076, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean Sea is regarded as a climate change hotspot. Documenting the population of planktonic foraminifera is crucial. In the Sicily Channel, fluxes are higher during winter and positively linked with chlorophyll a concentration and cool temperatures. A comparison with other Mediterranean sites shows the transitional aspect of the studied zone. Finally, modern populations significantly differ from those in the sediment, highlighting a possible effect of environmental change.
Skye Yunshu Tian, Martin Langer, Moriaki Yasuhara, and Chih-Lin Wei
Biogeosciences, 21, 3523–3536, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3523-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3523-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Through the first large-scale study of meiobenthic ostracods from the diverse and productive reef ecosystem in the Zanzibar Archipelago, Tanzania, we found that the diversity and composition of ostracod assemblages as controlled by benthic habitats and human impacts were indicative of overall reef health, and we highlighted the usefulness of ostracods as a model proxy to monitor and understand the degradation of reef ecosystems from the coral-dominated phase to the algae-dominated phase.
Julien Richirt, Satoshi Okada, Yoshiyuki Ishitani, Katsuyuki Uematsu, Akihiro Tame, Kaya Oda, Noriyuki Isobe, Toyoho Ishimura, Masashi Tsuchiya, and Hidetaka Nomaki
Biogeosciences, 21, 3271–3288, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3271-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3271-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We report the first benthic foraminifera with a composite test (i.e. shell) made of opal, which coats the inner part of the calcitic layer. Using comprehensive techniques, we describe the morphology and the composition of this novel opal layer and provide evidence that the opal is precipitated by the foraminifera itself. We explore the potential precipitation process and function(s) of this composite test and further discuss the possible implications for palaeoceanographic reconstructions.
Said Mohamed Hashim, Beth Wangui Waweru, and Agnes Muthumbi
Biogeosciences, 21, 2995–3006, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2995-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2995-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study investigates the impact of decreasing oxygen in the ocean on macrofaunal communities using the BUS as an example. It identifies distinct shifts in community composition and feeding guilds across oxygen zones, with nematodes dominating dysoxic areas. These findings underscore the complex responses of benthic organisms to oxygen gradients, crucial for understanding ecosystem dynamics in hypoxic environments and their implications for marine biodiversity and sustainability.
Tanguy Soulié, Francesca Vidussi, Justine Courboulès, Marie Heydon, Sébastien Mas, Florian Voron, Carolina Cantoni, Fabien Joux, and Behzad Mostajir
Biogeosciences, 21, 1887–1902, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1887-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1887-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Due to climate change, it is projected that extreme rainfall events, which bring terrestrial matter into coastal seas, will occur more frequently in the Mediterranean region. To test the effects of runoffs of terrestrial matter on plankton communities from Mediterranean coastal waters, an in situ mesocosm experiment was conducted. The simulated runoff affected key processes mediated by plankton, such as primary production and respiration, suggesting major consequences of such events.
Chueh-Chen Tung, Yu-Shih Lin, Jian-Xiang Liao, Tzu-Hsuan Tu, James T. Liu, Li-Hung Lin, Pei-Ling Wang, and Chih-Lin Wei
Biogeosciences, 21, 1729–1756, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1729-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1729-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study contrasts seabed food webs between a river-fed, high-energy canyon and the nearby slope. We show higher organic carbon (OC) flows through the canyon than the slope. Bacteria dominated the canyon, while seabed fauna contributed more to the slope food web. Due to frequent perturbation, the canyon had a lower faunal stock and OC recycling. Only 4 % of the seabed OC flux enters the canyon food web, suggesting a significant role of the river-fed canyon in transporting OC to the deep sea.
Joost de Vries, Fanny Monteiro, Gerald Langer, Colin Brownlee, and Glen Wheeler
Biogeosciences, 21, 1707–1727, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1707-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1707-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Calcifying phytoplankton (coccolithophores) utilize a life cycle in which they can grow and divide into two different phases. These two phases (HET and HOL) vary in terms of their physiology and distributions, with many unknowns about what the key differences are. Using a combination of lab experiments and model simulations, we find that nutrient storage is a critical difference between the two phases and that this difference allows them to inhabit different nitrogen input regimes.
Theodor Kindeberg, Karl Michael Attard, Jana Hüller, Julia Müller, Cintia Organo Quintana, and Eduardo Infantes
Biogeosciences, 21, 1685–1705, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1685-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1685-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Seagrass meadows are hotspots for biodiversity and productivity, and planting seagrass is proposed as a tool for mitigating biodiversity loss and climate change. We assessed seagrass planted in different years and found that benthic oxygen and carbon fluxes increased as the seabed developed from bare sediments to a mature seagrass meadow. This increase was partly linked to the diversity of colonizing algae which increased the light-use efficiency of the seagrass meadow community.
Anna-Selma van der Kaaden, Sandra R. Maier, Siluo Chen, Laurence H. De Clippele, Evert de Froe, Theo Gerkema, Johan van de Koppel, Furu Mienis, Christian Mohn, Max Rietkerk, Karline Soetaert, and Dick van Oevelen
Biogeosciences, 21, 973–992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-973-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-973-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Combining hydrodynamic simulations and annotated videos, we separated which hydrodynamic variables that determine reef cover are engineered by cold-water corals and which are not. Around coral mounds, hydrodynamic zones seem to create a typical reef zonation, restricting corals from moving deeper (the expected response to climate warming). But non-engineered downward velocities in winter (e.g. deep winter mixing) seem more important for coral reef growth than coral engineering.
Xiaoke Xin, Giulia Faucher, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 21, 761–772, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-761-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-761-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a promising approach to remove CO2 by accelerating natural rock weathering. However, some of the alkaline substances contain trace metals which could be toxic to marine life. By exposing three representative phytoplankton species to Ni released from alkaline materials, we observed varying responses of phytoplankton to nickel concentrations, suggesting caution should be taken and toxic thresholds should be avoided in OAE with Ni-rich materials.
Olmo Miguez-Salas, Angelika Brandt, Henry Knauber, and Torben Riehl
Biogeosciences, 21, 641–655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-641-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-641-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the deep sea, the interaction between benthic fauna (tracemakers) and substrate can be preserved as traces (i.e. lebensspuren), which are common features of seafloor landscapes, rendering them promising proxies for inferring biodiversity from marine images. No general correlation was observed between traces and benthic fauna. However, a local correlation was observed between specific stations depending on unknown tracemakers, tracemaker behaviour, and lebensspuren morphotypes.
Cale A. Miller, Pierre Urrutti, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Steeve Comeau, Anaïs Lebrun, Samir Alliouane, Robert W. Schlegel, and Frédéric Gazeau
Biogeosciences, 21, 315–333, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-315-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-315-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work describes an experimental system that can replicate and manipulate environmental conditions in marine or aquatic systems. Here, we show how the temperature and salinity of seawater delivered from a fjord is manipulated to experimental tanks on land. By constantly monitoring temperature and salinity in each tank via a computer program, the system continuously adjusts automated flow valves to ensure the seawater in each tank matches the targeted experimental conditions.
Rachel A. Kruft Welton, George Hoppit, Daniela N. Schmidt, James D. Witts, and Benjamin C. Moon
Biogeosciences, 21, 223–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-223-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-223-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a meta-analysis of known experimental literature examining how marine bivalve growth rates respond to climate change. Growth is usually negatively impacted by climate change. Bivalve eggs/larva are generally more vulnerable than either juveniles or adults. Available data on the bivalve response to climate stressors are biased towards early growth stages (commercially important in the Global North), and many families have only single experiments examining climate change impacts.
Vincent Mouchi, Christophe Pecheyran, Fanny Claverie, Cécile Cathalot, Marjolaine Matabos, Yoan Germain, Olivier Rouxel, Didier Jollivet, Thomas Broquet, and Thierry Comtet
Biogeosciences, 21, 145–160, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-145-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-145-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of deep-sea mining will depend critically on the ability of larval dispersal of hydrothermal mollusks to connect and replenish natural populations. However, assessing connectivity is extremely challenging, especially in the deep sea. Here, we investigate the potential of using the chemical composition of larval shells to discriminate larval origins between multiple hydrothermal sites in the southwest Pacific. Our results confirm that this method can be applied with high accuracy.
Anna-Marie Winter, Nadezda Vasilyeva, and Artem Vladimirov
Biogeosciences, 20, 3683–3716, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3683-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3683-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
There is an increasing number of fish in poor state, and many do not recover, even when fishing pressure is ceased. An Allee effect can hinder population recovery because it suppresses the fish's productivity at low abundance. With a model fitted to 17 Atlantic cod stocks, we find that ocean warming and fishing can cause an Allee effect. If present, the Allee effect hinders fish recovery. This shows that Allee effects are dynamic, not uncommon, and calls for precautionary management measures.
Afrah Alothman, Daffne López-Sandoval, Carlos M. Duarte, and Susana Agustí
Biogeosciences, 20, 3613–3624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3613-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3613-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates bacterial dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) fixation in the Red Sea, an oligotrophic ecosystem, using stable-isotope labeling and spectroscopy. The research reveals that bacterial DIC fixation significantly contributes to total DIC fixation, in the surface and deep water. The study demonstrates that as primary production decreases, the role of bacterial DIC fixation increases, emphasizing its importance with photosynthesis in estimating oceanic carbon dioxide production.
Arianna Zampollo, Thomas Cornulier, Rory O'Hara Murray, Jacqueline Fiona Tweddle, James Dunning, and Beth E. Scott
Biogeosciences, 20, 3593–3611, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3593-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3593-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper highlights the use of the bottom mixed layer depth (BMLD: depth between the end of the pycnocline and the mixed layer below) to investigate subsurface Chlorophyll a (a proxy of primary production) in temperate stratified shelf waters. The strict correlation between subsurface Chl a and BMLD becomes relevant in shelf-productive waters where multiple stressors (e.g. offshore infrastructure) will change the stratification--mixing balance and related carbon fluxes.
Marco Fusi, Sylvain Rigaud, Giovanna Guadagnin, Alberto Barausse, Ramona Marasco, Daniele Daffonchio, Julie Régis, Louison Huchet, Capucine Camin, Laura Pettit, Cristina Vina-Herbon, and Folco Giomi
Biogeosciences, 20, 3509–3521, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3509-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3509-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen availability in marine water and freshwater is very variable at daily and seasonal scales. The dynamic nature of oxygen fluctuations has important consequences for animal and microbe physiology and ecology, yet it is not fully understood. In this paper, we showed the heterogeneous nature of the aquatic oxygen landscape, which we defined here as the
oxyscape, and we addressed the importance of considering the oxyscape in the modelling and managing of aquatic ecosystems.
Anne L. Morée, Tayler M. Clarke, William W. L. Cheung, and Thomas L. Frölicher
Biogeosciences, 20, 2425–2454, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean temperature and oxygen shape marine habitats together with species’ characteristics. We calculated the impacts of projected 21st-century warming and oxygen loss on the contemporary habitat volume of 47 marine species and described the drivers of these impacts. Most species lose less than 5 % of their habitat at 2 °C of global warming, but some species incur losses 2–3 times greater than that. We also calculate which species may be most vulnerable to climate change and why this is the case.
Markus A. Min, David M. Needham, Sebastian Sudek, Nathan Kobun Truelove, Kathleen J. Pitz, Gabriela M. Chavez, Camille Poirier, Bente Gardeler, Elisabeth von der Esch, Andrea Ludwig, Ulf Riebesell, Alexandra Z. Worden, and Francisco P. Chavez
Biogeosciences, 20, 1277–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1277-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1277-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Emerging molecular methods provide new ways of understanding how marine communities respond to changes in ocean conditions. Here, environmental DNA was used to track the temporal evolution of biological communities in the Peruvian coastal upwelling system and in an adjacent enclosure where upwelling was simulated. We found that the two communities quickly diverged, with the open ocean being one found during upwelling and the enclosure evolving to one found under stratified conditions.
Wojciech Majewski, Witold Szczuciński, and Andrew J. Gooday
Biogeosciences, 20, 523–544, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-523-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-523-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied foraminifera living in the fjords of South Georgia, a sub-Antarctic island sensitive to climate change. As conditions in water and on the seafloor vary, different associations of these microorganisms dominate far inside, in the middle, and near fjord openings. Assemblages in inner and middle parts of fjords are specific to South Georgia, but they may become widespread with anticipated warming. These results are important for interpretating fossil records and monitoring future change.
Allanah Joy Paul, Lennart Thomas Bach, Javier Arístegui, Elisabeth von der Esch, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Jonna Piiparinen, Laura Ramajo, Kristian Spilling, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 19, 5911–5926, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how different deep water chemistry and biology modulate the response of surface phytoplankton communities to upwelling in the Peruvian coastal zone. Our results show that the most influential drivers were the ratio of inorganic nutrients (N : P) and the microbial community present in upwelling source water. These led to unexpected and variable development in the phytoplankton assemblage that could not be predicted by the amount of inorganic nutrients alone.
Hanna M. Kauko, Philipp Assmy, Ilka Peeken, Magdalena Różańska-Pluta, Józef M. Wiktor, Gunnar Bratbak, Asmita Singh, Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh, and Sebastien Moreau
Biogeosciences, 19, 5449–5482, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This article studies phytoplankton (microscopic
plantsin the ocean capable of photosynthesis) in Kong Håkon VII Hav in the Southern Ocean. Different species play different roles in the ecosystem, and it is therefore important to assess the species composition. We observed that phytoplankton blooms in this area are formed by large diatoms with strong silica armors, which can lead to high silica (and sometimes carbon) export to depth and be important prey for krill.
Chloe Carbonne, Steeve Comeau, Phoebe T. W. Chan, Keyla Plichon, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, and Núria Teixidó
Biogeosciences, 19, 4767–4777, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4767-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4767-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, our study highlights the synergistic effects of a 9-month warming and acidification combined stress on the early life stages of a Mediterranean azooxanthellate coral, Astroides calycularis. Our results predict a decrease in dispersion, settlement, post-settlement linear extention, budding and survival under future global change and that larvae and recruits of A. calycularis are stages of interest for this Mediterranean coral resistance, resilience and conservation.
Iris E. Hendriks, Anna Escolano-Moltó, Susana Flecha, Raquel Vaquer-Sunyer, Marlene Wesselmann, and Núria Marbà
Biogeosciences, 19, 4619–4637, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4619-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4619-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Seagrasses are marine plants with the capacity to act as carbon sinks due to their high primary productivity, using carbon for growth. This capacity can play a key role in climate change mitigation. We compiled and published data showing that two Mediterranean seagrass species have different metabolic rates, while the study method influences the rates of the measurements. Most communities act as carbon sinks, while the western basin might be more productive than the eastern Mediterranean.
Raúl Tapia, Sze Ling Ho, Hui-Yu Wang, Jeroen Groeneveld, and Mahyar Mohtadi
Biogeosciences, 19, 3185–3208, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3185-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3185-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We report census counts of planktic foraminifera in depth-stratified plankton net samples off Indonesia. Our results show that the vertical distribution of foraminifera species routinely used in paleoceanographic reconstructions varies in hydrographically distinct regions, likely in response to food availability. Consequently, the thermal gradient based on mixed layer and thermocline dwellers also differs for these regions, suggesting potential implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions.
Ricardo González-Gil, Neil S. Banas, Eileen Bresnan, and Michael R. Heath
Biogeosciences, 19, 2417–2426, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2417-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2417-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In oceanic waters, the accumulation of phytoplankton biomass in winter, when light still limits growth, is attributed to a decrease in grazing as the mixed layer deepens. However, in coastal areas, it is not clear whether winter biomass can accumulate without this deepening. Using 21 years of weekly data, we found that in the Scottish coastal North Sea, the seasonal increase in light availability triggers the accumulation of phytoplankton biomass in winter, when light limitation is strongest.
Birgit Koehler, Mårten Erlandsson, Martin Karlsson, and Lena Bergström
Biogeosciences, 19, 2295–2312, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2295-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2295-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding species richness patterns remains a challenge for biodiversity management. We estimated fish species richness over a coastal salinity gradient (3–32) with a method that allowed comparing data from various sources. Species richness was 3-fold higher at high vs. low salinity, and salinity influenced species’ habitat preference, mobility and feeding type. If climate change causes upper-layer freshening of the Baltic Sea, further shifts along the identified patterns may be expected.
Uri Obolski, Thomas Wichard, Alvaro Israel, Alexander Golberg, and Alexander Liberzon
Biogeosciences, 19, 2263–2271, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2263-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2263-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The algal genus Ulva plays a major role in coastal ecosystems worldwide and is a promising prospect as an seagriculture crop. A substantial hindrance to cultivating Ulva arises from sudden sporulation, leading to biomass loss. This process is not yet well understood. Here, we characterize the dynamics of Ulva growth, considering the potential impact of sporulation inhibitors, using a mathematical model. Our findings are an essential step towards understanding the dynamics of Ulva growth.
Emanuela Fanelli, Samuele Menicucci, Sara Malavolti, Andrea De Felice, and Iole Leonori
Biogeosciences, 19, 1833–1851, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1833-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1833-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Zooplankton play a key role in marine ecosystems, forming the base of the marine food web and a link between primary producers and higher-order consumers, such as fish. This aspect is crucial in the Adriatic basin, one of the most productive and overexploited areas of the Mediterranean Sea. A better understanding of community and food web structure and their response to water mass changes is essential under a global warming scenario, as zooplankton are sensitive to climate change.
Masaya Yoshikai, Takashi Nakamura, Rempei Suwa, Sahadev Sharma, Rene Rollon, Jun Yasuoka, Ryohei Egawa, and Kazuo Nadaoka
Biogeosciences, 19, 1813–1832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1813-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1813-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a new individual-based vegetation model to investigate salinity control on mangrove productivity. The model incorporates plant hydraulics and tree competition and predicts unique and complex patterns of mangrove forest structures that vary across soil salinity gradients. The presented model does not hold an empirical expression of salinity influence on productivity and thus may provide a better understanding of mangrove forest dynamics in future climate change.
Coulson A. Lantz, William Leggat, Jessica L. Bergman, Alexander Fordyce, Charlotte Page, Thomas Mesaglio, and Tracy D. Ainsworth
Biogeosciences, 19, 891–906, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-891-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-891-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Coral bleaching events continue to drive the degradation of coral reefs worldwide. In this study we measured rates of daytime coral reef community calcification and photosynthesis during a reef-wide bleaching event. Despite a measured decline in coral health across several taxa, there was no change in overall daytime community calcification and photosynthesis. These findings highlight potential limitations of these community-level metrics to reflect actual changes in coral health.
Hyewon Heather Kim, Jeff S. Bowman, Ya-Wei Luo, Hugh W. Ducklow, Oscar M. Schofield, Deborah K. Steinberg, and Scott C. Doney
Biogeosciences, 19, 117–136, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-117-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-117-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Heterotrophic marine bacteria are tiny organisms responsible for taking up organic matter in the ocean. Using a modeling approach, this study shows that characteristics (taxonomy and physiology) of bacteria are associated with a subset of ecological processes in the coastal West Antarctic Peninsula region, a system susceptible to global climate change. This study also suggests that bacteria will become more active, in particular large-sized cells, in response to changing climates in the region.
Alice E. Webb, Didier M. de Bakker, Karline Soetaert, Tamara da Costa, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, Fleur C. van Duyl, Gert-Jan Reichart, and Lennart J. de Nooijer
Biogeosciences, 18, 6501–6516, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6501-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6501-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The biogeochemical behaviour of shallow reef communities is quantified to better understand the impact of habitat degradation and species composition shifts on reef functioning. The reef communities investigated barely support reef functions that are usually ascribed to conventional coral reefs, and the overall biogeochemical behaviour is found to be similar regardless of substrate type. This suggests a decrease in functional diversity which may therefore limit services provided by this reef.
Emmanuel Devred, Andrea Hilborn, and Cornelia Elizabeth den Heyer
Biogeosciences, 18, 6115–6132, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6115-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6115-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A theoretical model of grey seal seasonal abundance on Sable Island (SI) coupled with chlorophyll-a concentration [chl-a] measured by satellite revealed the impact of seal nitrogen fertilization on the surrounding waters of SI, Canada. The increase in seals from about 100 000 in 2003 to about 360 000 in 2018 during the breeding season is consistent with an increase in [chl-a] leeward of SI. The increase in seal abundance explains 8 % of the [chl-a] increase.
Julie Meilland, Michael Siccha, Maike Kaffenberger, Jelle Bijma, and Michal Kucera
Biogeosciences, 18, 5789–5809, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5789-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5789-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Planktonic foraminifera population dynamics has long been assumed to be controlled by synchronous reproduction and ontogenetic vertical migration (OVM). Due to contradictory observations, this concept became controversial. We here test it in the Atlantic ocean for four species of foraminifera representing the main clades. Our observations support the existence of synchronised reproduction and OVM but show that more than half of the population does not follow the canonical trajectory.
Cited articles
Akaike, H.: A new look at the statistical model identification, IEEE Trans, Automat, Contr., 19, 716–723, 1974.
Alvarez-Salgado, X. A., Castro, C. G., Perez, F. F., and Fraga, F.: Nutrient mineralization patterns in shelf waters of the Western Iberian upwelling, Cont. Shelf Res., 17, 1247–1270, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(97)00014-9, 1997.
Anderson, R. N., Clarke, K. R., and Gorley, M. J.: PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: guide to software and statistical methods, PRIMER-E, 2007.
Baldrighi, E., Lavaleye, M., Aliani, S., Conversi, A., and Manini, E.: Large Spatial Scale Variability in Bathyal Macrobenthos Abundance, Biomass, alpha- and beta-Diversity along the Mediterranean Continental Margin, PLoS One, 9, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107261, 2014.
Benson, D. A., Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Lipman, D. J., Ostell, J., and Wheeler, D. L.: GenBank, Nucleic. Acids. Res., 36, 25-30, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm929, 2008.
Bik, H. M., Thomas, W. K., Lunt, D. H., and Lambshead, P. J. D.: Low endemism, continued deep-shallow interchanges, and evidence for cosmopolitan distributions in free-living marine nematodes (order Enoplida), Evol. Biol., 10, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-389, 2010.
Billett, D. S. M., Lampitt, R. S., Rice, A. L., and Mantoura, R. F. C.: Seasonal sedimentation of phytoplankton to the deep-sea benthos, Nature, 302, 520–522, https://doi.org/10.1038/302520a0, 1983.
Blaxter, M. L., De Ley, P., Garey, J. R., Liu, L. X., Scheldeman, P., Vierstraete, A., Vanfleteren, J. R., Mackey, L. Y., Dorris, M., Frisse, L. M., Vida, J. T., and Thomas, W. K.: A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda, Nature, 392, 71–75, https://doi.org/10.1038/32160, 1998.
Boeckner, M. J., Sharma, J., and Proctor, H. C.: Revisiting the meiofauna paradox: dispersal and colonization of nematodes and other meiofaunal organisms in low- and high-energy environments, Hydrobiologia, 624, 91–106, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9669-5, 2009.
Brandt, A.: Origin of Antarctic Isopoda (CRUSTACEA, MALACOSTRACA), Mar. Biol., 113, 415–423, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00349167, 1992.
Brandt, A., Gooday, A. J., Brandao, S. N., Brix, S., Broekeland, W., Cedhagen, T., Choudhury, M., Cornelius, N., Danis, B., De Mesel, I., Diaz, R. J., Gillan, D. C., Ebbe, B., Howe, J. A., Janussen, D., Kaiser, S., Linse, K., Malyutina, M., Pawlowski, J., Raupach, M., and Vanreusel, A.: First insights into the biodiversity and biogeography of the Southern Ocean deep sea, Nature, 447, 307–311, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05827, 2007.
Cardinale, B. J., Nelson, K., and Palmer, M. A.: Linking species diversity to the functioning of ecosystems: on the importance of environmental context, Oikos, 91, 175–183, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910117.x, 2000.
Condie, S. A. and Sherwood, C. R.: Sediment distribution and transport across the continental shelf and slope under idealized wind forcing, Prog. Oceanogr., 70, 255–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2005.07.003, 2006.
Crespo, B. G., Espinoza-Gonzalez, O., Teixeira, I. G., Castro, C. G., and Figueiras, F. G.: Possible mixotrophy of pigmented nanoflagellates: Microbial plankton biomass, primary production and phytoplankton growth in the NW Iberian upwelling in spring, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 94, 172–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.06.008, 2011.
Danovaro, R., Company, J. B., Corinaldesi, C., D'Onghia, G., Galil, B., Gambi, C., Gooday, A. J., Lampadariou, N., Luna, G. M., Morigi, C., Olu, K., Polymenakou, P., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Sabbatini, A., Sarda, F., Sibuet, M., and Tselepides, A.: Deep-Sea Biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable, PLoS One, 5, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011832, 2010.
Danovaro, R., Carugati, L., Corinaldesi, C., Gambi, C., Guilini, K., Pusceddu, A., and Vanreusel, A.: Multiple spatial scale analyses provide new clues on patterns and drivers of deep-sea nematode diversity, Deep.-Res. Pt. II, 92, 97–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.03.035, 2013.
De Grisse, A.: Redescription ou modification de quelques techniques utilisés dans l'étude des nématodes phytoparasitaires, Meded. Rijksfakulteit Landbouwwet., Gent, 34, 251–369, 1969.
De Mesel, I., Lee, H. J., Vanhove, S., Vincx, M., and Vanreusel, A.: Species diversity and distribution within the deep-sea nematode genus Acantholaimus on the continental shelf and slope in Antarctica, Polar Biol., 29, 860–871, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-006-0124-7, 2006.
Derycke, S., Backeljau, T., and Moens, T.: Dispersal and gene flow in free-living marine nematodes, Front. Zool., 10, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-10-1, 2013.
Derycke, S., Remerie, T., Vierstraete, A., Backeljau, T., Vanfleteren, J., Vincx, M., and Moens, T.: Mitochondrial DNA variation and cryptic speciation within the free-living marine nematode Pellioditis marina, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 300, 91–103, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps300091, 2005.
Drago, T., Oliveira, A., Magalhaes, F., Cascalho, J., Jouanneau, J.M., and Vitorino, J.: Some evidences of northward fine sediment transport in the northern Portuguese continental shelf, Oceanol. Acta, 21, 223–231, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0399-1784(98)80010-8, 1998.
Easton, E. E. and Thistle, D.: Do some deep-sea, sediment-dwelling species of harpacticoid copepods have 1000-km-scale range sizes?, Mol. Ecol., 25, 4301–4318, https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13744, 2016.
Etter, R. J. and Bower, A. S.: Dispersal and population connectivity in the deep North Atlantic estimated from physical transport processes, Deep.-Res. Pt. I, 104, 159–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.06.009, 2015.
Etter, R. J. and Grassle, J. F.: Patterns of species-diversity in the deep sea as a function of sediment particle-size diversity, Nature, 360, 576–578, https://doi.org/10.1038/360576a0, 1992.
Etter, R. J., Rex, M. A., Chase, M. R., and Quattro, J. M.: Population differentiation decreases with depth in deep-sea bivalves, Evolution (NY), 59, 1479–1491, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01797.x, 2005.
Etter, R. J., Boyle, E. E., Glazier, A., Jennings, R. M., Dutra, E., and Chase, M. R.: Phylogeography of a pan-Atlantic abyssal protobranch bivalve: implications for evolution in the Deep Atlantic, Mol. Ecol., 20, 829–843, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04978.x, 2011.
Figueiras, F. G., Labarta, U., and Reiriz, M. J. F.: Coastal upwelling, primary production and mussel growth in the Rias Baixas of Galicia, Hydrobiologia, 484, 121–131, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021309222459, 2002.
Flach, E., Muthumbi, A., and Heip, C.: Meiofauna and macrofauna community structure in relation to sediment composition at the Iberian margin compared to the Goban Spur (NE Atlantic), Prog. Oceanogr., 52, 433–457, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(02)00018-6, 2002.
France, S. C. and Kocher, T. D.: Geographic and bathymetric patterns of mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequence divergence among deep-sea amphipods, Eurythenes gryllus, Mar. Biol., 126, 633–64, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00351330, 1996.
Gage, J. D.: High benthic species diversity in deep-sea sediments: The importance of hydrodynamics, Marine Biodiversity: patterns and processes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997.
Gallucci, F., Moens, T., Vanreusel, A., and Fonseca, G.: Active colonisation of disturbed sediments by deep-sea nematodes: evidence for the patch mosaic model, Mar. Ecol. Ser., 367, 173–183, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07537, 2008.
Garcia, R. and Thomsen, L.: Bioavailable organic matter in surface sediments of the Nazare canyon and adjacent slope (Western Iberian Margin), J. Mar. Syst., 74, 44–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.11.004, 2008.
Giere, O.: Meiobenthology: the microscopic motile fauna of aquatic sediments, 2009.
Gray, J. S.: Species richness of marine soft sediments, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 244, 285–297, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps244285, 2002.
Havermans, C., Sonet, G., D'Acoz, C., d'Udekem, Nagy, Z. T., Martin, P., Brix, S., Riehl, T., Agrawal, S., and Held, C.: Genetic and Morphological Divergences in the Cosmopolitan Deep-Sea Amphipod Eurythenes gryllus Reveal a Diverse Abyss and a Bipolar Species, PLoS One, 8, e74218, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074218, 2013.
Heip, C., Vincx, M., and Vranken, G.: The ecology of marine nematodes, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol., 23, 399–489, 1985.
ICES: Report of the ICES Advisory Comittee, ICES Advice, 2008.
Jennings, R. M., Etter, R. J., and Ficarra, L.: Population Differentiation and Species Formation in the Deep Sea: The Potential Role of Environmental Gradients and Depth, PLoS One, 8, e77594, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077594, 2013.
Jensen, P.: Phyto-chemical sensitivity and swimming behavior of the free-living marine nematode Chromadorita tenuis, Mar. Ecol. Ser., 4, 203–206, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps004203, 1981.
Jensen, P.: Feeding ecology of free-living aquatic nematodes, Mar. Ecol. Ser., 35, 187–196, 1987.
Katoh, K., Asimenos, G., and Toh, H.: Multiple Alignment of DNA Sequences with MAFFT, edited by: Posada, D., Bioinforma, DNA Seq. Anal., 537, 39–64, 2009.
Kearse, M., Moir, R., Wilson, A., Stones-Havas, S., Cheung, M., Sturrock, S., Buxton, S., Cooper, A., Markowitz, S., Duran, C., Thierer, T., Ashton, B., Meintjes, P., and Drummond, A.: Geneious Basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data, Bioinformatics, 28, 1647–1649, https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199, 2012.
Kussakin, O. G.: Peculiarities of geographical and vertical distribution of marine Isopods and problem of deep-sea fauna origin, Mar. Biol., 23, 19–34, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00394108, 1973.
Lambshead, P. J. D., Tietjen, J., Ferrero, T., and Jensen, P.: Latitudinal diversity gradients in the deep sea with special reference to North Atlantic nematodes, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 194, 159–167, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps194159, 2000.
Leduc, D., Rowden, A. A., Bowden, D. A., Nodder, S. D. S., Probert, P. K., Pilditch, C. C. A., Duineveld, G. G. C. A., and Witbaard, R.: Nematode beta diversity on the continental slope of New Zealand?: spatial patterns and environmental drivers, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 454, 37–52, 2012a.
Leduc, D., Rowden, A. A., Probert, P. K., Pilditch, C. A., Nodder, S. D., Vanreusel, A., Duineveld, G. C. A., and Witbaard, R.: Further evidence for the effect of particle-size diversity on deep-sea benthic biodiversity, Deep.-Res. Pt. I, 63, 164–169, 2012b.
Lee, H. J., Vanhove, S., Peck, L. S., and Vincx, M.: Recolonisation of meiofauna after catastrophic iceberg scouring in shallow Antarctic sediments, Polar Biol., 24, 918–925, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003000100300, 2001.
Levin, L. A. and Dayton, P. K.: Ecological theory and continental margins: where shallow meets deep, Trends Ecol. Evol., 24, 606–617, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.04.012, 2009.
Levin, L. A., Etter, R. J., Rex, M. A., Gooday, A. J., Smith, C. R., Pineda, J., Stuart, C. T., Hessler, R. R., and Pawson, D.: Environmental influences on regional deep-sea species diversity, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 32, 51–93, 2001.
Lins, L., Guilini, K., Veit-Köhler, G., Hauquier, F., Alves, R. M. S., Esteves, A. M., and Vanreusel, A.: The link between meiofauna and surface productivity in the Southern Ocean, Deep.-Res. Pt. II, 108, 60–68., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.05.003, 2014.
Lins, L., da Silva, M. C., Hauquier, F., Esteves, A. M., and Vanreusel, A.: Nematode community composition and feeding shaped by contrasting productivity regimes in the Southern Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 134, 356–369, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.03.006, 2015.
Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Inchausti, P., Bengtsson, J., Grime, J. P., Hector, A., Hooper, D. U., Huston, M. A., Raffaelli, D., Schmid, B., Tilman, D., and Wardle, D. A.: Ecology – Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges, Science, 294, 804–808, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064088, 2001.
Lutz, M. J., Caldeira, K., Dunbar, R. B., and Behrenfeld, M. J.: Seasonal rhythms of net primary production and particulate organic carbon flux to depth describe the efficiency of biological pump in the global ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C10011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jc003706, 2007.
Meldal, B. H. M., Debenham, N. J., De Ley, P., De Ley, I. T., Vanfleteren, J. R., Vierstraete, A. R., Bert, W., Borgonie, G., Moens, T., Tyler, P. A., Austen, M. C., Blaxter, M. L., Rogers, A. D., and Lambshead, P. J. D.: An improved molecular phylogeny of the Nematoda with special emphasis on marine taxa, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 42, 622–636, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.025, 2007.
Moens, T., Braeckman, U., Derycke, S., Fonseca, G., Gallucci, F., Gingold, R., Guilini, K., Ingels, J., Leduc, D., Vanaverbeke, J., Van Colen, C., Vanreusel, A., and Vincx, M.: Ecology of free-living marine nematodes, in: Handbook of Zoology: Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera, edited by: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., 2, 109–152, 2014.
Moreno, M., Ferrero, T. J., Gallizia, I., Vezzulli, L., Albertelli, G., and Fabiano, M.: An assessment of the spatial heterogeneity of environmental disturbance within an enclosed harbour through the analysis of meiofauna and nematode assemblages, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 77, 565–576, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.10.016, 2008.
Muthumbi, A. W. and Vincx, M.: Acantholaimus (Chromadoridae: Nematoda) from the Indian Ocean: description of seven species, Hydrobiologia, 346, 59–76, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1002937226161, 1997.
Muthumbi, W. N. A., Vanreusel, A., and Vincx, M.: Taxon-related diversity patterns from the continental shelf to the slope: a case study on nematodes from the Western Indian Ocean, Mar. Ecol., 32, 453–467, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2011.00449.x, 2011.
Netto, S. A., Gallucci, F., and Fonseca, G. F. C.: Meiofauna communities of continental slope and deep-sea sites off SE Brazil, Deep-Res. Pt. I, 52, 845–859, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.11.009, 2005.
Nolasco, R., Pires, A. C., Cordeiro, N., Le Cann, B., and Dubert, J.: A high-resolution modeling study of the Western Iberian Margin mean and seasonal upper ocean circulation, Ocean Dynam., 63, 1041–1062, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-013-0647-8, 2013.
Pape, E., Bezerra, T. N., Jones, D. O. B., and Vanreusel, A.: Unravelling the environmental drivers of deep-sea nematode biodiversity and its relation with carbon mineralisation along a longitudinal primary productivity gradient, Biogeosciences, 10, 3127–3143, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3127-2013, 2013.
Posada, D.: jModelTest: Phylogenetic model averaging, Mol. Biol. Evol., 25, 1253–1256, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msn083, 2008.
Posada, D. and Crandall, K. A.: MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution, Bioinformatics, 14, 817–818, https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817, 1998.
Puig, P., Canals, M., Company, J. B., Martin, J., Amblas, D., Lastras, G., Palanques, A., and Calafat, A. M.: Ploughing the deep sea floor, Nature, 489, 286–290, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11410, 2012.
Pusceddu, A., Bianchelli, S., Martin, J., Puig, P., Palanques, A., Masque, P., and Danovaro, R.: Chronic and intensive bottom trawling impairs deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 8861–8866, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1405454111, 2014.
Quaresma, L. S., Vitorino, J., Oliveira, A., and da Silva, J. C. B.: Evidence of sediment resuspension by nonlinear internal waves on the western Portuguese mid-shelf, Mar. Geol., 246, 123–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2007.04.019, 2007.
Quattrini, A. M., Baums, I. B., Shank, T. M., Morrison, C. L., and Cordes, E. E.: Testing the depth-differentiation hypothesis in a deepwater octocoral, P. R. Soc. B, 282, 20150008, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0008, 2015.
Quattro, J. M., Chase, M. R., Rex, M. A., Greig, T. W., and Etter, R. J.: Extreme mitochondrial DNA divergence within populations of the deep-sea gastropod Frigidoalvania brychia, Mar. Biol., 139, 1107–1113, 2001.
R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2013.
Raes, M., Rose, A., and Vanreusel, A.: Response of nematode communities after large-scale ice-shelf collapse events in the Antarctic Larsen area, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 1618–1631, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02137.x, 2010.
Ramalho, S. P., Adao, H., Kiriakoulakis, K., Wolff, G. A., Vanreusel, A., and Ingels, J.: Temporal and spatial variation in the Nazare Canyon (Western Iberian margin): Inter-annual and canyon heterogeneity effects on meiofauna biomass and diversity, Deep.-Res. Pt. I, 83, 102–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2013.09.010, 2014.
Ramirez-Llodra, E., Brandt, A., Danovaro, R., De Mol, B., Escobar, E., German, C. R., Levin, L. A., Martinez Arbizu, P., Menot, L., Buhl-Mortensen, P., Narayanaswamy, B. E., Smith, C. R., Tittensor, D. P., Tyler, P. A., Vanreusel, A., and Vecchione, M.: Deep, diverse and definitely different: unique attributes of the world's largest ecosystem, Biogeosciences, 7, 2851–2899, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2851-2010, 2010.
Relvas, P., Barton, E. D., Dubert, J., Oliveira, P. B., Peliz, A., da Silva, J. C. B., and Santos, A. M. P.: Physical oceanography of the western Iberia ecosystem: Latest views and challenges, Prog. Oceanogr., 74, 149–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.04.021, 2007.
Rex, M. A.: Community structure in the deep-sea benthos, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 12, 331–353, 1981.
Rex, M. A. and Etter, R. J.: Deep-sea biodiversity: pattern and scale, Setting the stage: patterns of benthic standing stock, Harvard University Press, 2010.
Rex, M. A., McClain, C. R., Johnson, N. A., Etter, R. J., Allen, J. A., Bouchet, P., and Waren, A.: A source-sink hypothesis for abyssal biodiversity, Am. Nat., 165, 163–178, 2005.
Riehl, T. and Kaiser, S.: Conquered from the Deep Sea? A New Deep-Sea Isopod Species from the Antarctic Shelf Shows Pattern of Recent Colonization, PLoS One, 7, e49354, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049354, 2012.
Ronquist, F. and Huelsenbeck, J. P.: MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models, Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574, https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180, 2003.
Rowe, G. T., Wei, C., Nunnally, C., Haedrich, R., Montagna, P., Baguley, J. G., Bernhard, J. M., Wicksten, M., Ammons, A., Escobar Briones, E., Soliman, Y., and Deming, J. W.: Comparative biomass structure and estimated carbon flow in food webs in the deep Gulf of Mexico, Deep.-Res. Pt. II, 55, 2699–2711, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.07.020, 2008.
Salgueiro, E., Naughton, F., Voelker, A. H. L., de Abreu, L., Alberto, A., Rossignol, L., Duprat, J., Magalhaes, V. H., Vaqueiro, S., Turon, J. L., and Abrantes, F.: Past circulation along the western Iberian margin: a time slice vision from the Last Glacial to the Holocene, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 106, 316–329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.001, 2014.
Salgueiro, E., Voelker, A. H. L., de Abreu, L., Abrantes, F., Meggers, H., and Wefer, G.: Temperature and productivity changes off the western Iberian margin during the last 150 ky, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 680–695, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.013, 2010.
Schratzberger, M., Whomersley, P., Warr, K., Bolam, S. G., and Rees, H. L.: Colonisation of various types of sediment by estuarine nematodes via lateral infaunal migration: a laboratory study, Mar. Biol., 145, 69–78, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1302-1, 2004.
Serpetti, N., Gontikaki, E., Narayanaswamy, B. E., and Witte, U.: Macrofaunal community inside and outside of the Darwin Mounds Special Area of Conservation, NE Atlantic, Biogeosciences, 10, 3705–3714, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3705-2013, 2013.
Silvestro, D. and Michalak, I.: raxmlGUI: a graphical front-end for RAxML, Org. Divers. Evol., 12, 335–337, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0056-0, 2012.
Stachowicz, J. J., Bruno, J. F., and Duffy, J. E.: Understanding the effects of marine biodiversity on communities and ecosystems, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 38, 739–766, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095659, 2007.
Stamatakis, A.: RAxML-VI-HPC: Maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models, Bioinformatics, 22, 2688–2690, https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446, 2006.
Strugnell, J. M., Rogers, A. D., Prodohl, P. A., Collins, M. A., and Allcock, A. L.: The thermohaline expressway: the Southern Ocean as a centre of origin for deep-sea octopuses, Cladistics, 24, 853–860, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00234.x, 2008.
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., and Kumar, S.: MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0, Mol. Biol. Evol., 30, 2725–2729, 2013.
Thiel, H.: Benthos in Upwelling Regions, Upwelling Ecosystems, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66985-9_11, 1978.
Tokeshi, M.: Species Coexistence: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives, Cambridge, 1999.
Ullberg, J. and Olafsson, E.: Free-living marine nematodes actively choose habitat when descending from the water column, Mar. Ecol. Ser., 260, 141–149, 2003.
Vanaverbeke, J., Bezerra, T. N., Braeckman, U., De Groote, A., de Meester, N., Deprez, T., Derycke, S., Gilarte, P., Guilini, K., Hauquier, F., Lins, L., Maria, T., Moens, T., Pape, E., Smol, N., Taheri, M., Van Campenhout, J., Vanreusel, A., Wu, X., and Vincx, M.: Nemys: World Database of Free-living Marine Nematodes, available at: http://nemys.ugent.be, last access: 3 December 2015.
Van Campenhout, J., Derycke, S., Tchesunov, A., Portnova, D., and Vanreusel, A.: The Halomonhystera disjuncta population is homogeneous across the Hakon Mosby mud volcano (Barents Sea) but is genetically differentiated from its shallow-water relatives, J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res., 52, 203–216, https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12054, 2014.
Van Gaever, S., Olu, K., Derycke, S., and Vanreusel, A.: Metazoan meiofaunal communities at cold seeps along the Norwegian margin: Influence of habitat heterogeneity and evidence for connection with shallow-water habitats, Deep.-Res. Pt. I, 56, 772–785, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.12.015, 2009.
Vanreusel, A., Vincx, M., Van Gansbeke, D., and Gijselinck, W.: Structural Analysis of the meiobenthos communities of the shelf break area in two stations of the Gulf of biscay, Belgian J. Zool., 122, 185–202, 1992.
Vanreusel, A., Fonseca, G., Danovaro, R., da Silva, M. C., Esteves, A. M., Ferrero, T., Gad, G., Galtsova, V., Gambi, C., Genevois, V.D., Ingels, J., Ingole, B., Lampadariou, N., Merckx, B., Miljutin, D., Miljutina, M., Muthumbi, A., Netto, S., Portnova, D., Radziejewska, T., Raes, M., Tchesunov, A., Vanaverbeke, J., Van Gaever, S., Venekey, V., Bezerra, T. N., Flint, H., Copley, J., Pape, E., Zeppilli, D., Martinez, P. A., and Galeron, J.: The contribution of deep-sea macrohabitat heterogeneity to global nematode diversity, Mar. Ecol. Evol. Perspect., 31, 6–20, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00352.x, 2010.
Vincx, M., Bett, B. J., Dinet, A., Ferrero, T., Gooday, A. J., Lambshead, P. J. D., Pfannkuche, O., Soltwedel, T., and Vanreusel, A.: Meiobenthos of the deep Northeast Atlantic, Adv. Mar. Biol., 30, 1–88, 1994.
Warwick, H. M., Somerfield, P. J., and Platt, R. M.: Free-living marine nematodes part III – Monhysterids, Pictorial key to world genera and notes for the identification of British species, 1998.
Wei, C.-L., Rowe, G. T., Escobar-Briones, E., Boetius, A., Soltwedel, T., Caley, M. J., Soliman, Y., Huettmann, F., Qu, F., Yu, Z., Pitcher, C. R., Haedrich, R. L., Wicksten, M. K., Rex, M. A., Baguley, J. G., Sharma, J., Danovaro, R., MacDonald, I. R., Nunnally, C. C., Deming, J. W., Montagna, P., Levesque, M., Weslawski, J. M., Wlodarska-Kowalczuk, M., Ingole, B. S., Bett, B. J., Billett, D. S. M., Yool, A., Bluhm, B. A., Iken, K., and Narayanaswamy, B. E.: Global Patterns and Predictions of Seafloor Biomass Using Random Forests, PLoS One, 5, e15323, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015323, 2010.
Whittaker, R. J., Willis, K. J., and Field, R.: Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity, J. Biogeogr., 28, 453–470, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00563.x, 2001.
Wieser, W.: Beziehungen zwischen Mundhöhlengestalt, Ernährungsweise und Vorkommen bei freilebenden marinen Nematoden, Ark. für Zool., 4, 439–484, 1953.
Wilson, G. D.: Variation in deep-sea Isopod Eurycope iphthima (ASELLOTA, EURYCOPIDAE) – Depth related clines in rostral morphology and in population structure, J. Crustac. Biol., 3, 127–140, https://doi.org/10.2307/1547858, 1983.
Wright, S. W. and Jeffrey, S. W.: High-resolution HPLC system for chlorophylls and carotenoids of marine phytoplankton, in: Phytoplankton Pigments in Oceanography, edited by: Jeffrey, S. W., Mantoura, R. F. C., and Wright, S. W., UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, 327–341, 1997.
Yoder, M., De Ley, I. T., King, I. W., Mundo-Ocampo, M., Mann, J., Blaxter, M., Poiras, L., and De Ley, P.: DESS: a versatile solution for preserving morphology and extractable DNA of nematodes, Nematology, 8, 367–376, https://doi.org/10.1163/156854106778493448, 2006.
Zeppilli, D., Vanreusel, A., and Danovaro, R.: Cosmopolitanism and Biogeography of the Genus Manganonema (Nematoda: Monhysterida) in the Deep sea, Animals, 1, 291–305, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani1030291, 2011.
Short summary
Anthropogenic impacts in the deep sea are regarded as high disturbers of the deep-sea bottom. This study focus in trying to understand the impact of disturbance in the ecosystem and how important functions, such as hydrodynamics and surface primary productivity, affect benthic organisms. Our results showed that high sediment variability due to hydrodynamics, and consequently disturbance, combined with high resource availability are probably the main factors promoting deep-sea species coexistence
Anthropogenic impacts in the deep sea are regarded as high disturbers of the deep-sea bottom....
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint