Articles | Volume 15, issue 10
Biogeosciences, 15, 3203–3222, 2018
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3203-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Biogeosciences, 15, 3203–3222, 2018
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3203-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
30 May 2018
Research article
| 30 May 2018
Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on phytoplankton community biomass, species composition and photosynthesis during an experimentally induced autumn bloom in the western English Channel
Matthew Keys et al.
Related authors
No articles found.
Peter Edward Land, Helen S. Findlay, Jamie D. Shutler, Jean-Francois Piolle, Richard Sims, Hannah Green, Vassilis Kitidis, Alexander Polukhin, and Irina I. Pipko
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-129, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-129, 2022
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of the ocean’s carbonate system (e. g. CO2 and pH) have increased greatly in recent years, resulting in a need to combine these data, along with satellite measurements and model results, so they can be used to test predictions of how the ocean reacts to changes such as absorption of the CO2 emitted by humans. We show a method of combining data into regions of interest (100 km circles over a 10-day period) and apply it globally to produce a harmonised and easy to use data archive.
Richard P. Sims, Michael Bedington, Ute Schuster, Andrew J. Watson, Vassilis Kitidis, Ricardo Torres, Helen S. Findlay, James R. Fishwick, Ian Brown, and Thomas G. Bell
Biogeosciences, 19, 1657–1674, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) being absorbed by the ocean is relevant to the earth's climate. CO2 values in the coastal ocean and estuaries are not well known because of the instrumentation used. We used a new approach to measure CO2 across the coastal and estuarine zone. We found that CO2 and salinity were linked to the state of the tide. We used our CO2 measurements and model salinity to predict CO2. Previous studies overestimate how much CO2 the coastal ocean draws down at our site.
Clare Ostle, Kevin Paxman, Carolyn A. Graves, Mathew Arnold, Luis Felipe Artigas, Angus Atkinson, Anaïs Aubert, Malcolm Baptie, Beth Bear, Jacob Bedford, Michael Best, Eileen Bresnan, Rachel Brittain, Derek Broughton, Alexandre Budria, Kathryn Cook, Michelle Devlin, George Graham, Nick Halliday, Pierre Hélaouët, Marie Johansen, David G. Johns, Dan Lear, Margarita Machairopoulou, April McKinney, Adam Mellor, Alex Milligan, Sophie Pitois, Isabelle Rombouts, Cordula Scherer, Paul Tett, Claire Widdicombe, and Abigail McQuatters-Gollop
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5617–5642, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5617-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5617-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Plankton form the base of the marine food web and are sensitive indicators of environmental change. The Plankton Lifeform Extraction Tool brings together disparate plankton datasets into a central database from which it extracts abundance time series of plankton functional groups, called
lifeforms, according to shared biological traits. This tool has been designed to make complex plankton datasets accessible and meaningful for policy, public interest, and scientific discovery.
Darren R. Clark, Claire E. Widdicombe, Andrew P. Rees, and E. Malcolm S. Woodward
Biogeosciences, 13, 2873–2888, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2873-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2873-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Based in the Mauritanian upwelling system, the article describes a Lagrangian study of biogeochemical processes within a freshly upwelled body of water as it advects offshore. We report rates of primary production, nitrogen assimilation, and regeneration and describe how these processes relate to the dynamics of the upwelling regime. This system is perhaps the least studied of the four major eastern boundary upwelling systems and so these measurements provide important new insights.
C. J. O'Brien, J. A. Peloquin, M. Vogt, M. Heinle, N. Gruber, P. Ajani, H. Andruleit, J. Arístegui, L. Beaufort, M. Estrada, D. Karentz, E. Kopczyńska, R. Lee, A. J. Poulton, T. Pritchard, and C. Widdicombe
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 259–276, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-259-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-259-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Coastal Ocean
Investigating the effect of nickel concentration on phytoplankton growth to assess potential side-effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement
Unprecedented summer hypoxia in southern Cape Cod Bay: an ecological response to regional climate change?
Interannual variabilities, long-term trends, and regulating factors of low-oxygen conditions in the coastal waters off Hong Kong
Causes of the extensive hypoxia in the Gulf of Riga in 2018
Trawling effects on biogeochemical processes are mediated by fauna in high-energy biogenic-reef-inhabited coastal sediments
Drought recorded by Ba∕Ca in coastal benthic foraminifera
A nitrate budget of the Bohai Sea based on an isotope mass balance model
Suspended particulate matter drives the spatial segregation of nitrogen turnover along the hyper-turbid Ems estuary
Benthic Alkalinity fluxes from coastal sediments of the Baltic and North Seas: Comparing approaches and identifying knowledge gaps
Marine CO2 system variability along the northeast Pacific Inside Passage determined from an Alaskan ferry
Reviews and syntheses: Spatial and temporal patterns in seagrass metabolic fluxes
Mixed layer depth dominates over upwelling in regulating the seasonality of ecosystem functioning in the Peruvian upwelling system
Temporal dynamics of surface ocean carbonate chemistry in response to natural and simulated upwelling events during the 2017 coastal El Niño near Callao, Peru
Pelagic primary production in the coastal Mediterranean Sea: variability, trends, and contribution to basin-scale budgets
Contrasting patterns of carbon cycling and dissolved organic matter processing in two phytoplankton–bacteria communities
Biophysical controls on seasonal changes in the structure, growth, and grazing of the size-fractionated phytoplankton community in the northern South China Sea
Seasonal dispersal of fjord meltwaters as an important source of iron and manganese to coastal Antarctic phytoplankton
Modeling cyanobacteria life cycle dynamics and historical nitrogen fixation in the Baltic Proper
Simultaneous assessment of oxygen- and nitrate-based net community production in a temperate shelf sea from a single ocean glider
Reviews and syntheses: Physical and biogeochemical processes associated with upwelling in the Indian Ocean
Observed and forecasted global warming pressure on coastal hypoxia
Particulate organic carbon dynamics in the Gulf of Lion shelf (NW Mediterranean) using a coupled hydrodynamic–biogeochemical model
Technical note: Novel triple O2 sensor aquatic eddy covariance instrument with improved time shift correction reveals central role of microphytobenthos for carbon cycling in coral reef sands
Long-term spatiotemporal variations in and expansion of low-oxygen conditions in the Pearl River estuary: a study synthesizing observations during 1976–2017
Fe-binding organic ligands in coastal and frontal regions of the western Antarctic Peninsula
Temporal variability and driving factors of the carbonate system in the Aransas Ship Channel, TX, USA: a time series study
Nitrogen loss processes in response to upwelling in a Peruvian coastal setting dominated by denitrification – a mesocosm approach
Retracing hypoxia in Eckernförde Bight (Baltic Sea)
The impact of the freeze–melt cycle of land-fast ice on the distribution of dissolved organic matter in the Laptev and East Siberian seas (Siberian Arctic)
The fate of upwelled nitrate off Peru shaped by submesoscale filaments and fronts
Coastal processes modify projections of some climate-driven stressors in the California Current System
Upwelling-induced trace gas dynamics in the Baltic Sea inferred from 8 years of autonomous measurements on a ship of opportunity
Destruction and reinstatement of coastal hypoxia in the South China Sea off the Pearl River estuary
Hypersaline tidal flats as important “blue carbon” systems: a case study from three ecosystems
Drivers and impact of the seasonal variability of the organic carbon offshore transport in the Canary upwelling system
Organic carbon densities and accumulation rates in surface sediments of the North Sea and Skagerrak
An observation-based evaluation and ranking of historical Earth system model simulations in the northwest North Atlantic Ocean
Characterizing the origins of dissolved organic carbon in coastal seawater using stable carbon isotope and light absorption characteristics
Warming and ocean acidification may decrease estuarine dissolved organic carbon export to the ocean
Chemical characterization of the Punta de Fuencaliente CO2-enriched system (La Palma, NE Atlantic Ocean): a new natural laboratory for ocean acidification studies
The seasonal phases of an Arctic lagoon reveal the discontinuities of pH variability and CO2 flux at the air–sea interface
The northern European shelf as an increasing net sink for CO2
Impacts of biogenic polyunsaturated aldehydes on metabolism and community composition of particle-attached bacteria in coastal hypoxia
A Lagrangian study of the contribution of the Canary coastal upwelling to the nitrogen budget of the open North Atlantic
Denitrification by benthic foraminifera and their contribution to N-loss from a fjord environment
A numerical model study of the main factors contributing to hypoxia and its interannual and short-term variability in the East China Sea
The effects of decomposing invasive jellyfish on biogeochemical fluxes and microbial dynamics in an ultra-oligotrophic sea
Using 226Ra and 228Ra isotopes to distinguish water mass distribution in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Factors controlling plankton community production, export flux, and particulate matter stoichiometry in the coastal upwelling system off Peru
Reconstructing extreme climatic and geochemical conditions during the largest natural mangrove dieback on record
Jiaying Abby Guo, Robert Strzepek, Anusuya Willis, Aaron Ferderer, and Lennart Thomas Bach
Biogeosciences, 19, 3683–3697, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3683-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3683-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a CO2 removal method with significant potential, but it can lead to a perturbation of the ocean with trace metals such as nickel. This study tested the effect of increasing nickel concentrations on phytoplankton growth and photosynthesis. We found that the response to nickel varied across the 11 phytoplankton species tested here, but the majority were rather insensitive. We note, however, that responses may be different under other experimental conditions.
Malcolm E. Scully, W. Rockwell Geyer, David Borkman, Tracy L. Pugh, Amy Costa, and Owen C. Nichols
Biogeosciences, 19, 3523–3536, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3523-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3523-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For two consecutive summers, the bottom waters in southern Cape Cod Bay became severely depleted of dissolved oxygen. Low oxygen levels in bottom waters have never been reported in this area before, and this unprecedented occurrence is likely the result of a new algae species that recently began blooming during the late-summer months. We present data suggesting that blooms of this new species are the result of regional climate change including warmer waters and changes in summer winds.
Zheng Chen, Bin Wang, Chuang Xu, Zhongren Zhang, Shiyu Li, and Jiatang Hu
Biogeosciences, 19, 3469–3490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Deterioration of low-oxygen conditions in the coastal waters off Hong Kong was revealed by monitoring data over two decades. The declining wind forcing and the increasing nutrient input contributed significantly to the areal expansion and intense deterioration of low-oxygen conditions. Also, the exacerbated eutrophication drove a shift in the dominant source of organic matter from terrestrial inputs to in situ primary production, which has probably led to an earlier onset of hypoxia in summer.
Stella-Theresa Stoicescu, Jaan Laanemets, Taavi Liblik, Māris Skudra, Oliver Samlas, Inga Lips, and Urmas Lips
Biogeosciences, 19, 2903–2920, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal basins with high input of nutrients often suffer from oxygen deficiency. In summer 2018, the extent of oxygen depletion was exceptional in the Gulf of Riga. We analyzed observational data and found that extensive oxygen deficiency appeared since the water layer close to the seabed, where oxygen is consumed, was separated from the surface layer. The problem worsens if similar conditions restricting vertical transport of oxygen occur more frequently in the future.
Justin C. Tiano, Jochen Depestele, Gert Van Hoey, João Fernandes, Pieter van Rijswijk, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 19, 2583–2598, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2583-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2583-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study gives an assessment of bottom trawling on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics in a location known for its strong currents and variable habitats. Although trawl gears only removed the top 1 cm of the seabed surface, impacts on reef-building tubeworms significantly decreased carbon and nutrient cycling. Lighter trawls slightly reduced the impact on fauna and nutrients. Tubeworms were strongly linked to biogeochemical and faunal aspects before but not after trawling.
Inda Brinkmann, Christine Barras, Tom Jilbert, Tomas Næraa, K. Mareike Paul, Magali Schweizer, and Helena L. Filipsson
Biogeosciences, 19, 2523–2535, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2523-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2523-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The concentration of the trace metal barium (Ba) in coastal seawater is a function of continental input, such as riverine discharge. Our geochemical records of the severely hot and dry year 2018, and following wet year 2019, reveal that prolonged drought imprints with exceptionally low Ba concentrations in benthic foraminiferal calcium carbonates of coastal sediments. This highlights the potential of benthic Ba / Ca to trace past climate extremes and variability in coastal marine records.
Shichao Tian, Birgit Gaye, Jianhui Tang, Yongming Luo, Wenguo Li, Niko Lahajnar, Kirstin Dähnke, Tina Sanders, Tianqi Xiong, Weidong Zhai, and Kay-Christian Emeis
Biogeosciences, 19, 2397–2415, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2397-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2397-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We constrain the nitrogen budget and in particular the internal sources and sinks of nitrate in the Bohai Sea by using a mass-based and dual stable isotope approach based on δ15N and δ18O of nitrate. Based on available mass fluxes and isotope data an updated nitrogen budget is proposed. Compared to previous estimates, it is more complete and includes the impact of the interior cycle (nitrification) on the nitrate pool. The main external nitrogen sources are rivers contributing 19.2 %–25.6 %.
Gesa Schulz, Tina Sanders, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, Yoana G. Voynova, Andreas Schöl, and Kirstin Dähnke
Biogeosciences, 19, 2007–2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2007-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2007-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Estuaries can significantly alter nutrient loads before reaching coastal waters. Our study of the heavily managed Ems estuary (Northern Germany) reveals three zones of nitrogen turnover along the estuary with water-column denitrification in the most upstream hyper-turbid part, nitrate production in the middle reaches and mixing/nitrate uptake in the North Sea. Suspended particulate matter was the overarching control on nitrogen cycling in the hyper-turbid estuary.
Bryce Van Dam, Nele Lehmann, Mary Zeller, Andreas Neumann, Daniel Pröfrock, Marko Lipka, Helmuth Thomas, and Michael E. Böttcher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-161, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-161, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified sediment-water exchange at shallow sites in the North and Baltic Seas. We found that porewater irrigation rates in the former were approximately twice as high as previously estimated, likely driven by relatively high bio-irrigative activity. In contrast, we found small net fluxes of alkalinity, ranging from -35 µmol m-2 hr-1 (uptake) to 53 µmol m-2 hr-1 (release). We attribute this to low net denitrification, carbonate mineral (re)precipitation and sulfide (re)oxidation.
Wiley Evans, Geoffrey T. Lebon, Christen D. Harrington, Yuichiro Takeshita, and Allison Bidlack
Biogeosciences, 19, 1277–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1277-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1277-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Information on the marine carbon dioxide system along the northeast Pacific Inside Passage has been limited. To address this gap, we instrumented an Alaskan ferry in order to characterize the marine carbon dioxide system in this region. Data over a 2-year period were used to assess drivers of the observed variability, identify the timing of severe conditions, and assess the extent of contemporary ocean acidification as well as future levels consistent with a 1.5 °C warmer climate.
Melissa Ward, Tye L. Kindinger, Heidi K. Hirsh, Tessa M. Hill, Brittany M. Jellison, Sarah Lummis, Emily B. Rivest, George G. Waldbusser, Brian Gaylord, and Kristy J. Kroeker
Biogeosciences, 19, 689–699, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-689-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-689-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we synthesize the results from 62 studies reporting in situ rates of seagrass metabolism to highlight spatial and temporal variability in oxygen fluxes and inform efforts to use seagrass to mitigate ocean acidification. Our analyses suggest seagrass meadows are generally autotrophic and variable in space and time, and the effects on seawater oxygen are relatively small in magnitude.
Tianfei Xue, Ivy Frenger, A. E. Friederike Prowe, Yonss Saranga José, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 19, 455–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-455-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-455-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Peruvian system supports 10 % of the world's fishing yield. In the Peruvian system, wind and earth’s rotation bring cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface and allow phytoplankton to grow. But observations show that it grows worse at high upwelling. Using a model, we find that high upwelling happens when air mixes the water the most. Then phytoplankton is diluted and grows slowly due to low light and cool upwelled water. This study helps to estimate how it might change in a warming climate.
Shao-Min Chen, Ulf Riebesell, Kai G. Schulz, Elisabeth von der Esch, Eric P. Achterberg, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 19, 295–312, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-295-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-295-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen minimum zones in the ocean are characterized by enhanced carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and are being further acidified by increasing anthropogenic atmospheric CO2. Here we report CO2 system measurements in a mesocosm study offshore Peru during a rare coastal El Niño event to investigate how CO2 dynamics may respond to ongoing ocean deoxygenation. Our observations show that nitrogen limitation, productivity, and plankton community shift play an important role in driving the CO2 dynamics.
Paula Maria Salgado-Hernanz, Aurore Regaudie-de-Gioux, David Antoine, and Gotzon Basterretxea
Biogeosciences, 19, 47–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-47-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-47-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, this study presents the characteristics of primary production in coastal regions of the Mediterranean Sea based on satellite-borne observations for the period 2002–2016. The study concludes that there are significant spatial and temporal variations among different regions. Quantifying primary production is of special importance in the marine food web and in the sequestration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the deep waters.
Samu Elovaara, Eeva Eronen-Rasimus, Eero Asmala, Tobias Tamelander, and Hermanni Kaartokallio
Biogeosciences, 18, 6589–6616, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6589-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6589-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a significant carbon pool in the marine environment. The composition of the DOM pool, as well as its interaction with microbes, is complex, yet understanding it is important for understanding global carbon cycling. This study shows that two phytoplankton species have different effects on the composition of the DOM pool and, through the DOM they produce, on the ensuing microbial community. These communities in turn have different effects on DOM composition.
Yuan Dong, Qian P. Li, Zhengchao Wu, Yiping Shuai, Zijia Liu, Zaiming Ge, Weiwen Zhou, and Yinchao Chen
Biogeosciences, 18, 6423–6434, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Temporal change of plankton growth and grazing are less known in the coastal ocean, not to mention the relevant controlling mechanisms. Here, we performed monthly size-specific dilution experiments outside a eutrophic estuary over a 1-year cycle. Phytoplankton growth was correlated to nutrients and grazing mortality to total chlorophyll a. A selective grazing on small cells may be important for maintaining high abundance of large-chain-forming diatoms in this eutrophic system.
Kiefer O. Forsch, Lisa Hahn-Woernle, Robert M. Sherrell, Vincent J. Roccanova, Kaixuan Bu, David Burdige, Maria Vernet, and Katherine A. Barbeau
Biogeosciences, 18, 6349–6375, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6349-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6349-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We show that for an unperturbed cold western Antarctic Peninsula fjord, the seasonality of iron and manganese is linked to the dispersal of metal-rich meltwater sources. Geochemical measurements of trace metals in meltwaters, porewaters, and seawater, collected during two expeditions, showed a seasonal cycle of distinct sources. Finally, model results revealed that the dispersal of surface meltwater and meltwater plumes originating from under the glacier is sensitive to katabatic wind events.
Jenny Hieronymus, Kari Eilola, Malin Olofsson, Inga Hense, H. E. Markus Meier, and Elin Almroth-Rosell
Biogeosciences, 18, 6213–6227, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6213-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6213-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Dense blooms of cyanobacteria occur every summer in the Baltic Proper and can add to eutrophication by their ability to turn nitrogen gas into dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Being able to correctly estimate the size of this nitrogen fixation is important for management purposes. In this work, we find that the life cycle of cyanobacteria plays an important role in capturing the seasonality of the blooms as well as the size of nitrogen fixation in our ocean model.
Tom Hull, Naomi Greenwood, Antony Birchill, Alexander Beaton, Matthew Palmer, and Jan Kaiser
Biogeosciences, 18, 6167–6180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6167-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6167-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The shallow shelf seas play a large role in the global cycling of CO2 and also support large fisheries. We use an autonomous underwater vehicle in the central North Sea to measure the rates of change in oxygen and nutrients.
Using these data we determine the amount of carbon dioxide taken out of the atmosphere by the sea and measure how productive the region is.
These observations will be useful for improving our predictive models and help us predict and adapt to a changing ocean.
Puthenveettil Narayana Menon Vinayachandran, Yukio Masumoto, Michael J. Roberts, Jenny A. Huggett, Issufo Halo, Abhisek Chatterjee, Prakash Amol, Garuda V. M. Gupta, Arvind Singh, Arnab Mukherjee, Satya Prakash, Lynnath E. Beckley, Eric Jorden Raes, and Raleigh Hood
Biogeosciences, 18, 5967–6029, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5967-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5967-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Upwelling in the coastal ocean triggers biological productivity and thus enhances fisheries. Therefore, understanding the phenomenon of upwelling and the underlying mechanisms is important. In this paper, the present understanding of the upwelling along the coastline of the Indian Ocean from the coast of Africa all the way up to the coast of Australia is reviewed. The review provides a synthesis of the physical processes associated with upwelling and its impact on the marine ecosystem.
Michael M. Whitney
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-285, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-285, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal hypoxia is a major environmental problem of increasing severity. The 21st century forecast analyzed indicates global coastal waters will warm and experience rapid declines in oxygen. The forecasted median coastal trends for increasing sea surface temperature and decreasing oxygen capacity are 48 % and 18 % faster than the rates observed over the last four decades. Existing hypoxic areas are expected to worsen and new hypoxic areas likely will emerge under these warming-related pressures.
Gaël Many, Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, and Patrick Marsaleix
Biogeosciences, 18, 5513–5538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5513-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5513-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Gulf of Lion shelf is one of the most productive areas in the Mediterranean. A model is used to study the mechanisms that drive the particulate organic carbon (POC). The model reproduces the annual cycle of primary production well. The shelf appears as an autotrophic ecosystem with a high production and as a source of POC for the adjacent basin. The increase in temperature induced by climate change could impact the trophic status of the shelf.
Alireza Merikhi, Peter Berg, and Markus Huettel
Biogeosciences, 18, 5381–5395, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5381-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5381-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The aquatic eddy covariance technique is a powerful method for measurements of solute fluxes across the sediment–water interface. Data measured by conventional eddy covariance instruments require a time shift correction that can result in substantial flux errors. We introduce a triple O2 sensor eddy covariance instrument that by design eliminates these errors. Deployments next to a conventional instrument in the Florida Keys demonstrate the improvements achieved through the new design.
Jiatang Hu, Zhongren Zhang, Bin Wang, and Jia Huang
Biogeosciences, 18, 5247–5264, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5247-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5247-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In situ observations over 42 years were used to explore the long-term changes to low-oxygen conditions in the Pearl River estuary. Apparent expansion of the low-oxygen conditions in summer was identified, primarily due to the combined effects of increased anthropogenic inputs and decreased sediment load. Large areas of severe low-oxygen events were also observed in early autumn and were formed by distinct mechanisms. The estuary seems to be growing into a seasonal, estuary-wide hypoxic zone.
Indah Ardiningsih, Kyyas Seyitmuhammedov, Sylvia G. Sander, Claudine H. Stirling, Gert-Jan Reichart, Kevin R. Arrigo, Loes J. A. Gerringa, and Rob Middag
Biogeosciences, 18, 4587–4601, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4587-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4587-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Organic Fe speciation is investigated along a natural gradient of the western Antarctic Peninsula from an ice-covered shelf to the open ocean. The two major fronts in the region affect the distribution of ligands. The excess ligands not bound to dissolved Fe (DFe) comprised up to 80 % of the total ligand concentrations, implying the potential to solubilize additional Fe input. The ligands on the shelf can increase the DFe residence time and fuel local primary production upon ice melt.
Melissa R. McCutcheon, Hongming Yao, Cory J. Staryk, and Xinping Hu
Biogeosciences, 18, 4571–4586, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4571-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4571-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used 5+ years of discrete samples and 10 months of hourly sensor measurements to explore temporal variability and environmental controls on pH and pCO2 at the Aransas Ship Channel. Seasonal and diel variability were both present but small compared to other regions in the literature. Despite the small tidal range, tidal control often surpassed biological control. In comparison with sensor data, discrete samples were generally representative of mean annual and seasonal carbonate chemistry.
Kai G. Schulz, Eric P. Achterberg, Javier Arístegui, Lennart T. Bach, Isabel Baños, Tim Boxhammer, Dirk Erler, Maricarmen Igarza, Verena Kalter, Andrea Ludwig, Carolin Löscher, Jana Meyer, Judith Meyer, Fabrizio Minutolo, Elisabeth von der Esch, Bess B. Ward, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 18, 4305–4320, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters to the surface make eastern boundary upwelling systems hot spots of marine productivity. This leads to subsurface oxygen depletion and the transformation of bioavailable nitrogen into inert N2. Here we quantify nitrogen loss processes following a simulated deep water upwelling. Denitrification was the dominant process, and budget calculations suggest that a significant portion of nitrogen that could be exported to depth is already lost in the surface ocean.
Heiner Dietze and Ulrike Löptien
Biogeosciences, 18, 4243–4264, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4243-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4243-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years fish-kill events caused by oxygen deficit have been reported in Eckernförde Bight (Baltic Sea). This study sets out to understand the processes causing respective oxygen deficits by combining high-resolution coupled ocean circulation biogeochemical modeling, monitoring data, and artificial intelligence.
Jens A. Hölemann, Bennet Juhls, Dorothea Bauch, Markus Janout, Boris P. Koch, and Birgit Heim
Biogeosciences, 18, 3637–3655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3637-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3637-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic Ocean receives large amounts of river water rich in terrestrial dissolved organic matter (tDOM), which is an important component of the Arctic carbon cycle. Our analysis shows that mixing of three major freshwater sources is the main factor that regulates the distribution of tDOM concentrations in the Siberian shelf seas. In this context, the formation and melting of the land-fast ice in the Laptev Sea and the peak spring discharge of the Lena River are of particular importance.
Jaard Hauschildt, Soeren Thomsen, Vincent Echevin, Andreas Oschlies, Yonss Saranga José, Gerd Krahmann, Laura A. Bristow, and Gaute Lavik
Biogeosciences, 18, 3605–3629, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3605-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3605-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we quantify the subduction of upwelled nitrate due to physical processes on the order of several kilometers in the coastal upwelling off Peru and its effect on primary production. We also compare the prepresentation of these processes in a high-resolution simulation (~2.5 km) with a more coarsely resolved simulation (~12 km). To do this, we combine high-resolution shipboard observations of physical and biogeochemical parameters with a complex biogeochemical model configuration.
Samantha A. Siedlecki, Darren Pilcher, Evan M. Howard, Curtis Deutsch, Parker MacCready, Emily L. Norton, Hartmut Frenzel, Jan Newton, Richard A. Feely, Simone R. Alin, and Terrie Klinger
Biogeosciences, 18, 2871–2890, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2871-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2871-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Future ocean conditions can be simulated using projected trends in fossil fuel use paired with Earth system models. Global models generally do not include local processes important to coastal ecosystems. These coastal processes can alter the degree of change projected. Higher-resolution models that include local processes predict modified changes in carbon stressors when compared to changes projected by global models in the California Current System.
Erik Jacobs, Henry C. Bittig, Ulf Gräwe, Carolyn A. Graves, Michael Glockzin, Jens D. Müller, Bernd Schneider, and Gregor Rehder
Biogeosciences, 18, 2679–2709, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2679-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2679-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use a unique data set of 8 years of continuous carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) surface water measurements from a commercial ferry to study upwelling in the Baltic Sea. Its seasonality and regional and interannual variability are examined. Strong upwelling events drastically increase local surface CO2 and CH4 levels and are mostly detected in late summer after long periods of impaired mixing. We introduce an extrapolation method to estimate regional upwelling-induced trace gas fluxes.
Yangyang Zhao, Khanittha Uthaipan, Zhongming Lu, Yan Li, Jing Liu, Hongbin Liu, Jianping Gan, Feifei Meng, and Minhan Dai
Biogeosciences, 18, 2755–2775, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2755-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2755-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In situ oxygen consumption rates were estimated for the first time during destruction of coastal hypoxia as disturbed by a typhoon and its reinstatement in the South China Sea off the Pearl River estuary. The reinstatement of summer hypoxia was rapid with a comparable timescale with that of its initial disturbance from frequent tropical cyclones, which has important implications for better understanding the intermittent nature of coastal hypoxia and its prediction in a changing climate.
Dylan R. Brown, Humberto Marotta, Roberta B. Peixoto, Alex Enrich-Prast, Glenda C. Barroso, Mario L. G. Soares, Wilson Machado, Alexander Pérez, Joseph M. Smoak, Luciana M. Sanders, Stephen Conrad, James Z. Sippo, Isaac R. Santos, Damien T. Maher, and Christian J. Sanders
Biogeosciences, 18, 2527–2538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2527-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2527-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Hypersaline tidal flats (HTFs) are coastal ecosystems with freshwater deficits often occurring in arid or semi-arid regions near mangrove supratidal zones with no major fluvial contributions. This study shows that HTFs are important carbon and nutrient sinks which may be significant given their extensive coverage. Our findings highlight a previously unquantified carbon as well as a nutrient sink and suggest that coastal HTF ecosystems could be included in the emerging blue carbon framework.
Giulia Bonino, Elisa Lovecchio, Nicolas Gruber, Matthias Münnich, Simona Masina, and Doroteaciro Iovino
Biogeosciences, 18, 2429–2448, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2429-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2429-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal variations of processes such as upwelling and biological production that happen along the northwestern African coast can modulate the temporal variability of the biological activity of the adjacent open North Atlantic hundreds of kilometers away from the coast thanks to the lateral transport of coastal organic carbon. This happens with a temporal delay, which is smaller than a season up to roughly 500 km from the coast due to the intense transport by small-scale filaments.
Markus Diesing, Terje Thorsnes, and Lilja Rún Bjarnadóttir
Biogeosciences, 18, 2139–2160, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2139-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2139-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The upper 10 cm of the seafloor of the North Sea and Skagerrak contain 231×106 t of carbon in organic form. The Norwegian Trough, the deepest sedimentary basin in the studied area, stands out as a zone of strong organic carbon accumulation with rates on par with neighbouring fjords. Conversely, large parts of the North Sea are characterised by rapid organic carbon degradation and negligible accumulation. This dual character is likely typical for continental shelf sediments worldwide.
Arnaud Laurent, Katja Fennel, and Angela Kuhn
Biogeosciences, 18, 1803–1822, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1803-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1803-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
CMIP5 and CMIP6 models, and a high-resolution regional model, were evaluated by comparing historical simulations with observations in the northwest North Atlantic, a climate-sensitive and biologically productive ocean margin region. Many of the CMIP models performed poorly for biological properties. There is no clear link between model resolution and skill in the global models, but there is an overall improvement in performance in CMIP6 from CMIP5. The regional model performed best.
Heejun Han, Jeomshik Hwang, and Guebuem Kim
Biogeosciences, 18, 1793–1801, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1793-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1793-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The main source of excess DOC occurring in coastal seawater off an artificial lake, which is enclosed by a dike along the western coast of South Korea, was determined using a combination of various biogeochemical tools including DOC and nutrient concentrations, stable carbon isotope, and optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence) of dissolved organic matter in two different seasons (March 2017 and September 2018).
Michelle N. Simone, Kai G. Schulz, Joanne M. Oakes, and Bradley D. Eyre
Biogeosciences, 18, 1823–1838, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1823-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1823-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Estuaries are responsible for a large contribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the global C cycle, but it is unknown how this will change in the future. DOC fluxes from unvegetated sediments were investigated ex situ subject to conditions of warming and ocean acidification. The future climate shifted sediment fluxes from a slight DOC source to a significant sink, with global coastal DOC export decreasing by 80 %. This has global implications for C cycling and long-term C storage.
Sara González-Delgado, David González-Santana, Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Melchor González-Dávila, Celso A. Hernández, Carlos Sangil, and José Carlos Hernández
Biogeosciences, 18, 1673–1687, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1673-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1673-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the carbon system dynamics of a new CO2 seep system located off the coast of La Palma. We explored for over a year, finding points with lower levels of pH and alkalinity; high levels of carbon; and poorer levels of aragonite and calcite, both essential for calcifying species. The seeps are a key feature for robust experimental designs, aimed at comprehending how life has persisted through past eras or at predicting the consequences of ocean acidification in the marine realm.
Cale A. Miller, Christina Bonsell, Nathan D. McTigue, and Amanda L. Kelley
Biogeosciences, 18, 1203–1221, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1203-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1203-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We report here the first year-long high-frequency pH data set for an Arctic lagoon that captures ice-free and ice-covered seasons. pH and salinity correlation varies by year as we observed positive correlation and independence. Photosynthesis is found to drive high pH values, and small changes in underwater solar radiation can result in rapid decreases in pH. We estimate that arctic lagoons may act as sources of CO2 to the atmosphere, potentially offsetting the Arctic Ocean's CO2 sink capacity.
Meike Becker, Are Olsen, Peter Landschützer, Abdirhaman Omar, Gregor Rehder, Christian Rödenbeck, and Ingunn Skjelvan
Biogeosciences, 18, 1127–1147, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1127-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1127-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a simple method to refine existing open-ocean maps towards different coastal seas. Using a multi-linear regression, we produced monthly maps of surface ocean fCO2 in the northern European coastal seas (the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Norwegian Coast and the Barents Sea) covering a time period from 1998 to 2016. Based on this fCO2 map, we calculate trends in surface ocean fCO2, pH and the air–sea gas exchange.
Zhengchao Wu, Qian P. Li, Zaiming Ge, Bangqin Huang, and Chunming Dong
Biogeosciences, 18, 1049–1065, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1049-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1049-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal hypoxia in the nearshore bottom waters frequently occurs in the Pearl River estuary. Aerobic respiration is the ultimate cause of local hypoxia. We found an elevated level of polyunsaturated aldehydes in the bottom water outside the estuary, which promoted the growth and metabolism of special groups of particle-attached bacteria and thus contributed to oxygen depletion in hypoxic waters. Our results may be important for understanding coastal hypoxia and its linkages to eutrophication.
Derara Hailegeorgis, Zouhair Lachkar, Christoph Rieper, and Nicolas Gruber
Biogeosciences, 18, 303–325, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-303-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-303-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using a Lagrangian modeling approach, this study provides a quantitative analysis of water and nitrogen offshore transport in the Canary Current System. We investigate the timescales, reach and structure of offshore transport and demonstrate that the Canary upwelling is a key source of nutrients to the open North Atlantic Ocean. Our findings stress the need for improving the representation of the Canary system and other eastern boundary upwelling systems in global coarse-resolution models.
Constance Choquel, Emmanuelle Geslin, Edouard Metzger, Helena L. Filipsson, Nils Risgaard-Petersen, Patrick Launeau, Manuel Giraud, Thierry Jauffrais, Bruno Jesus, and Aurélia Mouret
Biogeosciences, 18, 327–341, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-327-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-327-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Marine microorganisms such as foraminifera are able to live temporarily without oxygen in sediments. In a Swedish fjord subjected to seasonal oxygen scarcity, a change in fauna linked to the decrease in oxygen and the increase in an invasive species was shown. The invasive species respire nitrate until 100 % of the nitrate porewater in the sediment and could be a major contributor to nitrogen balance in oxic coastal ecosystems. But prolonged hypoxia creates unfavorable conditions to survive.
Haiyan Zhang, Katja Fennel, Arnaud Laurent, and Changwei Bian
Biogeosciences, 17, 5745–5761, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5745-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5745-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In coastal seas, low oxygen, which is detrimental to coastal ecosystems, is increasingly caused by man-made nutrients from land. This is especially so near mouths of major rivers, including the Changjiang in the East China Sea. Here a simulation model is used to identify the main factors determining low-oxygen conditions in the region. High river discharge is identified as the prime cause, while wind and intrusions of open-ocean water modulate the severity and extent of low-oxygen conditions.
Tamar Guy-Haim, Maxim Rubin-Blum, Eyal Rahav, Natalia Belkin, Jacob Silverman, and Guy Sisma-Ventura
Biogeosciences, 17, 5489–5511, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5489-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5489-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The availability of nutrients in oligotrophic marine ecosystems is limited. Following jellyfish blooms, large die-off events result in the release of high amounts of nutrients to the water column and sediment. Our study assessed the decomposition effects of an infamous invasive jellyfish in the ultra-oligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean Sea. We found that jellyfish decomposition favored heterotrophic bacteria and altered biogeochemical fluxes, further impoverishing this nutrient-poor ecosystem.
Chantal Mears, Helmuth Thomas, Paul B. Henderson, Matthew A. Charette, Hugh MacIntyre, Frank Dehairs, Christophe Monnin, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 17, 4937–4959, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4937-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4937-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Major research initiatives have been undertaken within the Arctic Ocean, highlighting this area's global importance and vulnerability to climate change. In 2015, the international GEOTRACES program addressed this importance by devoting intense research activities to the Arctic Ocean. Among various tracers, we used radium and carbonate system data to elucidate the functioning and vulnerability of the hydrographic regime of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, bridging the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
Lennart Thomas Bach, Allanah Joy Paul, Tim Boxhammer, Elisabeth von der Esch, Michelle Graco, Kai Georg Schulz, Eric Achterberg, Paulina Aguayo, Javier Arístegui, Patrizia Ayón, Isabel Baños, Avy Bernales, Anne Sophie Boegeholz, Francisco Chavez, Gabriela Chavez, Shao-Min Chen, Kristin Doering, Alba Filella, Martin Fischer, Patricia Grasse, Mathias Haunost, Jan Hennke, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Mark Hopwood, Maricarmen Igarza, Verena Kalter, Leila Kittu, Peter Kohnert, Jesus Ledesma, Christian Lieberum, Silke Lischka, Carolin Löscher, Andrea Ludwig, Ursula Mendoza, Jana Meyer, Judith Meyer, Fabrizio Minutolo, Joaquin Ortiz Cortes, Jonna Piiparinen, Claudia Sforna, Kristian Spilling, Sonia Sanchez, Carsten Spisla, Michael Sswat, Mabel Zavala Moreira, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 17, 4831–4852, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4831-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4831-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The eastern boundary upwelling system off Peru is among Earth's most productive ocean ecosystems, but the factors that control its functioning are poorly constrained. Here we used mesocosms, moored ~ 6 km offshore Peru, to investigate how processes in plankton communities drive key biogeochemical processes. We show that nutrient and light co-limitation keep productivity and export at a remarkably constant level while stoichiometry changes strongly with shifts in plankton community structure.
James Z. Sippo, Isaac R. Santos, Christian J. Sanders, Patricia Gadd, Quan Hua, Catherine E. Lovelock, Nadia S. Santini, Scott G. Johnston, Yota Harada, Gloria Reithmeir, and Damien T. Maher
Biogeosciences, 17, 4707–4726, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4707-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4707-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In 2015–2016, a massive mangrove dieback event occurred along ~1000 km of coastline in Australia. Multiple lines of evidence from climate data, wood and sediment samples suggest low water availability within the dead mangrove forest. Wood and sediments also reveal a large increase in iron concentrations in mangrove sediments during the dieback. This study supports the hypothesis that the forest dieback was associated with low water availability driven by a climate-change-related ENSO event.
Cited articles
Alley, D., Berntsen, T., Bindoff, N. L., Chen, Z. L., Chidthaisong, A.,
Friedlingstein, P., Gregory, J. G. H., Heimann, M., Hewitson, B., Hoskins,
B., Joos, F., Jouzel., Kattsov, V., Lohmann, U., Manning, M., Matsuno, T.,
Molina, M., Nicholls, N., Overpeck, J., Qin, D. H., Raga, G. Ramaswamy, V.,
Ren, J. W., Rusticucci, M., Solomon, S., Somerville, R., Stocker, T. F.,
Stott, P., Stouffer, R. J., Whetton, P., Wood, R. A., and Wratt, D.: Climate
Change 2007. The Physical Science basis: Summary for policymakers.
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007.
Atkinson, D., Ciotti, B. J., and Montagnes, D. J. S.: Protists decrease in
size linearly with temperature: ca. 2.5 % C-1, Proc. R. Soc. B. Biol.
Sci., 270, 2605–2611, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2538, 2003.
Badger, M. R., Andrews, T. J., Whitney, S. M., Ludwig, M., Yellowlees, D.
C., Leggat, W., and Price, G. D.: The diversity and coevolution of Rubisco ,
plastids , pyrenoids , and chloroplast-based CO2-concentrating
mechanisms in algae 1, Can. J. Bot., 76, 1052–1071, 1998.
Baragi, L. V., Khandeparker, L., and Anil, A. C.: Influence of elevated
temperature and pCO2 on the marine periphytic diatom Navicula distans and its
associated organisms in culture, Hydrobiologia, 762, 127–142,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2343-9, 2015.
Barnes, M. K., Tilstone, G. H., Smyth, T. J., Widdicombe, C. E., Gloël,
J., Robinson, C., Kaiser, J., and Suggett, D. J.: Drivers and effects of
Karenia mikimotoi blooms in the western English Channel, Prog. Oceanogr., 137, 456–469,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.04.018, 2015.
Beardall, J., Stojkovic., S., and Larsen, S.: Living in a high CO2
world: impacts of global climate change on marine phytoplankton, Plant Ecol.
Divers., 2, 191–205, https://doi.org/10.1080/17550870903271363, 2009.
Bermúdez, J. R., Riebesell, U., Larsen, A., and Winder, M.: Ocean
acidification reduces transfer of essential biomolecules in a natural
plankton community, Sci. Rep., 6, 27749, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27749, 2016.
Booth, B. C.: Size classes and major taxonomic groups of phytoplankton at
two locations in the subarctic pacific ocean in May and August, 1984, Mar.
Biol., 97, 275–286, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00391313, 1988.
Bopp, L., Monfray, P., Aumont, O., Dufresne, J.-L., Le Treut, H., Madec, G.,
Terray, L. and Orr, J. C.: Potential impact of climate change on marine
export production, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 81–99,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB001256, 2001.
Boras, J. A., Borrull, E., Cardelu, C., Cros, L., Gomes, A., Sala, M. M.,
Aparicio, F. L., Balague, V., Mestre, M., Movilla, J., Sarmento, H., Va, E.,
and Lo, A.: Contrasting effects of ocean acidification on the microbial food
web under different trophic conditions, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 73,
670–679, 2016.
Boyd, P. W. and Doney, S. C.: Modelling regional responses by marine pelagic
ecosystems to global climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1–4,
2002.
Boyd, P. W., Rynearson, T. A., Armstrong, E. A., Fu, F., Hayashi, K., Hu,
Z., Hutchins, D. A., Kudela, R. M., Litchman, E., Mulholland, M. R., Passow,
U., Strzepek, R. F., Whittaker, K. A., Yu, E., and Thomas, M. K.: Marine
Phytoplankton Temperature versus Growth Responses from Polar to Tropical
Waters – Outcome of a Scientific Community-Wide Study, PLoS One, 8,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063091, 2013.
Brussaard, C. P. D., Noordeloos, A. A. M., Witte, H., Collenteur, M. C. J.,
Schulz, K., Ludwig, A., and Riebesell, U.: Arctic microbial community dynamics
influenced by elevated CO2 levels, Biogeosciences, 10, 719–731, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-719-2013, 2013.
Calbet, A., Sazhin, A. F., Nejstgaard, J. C., Berger, S. A., Tait, Z. S.,
Olmos, L., Sousoni, D., Isari, S., Martínez, R. A., Bouquet, J.-M.,
Thompson, E. M., Båmstedt, U., and Jakobsen, H. H.: Future climate
scenarios for a coastal productive planktonic food web resulting in
microplankton phenology changes and decreased trophic transfer efficiency,
PLoS One, 9, e94388, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094388, 2014.
Chen, S., Beardall, J., and Gao, K.: A red tide alga grown under ocean acidification
upregulates its tolerance to lower pH by increasing its photophysiological
functions, Biogeosciences, 11, 4829–4837, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4829-2014, 2014.
Coello-Camba, A. and Agustí, S.: Acidification counteracts negative effects of
warming on diatom silicification, Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2016-424, 2016.
Coello-Camba, A., Agustã, S., Holding, J., Arrieta, J. M., and Duarte,
C. M.: Interactive effect of temperature and CO2 increase in Arctic
phytoplankton, Front. Mar. Sci., 1, 1–10,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2014.00049, 2014.
Delille, B., Harlay, J., Zondervan, I., Jacquet, S., Chou, L., Wollast, R.,
Bellerby, R. G. J., Frankignoulle, M., Borges, A. V., Riebesell, U., and
Gattuso, J.-P.: Response of primary production and calcification to changes
of pCO2 during experimental blooms of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002318, 2005.
Deppeler, S. L. and Davidson, A. T.: Southern Ocean Phytoplankton in a
Changing Climate, Front. Mar. Sci., 4, 40,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00040, 2017.
Dickson, A. G. and Millero, F. J.: A comparison of the equilibrium constants
for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media, Deep-Sea Res. Pt.
I, 34, 1733–1743, 1987.
Dunne, J. P.: A roadmap on ecosystem change, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 20, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2480, 2014.
Edwards, M., Johns, D., Leterme, S. C., Svendsen, E., and Richardson, A. J.:
Regional climate change and harmful algal blooms in the northeast Atlantic,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 820–829, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.2.0820, 2006.
Eilertsen, H. and Raa, J.: Toxins in seawater produced by a common
phytoplankter?: Phaeocystis pouchetii, J. Mar. Biotechnol., 3, 115–119,
1995.
Engel, A., Schulz, K. G., Riebesell, U., Bellerby, R., Delille, B., and Schartau, M.:
Effects of CO2 on particle size distribution and phytoplankton abundance
during a mesocosm bloom experiment (PeECE II), Biogeosciences, 5, 509–521, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-509-2008, 2008.
Eppley, R. W.: Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea, Fish. Bull.,
70, 1063–1085, 1972.
Errera, R. M., Yvon-Lewis, S., Kessler, J. D., and Campbell, L.: Reponses of
the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis to climate change: pCO2 and sea surface
temperatures, Harmful Algae, 37, 110–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2014.05.012,
2014.
Feng, Y., Warner, M. E., Zhang, Y., Sun, J., Fu, F.-X., Rose, J. M., and
Hutchins, D. A.: Interactive effects of increased pCO2 , temperature
and irradiance on the marine coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae), Eur. J.
Phycol., 43, 87–98, https://doi.org/10.1080/09670260701664674, 2008.
Feng, Y., Hare, C., Leblanc, K., Rose, J., Zhang, Y., DiTullio, G., Lee, P.,
Wilhelm, S., Rowe, J., Sun, J., Nemcek, N., Gueguen, C., Passow, U., Benner,
I., Brown, C., and Hutchins, D.: Effects of increased pCO2 and
temperature on the North Atlantic spring bloom. I. The phytoplankton
community and biogeochemical response, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 388, 13–25,
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08133, 2009.
Fu, F.-X., Warner, M. E., Zhang, Y., Feng, Y., and Hutchins, D. A.: Effects
of Increased Temperature and CO2 on Photosynthesis, Growth, and
Elemental Ratios in Marine Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus (Cyanobacteria), J. Phycol., 43,
485–496, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00355.x, 2007.
Fu, F.-X., Zhang, Y., Warner, M. E., Feng, Y., Sun, J., and Hutchins, D. A.:
A comparison of future increased CO2 and temperature effects on
sympatric Heterosigma akashiwo and Prorocentrum minimum, Harmful Algae, 7, 76–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2007.05.006,
2008.
Gao, G., Jin, P., Liu, N., Li, F., Tong, S., Hutchins, D. A., and Gao, K.:
The acclimation process of phytoplankton biomass, carbon fixation and
respiration to the combined effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 in
the northern South China Sea, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 118, 213–220,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.063, 2017.
Giordano, M., Beardall, J., and Raven, J. A.: CO2 concentrating
mechanisms in algae: mechanisms, environmental modulation, and evolution.,
Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 56, 99–131,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144052, 2005.
Goldman, J. and Carpenter, E.: A kinetic approach to the effect of
temperature on algal growth, Limnol. Oceanogr., 19, 756–766,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1974.19.5.0756, 1974.
Hansen, P.: Effect of high pH on the growth and survival of marine
phytoplankton: implications for species succession, Aquat. Microb. Ecol.,
28, 279–288, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame028279, 2002.
Hare, C., Leblanc, K., DiTullio, G., Kudela, R., Zhang, Y., Lee, P.,
Riseman, S., and Hutchins, D.: Consequences of increased temperature and
CO2 for phytoplankton community structure in the Bering Sea, Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser., 352, 9–16, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07182, 2007.
Hinga, K. R.: Effects of pH on coastal marine phytoplankton, Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser., 238, 281–300, 2002.
Hoogstraten, A., Peters, M., Timmermans, K. R., and de Baar, H. J. W.:
Combined effects of inorganic carbon and light on Phaeocystis globosa
Scherffel
(Prymnesiophyceae), Biogeosciences, 9, 1885–1896, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1885-2012, 2012.
Hutchins, D. A., Fu, F.-X., Zhang, Y., Warner, M. E., Feng, Y., Portune, K.,
Bernhardt, P. W., and Mulholland, M. R.: CO2 control of Trichodesmium
N2
fixation, photosynthesis, growth rates, and elemental ratios: Implications
for past, present, and future ocean biogeochemistry, Limnol. Oceanogr.,
52, 1293–1304, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.4.1293, 2007.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of
Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, Intergov. Panel Clim. Chang. Work. Gr. I Contrib.
to IPCC Fifth Assess. Rep. (AR5), Cambridge Univ Press. New York, 1535,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000115, 2013.
IPCC: Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary Chapter for Policymakers, IPCC, 31, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324, 2014.
Keys, M.: Effects of future CO2 and temperature regimes on
phytoplankton community composition, biomass and photosynthetic rates in the
Western English Channel, PhD thesis, University of Essex, UK, 2017.
Keys, M., Tilstone, G., Findlay, H. S., Widdicombe, C. E., and Lawson, T.:
Effects of elevated CO2 on phytoplankton community biomass and species
composition during a spring Phaeocystis spp. bloom in the western English Channel,
Harmful Algae, 67, 92–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2017.06.005, 2017.
Kiefer, D. A. and Mitchell, B. G.: A simple steady state description of
phytoplankton growth based on absorption cross section and quantum
efficiency, Limnol. Oceanogr., 28, 770–776,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1983.28.4.0770, 1983.
Kim, J.-M., Lee, K., Shin, K., Kang, J.-H., Lee, H.-W., Kim, M., Jang, P.-G.,
and Jang, M.-C.: The effect of seawater CO2 concentration on growth of
a natural phytoplankton assemblage in a controlled mesocosm experiment,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 1629–1636, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.4.1629, 2006.
Kitidis, V., Hardman-mountford, N. J., Litt, E., Brown, I., Cummings, D.,
Hartman, S., Hydes, D., Fishwick, J. R., Harris, C., Martinez-vicente, V.,
Woodward, E. M. S., and Smyth, T. J.: Seasonal dynamics of the carbonate
system in the Western English Channel, Cont. Shelf Res., 42, 2–12, 2012.
Kolber, Z. S., Prášil, O., and Falkowski, P. G.: Measurements of
variable chlorophyll fluorescence using fast repetition rate techniques:
Defining methodology and experimental protocols, Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Bioenerg., 1367, 88–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-2728(98)00135-2, 1998.
Kovala, P. E. and Larrance, J. D.: Computation of phytoplankton cell numbers,
cell volume, cell surface and plasma volume per liter, from microscopical counts,
Special report, University of Washington, Department of Oceanography, 38, 1966.
Lawrenz, E., Silsbe, G., Capuzzo, E., Ylöstalo, P., Forster, R. M.,
Simis, S. G. H., Prášil, O., Kromkamp, J. C., Hickman, A. E., Moore,
C. M., Forget, M. H., Geider, R. J., and Suggett, D. J.: Predicting the
Electron Requirement for Carbon Fixation in Seas and Oceans, PLoS One, 8,
e58137,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058137, 2013.
Laws, E. A., Falkowski, P. G., Smith, W. O., Ducklow, H. W., and McCarthy, J.
J.: Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 1231–1246, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB001229, 2000.
Li, W. K. W., McLaughlin, F. A., Lovejoy, C., and Carmack, E. C.: Smallest
Algae Thrive As the Arctic Ocean Freshens, Science, 326,
539–539, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1179798, 2009.
Lomas, M. W. and Glibert, P. M.: Interactions between
Love, B. A., Olson, M. B., and Wuori, T.: Technical Note: A minimally invasive
experimental system for pCO2 manipulation in plankton cultures using
passive gas exchange (atmospheric carbon control simulator), Biogeosciences, 14, 2675–2684, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2675-2017, 2017.
Matear, R. J. and Lenton, A.: Carbon–climate feedbacks accelerate ocean
acidification, Biogeosciences, 15, 1721–1732, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1721-2018, 2018.
Maugendre, L., Gattuso, J. P., Poulton, A. J., Dellisanti, W., Gaubert, M.,
Guieu, C., and Gazeau, F.: No detectable effect of ocean acidification on
plankton metabolism in the NW oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea: Results from
two mesocosm studies, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 186, 89–99,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2015.03.009, 2017.
Mehrbach, C., Culberson, C. H., Hawley, J. E., and Pytkowicz, R. M.:
Measurement of the Apparent Dissociation Constants of Carbonic Acid in
Seawater at Atmospheric Pressure, Limnol. Oceanogr., 18, 897–907,
1973.
Menden-Deuer, S. and Lessard, E. J.: Carbon to volume relationships for
dinoflagellates, diatoms, and other protist plankton, Limnol. Oceanogr.,
45, 569–579, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.3.0569, 2000.
Morán, X. A. G., López-Urrutia, Á., Calvo-Díaz, A., and Li,
W. K. W.: Increasing importance of small phytoplankton in a warmer ocean,
Glob. Change Biol., 16, 1137–1144, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01960.x,
2010.
Morse, D., Salois, P., Markovic, P., and Hastings, J. W.: A nuclear-encoded
form II RuBisCO in dinoflagellates, Science, 268, 1622–1624,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7777861, 1995.
Moustaka-Gouni, M., Kormas, K. A., Scotti, M., Vardaka, E., and Sommer, U.:
Warming and Acidification Effects on Planktonic Heterotrophic Pico- and
Nanoflagellates in a Mesocosm Experiment, Protist, 167, 389–410,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2016.06.004, 2016.
Oxborough, K., Moore, C. M., Suggett, D. J., Lawson, T., Chan, H. G., and
Geider, R. J.: Direct estimation of functional PSII reaction center
concentration and PSII electron flux on a volume basis: a new approach to
the analysis of Fast Repetition Rate fluorometry (FRRf) data, Limnol.
Oceanogr.-Methods, 10, 142–154, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2012.10.142, 2012.
Paul, C., Matthiessen, B., and Sommer, U.: Warming, but not enhanced CO2
concentration, quantitatively and qualitatively affects phytoplankton
biomass, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 528, 39–51, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11264, 2015.
Paulino, A. I., Egge, J. K., and Larsen, A.: Effects of increased atmospheric CO2
on small and intermediate sized osmotrophs during a nutrient induced
phytoplankton bloom, Biogeosciences, 5, 739–748, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-739-2008, 2008.
Peter, K. H. and Sommer, U.: Phytoplankton Cell Size: Intra- and
Interspecific Effects of Warming and Grazing, PLoS One, 7, e49632,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049632, 2012.
Pierrot, D., Lewis, E., and Wallace, D. W. R.: MS Excel program developed for
CO2 system calculations, ORNL/CDIAC-105a, Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal.
Center, Oak Ridge Natl. Lab. US Dep. Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 2006.
Raupach, M. R., Marland, G., Ciais, P., Le Quéré, C., Canadell, J.
G., Klepper, G., and Field, C. B.: Global and regional drivers of
accelerating CO2 emissions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104,
10288–10293, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700609104, 2007.
Raven, J. A. and Geider, R. J.: Temperature and algal growth, New Phytol.,
110, 441–461, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1988.tb00282.x, 1988.
Raven, J., Caldeira, K., Elderfield, H., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Liss, P.,
Riebesell, U., Shepherd, J., Turley, C., and Watson, A.: Ocean acidification due
to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, R. Soc., London, UK, 68 pp., ISBN 0-85403-617-2, 2005.
R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing,
R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, available at: https://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 28 May 2018), 2016.
Reinfelder, J. R.: Carbon Concentrating Mechanisms in Eukaryotic Marine
Phytoplankton, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 3, 291–315,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142720, 2011.
Riebesell, U.: Effects of CO2 Enrichment on Marine Phytoplankton, J.
Oceanogr., 60, 719–729, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-004-5764-z, 2004.
Riebesell, U., Schulz, K. G., Bellerby, R. G. J., Botros, M., Fritsche, P.,
Meyerhöfer, M., Neill, C., Nondal, G., Oschlies, A., Wohlers, J., and
Zöllner, E.: Enhanced biological carbon consumption in a high CO2
ocean, Nature, 450, 545–548, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06267, 2007.
Riebesell, U., Fabry, V. J., Hansson, L., and Gattuso, J.-P.: Guide to best
practices for ocean acidification, edited by: Hansson, L., Gattuso, J.-P., Riebesell, U., and Fabry, V. J.,
Publications Office Of The European Union, Luxembourg, 2010.
Rost, B., Riebesell, U., Burkhardt, S., and Su, D.: Carbon acquisition of
bloom-forming marine phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 55–67, 2003.
Sathyendranath, S., Stuart, V., Nair, A., Oka, K., Nakane, T., Bouman, H.,
Forget, M. H., Maass, H., and Platt, T.: Carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio and
growth rate of phytoplankton in the sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 383, 73–84,
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07998, 2009.
Savage, V. M., Gillooly, J. F., Brown, J. H., West, G. B., and Charnov, E.
L.: Effects of Body Size and Temperature on Population Growth, Am. Nat.,
163, 429–441, https://doi.org/10.1086/381872, 2004.
Schoemann, V., Becquevort, S., Stefels, J., Rousseau, V., and Lancelot, C.:
Phaeocystis blooms in the global ocean and their controlling mechanisms: a review, J.
Sea Res., 53, 43–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2004.01.008, 2005.
Schulz, K. G., Barcelos e Ramos, J., Zeebe, R. E., and Riebesell, U.: CO2
perturbation experiments: similarities and differences between dissolved inorganic
carbon and total alkalinity manipulations, Biogeosciences, 6, 2145–2153, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2145-2009, 2009.
Shi, D., Xu, Y., and Morel, F. M. M.: Effects of the pH/pCO2
control method on medium chemistry and phytoplankton growth, Biogeosciences, 6, 1199–1207, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1199-2009, 2009.
Smetacek, V. and Cloern, J. E.: On Phytoplankton Trends, Science,
319, 1346–1348, 2008.
Smyth, T. J., Fishwick, J. R., AL-Moosawi, L., Cummings, D. G., Harris, C.,
Kitidis, V., Rees, A., Martinez-Vicente, V., and Woodward, E. M. S.: A broad
spatio-temporal view of the Western English Channel observatory, J. Plankton
Res., 32, 585–601, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbp128, 2010.
Strom, S.: Novel interactions between phytoplankton and microzooplankton?:
their influence on the coupling between growth and grazing rates in the sea,
Hydrobiologia, 480, 41–54, 2002.
Tarran, G. A., Heywood, J. L., and Zubkov, M. V.: Latitudinal changes in the
standing stocks of nano- and picoeukaryotic phytoplankton in the Atlantic
Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 1516–1529,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.05.004, 2006.
Taucher, J., Jones, J., James, A., Brzezinski, M. A., Carlson, C. A.,
Riebesell, U., and Passow, U.: Combined effects of CO2 and temperature
on carbon uptake and partitioning by the marine diatoms Thalassiosira weissflogii and Dactyliosolen fragilissimus, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 60, 901–919, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10063, 2015.
Thoisen, C., Riisgaard, K., Lundholm, N., Nielsen, T., and Hansen, P.: Effect
of acidification on an Arctic phytoplankton community from Disko Bay, West
Greenland, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 520, 21–34, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11123, 2015.
Thomas, M. K., Kremer, C. T., Klausmeier, C. A., and Litchman, E.: A Global
Pattern of Thermal Adaptation in Marine Phytoplankton, Science,
338, 1085–1088, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224836, 2012.
Torstensson, A., Chierici, M., and Wulff, A.: The influence of increased
temperature and carbon dioxide levels on the benthic/sea ice diatom
Navicula directa, Polar Biol., 35, 205–214, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-011-1056-4, 2012.
Tortell, P., DiTullio, G., Sigman, D., and Morel, F.: CO2 effects on
taxonomic composition and nutrient utilization in an Equatorial Pacific
phytoplankton assemblage, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 236, 37–43,
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps236037, 2002.
Tortell, P. D., Payne, C. D., Li, Y., Trimborn, S., Rost, B., Smith, W. O.,
Riesselman, C., Dunbar, R. B., Sedwick, P., and DiTullio, G. R.: CO2
sensitivity of Southern Ocean phytoplankton, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35,
L04605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032583, 2008.
Utermöhl, H.: Zur vervollkommnung der quantitativen
phytoplankton-methodik, Mitt. int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol., 9, 1–38,
1958.
Verity, P. G., Brussaard, C. P., Nejstgaard, J. C., Van Leeuwe, M. A.,
Lancelot, C., and Medlin, L. K.: Current understanding of Phaeocystis ecology and
biogeochemistry, and perspectives for future research, edited by: van
Leeuwe, M. A., Stefels, J., Belviso, S., Lancelot, C., Verity, P. G., and
Gieskes, W. W. C., Springer, the Netherlands, 2007.
Webb, W. L., Newton, M., and Starr, D.: Carbon dioxide exchange of Alnus rubra,
Oecologia, 17, 281–291, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00345747, 1974.
Welschmeyer, N. A.: Fluorometric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of
chlorophyll b and pheopigments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 39, 1985–1992, 1994.
Widdicombe, C. E., Eloire, D., Harbour, D., Harris, R. P., and Somerfield, P.
J.: Long-term phytoplankton community dynamics in the Western English
Channel, J. Plankton Res., 32, 643–655, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbp127, 2010.
Wolf-Gladrow, B. D. A., Riebesell, U. L. F., Burkhardt, S., and Jelle, B.:
Direct effects of CO2 concentration on growth and isotopic composition
of marine plankton, Tellus, 51B, 461–476, 1999.
Woods, H. A. and Harrison, J. F.: Temperature and the chemical composition
of poikilothermic organisms, Funct. Ecol., 17, 237–245, 237–245, 2003.
Short summary
We conducted a microcosm experiment on a natural phytoplankton community under year 2100 predicted CO2 concentrations and temperature. Biomass and photosynthetic rates were significantly increased by elevated CO2 and elevated temperature. In contrast, the combined influence of these two factors had little effect. This suggests coastal phytoplankton productivity may not be influenced by future conditions. However, the combined influence promoted the greatest diversity and increased HAB species.
We conducted a microcosm experiment on a natural phytoplankton community under year 2100...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint