Articles | Volume 16, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1865-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1865-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
06 May 2019
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 06 May 2019
| 06 May 2019
Reciprocal bias compensation and ensuing uncertainties in model-based climate projections: pelagic biogeochemistry versus ocean mixing
Ulrike Löptien
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Geosciences, University of Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Biogeochemical Modelling Department, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research
Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Heiner Dietze
Institute for Geosciences, University of Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Biogeochemical Modelling Department, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research
Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Related authors
Heiner Dietze and Ulrike Löptien
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-918, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-918, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce argon saturation as a prognostic variable in a suite of coupled general ocean circulation biogeochemical models off Mauretania. Our results indicate that the effect of increasing the spatial horizontal model resolutions from 12 km to 1.5 km leads to changes comparable to other infamous spurious effects of state-of-the-art numerical advection numerics.
Heiner Dietze and Ulrike Löptien
Biogeosciences, 18, 4243–4264, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4243-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4243-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years fish-kill events caused by oxygen deficit have been reported in Eckernförde Bight (Baltic Sea). This study sets out to understand the processes causing respective oxygen deficits by combining high-resolution coupled ocean circulation biogeochemical modeling, monitoring data, and artificial intelligence.
Heiner Dietze and Ulrike Löptien
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-918, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-918, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce argon saturation as a prognostic variable in a suite of coupled general ocean circulation biogeochemical models off Mauretania. Our results indicate that the effect of increasing the spatial horizontal model resolutions from 12 km to 1.5 km leads to changes comparable to other infamous spurious effects of state-of-the-art numerical advection numerics.
Heiner Dietze and Ulrike Löptien
Biogeosciences, 18, 4243–4264, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4243-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4243-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years fish-kill events caused by oxygen deficit have been reported in Eckernförde Bight (Baltic Sea). This study sets out to understand the processes causing respective oxygen deficits by combining high-resolution coupled ocean circulation biogeochemical modeling, monitoring data, and artificial intelligence.
Karin F. Kvale, Samar Khatiwala, Heiner Dietze, Iris Kriest, and Andreas Oschlies
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2425–2445, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2425-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2425-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Computer models of ocean biology and chemistry are becoming increasingly complex, and thus more expensive, to run. One solution is to approximate the behaviour of the ocean physics and store that information outside of the model. That
offlineinformation can then be used to calculate a steady-state solution from the model's biology and chemistry, without waiting for a traditional
onlineintegration to complete. We show this offline method reproduces online results and is 100 times faster.
Heiner Dietze, Julia Getzlaff, and Ulrike Löptien
Biogeosciences, 14, 1561–1576, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1561-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1561-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean is a sink for anthropogenic carbon. Projections of how this sink will evolve in an ever-warming climate are based on coupled ocean-circulation–biogeochemical models. This study compares uncertainties of simulated oceanic carbon uptake associated to physical (eddy) parameterizations with those associated wtih (unconstrained) supply of bioavailable iron supply to the surface ocean.
Yonss Saranga José, Heiner Dietze, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 14, 1349–1364, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1349-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1349-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to investigate the diverse subsurface nutrient patterns observed within anticyclonic eddies in the upwelling system off Peru. Two simulated anticyclonic eddies with opposing subsurface nitrate concentrations were analysed. The results show that diverse nutrient patterns within anticyclonic eddies are related to the presence of water mass from different origins at different depths, responding to variations in depth of the circulation strength at the edge of the eddy.
Heiner Dietze and Ulrike Löptien
Ocean Sci., 12, 977–986, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-977-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-977-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Winds blowing over the ocean drive ocean currents. The oceanic response to winds is, in turn, influenced by ocean currents. Theoretical considerations suggest that the latter effect is especially pronounced in the Baltic Sea. The study presented here puts theses theoretical considerations in a high-resolution ocean circulation model of the Baltic Sea to the test.
U. Löptien and H. Dietze
Ocean Sci., 11, 573–590, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-573-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-573-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Marine biogeochemical ocean models are embedded into earth system models - which are, to an increasing degree, applied to project the fate of our warming world. These biogeochemical models generally depend on poorly constrained model parameters. In this study we investigate the the demands on observations for an objective estimation of such parameters. A major result is that even modest noise (10%) inherent to observations can hinder the assignment of reasonable parameters.
U. Löptien and H. Dietze
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 367–374, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-367-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-367-2014, 2014
H. Dietze, U. Löptien, and K. Getzlaff
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1713–1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1713-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1713-2014, 2014
A. Landolfi, H. Dietze, W. Koeve, and A. Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 10, 1351–1363, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1351-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1351-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Open Ocean
Assessing the impact of CO2-equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement on microbial metabolic rates in an oligotrophic system
Phosphomonoesterase and phosphodiesterase activities in the eastern Mediterranean in two contrasting seasonal situations
Net primary production annual maxima in the North Atlantic projected to shift in the 21st century
Testing the influence of light on nitrite cycling in the eastern tropical North Pacific
Loss of nitrogen via anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in the California Current system during the late Quaternary
Technical note: Assessment of float pH data quality control methods – a case study in the subpolar northwest Atlantic Ocean
Effects of grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and secondary calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics: implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement
Linking northeastern North Pacific oxygen changes to upstream surface outcrop variations
Short-term response of Emiliania huxleyi growth and morphology to abrupt salinity stress
Underestimation of multi-decadal global O2 loss due to an optimal interpolation method
Reviews and syntheses: expanding the global coverage of gross primary production and net community production measurements using Biogeochemical-Argo floats
Characteristics of surface physical and biogeochemical parameters within mesoscale eddies in the Southern Ocean
Climatic Controls on Metabolic Constraints in the Ocean
Seasonal dynamics and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern Mediterranean deep-convection region
The fingerprint of climate variability on the surface ocean cycling of iron and its isotopes
Reconstructing the ocean's mesopelagic zone carbon budget: sensitivity and estimation of parameters associated with prokaryotic remineralization
Evolution of oxygen and stratification in the North Pacific Ocean in CMIP6 Earth System Models
Seasonal cycles of biogeochemical fluxes in the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean: a stable isotope approach
Biological impact of ocean alkalinity enhancement of magnesium hydroxide on marine microalgae using bioassays simulating ship-based dispersion
Absence of photophysiological response to iron addition in autumn phytoplankton in the Antarctic sea-ice zone
Optimal parameters for the ocean's nutrient, carbon, and oxygen cycles compensate for circulation biases but replumb the biological pump
Importance of multiple sources of iron for the upper-ocean biogeochemistry over the northern Indian Ocean
Exploring the role of different data types and timescales in the quality of marine biogeochemical model calibration
All about nitrite: exploring nitrite sources and sinks in the eastern tropical North Pacific oxygen minimum zone
Fossil coccolith morphological attributes as a new proxy for deep ocean carbonate chemistry
Reconstructing ocean carbon storage with CMIP6 Earth system models and synthetic Argo observations
Using machine learning and Biogeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats to assess biogeochemical models and optimize observing system design
The representation of alkalinity and the carbonate pump from CMIP5 to CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for the carbon cycle
Model estimates of metazoans' contributions to the biological carbon pump
Tracing differences in iron supply to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge valley between hydrothermal vent sites: implications for the addition of iron to the deep ocean
Nitrite cycling in the primary nitrite maxima of the eastern tropical North Pacific
Hotspots and drivers of compound marine heatwaves and low net primary production extremes
Ecosystem impacts of marine heat waves in the northeast Pacific
Tracing the role of Arctic shelf processes in Si and N cycling and export through the Fram Strait: insights from combined silicon and nitrate isotopes
Controls on the relative abundances and rates of nitrifying microorganisms in the ocean
The response of diazotrophs to nutrient amendment in the South China Sea and western North Pacific
Influence of GEOTRACES data distribution and misfit function choice on objective parameter retrieval in a marine zinc cycle model
Physiological flexibility of phytoplankton impacts modelled chlorophyll and primary production across the North Pacific Ocean
Observation-constrained estimates of the global ocean carbon sink from Earth system models
Early winter barium excess in the southern Indian Ocean as an annual remineralisation proxy (GEOTRACES GIPr07 cruise)
Controlling factors on the global distribution of a representative marine non-cyanobacterial diazotroph phylotype (Gamma A)
Summer trends and drivers of sea surface fCO2 and pH changes observed in the southern Indian Ocean over the last two decades (1998–2019)
Global nutrient cycling by commercially targeted marine fish
Major processes of the dissolved cobalt cycle in the North and equatorial Pacific Ocean
The impact of the South-East Madagascar Bloom on the oceanic CO2 sink
Nitrite regeneration in the oligotrophic Atlantic Ocean
Bridging the gaps between particulate backscattering measurements and modeled particulate organic carbon in the ocean
Biological production in two contrasted regions of the Mediterranean Sea during the oligotrophic period: an estimate based on the diel cycle of optical properties measured by BioGeoChemical-Argo profiling floats
Acidification of the Nordic Seas
Reconstruction of global surface ocean pCO2 using region-specific predictors based on a stepwise FFNN regression algorithm
Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Joaquín Ortiz, Stephen D. Archer, Andrea Ludwig, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 21, 2859–2876, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our planet is facing a climate crisis. Scientists are working on innovative solutions that will aid in capturing the hard to abate emissions before it is too late. Exciting research reveals that ocean alkalinity enhancement, a key climate change mitigation strategy, does not harm phytoplankton, the cornerstone of marine ecosystems. Through meticulous study, we may have uncovered a positive relationship: up to a specific limit, enhancing ocean alkalinity boosts photosynthesis by certain species.
France Van Wambeke, Pascal Conan, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Vincent Taillandier, Olivier Crispi, Alexandra Pavlidou, Sandra Nunige, Morgane Didry, Christophe Salmeron, and Elvira Pulido-Villena
Biogeosciences, 21, 2621–2640, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Phosphomonoesterase (PME) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities over the epipelagic zone are described in the eastern Mediterranean Sea in winter and autumn. The types of concentration kinetics obtained for PDE (saturation at 50 µM, high Km, high turnover times) compared to those of PME (saturation at 1 µM, low Km, low turnover times) are discussed in regard to the possible inequal distribution of PDE and PME in the size continuum of organic material and accessibility to phosphodiesters.
Jenny Hieronymus, Magnus Hieronymus, Matthias Gröger, Jörg Schwinger, Raffaele Bernadello, Etienne Tourigny, Valentina Sicardi, Itzel Ruvalcaba Baroni, and Klaus Wyser
Biogeosciences, 21, 2189–2206, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2189-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2189-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The timing of the net primary production annual maxima in the North Atlantic in the period 1750–2100 is investigated using two Earth system models and the high-emissions scenario SSP5-8.5. It is found that, for most of the region, the annual maxima occur progressively earlier, with the most change occurring after the year 2000. Shifts in the seasonality of the primary production may impact the entire ecosystem, which highlights the need for long-term monitoring campaigns in this area.
Nicole M. Travis, Colette L. Kelly, and Karen L. Casciotti
Biogeosciences, 21, 1985–2004, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1985-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1985-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted experimental manipulations of light level on microbial communities from the primary nitrite maximum. Overall, while individual microbial processes have different directions and magnitudes in their response to increasing light, the net community response is a decline in nitrite production with increasing light. We conclude that while increased light may decrease net nitrite production, high-light conditions alone do not exclude nitrification from occurring in the surface ocean.
Zoë Rebecca van Kemenade, Zeynep Erdem, Ellen Christine Hopmans, Jaap Smede Sinninghe Damsté, and Darci Rush
Biogeosciences, 21, 1517–1532, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The California Current system (CCS) hosts the eastern subtropical North Pacific oxygen minimum zone (ESTNP OMZ). This study shows anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria cause a loss of bioavailable nitrogen (N) in the ESTNP OMZ throughout the late Quaternary. Anammox occurred during both glacial and interglacial periods and was driven by the supply of organic matter and changes in ocean currents. These findings may have important consequences for biogeochemical models of the CCS.
Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Tobias Steinhoff, Birgit Klein, Henry Bittig, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 21, 1191–1211, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The marine CO2 system can be measured independently and continuously by BGC-Argo floats since numerous pH sensors have been developed to suit these autonomous measurements platforms. By applying the Argo correction routines to float pH data acquired in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean, we report the uncertainty and lack of objective criteria associated with the choice of the reference method as well the reference depth for the pH correction.
Charly Andre Moras, Tyler Cyronak, Lennart Thomas Bach, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, and Kai Georg Schulz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-645, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-645, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of mineral grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics for ocean alkalinity enhancement. Salinity did not affect the dissolution, but calcium carbonate formed earlier at lower salinities due to the lower magnesium and dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Smaller grain size dissolved faster, but calcium carbonate precipitated earlier, suggesting that medium grain size is optimum for both kinetics.
Sabine Mecking and Kyla Drushka
Biogeosciences, 21, 1117–1133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates whether northeastern North Pacific oxygen changes may be caused by surface density changes in the northwest as water moves along density horizons from the surface into the subsurface ocean. A correlation is found with a lag that about matches the travel time of water from the northwest to the northeast. Salinity is the main driver causing decadal changes in surface density, whereas salinity and temperature contribute about equally to long-term declining density trends.
Rosie M. Sheward, Christina Gebühr, Jörg Bollmann, and Jens O. Herrle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-349, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-349, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
How quickly do marine microorganisms respond to salinity stress? Our experiments with the calcifying marine plankton Emiliania huxleyi show that growth and cell morphology responded to salinity stress within as little as 24–48 hours, demonstrating that morphology and calcification is sensitive to salinity over a range of timescales. Our results have implications for understanding the short-term role of E. huxleyi in biogeochemical cycles and size-based paleoproxies for salinity.
Takamitsu Ito, Hernan E. Garcia, Zhankun Wang, Shoshiro Minobe, Matthew C. Long, Just Cebrian, James Reagan, Tim Boyer, Christopher Paver, Courtney Bouchard, Yohei Takano, Seth Bushinsky, Ahron Cervania, and Curtis A. Deutsch
Biogeosciences, 21, 747–759, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-747-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-747-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to estimate how much oceanic oxygen has been lost and its uncertainties. One major source of uncertainty comes from the statistical gap-filling methods. Outputs from Earth system models are used to generate synthetic observations where oxygen data are extracted from the model output at the location and time of historical oceanographic cruises. Reconstructed oxygen trend is approximately two-thirds of the true trend.
Robert W. Izett, Katja Fennel, Adam C. Stoer, and David P. Nicholson
Biogeosciences, 21, 13–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-13-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-13-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides an overview of the capacity to expand the global coverage of marine primary production estimates using autonomous ocean-going instruments, called Biogeochemical-Argo floats. We review existing approaches to quantifying primary production using floats, provide examples of the current implementation of the methods, and offer insights into how they can be better exploited. This paper is timely, given the ongoing expansion of the Biogeochemical-Argo array.
Qian Liu, Yingjie Liu, and Xiaofeng Li
Biogeosciences, 20, 4857–4874, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4857-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the Southern Ocean, abundant eddies behave opposite to our expectations. That is, anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddies are cold (warm). By investigating the variations of physical and biochemical parameters in eddies, we find that abnormal eddies have unique and significant effects on modulating the parameters. This study fills a gap in understanding the effects of abnormal eddies on physical and biochemical parameters in the Southern Ocean.
Precious Mongwe, Matthew Long, Takamitsu Ito, Curtis Deutsch, and Yeray Santana-Falcón
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2822, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2822, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use a collection of measurements that captures the physiological sensitivity of organisms to temperature and oxygen, and a model to investigate how natural climate variations and climate warming will impact the ability of marine heterotrophic marine organisms to support habitat in the future. We find that warming and the related loss of marine dissolved oxygen over the next several decades will reduce the volume of ocean habitat, and increasing vulnerability to temperature-oxygen extremes.
Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, Patrick Marsaleix, Karline Soetaert, Marine Fourrier, Laurent Coppola, Dominique Lefèvre, Franck Touratier, Catherine Goyet, Véronique Guglielmi, Fayçal Kessouri, Pierre Testor, and Xavier Durrieu de Madron
Biogeosciences, 20, 4683–4710, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4683-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4683-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Deep convection plays a key role in the circulation, thermodynamics, and biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, considered to be a hotspot of biodiversity and climate change. In this study, we investigate the seasonal and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the deep-convection area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.
Daniela König and Alessandro Tagliabue
Biogeosciences, 20, 4197–4212, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using model simulations, we show that natural and anthropogenic changes in the global climate leave a distinct fingerprint in the isotopic signatures of iron in the surface ocean. We find that these climate effects on iron isotopes are often caused by the redistribution of iron from different external sources to the ocean, due to changes in ocean currents, and by changes in algal growth, which take up iron. Thus, isotopes may help detect climate-induced changes in iron supply and algal uptake.
Chloé Baumas, Robin Fuchs, Marc Garel, Jean-Christophe Poggiale, Laurent Memery, Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne, and Christian Tamburini
Biogeosciences, 20, 4165–4182, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4165-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4165-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Through the sink of particles in the ocean, carbon (C) is exported and sequestered when reaching 1000 m. Attempts to quantify C exported vs. C consumed by heterotrophs have increased. Yet most of the conducted estimations have led to C demands several times higher than C export. The choice of parameters greatly impacts the results. As theses parameters are overlooked, non-accurate values are often used. In this study we show that C budgets can be well balanced when using appropriate values.
Lyuba Novi, Annalisa Bracco, Takamitsu Ito, and Yohei Takano
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-129, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-129, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
We explored the relationship between oxygen and stratification in the North Pacific Ocean, using a combination of data mining and machine learning. We used isopycnic potential vorticity (IPV) as an indicator to quantify ocean ventilation and we analyzed its predictability, a strong O2-IPV connection and predictability for IPV in the tropical Pacific. This open new routes to monitor ocean O2 through few observational sites co-located with more abundant IPV measurements in the tropical Pacific.
Anna Belcher, Sian F. Henley, Katharine Hendry, Marianne Wootton, Lisa Friberg, Ursula Dallman, Tong Wang, Christopher Coath, and Clara Manno
Biogeosciences, 20, 3573–3591, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3573-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3573-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans play a crucial role in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide, particularly the Southern Ocean. The biological pumping of carbon from the surface to the deep ocean is key to this. Using sediment trap samples from the Scotia Sea, we examine biogeochemical fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and biogenic silica and their stable isotope compositions. We find phytoplankton community structure and physically mediated processes are important controls on particulate fluxes to the deep ocean.
Stephanie Delacroix, Tor Jensen Nystuen, Erik Höglund, and Andrew L. King
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-138, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-138, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
The addition of alkaline minerals into the oceans might reduce the excessive anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Magnesium hydroxide can be added in large amount because of its low seawater solubility without reaching harmful pH levels. The toxicity effect results of magnesium hydroxide, by simulating expected concentrations from a ships’ dispersion scenario, demonstrated low impacts on both sensitive and local assemblages of marine microalgae when compared to calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.
Asmita Singh, Susanne Fietz, Sandy J. Thomalla, Nicolas Sanchez, Murat V. Ardelan, Sébastien Moreau, Hanna M. Kauko, Agneta Fransson, Melissa Chierici, Saumik Samanta, Thato N. Mtshali, Alakendra N. Roychoudhury, and Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh
Biogeosciences, 20, 3073–3091, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3073-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3073-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the scarcity of iron in the Southern Ocean, seasonal blooms occur due to changes in nutrient and light availability. Surprisingly, during an autumn bloom in the Antarctic sea-ice zone, the results from incubation experiments showed no significant photophysiological response of phytoplankton to iron addition. This suggests that ambient iron concentrations were sufficient, challenging the notion of iron deficiency in the Southern Ocean through extended iron-replete post-bloom conditions.
Benoît Pasquier, Mark Holzer, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Richard J. Matear, Nathaniel L. Bindoff, and François W. Primeau
Biogeosciences, 20, 2985–3009, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling the ocean's carbon and oxygen cycles accurately is challenging. Parameter optimization improves the fit to observed tracers but can introduce artifacts in the biological pump. Organic-matter production and subsurface remineralization rates adjust to compensate for circulation biases, changing the pathways and timescales with which nutrients return to the surface. Circulation biases can thus strongly alter the system’s response to ecological change, even when parameters are optimized.
Priyanka Banerjee
Biogeosciences, 20, 2613–2643, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2613-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2613-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that atmospheric deposition is the most important source of iron to the upper northern Indian Ocean for phytoplankton growth. This is followed by iron from continental-shelf sediment. Phytoplankton increase following iron addition is possible only with high background levels of nitrate. Vertical mixing is the most important physical process supplying iron to the upper ocean in this region throughout the year. The importance of ocean currents in supplying iron varies seasonally.
Iris Kriest, Julia Getzlaff, Angela Landolfi, Volkmar Sauerland, Markus Schartau, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 20, 2645–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2645-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2645-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Global biogeochemical ocean models are often subjectively assessed and tuned against observations. We applied different strategies to calibrate a global model against observations. Although the calibrated models show similar tracer distributions at the surface, they differ in global biogeochemical fluxes, especially in global particle flux. Simulated global volume of oxygen minimum zones varies strongly with calibration strategy and over time, rendering its temporal extrapolation difficult.
John C. Tracey, Andrew R. Babbin, Elizabeth Wallace, Xin Sun, Katherine L. DuRussel, Claudia Frey, Donald E. Martocello III, Tyler Tamasi, Sergey Oleynik, and Bess B. Ward
Biogeosciences, 20, 2499–2523, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2499-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen (N) is essential for life; thus, its availability plays a key role in determining marine productivity. Using incubations of seawater spiked with a rare form of N measurable on a mass spectrometer, we quantified microbial pathways that determine marine N availability. The results show that pathways that recycle N have higher rates than those that result in its loss from biomass and present new evidence for anaerobic nitrite oxidation, a process long thought to be strictly aerobic.
Amanda Gerotto, Hongrui Zhang, Renata Hanae Nagai, Heather M. Stoll, Rubens César Lopes Figueira, Chuanlian Liu, and Iván Hernández-Almeida
Biogeosciences, 20, 1725–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1725-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1725-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the analysis of the response of coccolithophores’ morphological attributes in a laboratory dissolution experiment and surface sediment samples from the South China Sea, we proposed that the thickness shape (ks) factor of fossil coccoliths together with the normalized ks variation, which is the ratio of the standard deviation of ks (σ) over the mean ks (σ/ks), is a robust and novel proxy to reconstruct past changes in deep ocean carbon chemistry.
Katherine E. Turner, Doug M. Smith, Anna Katavouta, and Richard G. Williams
Biogeosciences, 20, 1671–1690, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1671-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new method for reconstructing ocean carbon using climate models and temperature and salinity observations. To test this method, we reconstruct modelled carbon using synthetic observations consistent with current sampling programmes. Sensitivity tests show skill in reconstructing carbon trends and variability within the upper 2000 m. Our results indicate that this method can be used for a new global estimate for ocean carbon content.
Alexandre Mignot, Hervé Claustre, Gianpiero Cossarini, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Elodie Gutknecht, Julien Lamouroux, Paolo Lazzari, Coralie Perruche, Stefano Salon, Raphaëlle Sauzède, Vincent Taillandier, and Anna Teruzzi
Biogeosciences, 20, 1405–1422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical models of ocean biogeochemistry are becoming a major tool to detect and predict the impact of climate change on marine resources and monitor ocean health. Here, we demonstrate the use of the global array of BGC-Argo floats for the assessment of biogeochemical models. We first detail the handling of the BGC-Argo data set for model assessment purposes. We then present 23 assessment metrics to quantify the consistency of BGC model simulations with respect to BGC-Argo data.
Alban Planchat, Lester Kwiatkowski, Laurent Bopp, Olivier Torres, James R. Christian, Momme Butenschön, Tomas Lovato, Roland Séférian, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Olivier Aumont, Michio Watanabe, Akitomo Yamamoto, Andrew Yool, Tatiana Ilyina, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Kristen M. Krumhardt, Jörg Schwinger, Jerry Tjiputra, John P. Dunne, and Charles Stock
Biogeosciences, 20, 1195–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity is critical to the uptake of atmospheric carbon and acidification in surface waters. We review the representation of alkalinity and the associated calcium carbonate cycle in Earth system models. While many parameterizations remain present in the latest generation of models, there is a general improvement in the simulated alkalinity distribution. This improvement is related to an increase in the export of biotic calcium carbonate, which closer resembles observations.
Jérôme Pinti, Tim DeVries, Tommy Norin, Camila Serra-Pompei, Roland Proud, David A. Siegel, Thomas Kiørboe, Colleen M. Petrik, Ken H. Andersen, Andrew S. Brierley, and André W. Visser
Biogeosciences, 20, 997–1009, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-997-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-997-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Large numbers of marine organisms such as zooplankton and fish perform daily vertical migration between the surface (at night) and the depths (in the daytime). This fascinating migration is important for the carbon cycle, as these organisms actively bring carbon to depths where it is stored away from the atmosphere for a long time. Here, we quantify the contributions of different animals to this carbon drawdown and storage and show that fish are important to the biological carbon pump.
Alastair J. M. Lough, Alessandro Tagliabue, Clément Demasy, Joseph A. Resing, Travis Mellett, Neil J. Wyatt, and Maeve C. Lohan
Biogeosciences, 20, 405–420, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Iron is a key nutrient for ocean primary productivity. Hydrothermal vents are a source of iron to the oceans, but the size of this source is poorly understood. This study examines the variability in iron inputs between hydrothermal vents in different geological settings. The vents studied release different amounts of Fe, resulting in plumes with similar dissolved iron concentrations but different particulate concentrations. This will help to refine modelling of iron-limited ocean productivity.
Nicole M. Travis, Colette L. Kelly, Margaret R. Mulholland, and Karen L. Casciotti
Biogeosciences, 20, 325–347, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-325-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-325-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The primary nitrite maximum is a ubiquitous upper ocean feature where nitrite accumulates, but we still do not understand its formation and the co-occurring microbial processes involved. Using correlative methods and rates measurements, we found strong spatial patterns between environmental conditions and depths of the nitrite maxima, but not the maximum concentrations. Nitrification was the dominant source of nitrite, with occasional high nitrite production from phytoplankton near the coast.
Natacha Le Grix, Jakob Zscheischler, Keith B. Rodgers, Ryohei Yamaguchi, and Thomas L. Frölicher
Biogeosciences, 19, 5807–5835, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5807-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5807-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Compound events threaten marine ecosystems. Here, we investigate the potentially harmful combination of marine heatwaves with low phytoplankton productivity. Using satellite-based observations, we show that these compound events are frequent in the low latitudes. We then investigate the drivers of these compound events using Earth system models. The models share similar drivers in the low latitudes but disagree in the high latitudes due to divergent factors limiting phytoplankton production.
Abigale M. Wyatt, Laure Resplandy, and Adrian Marchetti
Biogeosciences, 19, 5689–5705, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5689-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5689-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Marine heat waves (MHWs) are a frequent event in the northeast Pacific, with a large impact on the region's ecosystems. Large phytoplankton in the North Pacific Transition Zone are greatly affected by decreased nutrients, with less of an impact in the Alaskan Gyre. For small phytoplankton, MHWs increase the spring small phytoplankton population in both regions thanks to reduced light limitation. In both zones, this results in a significant decrease in the ratio of large to small phytoplankton.
Margot C. F. Debyser, Laetitia Pichevin, Robyn E. Tuerena, Paul A. Dodd, Antonia Doncila, and Raja S. Ganeshram
Biogeosciences, 19, 5499–5520, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5499-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5499-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We focus on the exchange of key nutrients for algae production between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans through the Fram Strait. We show that the export of dissolved silicon here is controlled by the availability of nitrate which is influenced by denitrification on Arctic shelves. We suggest that any future changes in the river inputs of silica and changes in denitrification due to climate change will impact the amount of silicon exported, with impacts on Atlantic algal productivity and ecology.
Emily J. Zakem, Barbara Bayer, Wei Qin, Alyson E. Santoro, Yao Zhang, and Naomi M. Levine
Biogeosciences, 19, 5401–5418, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5401-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5401-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use a microbial ecosystem model to quantitatively explain the mechanisms controlling observed relative abundances and nitrification rates of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms in the ocean. We also estimate how much global carbon fixation can be associated with chemoautotrophic nitrification. Our results improve our understanding of the controls on nitrification, laying the groundwork for more accurate predictions in global climate models.
Zuozhu Wen, Thomas J. Browning, Rongbo Dai, Wenwei Wu, Weiying Li, Xiaohua Hu, Wenfang Lin, Lifang Wang, Xin Liu, Zhimian Cao, Haizheng Hong, and Dalin Shi
Biogeosciences, 19, 5237–5250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5237-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5237-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fe and P are key factors controlling the biogeography and activity of marine N2-fixing microorganisms. We found lower abundance and activity of N2 fixers in the northern South China Sea than around the western boundary of the North Pacific, and N2 fixation rates switched from Fe–P co-limitation to P limitation. We hypothesize the Fe supply rates and Fe utilization strategies of each N2 fixer are important in regulating spatial variability in community structure across the study area.
Claudia Eisenring, Sophy E. Oliver, Samar Khatiwala, and Gregory F. de Souza
Biogeosciences, 19, 5079–5106, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5079-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5079-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Given the sparsity of observational constraints on micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), we assess the sensitivities of a framework for objective parameter optimisation in an oceanic Zn cycling model. Our ensemble of optimisations towards synthetic data with varying kinds of uncertainty shows that deficiencies related to model complexity and the choice of the misfit function generally have a greater impact on the retrieval of model Zn uptake behaviour than does the limitation of data coverage.
Yoshikazu Sasai, Sherwood Lan Smith, Eko Siswanto, Hideharu Sasaki, and Masami Nonaka
Biogeosciences, 19, 4865–4882, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4865-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4865-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have investigated the adaptive response of phytoplankton growth to changing light, nutrients, and temperature over the North Pacific using two physical-biological models. We compare modeled chlorophyll and primary production from an inflexible control model (InFlexPFT), which assumes fixed carbon (C):nitrogen (N):chlorophyll (Chl) ratios, to a recently developed flexible phytoplankton functional type model (FlexPFT), which incorporates photoacclimation and variable C:N:Chl ratios.
Jens Terhaar, Thomas L. Frölicher, and Fortunat Joos
Biogeosciences, 19, 4431–4457, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Estimates of the ocean sink of anthropogenic carbon vary across various approaches. We show that the global ocean carbon sink can be estimated by three parameters, two of which approximate the ocean ventilation in the Southern Ocean and the North Atlantic, and one of which approximates the chemical capacity of the ocean to take up carbon. With observations of these parameters, we estimate that the global ocean carbon sink is 10 % larger than previously assumed, and we cut uncertainties in half.
Natasha René van Horsten, Hélène Planquette, Géraldine Sarthou, Thomas James Ryan-Keogh, Nolwenn Lemaitre, Thato Nicholas Mtshali, Alakendra Roychoudhury, and Eva Bucciarelli
Biogeosciences, 19, 3209–3224, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3209-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3209-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The remineralisation proxy, barite, was measured along 30°E in the southern Indian Ocean during early austral winter. To our knowledge this is the first reported Southern Ocean winter study. Concentrations throughout the water column were comparable to observations during spring to autumn. By linking satellite primary production to this proxy a possible annual timescale is proposed. These findings also suggest possible carbon remineralisation from satellite data on a basin scale.
Zhibo Shao and Ya-Wei Luo
Biogeosciences, 19, 2939–2952, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2939-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2939-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs) may be an important player in fixing N2 in the ocean. By conducting meta-analyses, we found that a representative marine NCD phylotype, Gamma A, tends to inhabit ocean environments with high productivity, low iron concentration and high light intensity. It also appears to be more abundant inside cyclonic eddies. Our study suggests a niche differentiation of NCDs from cyanobacterial diazotrophs as the latter prefers low-productivity and high-iron oceans.
Coraline Leseurre, Claire Lo Monaco, Gilles Reverdin, Nicolas Metzl, Jonathan Fin, Claude Mignon, and Léa Benito
Biogeosciences, 19, 2599–2625, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2599-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2599-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Decadal trends of fugacity of CO2 (fCO2), total alkalinity (AT), total carbon (CT) and pH in surface waters are investigated in different domains of the southern Indian Ocean (45°S–57°S) from ongoing and station observations regularly conducted in summer over the period 1998–2019. The fCO2 increase and pH decrease are mainly driven by anthropogenic CO2 estimated just below the summer mixed layer, as well as by a warming south of the polar front or in the fertilized waters near Kerguelen Island.
Priscilla Le Mézo, Jérôme Guiet, Kim Scherrer, Daniele Bianchi, and Eric Galbraith
Biogeosciences, 19, 2537–2555, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2537-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2537-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies the role of commercially targeted fish biomass in the cycling of three important nutrients (N, P, and Fe), relative to nutrients otherwise available in water and to nutrients required by primary producers, and the impact of fishing. We use a model of commercially targeted fish biomass constrained by fish catch and stock assessment data to assess the contributions of fish at the global scale, at the time of the global peak catch and prior to industrial fishing.
Rebecca Chmiel, Nathan Lanning, Allison Laubach, Jong-Mi Lee, Jessica Fitzsimmons, Mariko Hatta, William Jenkins, Phoebe Lam, Matthew McIlvin, Alessandro Tagliabue, and Mak Saito
Biogeosciences, 19, 2365–2395, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2365-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2365-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved cobalt is present in trace amounts in seawater and is a necessary nutrient for marine microbes. On a transect from the Alaskan coast to Tahiti, we measured seawater concentrations of dissolved cobalt. Here, we describe several interesting features of the Pacific cobalt cycle including cobalt sources along the Alaskan coast and Hawaiian vents, deep-ocean particle formation, cobalt activity in low-oxygen regions, and how our samples compare to a global biogeochemical model’s predictions.
Nicolas Metzl, Claire Lo Monaco, Coraline Leseurre, Céline Ridame, Jonathan Fin, Claude Mignon, Marion Gehlen, and Thi Tuyet Trang Chau
Biogeosciences, 19, 1451–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1451-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1451-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
During an oceanographic cruise conducted in January 2020 in the south-western Indian Ocean, we observed very low CO2 concentrations associated with a strong phytoplankton bloom that occurred south-east of Madagascar. This biological event led to a strong regional CO2 ocean sink not previously observed.
Darren R. Clark, Andrew P. Rees, Charissa M. Ferrera, Lisa Al-Moosawi, Paul J. Somerfield, Carolyn Harris, Graham D. Quartly, Stephen Goult, Glen Tarran, and Gennadi Lessin
Biogeosciences, 19, 1355–1376, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1355-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1355-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of microbial processes were made in the sunlit open ocean during a research cruise (AMT19) between the UK and Chile. These help us to understand how microbial communities maintain the function of remote ecosystems. We find that the nitrogen cycling microbes which produce nitrite respond to changes in the environment. Our insights will aid the development of models that aim to replicate and ultimately project how marine environments may respond to ongoing climate change.
Martí Galí, Marcus Falls, Hervé Claustre, Olivier Aumont, and Raffaele Bernardello
Biogeosciences, 19, 1245–1275, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1245-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1245-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Part of the organic matter produced by plankton in the upper ocean is exported to the deep ocean. This process, known as the biological carbon pump, is key for the regulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide and global climate. However, the dynamics of organic particles below the upper ocean layer are not well understood. Here we compared the measurements acquired by autonomous robots in the top 1000 m of the ocean to a numerical model, which can help improve future climate projections.
Marie Barbieux, Julia Uitz, Alexandre Mignot, Collin Roesler, Hervé Claustre, Bernard Gentili, Vincent Taillandier, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Hubert Loisel, Antoine Poteau, Edouard Leymarie, Christophe Penkerc'h, Catherine Schmechtig, and Annick Bricaud
Biogeosciences, 19, 1165–1194, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1165-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses marine biological production in two Mediterranean systems representative of vast desert-like (oligotrophic) areas encountered in the global ocean. We use a novel approach based on non-intrusive high-frequency in situ measurements by two profiling robots, the BioGeoChemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats. Our results indicate substantial yet variable production rates and contribution to the whole water column of the subsurface layer, typically considered steady and non-productive.
Filippa Fransner, Friederike Fröb, Jerry Tjiputra, Nadine Goris, Siv K. Lauvset, Ingunn Skjelvan, Emil Jeansson, Abdirahman Omar, Melissa Chierici, Elizabeth Jones, Agneta Fransson, Sólveig R. Ólafsdóttir, Truls Johannessen, and Are Olsen
Biogeosciences, 19, 979–1012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-979-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-979-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean acidification, a direct consequence of the CO2 release by human activities, is a serious threat to marine ecosystems. In this study, we conduct a detailed investigation of the acidification of the Nordic Seas, from 1850 to 2100, by using a large set of samples taken during research cruises together with numerical model simulations. We estimate the effects of changes in different environmental factors on the rate of acidification and its potential effects on cold-water corals.
Guorong Zhong, Xuegang Li, Jinming Song, Baoxiao Qu, Fan Wang, Yanjun Wang, Bin Zhang, Xiaoxia Sun, Wuchang Zhang, Zhenyan Wang, Jun Ma, Huamao Yuan, and Liqin Duan
Biogeosciences, 19, 845–859, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-845-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-845-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A predictor selection algorithm was constructed to decrease the predicting error in the surface ocean partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) mapping by finding better combinations of pCO2 predictors in different regions. Compared with previous research using the same combination of predictors in all regions, using different predictors selected by the algorithm in different regions can effectively decrease pCO2 predicting errors.
Cited articles
Bieri, R. H., Koide, M., and Goldberg, E. D.: The noble gas contents of
Pacific seawater, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 5243–5265, 1966. a
Bopp, L., Resplandy, L., Orr, J. C., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P., Gehlen, M., Halloran, P., Heinze, C., Ilyina, T., Séférian, R., Tjiputra, J.,
and Vichi, M.: Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models, Biogeosciences, 10, 6225–6245, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013, 2013. a
Burchard, H.: Quantification of numerically induced mixing and dissipation in
discretisations of shallow water equations, GEM-International, J.
Geomath., 3, 51–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.10.003,
2012. a
Cabré, A., Marinov, I., Bernardello, R., and Bianchi, D.: Oxygen minimum zones in the tropical Pacific across CMIP5 models:
mean state differences and climate change trends, Biogeosciences, 12, 5429–5454, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5429-2015, 2015. a
Dietze, H. and Löptien, U.: Revisiting nutrient trapping in global
coupled biogeochemical ocean circulation models, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
27, 265–284, https://doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20029, 2013. a
Dietze, H. and Oschlies, A.: On the correlation between air-sea heat flux and
abiotically induced oxygen exchange in a circulation model of the North
Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 110, C09016,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002453, 2005. a
Doney, S. C., Lindsay, K., Caldeira, K., Campin, J. M., Drange, H., Dutay,
Follows, M., Gao, Y., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F., and
Madec, G.: Evaluating global ocean carbon models: The importance of realistic
physics. Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB3017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002150,
2004. a, b
Duteil, O. and Oschlies, A.: Sensitivity of simulated extent and future
evolution of marine suboxia to mixing intensity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38,
L06607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL046877, 2011. a, b, c
Dutreuil, S., Bopp, L., and Tagliabue, A.: Impact of enhanced vertical mixing on marine biogeochemistry: lessons for
geo-engineering and natural variability, Biogeosciences, 6, 901–912, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-901-2009, 2009. a
Ebser, S., Kersting, A., Stöven, T., Feng, Z., Ringena, L., Schmidt, M.,
Tanhua, T., Aeschbach, W., and Oberthaler, M. K.: 39Ar dating with
small samples resolves ocean ventilation, arXiv preprint arXiv:1807.11146,
2018. a
Eby, M.: Earth System Climate Model, available at:
http://climate.uvic.ca/model/, last access: 14 February 2018. a
England, M. H., Garcon, V., and Minster, J. F.: Chlorofluorocarbon uptake in
a world ocean model: 1. Sensitivity to the surface gas forcing, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 99, 25215–25233, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC02205,
1994. a
Evans, G. T.: Defining misfit between biogeochemical models and data sets,
J. Mar. Syst., 40–41, 49–54,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(03)00012-5, 2003. a
Fan, W. and Lv, X.: Data assimilation in a simple marine ecosystem model
based on spatial biological parameterizations, Ecol. Model., 220,
1997–2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.04.050, 2009. a
Fasham, M. J. R., Evans, G. T., Kiefer, D. A., Creasey, M., and Leach, H.:
The use of optimization techniques to model marine ecosystem dynamics at the
JGOFS station at 47 degrees N 20 degrees W, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 348, 203–209, 1995. a
Feng, Y., Koeve, W., Keller, D. P., and Oschlies, A.: Model-based Assessment
of the CO2 Sequestration Potential of Coastal Ocean Alkalinization,
Earth's Future, 5, 1252–1266, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000659,
2017.
Fennel, K., Losch, M., Schröter, J., and Wenzel, M.: Testing a marine
ecosystem model: sensitivity analysis and parameter optimization, J. Mar.
Syst., 28, 450–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(00)00083-X, 2001. a
Flynn, K. F.: Castles built on sand: dysfunctionality in plankton models and
the inadequacy of dialogue between biologists and modellers, J. Plankton
Res., 27, 1205–1210, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbi099, 2005.
Friedrichs, M. A. M., Hood, R. R., and Wiggert, J. D.: Ecosystem model
complexity versus physical forcing: quantification of their relative impact
with assimilated Arabian Sea data, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53,
576–600, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.026, 2006. a
Friedlingstein, P., Meinshausen, M., Arora, V. K., Jones, C. D., Anav, A.,
Liddicoat, S. K., and Knutti, R.: Uncertainties in CMIP5 climate projections
due to carbon cycle feedbacks, J. Climate, 27, 511–526,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00579.1, 2014. a, b
Galbraith, E. D., Gnanadesikan, A., Dunne, J. P., and Hiscock, M. R.: Regional impacts of iron-light colimitation in a global
biogeochemical model, Biogeosciences, 7, 1043–1064, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1043-2010, 2010. a
Getzlaff, J. and Dietze, H.: Effects of increased isopycnal diffusivity
mimicking the unresolved equatorial intermediate current system in an earth
system climate model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 2166–2170,
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50419, 2013. a, b, c
Getzlaff, J., Nurser, G., and Oschlies, A.: Diagnostics of diapycnal
diffusivity in z-level ocean models part I: 1-Dimensional case studies,
Ocean Model., 35, 173–186,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.07.004, 2010. a
Getzlaff, J., Nurser, G., and Oschlies, A.: Diagnostics of diapycnal
diffusion in z-level ocean models. Part II: 3-dimensional OGCM, Ocean
Model., 45, 27–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.11.006, 2012. a, b
Getzlaff, J., Dietze, H., and Oschlies, A.: Simulated effects of southern
hemispheric wind changes on the Pacific oxygen minimum zone, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 43, 728–734, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066841, 2016.
Gnanadesikan, A., Dunne, J. P., and John, J.: Understanding why the volume of suboxic waters does not increase over centuries of
global warming in an Earth System Model, Biogeosciences, 9, 1159–1172, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1159-2012, 2012. a, b
Gulev, S., Jung, T., and Ruprecht, E.: Estimation of the impact of sampling
errors in the VOS observations on air-sea fluxes. Part I: Uncertainties in
climate means, J. Climate, 20, 279–301,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4010.1, 2007. a
Gupta, A. S., Jourdain, N. C., Brown, J. N., and Monselesan, D.: Climate drift
in the CMIP5 models, J. Climate, 26, 8597–8615,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00521.1, 2013. a
Hemmings, J. C. P. and Challenor, P. G.: Addressing the impact of environmental uncertainty in plankton model calibration with a
dedicated software system: the Marine Model Optimization Testbed (MarMOT 1.1 alpha), Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 471–498, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-471-2012, 2012. a
Ilicak, M., Adcroft, A. J., Griffies, S. M., and Hallberg, R. W.: Spurious
dianeutral mixing and the role of momentum closure, Ocean Model., 45,
37–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.10.003, 2012. a
Ilyina, T., Six, K. D., Segschneider, J., Maier-Reimer, E., Li, H., and
Nunez-Riboni, I.: Global ocean biogeochemistry model HAMOCC: Model
architecture and performance as component of the MPI-Earth system model in
different CMIP5 experimental realizations, J. Adv. Model. Earth
Sy., 5, 287–315, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012MS000178, 2013. a, b
Keller, D. P., Feng, E. Y., and Oschlies, A.: Potential climate engineering
effectiveness and side effects during a high carbon dioxide-emission
scenario, Nat. Commun., 5, 3304, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4304, 2014. a
Kriest, I., Khatiwala, S., and Oschlies, A.: Towards an assessment of simple
global marine biogeochemical models of different complexity, Prog.
Oceanogr., 86, 337–360, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2010.05.002, 2010. a
Kriest, I., Sauerland, V., Khatiwala, S., Srivastav, A., and Oschlies, A.: Calibrating a global three-dimensional
biogeochemical ocean model (MOPS-1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 127–154, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-127-2017, 2017. a
Kvale, K. F., Khatiwala, S., Dietze, H., Kriest, I., and Oschlies, A.: Evaluation of the transport matrix
method for simulation of ocean biogeochemical tracers, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2425–2445, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2425-2017, 2017. a, b, c, d
Large, W. G., Danabasoglu, G., McWilliams, J. C., Gent, P. R., and Bryan,
F. O.: Equatorial circulation of a global ocean climate model with
anisotropic horizontal viscosity, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 518–536,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<0518:ECOAGO>2.0.CO;2, 2001. a
Lawson, L. M., Hofmann, E. E., and Spitz, Y. H.: Time series sampling and
data assimilation in a simple marine ecosystem model, Deep-Sea Res.
Pt. II, 43, 625–651, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0645(95)00096-8, 1996. a
Ledwell, J. R., Watson, A. J. and Law, C. S.: Mixing of a tracer in the
pycnocline, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 499–529,
https://doi.org/10.1029/98JC01738, 1998. a, b
Ledwell, J. R., Montgomery, E. T. Polzin, K. L., Laurent, L. S. Schmitt,
R. W., and Toole, J. M.: Evidence for enhanced mixing over rough topography
in the abyssal ocean, Nature, 403, 6766, https://doi.org/10.1038/35003164, 2000. a
Lemarié, F., Debreu, L., Shchepetkin, A. F., and McWilliams, J. C.: On the
stability and accuracy of the harmonic and biharmonic isoneutral mixing
operators in ocean models, Ocean Model., 52–53, 9–35,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.04.007, 2012. a
Löptien, U. and Dietze, H.: Constraining parameters in marine pelagic ecosystem models – is it actually feasible with typical observations
of standing stocks?, Ocean Sci., 11, 573–590, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-573-2015, 2015. a, b
Löptien, U. and Dietze, H.: Effects of parameter indeterminacy in pelagic
biogeochemical modules of Earth System Models on projections into a warming
future: The scale of the problem, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 31,
1155–1172, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005690, 2017. a, b, c
Matsumoto, K., Sarmiento, J. L., Key, R. M., Aumont, O., Bullister, J. L.,
Caldeira, K., Campin, J. M., Doney, S. C., Drange, H., Dutay, J. C., Follows,
M., Gao, Y., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Lindsay, K.,
Maier-Reimer, E.,Marshall, J. C., Matear, R. J., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A.,
Najjar, R., Plattner, G. K., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R., Swathi, P. S.,
Totterdell, I. J., Weirig, M. F., Yamanaka, Y., Yool A., and Orr, J. C.:
Evaluation of ocean carbon cycle models with data-based metrics, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 31, L07303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018970, 2004. a
Marsland, S. J., Bi, D., Uotila, P., Fiedler, R., Griffies, S. M., Lorbacher,
K., O'Farrell, S., Sullivan, A., Uhe, P., Zhou, X., and Hirst, A. C.:
Evaluation of ACCESS climate model ocean diagnostics in CMIP5 simulations,
Aust. Meteorol. Ocean., 63, 101–119,
https://doi.org/10.22499/2.6301.004, 2013. a
Matear, R. J.: Parameter optimization and analysis of ecosystem models using
simulated annealing: a case study at station P, J. Mar. Res., 53,
571–607, https://doi.org/10.1357/0022240953213098, 1995. a, b
Mathieu, P.-P. and Deleersnijder, E.: What is wrong with isopycnal
diffusion in world ocean models?, Applied Mathmatical Modelling, 22,
367–378, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0307-904X(98)10008-2, 1998. a
Matthews, H. D., Cao, L., and Caldeira, K.: Sensitivity of ocean
acidification to geoengineered climate stabilization, Geophys. Res. Lett.
36, 10706, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037488, 2009. a
Mengis, N., Martin, T., Keller, D. P., and Oschlies, A.: Assessing climate
impacts and risks of ocean albedo modification in the Arctic, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 121, 3044–3057, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011433, 2016. a
Najjar, R. G., Jin, X., Louanchi, F., Aumont, O., Caldeira, K., Doney, S. C.,
Dutay, J. C., Follows, M., Gruber, N., Joos, F., Lindsay, K., Maier-Reimer,
E., Matear, R. J., Matsumoto, K., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Orr, J. C.,
Plattner, G. K., Sarmiento, J., Schlitzer, R., Weirig, M. F., Yamanaka, Y.,
and Yool, A.: Impact of circulation on export production, dissolved organic
matter and dissolved oxygen in the ocean: Results from OCMIP-2, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB3007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002857, 2007. a
Orr, J. C., Najjar, R. G., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Bullister, J. L., Danabasoglu, G., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P., Dutay, J.-C., Graven, H.,
Griffies, S. M., John, J. G., Joos, F., Levin, I., Lindsay, K., Matear, R. J., McKinley, G. A., Mouchet, A., Oschlies, A., Romanou, A.,
Schlitzer, R., Tagliabue, A., Tanhua, T., and Yool, A.: Biogeochemical protocols and diagnostics for the CMIP6 Ocean Model
Intercomparison Project (OMIP), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2169–2199, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2169-2017, 2017. a
Oschlies, A.: Model-derived estimates of new production: New results point
towards lower values, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 48, 2173–2197,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00184-3, 2001. a, b
Oschlies, A., Pahlow, M., Yool, A., and Matear, R. M.: Climate engineering by
artificial ocean upwelling: channelling the sorcerer's apprentice, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 37, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041961, 2010. a, b
Osborn, T. R. and Cox, C. S.: Oceanic fine structure, Geophys. Fluid
Dynam., 3, 321–345, 1971.
Pacanowski, R. C.: MOM 2 documentation, user's guide and reference manual.
GFDL Ocean Group Tech. Rep, 3, 232 pp., 1995. a
Partanen, A. I., Keller, D. P., Korhonen, H., and Matthews, H. D.: Impacts of
sea spray geoengineering on ocean biogeochemistry, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 43, 7600–7608, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070111, 2016. a
Prange, M., Lohmann, G., and Paul, A.: Influence of vertical mixing on the
thermohaline hysteresis: Analyses of an OGCM, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33,
1707–1721, https://doi.org/10.1175/2389.1, 2003. a
Reintges, A., Martin, T., Latif, M., and Keenlyside, N. S.: Uncertainty in
twenty-first century projections of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning
Circulation in CMIP3 and CMIP5 models, Clim. Dynam., 49, 1495–1511,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3180-x, 2017. a
Reith, F., Keller, D. P., and Oschlies, A.: Revisiting ocean carbon sequestration by direct injection: a global carbon
budget perspective, Earth Syst. Dynam., 7, 797–812, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-797-2016, 2016. a, b, c, d
Riahi, K., Rao, S., Krey, V., Cho, C., Chirkov, V., Fischer, G., Kindermann,
G., Nakicenovic, N., and Rafaj, P.: RCP 8.5 – A scenario of comparatively
high greenhouse gas emissions, Clim. Change, 109, 33–57,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y, 2011. a, b
Rückelt, J., Sauerland, V., Slawig, T., Srivastav, B., Ward, C., and
Patvardhan, C.: Parameter optimization and uncertainty analysis in a model of
oceanic CO2 uptake using a hybrid algorithm and algorithmic
differentiation, Nonlinear Anal.-Real, 11, 3993–4009,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2010.03.006, 2010. a
Sauerland, V., Löptien, U., Leonhard, C., Oschlies, A., and Srivastav, A.: Error assessment of biogeochemical models
by lower bound methods (NOMMA-1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1181–1198, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1181-2018, 2018. a
Schartau, M.: Simultaneous data-based optimization of a 1D-ecosystem model at
three locations in the North Atlantic Ocean: Part I – method and
parameter estimates, J. Mar. Res., 62, 765–793,
https://doi.org/10.1357/002224003322981147, 2003. a, b, c
Schartau, M., Oschlies, A., and Willebrand, J.: Parameter estimates of a
zero-dimensional ecosystem model applying the adjoint method, Deep-Sea
Res. Pt. II, 48, 1769–1800,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00161-2, 2001. a
Smeed, D. A., McCarthy, G. D., Cunningham, S. A., Frajka-Williams, E., Rayner, D., Johns, W. E., Meinen, C. S., Baringer, M. O.,
Moat, B. I., Duchez, A., and Bryden, H. L.: Observed decline of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 2004–2012,
Ocean Sci., 10, 29–38, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-29-2014, 2014. a
Schmittner, A., Oschlies, A., Matthews, H. D., and Galbraith, E. D.: Future
changes in climate, ocean circulation, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycling
simulated for a business-as-usual CO2 emission scenario until year 4000
AD, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB1013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002953, 2008.
a, b, c
Sinha, B., Buitenhuis, E. T., Quéré, C. L., and Anderson, T. R.:
Comparison of the emergent behavior of a complex ecosystem model in ocean
general circulation models, Prog. Oceanogr., 84, 204–224,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.10.003, 2010. a
Simmons, H. L., Jayne, S. R., St. Laurent, L. C., and Weaver, A. J.: Tidally
driven mixing in a numerical model of the ocean general circulation, Ocean
Model., 6, 245–263, 2004. a
Somes, C. J., Schmittner, A., Galbraith, E. D., Lehmann, M. F., Altabet, M.
A., Montoya, J. P., Letelier, R. M., Mix, A. C., Bourbonnais, A., and Eby,
M.: Simulating the global distribution of nitrogen isotopes in the ocean,
Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB4019,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003767, 2010. a
Spitz, Y. H., Moisan, J. R., Abbott, M. R., and Richman, J. G.: Data
assimilation and a pelagic ecosystem model: parameterization using time
series observations, J. Mar. Syst., 16, 51–68,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(97)00099-7, 1998. a
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Sweeney, C., Poisson, A., Metzl, N.,
Tilbrook, B., Bates, N., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Sabine, C., Olafsson,
J., and Nojiri, Y.: Global sea-air CO2 flux based on climatological
surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 1601–1622,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00003-6, 2002. a
Ward, B. A., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Anderson, T. A., and Oschlies, A.:
Parameter optimisation techniques and the problem of underdetermination in
marine biogeochemical models, J. Mar. Syst., 81, 34–43,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.12.005, 2010. a
Weaver, A. J., Eby, M., Wiebe, E. C., Bitz, C. M., Duffy, P. B., Ewen, T. L.,
Fanning, A. F., Holland, M. M., MacFadyen, A., Matthews, H. D., Meissner,
K. J., Saenko, O., Schmittner, A., Wang, H., and Yoshimori, M.: The UVic
Earth System Climate Model: Model description, climatology, and applications
to past, present and future climates, Atmos.-Ocean, 39, 361–428,
https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2001.9649686, 2001. a, b
Weaver, A. J., Zickfeld, K., Montenegro, A., and Eby, M.: Long term climate
implications of 2050 emission reduction targets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34,
L19703, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031018, 2007. a, b
Williamson, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Law, C. S., Boyd, P. W., Collos, Y.,
Croot, P., Denman, K., Riebesell, U., Takeda, S., and Vivian, C.: Ocean
fertilization for geoengineering: a review of effectiveness, environmental
impacts and emerging governance, Process Saf. Environ.,
90, 475–488, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2012.10.007, 2012. a
Xiao, Y. and Friedrichs, M. A. M.: The assimilation of satellite-derived data
into a one-dimensional lower trophic level marine ecosystem model, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 2691–2712,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009433, 2014. a
Yool, A., Shepherd, J. G., Bryden, H. L., and Oschlies, A.: Low efficiency of
nutrient translocation for enhancing oceanic uptake of carbon dioxide, J.
Geophys. Res., 114, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004792, 2009. a
Short summary
Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions trigger complex climate feedbacks. Output form Earth system models provides a basis for related political decision-making. One challenge is to arrive at reliable model parameter estimates for the ocean biogeochemistry module. We illustrate pitfalls through which flaws in the ocean module are masked by wrongly tuning the biogeochemistry and discuss ensuing uncertainties in climate projections.
Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions trigger complex climate feedbacks. Output form Earth...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint