Articles | Volume 16, issue 21
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4211-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4211-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Nov 2019
Research article |
| 08 Nov 2019
| 08 Nov 2019
Regulation of carbon dioxide and methane in small agricultural reservoirs: optimizing potential for greenhouse gas uptake
Jackie R. Webb
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S0A2,
Canada
Peter R. Leavitt
Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S0A2,
Canada
Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina,
Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 0A2, Canada
Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast,
Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5DL, UK
Gavin L. Simpson
Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S0A2,
Canada
Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina,
Regina, Saskatchewan, S4S 0A2, Canada
Helen M. Baulch
School of Environment and Sustainability, Global Institute for Water
Security, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK
S7N3H5, Canada
Heather A. Haig
Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S0A2,
Canada
Kyle R. Hodder
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of
Regina, Regina, SK, S4S0A2, Canada
Kerri Finlay
Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S0A2,
Canada
Related authors
No articles found.
Anthony A. P. Baron, Helen M. Baulch, Ali Nazemi, and Colin J. Whitfield
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1503, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1503, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We worked to understand how climate variability and flow management affected water quality in a key drinking water source. Our focus was on dissolved organic carbon, or DOC, and our work demonstrates that DOC can change rapidly, reaching high concentrations in wet periods, when flow sources are dominated by the local catchment. Results indicate that the impacts of high local flow, and low inflows from managed sources are compounding water quality challenges, creating issues for water treatment.
Chris J. Curtis, Jan Kaiser, Alina Marca, N. John Anderson, Gavin Simpson, Vivienne Jones, and Erika Whiteford
Biogeosciences, 15, 529–550, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-529-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-529-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Few studies have investigated the atmospheric deposition of nitrate in the Arctic or its impacts on Arctic ecosystems. We collected late-season snowpack from three regions in western Greenland from the coast to the edge of the ice sheet. We found major differences in nitrate concentrations (lower at the coast) and deposition load (higher). Nitrate in snowpack undergoes losses and isotopic enrichment which are greatest in inland areas; hence deposition impacts may be greatest at the coast.
J. Crossman, M. N. Futter, P. G. Whitehead, E. Stainsby, H. M. Baulch, L. Jin, S. K. Oni, R. L. Wilby, and P. J. Dillon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 5125–5148, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5125-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5125-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
We projected potential hydrochemical responses in four neighbouring catchments to a range of future climates. The highly variable responses in streamflow and total phosphorus (TP) were governed by geology and flow pathways, where larger catchment responses were proportional to greater soil clay content. This suggests clay content might be used as an indicator of catchment sensitivity to climate change, and highlights the need for catchment-specific management plans.
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Greenhouse Gases
Physicochemical perturbation increases nitrous oxide production from denitrification in soils and sediments
Carbon degradation and mobilisation potentials of thawing permafrost peatlands in northern Norway inferred from laboratory incubations
Seasonal dynamics and regional distribution patterns of CO2 and CH4 in the north-eastern Baltic Sea
Interannual and seasonal variability of the air–sea CO2 exchange at Utö in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea
CO2 emissions of drained coastal peatlands in the Netherlands and potential emission reduction by water infiltration systems
Influence of wind strength and direction on diffusive methane fluxes and atmospheric methane concentrations above the North Sea
Using eddy covariance observations to determine the carbon sequestration characteristics of subalpine forests in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Dynamics of CO2 and CH4 fluxes in Red Sea mangrove soils
Isotopomer labeling and oxygen dependence of hybrid nitrous oxide production
The emission of CO from tropical rainforest soils
Drought disrupts atmospheric carbon uptake in a Mediterranean saline lake
Nitrous oxide (N2O) in Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania
Technical note: A low-cost, automatic soil-plant-atmosphere enclosure system to investigate CO2 and ET flux dynamics
Modelling CO2 and N2O emissions from soils in silvopastoral systems of the West African Sahelian band
Ensemble estimates of global wetland methane emissions over 2000–2020
A case study on topsoil removal and rewetting for paludiculture: effect on biogeochemistry and greenhouse gas emissions from Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, and Azolla filiculoides
Seasonal carbon fluxes from vegetation and soil in a Mediterranean non-tidal salt marsh
Assessing improvements in global ocean pCO2 machine learning reconstructions with Southern Ocean autonomous sampling
Timescale dependence of airborne fraction and underlying climate–carbon-cycle feedbacks for weak perturbations in CMIP5 models
Technical note: Preventing CO2 overestimation from mercuric or copper(II) chloride preservation of dissolved greenhouse gases in freshwater samples
Exploring temporal and spatial variation of nitrous oxide flux using several years of peatland forest automatic chamber data
Diurnal versus spatial variability of greenhouse gas emissions from an anthropogenically modified lowland river in Germany
Regional assessment and uncertainty analysis of carbon and nitrogen balances at cropland scale using the ecosystem model LandscapeDNDC
Resolving heterogeneous fluxes from tundra halves the growing season carbon budget
Tidal influence on carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from tree stems and soils in mangrove forests
Lawns and meadows in urban green space – a comparison from perspectives of greenhouse gases, drought resilience and plant functional types
Large contribution of soil N2O emission to the global warming potential of a large-scale oil palm plantation despite changing from conventional to reduced management practices
Air temperature and precipitation constraining the modelled wetland methane emissions in a boreal region in Northern Europe
Identifying landscape hot and cold spots of soil greenhouse gas fluxes by combining field measurements and remote sensing data
Explainable machine learning for modelling of net ecosystem exchange in boreal forest
Enhanced Southern Ocean CO2 outgassing as a result of stronger and poleward shifted southern hemispheric westerlies
Spatial and temporal variability of methane emissions and environmental conditions in a hyper-eutrophic fishpond
Optical and radar Earth observation data for upscaling methane emissions linked to permafrost degradation in sub-Arctic peatlands in northern Sweden
Herbivore–shrub interactions influence ecosystem respiration and biogenic volatile organic compound composition in the subarctic
Methane emissions due to reservoir flushing: a significant emission pathway?
Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from mounds of African fungus-growing termites
Diel and seasonal methane dynamics in the shallow and turbulent Wadden Sea
Technical note: Skirt chamber – an open dynamic method for the rapid and minimally intrusive measurement of greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands
Seasonal variability of nitrous oxide concentrations and emissions in a temperate estuary
Reviews and syntheses: Recent advances in microwave remote sensing in support of terrestrial carbon cycle science in Arctic–boreal regions
Simulated methane emissions from Arctic ponds are highly sensitive to warming
Water-table-driven greenhouse gas emission estimates guide peatland restoration at national scale
Relationships between greenhouse gas production and landscape position during short-term permafrost thaw under anaerobic conditions in the Lena Delta
Carbon emissions and radiative forcings from tundra wildfires in the Yukon–Kuskokwim River Delta, Alaska
Carbon monoxide (CO) cycling in the Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean
Post-flooding disturbance recovery promotes carbon capture in riparian zones
Meteorological responses of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of a subarctic landscape
Carbon emission and export from the Ket River, western Siberia
Evaluation of wetland CH4 in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model using satellite observations
Greenhouse gas fluxes in mangrove forest soil in an Amazon estuary
Nathaniel B. Weston, Cynthia Troy, Patrick J. Kearns, Jennifer L. Bowen, William Porubsky, Christelle Hyacinthe, Christof Meile, Philippe Van Cappellen, and Samantha B. Joye
Biogeosciences, 21, 4837–4851, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse and ozone-depleting gas produced largely from microbial nitrogen cycling processes, and human activities have resulted in increases in atmospheric N2O. We investigate the role of physical and chemical disturbances to soils and sediments in N2O production. We demonstrate that physicochemical perturbation increases N2O production, microbial community adapts over time, and initial perturbation appears to confer resilience to subsequent disturbance.
Sigrid Trier Kjær, Sebastian Westermann, Nora Nedkvitne, and Peter Dörsch
Biogeosciences, 21, 4723–4737, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4723-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4723-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost peatlands are thawing due to climate change, releasing large quantities of carbon that degrades upon thawing and is released as CO2, CH4 or dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We incubated thawed Norwegian permafrost peat plateaus and thermokarst pond sediment found next to permafrost for up to 350 d to measure carbon loss. CO2 production was initially the highest, whereas CH4 production increased over time. The largest carbon loss was measured at the top of the peat plateau core as DOC.
Silvie Lainela, Erik Jacobs, Stella-Theresa Luik, Gregor Rehder, and Urmas Lips
Biogeosciences, 21, 4495–4519, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the variability of carbon dioxide and methane in the surface layer of the north-eastern basins of the Baltic Sea in 2018. We show that the shallower coastal areas have considerably higher spatial variability and seasonal amplitude of surface layer pCO2 and cCH4 than measured in the offshore areas of the Baltic Sea. Despite this high variability, caused mostly by coastal physical processes, the average annual air–sea CO2 fluxes differed only marginally between the sub-basins.
Martti Honkanen, Mika Aurela, Juha Hatakka, Lumi Haraguchi, Sami Kielosto, Timo Mäkelä, Jukka Seppälä, Simo-Matti Siiriä, Ken Stenbäck, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Pasi Ylöstalo, and Lauri Laakso
Biogeosciences, 21, 4341–4359, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of CO2 between the sea and the atmosphere was studied in the Archipelago Sea, Baltic Sea, in 2017–2021, using an eddy covariance technique. The sea acted as a net source of CO2 with an average yearly emission of 27.1 gC m-2 yr-1, indicating that the marine ecosystem respired carbon that originated elsewhere. The yearly CO2 emission varied between 18.2–39.2 gC m-2 yr-1, mostly due to the yearly variation of ecosystem carbon uptake.
Ralf C. H. Aben, Daniël van de Craats, Jim Boonman, Stijn H. Peeters, Bart Vriend, Coline C. F. Boonman, Ype van der Velde, Gilles Erkens, and Merit van den Berg
Biogeosciences, 21, 4099–4118, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Drained peatlands cause high CO2 emissions. We assessed the effectiveness of subsurface water infiltration systems (WISs) in reducing CO2 emissions related to increases in water table depth (WTD) on 12 sites for up to 4 years. Results show WISs markedly reduced emissions by 2.1 t CO2-C ha-1 yr-1. The relationship between the amount of carbon above the WTD and CO2 emission was stronger than the relationship between WTD and emission. Long-term monitoring is crucial for accurate emission estimates.
Ingeborg Bussmann, Eric P. Achterberg, Holger Brix, Nicolas Brüggemann, Götz Flöser, Claudia Schütze, and Philipp Fischer
Biogeosciences, 21, 3819–3838, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3819-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3819-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas and contributes to climate warming. However, the input of CH4 from coastal areas to the atmosphere is not well defined. Dissolved and atmospheric CH4 was determined at high spatial resolution in or above the North Sea. The atmospheric CH4 concentration was mainly influenced by wind direction. With our detailed study on the spatial distribution of CH4 fluxes we were able to provide a detailed and more realistic estimation of coastal CH4 fluxes.
Niu Zhu, Jinniu Wang, Dongliang Luo, Xufeng Wang, Cheng Shen, and Ning Wu
Biogeosciences, 21, 3509–3522, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study delves into the vital role of subalpine forests in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau as carbon sinks in the context of climate change. Utilizing advanced eddy covariance systems, we uncover their significant carbon sequestration potential, observing distinct seasonal patterns influenced by temperature, humidity, and radiation. Notably, these forests exhibit robust carbon absorption, with potential implications for global carbon balance.
Jessica Ashley Valerie Breavington, Alexandra Steckbauer, Chuancheng Fu, Mongi Ennasri, and Carlos Manuel Duarte
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1831, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1831, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mangroves are known for storing large amounts of carbon in their soils, but this is lower in the Red Sea due to challenging growth conditions. We collected soil cores over multiple seasons to measure soil properties, and the greenhouse gasses (GHG) of carbon dioxide and methane. We found that GHG emissions are generally a small offset to carbon storage but punctuated by periods of very high GHG emission and this variability is linked to multiple environmental and soil properties.
Colette L. Kelly, Nicole M. Travis, Pascale Anabelle Baya, Claudia Frey, Xin Sun, Bess B. Ward, and Karen L. Casciotti
Biogeosciences, 21, 3215–3238, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3215-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas, accumulates in regions of the ocean that are low in dissolved oxygen. We used a novel combination of chemical tracers to determine how nitrous oxide is produced in one of these regions, the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean. Our experiments showed that the two most important sources of nitrous oxide under low-oxygen conditions are denitrification, an anaerobic process, and a novel “hybrid” process performed by ammonia-oxidizing archaea.
Hella van Asperen, Thorsten Warneke, Alessandro Carioca de Araújo, Bruce Forsberg, Sávio José Filgueiras Ferreira, Thomas Röckmann, Carina van der Veen, Sipko Bulthuis, Leonardo Ramos de Oliveira, Thiago de Lima Xavier, Jailson da Mata, Marta de Oliveira Sá, Paulo Ricardo Teixeira, Julie Andrews de França e Silva, Susan Trumbore, and Justus Notholt
Biogeosciences, 21, 3183–3199, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3183-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3183-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is regarded as an important indirect greenhouse gas. Soils can emit and take up CO, but, until now, uncertainty remains as to which process dominates in tropical rainforests. We present the first soil CO flux measurements from a tropical rainforest. Based on our observations, we report that tropical rainforest soils are a net source of CO. In addition, we show that valley streams and inundated areas are likely additional hot spots of CO in the ecosystem.
Ihab Alfadhel, Ignacio Peralta-Maraver, Isabel Reche, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Eva Rodríguez-Velasco, Andrew S. Kowalski, and Penélope Serrano-Ortiz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1562, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1562, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Inland saline lakes are crucial in the global carbon cycle, but increased droughts may alter their carbon exchange capacity. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes in a Mediterranean saline lake using the Eddy Covariance method under dry and wet conditions. We found the lake acts as a carbon sink during wet periods but not during droughts. These results highlight the importance of saline lakes in carbon sequestration and their vulnerability to climate change-induced droughts.
Johnathan D. Maxey, Neil D. Hartstein, Hermann W. Bange, and Mortiz Müller
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1731, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The distribution of N2O in fjord-like estuaries is poorly described in the southern hemisphere. Our study describes N2O distribution and its drivers in one such system Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania. Water samples were collected seasonally from 2022/2023. Results show the system is a sink for atmospheric N2O when river flow is high; and the system emits N2O when the river flow is low. N2O generated in basins is intercepted by the surface water and exported to the ocean during high river flow.
Wael Al Hamwi, Maren Dubbert, Joerg Schaller, Matthias Lueck, Marten Schmidt, and Mathias Hoffmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1806, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1806, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a fully automatic, low-cost soil-plant enclosure system to monitor CO2 and ET fluxes within greenhouse experiments. It operates in two modes: independent, using low-cost sensors, and dependent, connecting multiple chambers to a single gas analyzer via a low-cost multiplexer. This system offers precise and accurate measurements, cost and labor efficiency, and high temporal resolution, enabling comprehensive monitoring of plant-soil responses to various treatments and conditions.
Yélognissè Agbohessou, Claire Delon, Manuela Grippa, Eric Mougin, Daouda Ngom, Espoir Koudjo Gaglo, Ousmane Ndiaye, Paulo Salgado, and Olivier Roupsard
Biogeosciences, 21, 2811–2837, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions of greenhouse gases in the Sahel are not well represented because they are considered weak compared to the rest of the world. However, natural areas in the Sahel emit carbon dioxide and nitrous oxides, which need to be assessed because of extended surfaces. We propose an assessment of such emissions in Sahelian silvopastoral systems and of how they are influenced by environmental characteristics. These results are essential to inform climate change strategies in the region.
Zhen Zhang, Benjamin Poulter, Joe R. Melton, William J. Riley, George H. Allen, David J. Beerling, Philippe Bousquet, Josep G. Canadell, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Philippe Ciais, Nicola Gedney, Peter O. Hopcroft, Akihiko Ito, Robert B. Jackson, Atul K. Jain, Katherine Jensen, Fortunat Joos, Thomas Kleinen, Sara Knox, Tingting Li, Xin Li, Xiangyu Liu, Kyle McDonald, Gavin McNicol, Paul A. Miller, Jurek Müller, Prabir K. Patra, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Zhangcai Qin, Ryan M. Riggs, Marielle Saunois, Qing Sun, Hanqin Tian, Xiaoming Xu, Yuanzhi Yao, Xi Yi, Wenxin Zhang, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1584, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1584, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses global methane emissions from wetlands between 2000 and 2020 using multiple models. We found that wetland emissions increased by 6–7 Tg CH4 per year in the 2010s compared to the 2000s. Rising temperatures primarily drove this increase, while changes in precipitation and CO2 levels also played roles. Our findings highlight the importance of wetlands in the global methane budget and the need for continuous monitoring to understand their impact on climate change.
Merit van den Berg, Thomas M. Gremmen, Renske J. E. Vroom, Jacobus van Huissteden, Jim Boonman, Corine J. A. van Huissteden, Ype van der Velde, Alfons J. P. Smolders, and Bas P. van de Riet
Biogeosciences, 21, 2669–2690, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2669-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2669-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Drained peatlands emit 3 % of the global greenhouse gas emissions. Paludiculture is a way to reduce CO2 emissions while at the same time generating an income for landowners. The side effect is the potentially high methane emissions. We found very high methane emissions for broadleaf cattail compared with narrowleaf cattail and water fern. The rewetting was, however, effective to stop CO2 emissions for all species. The highest potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions had narrowleaf cattail.
Lorena Carrasco-Barea, Dolors Verdaguer, Maria Gispert, Xavier D. Quintana, Hélène Bourhis, and Laura Llorens
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1320, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon dioxide fluxes have been measured seasonally in four plant species in a Mediterranean non-tidal salt marsh highlighting the high carbon removal potential that these species have. Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from soil showed high variability among the habitats studied and they were generally higher than those observed in tidal salt marshes. Our results are important to make more accurate predictions regarding carbon emissions from these ecosystems.
Thea H. Heimdal, Galen A. McKinley, Adrienne J. Sutton, Amanda R. Fay, and Lucas Gloege
Biogeosciences, 21, 2159–2176, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2159-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2159-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of ocean carbon are limited in time and space. Machine learning algorithms are therefore used to reconstruct ocean carbon where observations do not exist. Improving these reconstructions is important in order to accurately estimate how much carbon the ocean absorbs from the atmosphere. In this study, we find that a small addition of observations from the Southern Ocean, obtained by autonomous sampling platforms, could significantly improve the reconstructions.
Guilherme L. Torres Mendonça, Julia Pongratz, and Christian H. Reick
Biogeosciences, 21, 1923–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1923-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1923-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the timescale dependence of airborne fraction and underlying feedbacks by a theory of the climate–carbon system. Using simulations we show the predictive power of this theory and find that (1) this fraction generally decreases for increasing timescales and (2) at all timescales the total feedback is negative and the model spread in a single feedback causes the spread in the airborne fraction. Our study indicates that those are properties of the system, independently of the scenario.
François Clayer, Jan Erik Thrane, Kuria Ndungu, Andrew King, Peter Dörsch, and Thomas Rohrlack
Biogeosciences, 21, 1903–1921, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Determination of dissolved greenhouse gas (GHG) in freshwater allows us to estimate GHG fluxes. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is used to preserve water samples prior to GHG analysis despite its environmental and health impacts and interferences with water chemistry in freshwater. Here, we tested the effects of HgCl2, two substitutes and storage time on GHG in water from two boreal lakes. Preservation with HgCl2 caused overestimation of CO2 concentration with consequences for GHG flux estimation.
Helena Rautakoski, Mika Korkiakoski, Jarmo Mäkelä, Markku Koskinen, Kari Minkkinen, Mika Aurela, Paavo Ojanen, and Annalea Lohila
Biogeosciences, 21, 1867–1886, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1867-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1867-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Current and future nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are difficult to estimate due to their high variability in space and time. Several years of N2O fluxes from drained boreal peatland forest indicate high importance of summer precipitation, winter temperature, and snow conditions in controlling annual N2O emissions. The results indicate increasing year-to-year variation in N2O emissions in changing climate with more extreme seasonal weather conditions.
Matthias Koschorreck, Norbert Kamjunke, Uta Koedel, Michael Rode, Claudia Schuetze, and Ingeborg Bussmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 1613–1628, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from different sites at the river Elbe in Germany over 3 days to find out what is more important for quantification: small-scale spatial variability or diurnal temporal variability. We found that CO2 emissions were very different between day and night, while CH4 emissions were more different between sites. Dried out river sediments contributed to CO2 emissions, while the side areas of the river were important CH4 sources.
Odysseas Sifounakis, Edwin Haas, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, and Maria P. Papadopoulou
Biogeosciences, 21, 1563–1581, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1563-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1563-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We performed a full assessment of the carbon and nitrogen cycles of a cropland ecosystem. An uncertainty analysis and quantification of all carbon and nitrogen fluxes were deployed. The inventory simulations include greenhouse gas emissions of N2O, NH3 volatilization and NO3 leaching from arable land cultivation in Greece. The inventory also reports changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in arable soils.
Sarah M. Ludwig, Luke Schiferl, Jacqueline Hung, Susan M. Natali, and Roisin Commane
Biogeosciences, 21, 1301–1321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Landscapes are often assumed to be homogeneous when using eddy covariance fluxes, which can lead to biases when calculating carbon budgets. In this study we report eddy covariance carbon fluxes from heterogeneous tundra. We used the footprints of each flux observation to unmix the fluxes coming from components of the landscape. We identified and quantified hot spots of carbon emissions in the landscape. Accurately scaling with landscape heterogeneity yielded half as much regional carbon uptake.
Zhao-Jun Yong, Wei‐Jen Lin, Chiao-Wen Lin, and Hsing-Juh Lin Lin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-533, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-533, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study is the first to simultaneously measure mangrove CH4 emissions from both stems and soils throughout tidal cycles. The stems served as both net CO2 and CH4 sources. Compared to those of the soils, the stems exhibited markedly lower CH4 emissions, but no difference in CO2 emissions. Sampling only during low tides might overestimate the stem CO2 and CH4 emissions on a diurnal scale. This study also highlights species distinctness (with pneumatophores) in the emissions.
Justine Trémeau, Beñat Olascoaga, Leif Backman, Esko Karvinen, Henriikka Vekuri, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 21, 949–972, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-949-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-949-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied urban lawns and meadows in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. We found that meadows are more resistant to drought events but that they do not increase carbon sequestration compared with lawns. Moreover, the transformation from lawns to meadows did not demonstrate any negative climate effects in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Even though social and economic aspects also steer urban development, these results can guide planning to consider carbon-smart options.
Guantao Chen, Edzo Veldkamp, Muhammad Damris, Bambang Irawan, Aiyen Tjoa, and Marife D. Corre
Biogeosciences, 21, 513–529, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-513-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-513-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We established an oil palm management experiment in a large-scale oil palm plantation in Jambi, Indonesia. We recorded oil palm fruit yield and measured soil CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes. After 4 years of treatment, compared with conventional fertilization with herbicide weeding, reduced fertilization with mechanical weeding did not reduce yield and soil greenhouse gas emissions, which highlights the legacy effects of over a decade of conventional management prior to the start of the experiment.
Tuula Aalto, Aki Tsuruta, Jarmo Mäkelä, Jurek Mueller, Maria Tenkanen, Eleanor Burke, Sarah Chadburn, Yao Gao, Vilma Mannisenaho, Thomas Kleinen, Hanna Lee, Antti Leppänen, Tiina Markkanen, Stefano Materia, Paul Miller, Daniele Peano, Olli Peltola, Benjamin Poulter, Maarit Raivonen, Marielle Saunois, David Wårlind, and Sönke Zaehle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2873, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2873, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wetland methane responses to temperature and precipitation were studied in a boreal wetland-rich region in Northern Europe using ecosystem models, atmospheric inversions and up-scaled flux observations. The ecosystem models differed in their responses to temperature and precipitation and in their seasonality. However, multi-model means, inversions and up-scaled fluxes had similar seasonality, and they suggested co-limitation by temperature and precipitation.
Elizabeth Gachibu Wangari, Ricky Mwangada Mwanake, Tobias Houska, David Kraus, Gretchen Maria Gettel, Ralf Kiese, Lutz Breuer, and Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
Biogeosciences, 20, 5029–5067, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5029-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5029-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Agricultural landscapes act as sinks or sources of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO2, CH4, or N2O. Various physicochemical and biological processes control the fluxes of these GHGs between ecosystems and the atmosphere. Therefore, fluxes depend on environmental conditions such as soil moisture, soil temperature, or soil parameters, which result in large spatial and temporal variations of GHG fluxes. Here, we describe an example of how this variation may be studied and analyzed.
Ekaterina Ezhova, Topi Laanti, Anna Lintunen, Pasi Kolari, Tuomo Nieminen, Ivan Mammarella, Keijo Heljanko, and Markku Kulmala
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2559, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2559, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
ML models are gaining popularity in biogeosciences. They are applied as gapfilling methods and used to upscale carbon fluxes to larger areas based on local measurements. In this study, we use Explainable ML methods to elucidate performance of machine learning models for carbon dioxide fluxes in boreal forest. We show that statistically equal models treat input variables differently. Explainable ML can help scientists to make informed solutions when applying ML models in their research.
Laurie C. Menviel, Paul Spence, Andrew E. Kiss, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Hakase Hayashida, Matthew H. England, and Darryn Waugh
Biogeosciences, 20, 4413–4431, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4413-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4413-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
As the ocean absorbs 25% of the anthropogenic emissions of carbon, it is important to understand the impact of climate change on the flux of carbon between the ocean and the atmosphere. Here, we use a very high-resolution ocean, sea-ice, carbon cycle model to show that the capability of the Southern Ocean to uptake CO2 has decreased over the last 40 years due to a strengthening and poleward shift of the southern hemispheric westerlies. This trend is expected to continue over the coming century.
Petr Znachor, Jiří Nedoma, Vojtech Kolar, and Anna Matoušů
Biogeosciences, 20, 4273–4288, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted intensive spatial sampling of the hypertrophic fishpond to better understand the spatial dynamics of methane fluxes and environmental heterogeneity in fishponds. The diffusive fluxes of methane accounted for only a minor fraction of the total fluxes and both varied pronouncedly within the pond and over the studied summer season. This could be explained only by the water depth. Wind substantially affected temperature, oxygen and chlorophyll a distribution in the pond.
Sofie Sjögersten, Martha Ledger, Matthias Siewert, Betsabé de la Barreda-Bautista, Andrew Sowter, David Gee, Giles Foody, and Doreen S. Boyd
Biogeosciences, 20, 4221–4239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4221-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4221-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost thaw in Arctic regions is increasing methane emissions, but quantification is difficult given the large and remote areas impacted. We show that UAV data together with satellite data can be used to extrapolate emissions across the wider landscape as well as detect areas at risk of higher emissions. A transition of currently degrading areas to fen type vegetation can increase emission by several orders of magnitude, highlighting the importance of quantifying areas at risk.
Cole G. Brachmann, Tage Vowles, Riikka Rinnan, Mats P. Björkman, Anna Ekberg, and Robert G. Björk
Biogeosciences, 20, 4069–4086, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4069-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4069-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Herbivores change plant communities through grazing, altering the amount of CO2 and plant-specific chemicals (termed VOCs) emitted. We tested this effect by excluding herbivores and studying the CO2 and VOC emissions. Herbivores reduced CO2 emissions from a meadow community and altered VOC composition; however, community type had the strongest effect on the amount of CO2 and VOCs released. Herbivores can mediate greenhouse gas emissions, but the effect is marginal and community dependent.
Ole Lessmann, Jorge Encinas Fernández, Karla Martínez-Cruz, and Frank Peeters
Biogeosciences, 20, 4057–4068, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4057-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4057-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a large dataset of seasonally resolved methane (CH4) pore water concentrations in a reservoir's sediment, we assess the significance of CH4 emissions due to reservoir flushing. In the studied reservoir, CH4 emissions caused by one flushing operation can represent 7 %–14 % of the annual CH4 emissions and depend on the timing of the flushing operation. In reservoirs with high sediment loadings, regular flushing may substantially contribute to the overall CH4 emissions.
Matti Räsänen, Risto Vesala, Petri Rönnholm, Laura Arppe, Petra Manninen, Markus Jylhä, Jouko Rikkinen, Petri Pellikka, and Janne Rinne
Biogeosciences, 20, 4029–4042, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4029-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4029-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Fungus-growing termites recycle large parts of dead plant material in African savannas and are significant sources of greenhouse gases. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes from their mounds and surrounding soils in open and closed habitats. The fluxes scale with mound volume. The results show that emissions from mounds of fungus-growing termites are more stable than those from other termites. The soil fluxes around the mound are affected by the termite colonies at up to 2 m distance from the mound.
Tim René de Groot, Anne Margriet Mol, Katherine Mesdag, Pierre Ramond, Rachel Ndhlovu, Julia Catherine Engelmann, Thomas Röckmann, and Helge Niemann
Biogeosciences, 20, 3857–3872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3857-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates methane dynamics in the Wadden Sea. Our measurements revealed distinct variations triggered by seasonality and tidal forcing. The methane budget was higher in warmer seasons but surprisingly high in colder seasons. Methane dynamics were amplified during low tides, flushing the majority of methane into the North Sea or releasing it to the atmosphere. Methanotrophic activity was also elevated during low tide but mitigated only a small fraction of the methane efflux.
Frederic Thalasso, Brenda Riquelme, Andrés Gómez, Roy Mackenzie, Francisco Javier Aguirre, Jorge Hoyos-Santillan, Ricardo Rozzi, and Armando Sepulveda-Jauregui
Biogeosciences, 20, 3737–3749, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3737-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3737-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A robust skirt-chamber design to capture and quantify greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands is presented. Compared to standard methods, this design improves the spatial resolution of field studies in remote locations while minimizing intrusion.
Gesa Schulz, Tina Sanders, Yoana G. Voynova, Hermann W. Bange, and Kirstin Dähnke
Biogeosciences, 20, 3229–3247, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3229-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3229-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas. However, N2O emissions from estuaries underlie significant uncertainties due to limited data availability and high spatiotemporal variability. We found the Elbe Estuary (Germany) to be a year-round source of N2O, with the highest emissions in winter along with high nitrogen loads. However, in spring and summer, N2O emissions did not decrease alongside lower nitrogen loads because organic matter fueled in situ N2O production along the estuary.
Alex Mavrovic, Oliver Sonnentag, Juha Lemmetyinen, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Christophe Kinnard, and Alexandre Roy
Biogeosciences, 20, 2941–2970, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2941-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2941-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This review supports the integration of microwave spaceborne information into carbon cycle science for Arctic–boreal regions. The microwave data record spans multiple decades with frequent global observations of soil moisture and temperature, surface freeze–thaw cycles, vegetation water storage, snowpack properties, and land cover. This record holds substantial unexploited potential to better understand carbon cycle processes.
Zoé Rehder, Thomas Kleinen, Lars Kutzbach, Victor Stepanenko, Moritz Langer, and Victor Brovkin
Biogeosciences, 20, 2837–2855, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2837-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2837-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use a new model to investigate how methane emissions from Arctic ponds change with warming. We find that emissions increase substantially. Under annual temperatures 5 °C above present temperatures, pond methane emissions are more than 3 times higher than now. Most of this increase is caused by an increase in plant productivity as plants provide the substrate microbes used to produce methane. We conclude that vegetation changes need to be included in predictions of pond methane emissions.
Julian Koch, Lars Elsgaard, Mogens H. Greve, Steen Gyldenkærne, Cecilie Hermansen, Gregor Levin, Shubiao Wu, and Simon Stisen
Biogeosciences, 20, 2387–2403, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2387-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2387-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Utilizing peatlands for agriculture leads to large emissions of greenhouse gases worldwide. The emissions are triggered by lowering the water table, which is a necessary step in order to make peatlands arable. Many countries aim at reducing their emissions by restoring peatlands, which can be achieved by stopping agricultural activities and thereby raising the water table. We estimate a total emission of 2.6 Mt CO2-eq for organic-rich peatlands in Denmark and a potential reduction of 77 %.
Mélissa Laurent, Matthias Fuchs, Tanja Herbst, Alexandra Runge, Susanne Liebner, and Claire C. Treat
Biogeosciences, 20, 2049–2064, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2049-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2049-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we investigated the effect of different parameters (temperature, landscape position) on the production of greenhouse gases during a 1-year permafrost thaw experiment. For very similar carbon and nitrogen contents, our results show a strong heterogeneity in CH4 production, as well as in microbial abundance. According to our study, these differences are mainly due to the landscape position and the hydrological conditions established as a result of the topography.
Michael Moubarak, Seeta Sistla, Stefano Potter, Susan M. Natali, and Brendan M. Rogers
Biogeosciences, 20, 1537–1557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1537-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1537-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tundra wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity with climate change. We show using a combination of field measurements and computational modeling that tundra wildfires result in a positive feedback to climate change by emitting significant amounts of long-lived greenhouse gasses. With these effects, attention to tundra fires is necessary for mitigating climate change.
Hanna I. Campen, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 20, 1371–1379, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1371-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1371-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a climate-relevant trace gas emitted from the ocean. However, oceanic CO cycling is understudied. Results from incubation experiments conducted in the Fram Strait (Arctic Ocean) indicated that (i) pH did not affect CO cycling and (ii) enhanced CO production and consumption were positively correlated with coloured dissolved organic matter and nitrate concentrations. This suggests microbial CO uptake to be the driving factor for CO cycling in the Arctic Ocean.
Yihong Zhu, Ruihua Liu, Huai Zhang, Shaoda Liu, Zhengfeng Zhang, Fei-Hai Yu, and Timothy G. Gregoire
Biogeosciences, 20, 1357–1370, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1357-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With global warming, the risk of flooding is rising, but the response of the carbon cycle of aquatic and associated riparian systems
to flooding is still unclear. Based on the data collected in the Lijiang, we found that flooding would lead to significant carbon emissions of fluvial areas and riparian areas during flooding, but carbon capture may happen after flooding. In the riparian areas, the surviving vegetation, especially clonal plants, played a vital role in this transformation.
Lauri Heiskanen, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Henriikka Vekuri, Aleksi Räsänen, Tarmo Virtanen, Sari Juutinen, Annalea Lohila, Juha Mikola, and Mika Aurela
Biogeosciences, 20, 545–572, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-545-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-545-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured and modelled the CO2 and CH4 fluxes of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the subarctic landscape for 2 years. The landscape was an annual CO2 sink and a CH4 source. The forest had the largest contribution to the landscape-level CO2 sink and the peatland to the CH4 emissions. The lakes released 24 % of the annual net C uptake of the landscape back to the atmosphere. The C fluxes were affected most by the rainy peak growing season of 2017 and the drought event in July 2018.
Artem G. Lim, Ivan V. Krickov, Sergey N. Vorobyev, Mikhail A. Korets, Sergey Kopysov, Liudmila S. Shirokova, Jan Karlsson, and Oleg S. Pokrovsky
Biogeosciences, 19, 5859–5877, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In order to quantify C transport and emission and main environmental factors controlling the C cycle in Siberian rivers, we investigated the largest tributary of the Ob River, the Ket River basin, by measuring spatial and seasonal variations in carbon CO2 and CH4 concentrations and emissions together with hydrochemical analyses. The obtained results are useful for large-scale modeling of C emission and export fluxes from permafrost-free boreal rivers of an underrepresented region of the world.
Robert J. Parker, Chris Wilson, Edward Comyn-Platt, Garry Hayman, Toby R. Marthews, A. Anthony Bloom, Mark F. Lunt, Nicola Gedney, Simon J. Dadson, Joe McNorton, Neil Humpage, Hartmut Boesch, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Paul I. Palmer, and Dai Yamazaki
Biogeosciences, 19, 5779–5805, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wetlands are the largest natural source of methane, one of the most important climate gases. The JULES land surface model simulates these emissions. We use satellite data to evaluate how well JULES reproduces the methane seasonal cycle over different tropical wetlands. It performs well for most regions; however, it struggles for some African wetlands influenced heavily by river flooding. We explain the reasons for these deficiencies and highlight how future development will improve these areas.
Saúl Edgardo Martínez Castellón, José Henrique Cattanio, José Francisco Berrêdo, Marcelo Rollnic, Maria de Lourdes Ruivo, and Carlos Noriega
Biogeosciences, 19, 5483–5497, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5483-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5483-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We seek to understand the influence of climatic seasonality and microtopography on CO2 and CH4 fluxes in an Amazonian mangrove. Topography and seasonality had a contrasting influence when comparing the two gas fluxes: CO2 fluxes were greater in high topography in the dry period, and CH4 fluxes were greater in the rainy season in low topography. Only CO2 fluxes were correlated with soil organic matter, the proportion of carbon and nitrogen, and redox potential.
Cited articles
Abril, G., Martinez, J.-M., Artigas, L. F., Moreira-Turcq, P.,
Benedetti, M. F., Vidal, L., Meziane, T., Kim, J.-H., Bernardes, M. C., and
Savoye, N.: Amazon River carbon dioxide outgassing fuelled by wetlands,
Nature, 505, 395–398, 2014.
Anbumozhi, V., Matsumoto, K., and Yamaji, E.: Towards Improved Performance
of Irrigation Tanks in Semi-Arid Regions of India: Modernization
Opportunities and Challenges, Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 15, 293–309,
https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1014420822465, 2001.
Andresen, B., Buchanan, B., Corkal, D., Fairley, B., Fortin, R., Hilliard,
C., Kidd, J., Pasquill, R., Sketchell, J., and Thompson, T.: Quality Farm
Dugouts, Forestry, A. A. a., Alberta Government, Alberta, 2015.
Badiou, P., Page, B., and Ross, L.: A comparison of water quality and
greenhouse gas emissions in constructed wetlands and conventional retention
basins with and without submerged macrophyte management for storm water
regulation, Ecol. Eng., 127, 292–301, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.11.028, 2019.
Bastviken, D., Cole, J., Pace, M., and Tranvik, L.: Methane emissions from
lakes: Dependence of lake characteristics, two regional assessments, and a
global estimate, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB4009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002238, 2004.
Bastviken, D., Cole, J. J., Pace, M. L., and Van de Bogert, M. C.: Fates of
methane from different lake habitats: Connecting whole-lake budgets and CH4
emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 113, G02024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000608, 2008.
BC Ministry of Agriculture: British Columbia Farm Water Dugouts, edited by: Petersen, A., available at: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/agriculture-and-seafood/agricultural-land-and-environment/water/drought/510400-1_british_columbia_farm_water_dugouts.pdf (last access: 31 October 2019), 2013.
Beaulieu, J. J., DelSontro, T., and Downing, J. A.: Eutrophication will
increase methane emissions from lakes and impoundments during the 21st
century, Nat. Commun., 10, 1375, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09100-5, 2019.
Bogard, M. J., Finlay, K., Waiser, M. J., Tumber, V. P., Donald, D. B.,
Wiik, E., Simpson, G. L., del Giorgio, P. A., and Leavitt, P. R.: Effects of
experimental nitrogen fertilization on planktonic metabolism and CO2
flux in a hypereutrophic hardwater lake, PLOS One, 12, e0188652,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188652, 2017.
Brooks, J. R., Gibson, J. J., Birks, S. J., Weber, M. H., Rodecap, K. D.,
and Stoddard, J. L.: Stable isotope estimates of evaporation: inflow and
water residence time for lakes across the United States as a tool for
national lake water quality assessments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 59,
2150–2165, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.6.2150, 2014.
Brunson, M. W.: Managing Mississippi farm ponds and small lakes, 1999.
Chen, W., He, B., Nover, D., Lu, H., Liu, J., Sun, W., and Chen, W.: Farm
ponds in southern China: Challenges and solutions for conserving a neglected
wetland ecosystem, Sci. Total Environ., 659, 1322–1334,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.394, 2019.
Chiandet, A. S. and Xenopoulos, M. A.: Landscape and morphometric controls
on water quality in stormwater management ponds, Urban Ecosyst., 19,
1645–1663, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-016-0559-8, 2016.
Clifford, C. and Heffernan, J.: Artificial Aquatic Ecosystems, Water, 10,
1096, https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081096, 2018.
Cole, J. J., Pace, M. L., Carpenter, S. R., and Kitchell, J. F.: Persistence
of net heterotrophy in lakes during nutrient addition and food web
manipulations, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 1718–1730,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.8.1718, 2000.
Conly, F. M. and van der Kamp, G.: Monitoring the Hydrology of Canadian
Prairie Wetlands to Detect the Effects of Climate Change and Land Use
Changes, Environ. Monit. Assess., 67, 195–215,
https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006486607040, 2001.
Crowe, S., Katsev, S., Leslie, K., Sturm, A., Magen, C., Nomosatryo, S.,
Pack, M., Kessler, J., Reeburgh, W., and Roberts, J.: The methane cycle in
ferruginous Lake Matano, Geobiology, 9, 61–78, 2011.
Deemer, B. R., Harrison, J. A., Li, S., Beaulieu, J. J., DelSontro, T., Barros, N., Bezerra-Neto, J. F., Powers, S. M., dos Santos, M. A., and Vonk, J. A.: Greenhouse gas emissions from reservoir water surfaces: a new global synthesis, BioScience, 66, 949–964, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw117, 2016.
DelSontro, T., Boutet, L., St-Pierre, A., del Giorgio, P. A., and Prairie,
Y. T.: Methane ebullition and diffusion from northern ponds and lakes
regulated by the interaction between temperature and system productivity,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 61, S62–S77, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10335, 2016.
DelSontro, T., Beaulieu, J. J., and Downing, J. A.: Greenhouse gas emissions
from lakes and impoundments: Upscaling in the face of global change,
Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett., 3, 64–75, https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10073, 2018.
Devito, K. J. and Dillon, P. J.: Importance of Runoff and Winter Anoxia to
the P and N Dynamics of a Beaver Pond, Can. J. Fish.
Aquat. Sci., 50, 2222–2234, https://doi.org/10.1139/f93-248, 1993.
Diem, T., Koch, S., Schwarzenbach, S., Wehrli, B., and Schubert, C. J.:
Greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4, and N2O) from several
perialpine and alpine hydropower reservoirs by diffusion and loss in
turbines, Aquat. Sci., 74, 619–635, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-012-0256-5, 2012.
Dirnberger, J. M. and Weinberger, J.: Influences of lake level changes on
reservoir water clarity in Allatoona Lake, Georgia, Lake Reserv.
Manage., 21, 24–29, 2005.
Downing, J. A., Cole, J. J., Middelburg, J. J., Striegl, R. G., Duarte, C.
M., Kortelainen, P., Prairie, Y. T., and Laube, K. A.: Sediment organic
carbon burial in agriculturally eutrophic impoundments over the last
century, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB1018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gb002854, 2008.
Duarte, C. M., Prairie, Y. T., Montes, C., Cole, J. J., Striegl, R., Melack,
J., and Downing, J. A.: CO2 emissions from saline lakes: A global
estimate of a surprisingly large flux, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 113, G04041, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jg000637, 2008.
Due, N. T., Crill, P., and Bastviken, D.: Implications of temperature and
sediment characteristics on methane formation and oxidation in lake
sediments, Biogeochemistry, 100, 185–196, 2010.
EPA: Method 310.2: Alkalinity (Colorimetric, Automated, Methyl Orange) by
Autoanalyzer, Agency, U. S. E. P., 1974.
Fairchild, G. W. and Velinsky, D. J.: Effects of Small Ponds on Stream
Water Chemistry, Lake Reserv. Manage., 22, 321–330,
https://doi.org/10.1080/07438140609354366, 2006.
Finlay, K., Leavitt, P. R., Wissel, B., and Prairie, Y. T.: Regulation of
spatial and temporal variability of carbon flux in six hard-water lakes of
the northern Great Plains, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 2553–2564,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2553, 2009.
Finlay, K., Leavitt, P. R., Patoine, A., Patoine, A., and Wissel, B.: Magnitudes and controls of organic and inorganic carbon flux through a chain of hard‐water lakes on the northern Great Plains,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 55, 1551–1564, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.4.1551, 2010.
Finlay, K., Vogt, R. J., Bogard, M. J., Wissel, B., Tutolo, B. M., Simpson,
G. L., and Leavitt, P. R.: Decrease in CO2 efflux from northern hardwater
lakes with increasing atmospheric warming, Nature, 519, 215–218,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14172, 2015.
Gan, T. Y.: Reducing Vulnerability of Water Resources of Canadian Prairies
to Potential Droughts and Possible Climatic Warming, Water Resour.
Manage., 14, 111–135, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008195827031, 2000.
Gibson, J., Vincent, W., and Pienitz, R.: Hydrologic control and diurnal
photobleaching of CDOM in a subarctic lake, Arch. Hydrobiol.,
152, 143–159, 2001.
Gilbert, P. J., Taylor, S., Cooke, D. A., Deary, M., Cooke, M., and
Jeffries, M. J.: Variations in sediment organic carbon among different types
of small natural ponds along Druridge Bay, Northumberland, UK, Inland
Waters, 4, 57–64, https://doi.org/10.5268/IW-4.1.618, 2014.
Glaz, P., Bartosiewicz, M., Laurion, I., Reichwaldt, E. S., Maranger, R.,
and Ghadouani, A.: Greenhouse gas emissions from waste stabilisation ponds
in Western Australia and Quebec (Canada), Water Res., 101, 64–74,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.060, 2016.
Goldhaber, M. B., Mills, C. T., Morrison, J. M., Stricker, C. A., Mushet, D.
M., and LaBaugh, J. W.: Hydrogeochemistry of prairie pothole region
wetlands: Role of long-term critical zone processes, Chem. Geol., 387,
170–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.08.023, 2014.
Grinham, A., Albert, S., Deering, N., Dunbabin, M., Bastviken, D., Sherman, B., Lovelock, C. E., and Evans, C. D.: The importance of small artificial water bodies as sources of methane emissions in Queensland, Australia, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5281–5298, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5281-2018, 2018a.
Grinham, A., Dunbabin, M., and Albert, S.: Importance of sediment organic
matter to methane ebullition in a sub-tropical freshwater reservoir, Sci. Total Environ., 621, 1199–1207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.108, 2018b.
Hamilton, J. D., Kelly, C. A., Rudd, J. W. M., Hesslein, R. H., and Roulet,
N. T.: Flux to the atmosphere of CH4 and CO2 from wetland ponds on
the Hudson Bay lowlands (HBLs), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 99, 1495–1510, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD03020, 1994.
Holgerson, M. A.: Drivers of carbon dioxide and methane supersaturation in
small, temporary ponds, Biogeochemistry, 124, 305–318,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0099-y, 2015.
Holgerson, M. A. and Raymond, P. A.: Large contribution to inland water
CO2 and CH4 emissions from very small ponds, Nat. Geosci., 9, 222,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2654,
2016.
Huotari, J., Ojala, A., Peltomaa, E., Pumpanen, J., Hari, P., and Vesala,
T.: Temporal variations in surface water CO2 concentration in a boreal
humic lake based on high-frequency measurements, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 48–60, 2009.
Huttunen, J. T., Alm, J., Liikanen, A., Juutinen, S., Larmola, T., Hammar,
T., Silvola, J., and Martikainen, P. J.: Fluxes of methane, carbon dioxide
and nitrous oxide in boreal lakes and potential anthropogenic effects on the
aquatic greenhouse gas emissions, Chemosphere, 52, 609–621, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00243-1, 2003.
IPCC: 2019 Refinement to the 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories, Chapter 7; Wetlands, available at: https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/index.html (last access: 31 October 2019), 2019.
Jasechko, S., Wassenaar, L. I., and Mayer, B.: Isotopic evidence for
widespread cold-season-biased groundwater recharge and young streamflow
across central Canada, Hydrol. Process., 31, 2196–2209,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11175, 2017.
Joyce, J. and Jewell, P. W.: Physical controls on methane ebullition from
reservoirs and lakes, Environ. Eng. Geosci., 9, 167–178,
2003.
Junger, P. C., Dantas, F. d. C. C., Nobre, R. L. G., Kosten, S.,
Venticinque, E. M., Araújo, F. d. C., Sarmento, H., Angelini, R., Terra,
I., Gaudêncio, A., They, N. H., Becker, V., Cabral, C. R., Quesado, L.,
Carneiro, L. S., Caliman, A., and Amado, A. M.: Effects of seasonality,
trophic state and landscape properties on CO2 saturation in
low-latitude lakes and reservoirs, Sci. Total Environ., 664,
283–295, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.273, 2019.
Kankaala, P., Huotari, J., Tulonen, T., and Ojala, A.: Lake-size dependent
physical forcing drives carbon dioxide and methane effluxes from lakes in a
boreal landscape, Limnol. Oceanogr., 58, 1915–1930,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2013.58.6.1915, 2013.
Kelley, W. and Brown, S.: Principles governing the reclamation of alkali
soils, Hilgardia, 8, 149–177, 1934.
Kerekes, J.: The index of lake basin permanence, Int. Rev.
Ges. Hydrobio. Hydrogr., 62, 291–293, 1977.
Kuhn, M., Lundin, E. J., Giesler, R., Johansson, M., and Karlsson, J.:
Emissions from thaw ponds largely offset the carbon sink of northern
permafrost wetlands, Sci. Rep.-UK, 8, 9535,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27770-x, 2018.
Last, W. M. and Ginn, F. M.: Saline systems of the Great Plains of western
Canada: an overview of the limnogeology and paleolimnology, Saline systems,
1, 1–38, https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1448-1-10, 2005.
Lehner, B., Liermann, C. R., Revenga, C., Vörösmarty, C., Fekete,
B., Crouzet, P., Döll, P., Endejan, M., Frenken, K., Magome, J.,
Nilsson, C., Robertson, J. C., Rödel, R., Sindorf, N., and Wisser, D.:
High-resolution mapping of the world's reservoirs and dams for sustainable
river-flow management, Front. Ecol. Environ., 9, 494–502,
https://doi.org/10.1890/100125, 2011.
Liu, W., Li, X., Wang, Z., Wang, H., Liu, H., Zhang, B., and Zhang, H.:
Carbon isotope and environmental changes in lakes in arid Northwest China,
Sci. China Earth Sci., 62, 1–14, 2018.
Lorke, A., Bodmer, P., Noss, C., Alshboul, Z., Koschorreck, M., Somlai-Haase, C., Bastviken, D., Flury, S., McGinnis, D. F., Maeck, A., Müller, D., and Premke, K.: Technical note: drifting versus anchored flux chambers for measuring greenhouse gas emissions from running waters, Biogeosciences, 12, 7013–7024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7013-2015, 2015.
Lowe, L., Nathan, R., and Morden, R.: Assessing the impact of farm dams on
streamflows, Part II: Regional characterisation, Australasian Journal of
Water Resources, 9, 13–26, 2005.
Macpherson, G. L.: CO2 distribution in groundwater and the impact of
groundwater extraction on the global C cycle, Chem. Geol., 264,
328–336, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.03.018, 2009.
Macrae, M. L., Bello, R. L., and Molot, L. A.: Long-term carbon storage and
hydrological control of CO2 exchange in tundra ponds in the Hudson Bay
Lowland, Hydrol. Process., 18, 2051–2069, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1461, 2004.
Magnuson, J. J., Kratz, T. K., and Benson, B. J.: Long-term dynamics of
lakes in the landscape: long-term ecological research on north temperate
lakes, Oxford University Press on Demand, 2006.
Mantel, S. K., Rivers-Moore, N., and Ramulifho, P.: Small dams need
consideration in riverscape conservation assessments, Aquat. Conserv., 27, 748–754, 2017.
Marcé, R., Obrador, B., Morguí, J.-A., Lluís Riera, J.,
López, P., and Armengol, J.: Carbonate weathering as a driver of
CO2 supersaturation in lakes, Nat. Geosci., 8, 107,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2341,
2015.
MDBA: Mapping the growth, location, surface area and age of man made water
bodies, including farm dams, in the Murray-Darling Basin, Murray-Darling
Basin Commission, Canberra, MDBC Publication, 2008.
Miller, J. J., Acton, D. F., and St. Arnaud, R. J.: The effect of
groundwater on soil formation in a morainal landscape in Saskatchewan,
Can. J. Soil Sci., 65, 293–307, https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-033, 1985.
Moore, T. L. and Hunt, W. F.: Ecosystem service provision by stormwater wetlands and ponds – a means for evaluation?, Water Resour., 15, 6811–6823, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.026, 2012.
Müller, B., Meyer, J. S., and Gächter, R.: Alkalinity regulation in
calcium carbonate-buffered lakes, Limnol. Oceanogr., 61, 341–352,
2016.
Myhre, G., Shindell, D., Bréon, F. M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt, J.,
Huang, J., Koch, D., Lamarque, J. F., Lee, D., Mendoza, B., Nakajima, T.,
Robock, A., Stephens, G., Takemura, T., and Zhang, H.: Anthropogenic and
natural radiative forcing, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G. K., Tignor,
M. M. B., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and
Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2013.
Natchimuthu, S., Panneer Selvam, B., and Bastviken, D.: Influence of weather
variables on methane and carbon dioxide flux from a shallow pond,
Biogeochemistry, 119, 403–413, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-014-9976-z, 2014.
Neubauer, S. C. and Megonigal, J. P.: Moving Beyond Global Warming
Potentials to Quantify the Climatic Role of Ecosystems, Ecosystems, 18, 1–14,
2015.
Novikmec, M., Hamerlík, L., Kočický, D., Hrivnák, R.,
Kochjarová, J., Ot'ahel'ová, H., Pal'ove-Balang, P., and Svitok,
M.: Ponds and their catchments: size relationships and influence of land use
across multiple spatial scales, Hydrobiologia, 774, 155–166,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2514-8, 2016.
Ollivier, Q. R., Maher, D. T., Pitfield, C., and Macreadie, P. I.: Punching
above their weight: Large release of greenhouse gases from small
agricultural dams, Glob. Change Biol., 25, 721–732,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14477, 2019.
Pacheco, F. S., Roland, F., and Downing, J. A.: Eutrophication reverses
whole-lake carbon budgets, Inland Waters, 4, 41–48, https://doi.org/10.5268/IW-4.1.614,
2014.
Panneer Selvam, B., Natchimuthu, S., Arunachalam, L., and Bastviken, D.:
Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters in
India-Implications for large scale greenhouse gas balances, Glob. Change
Biol., 11, 3397–3407, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12575, 2014.
Patoine, A., Graham, M. D., and Leavitt, P. R.: Spatial variation of
nitrogen fixation in lakes of the northern Great Plains, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 51, 1665–1677, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.4.1665, 2006.
Peacock, M., Audet, J., Jordan, S., Smeds, J., and Wallin, M. B.: Greenhouse
gas emissions from urban ponds are driven by nutrient status and hydrology,
Ecosphere, 10, e02643, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2643, 2019.
Pennock, D., Yates, T., Bedard-Haughn, A., Phipps, K., Farrell, R., and
McDougal, R.: Landscape controls on N2O and CH4 emissions from
freshwater mineral soil wetlands of the Canadian Prairie Pothole region,
Geoderma, 155, 308–319, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.12.015, 2010.
Perkins, A. K., Santos, I. R., Sadat-Noori, M., Gatland, J. R., and Maher,
D. T.: Groundwater seepage as a driver of CO2 evasion in a coastal lake
(Lake Ainsworth, NSW, Australia), Environ. Earth Sci., 74, 779–792,
2015.
Pham, S. V., Leavitt, P. R., McGowan, S., Wissel, B., and Wassenaar, L. I.:
Spatial and temporal variability of prairie lake hydrology as revealed using
stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54,
101–118, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0101, 2009.
Premke, K., Attermeyer, K., Augustin, J., Cabezas, A., Casper, P., Deumlich,
D., Gelbrecht, J., Gerke, H. H., Gessler, A., Grossart, H. P., Hilt, S.,
Hupfer, M., Kalettka, T., Kayler, Z., Lischeid, G., Sommer, M., and Zak, D.:
The importance of landscape diversity for carbon fluxes at the landscape
level: small-scale heterogeneity matters, WIRES
Water, 3, 601–617, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1147, 2016.
Psenner, R. and Catalan, J.: Chemical composition of lakes in crystalline
basins: a combination of atmospheric deposition, geologic background,
biological activity and human action, in: Limnology Now: A Paradigm of Planetary Problems, edited by: Margalef, R., Elsevier, New York, 533 pp., 1994.
R Core Team: A language and environment for statistical computing, R
Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2018.
Read, J. S., Hamilton, D. P., Desai, A. R., Rose, K. C., MacIntyre, S.,
Lenters, J. D., Smyth, R. L., Hanson, P. C., Cole, J. J., Staehr, P. A.,
Rusak, J. A., Pierson, D. C., Brookes, J. D., Laas, A., and Wu, C. H.:
Lake-size dependency of wind shear and convection as controls on gas
exchange, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L09405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051886, 2012.
Robertson, G. P., Paul, E. A., and Harwood, R. R.: Greenhouse Gases in
Intensive Agriculture: Contributions of Individual Gases to the Radiative
Forcing of the Atmosphere, Science, 289, 1922–1925,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5486.1922, 2000.
Rose, K. C., Williamson, C. E., Kissman, C. E. H., and Saros, J. E.: Does
allochthony in lakes change across an elevation gradient?, Ecology, 96,
3281–3291, 2015.
Smith, S. V., Renwick, W. H., Bartley, J. D., and Buddemeier, R. W.:
Distribution and significance of small, artificial water bodies across the
United States landscape, Sci. Total Environ., 299, 21–36,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00222-X, 2002.
Stets, E. G., Butman, D., McDonald, C. P., Stackpoole, S. M., DeGrandpre, M.
D., and Striegl, R. G.: Carbonate buffering and metabolic controls on carbon
dioxide in rivers, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 31, 663–677,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005578, 2017.
Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J.: Aquatic chemistry; an introduction emphasizing
chemical equilibria in natural waters, Wiley, 583 pp., 1970.
Talling, J. F.: pH, the CO2 System and Freshwater Science, BIOONE, 2,
133–146, 2010.
Taylor, S., Gilbert, P. J., Cooke, D. A., Deary, M. E., and Jeffries, M. J.:
High carbon burial rates by small ponds in the landscape, Front.
Ecol. Environ., 17, 25–31, https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1988, 2019.
Torgersen, T. and Branco, B.: Carbon and oxygen fluxes from a small pond to
the atmosphere: Temporal variability and the CO2∕O2 imbalance,
Water Resour. Res., 44, W02417, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005634, 2008.
Vachon, D., Prairie, Y. T., Guillemette, F., and del Giorgio, P. A.:
Modeling Allochthonous Dissolved Organic Carbon Mineralization Under
Variable Hydrologic Regimes in Boreal Lakes, Ecosystems, 20, 781–795,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-016-0057-0, 2017.
van Bergen, T. J. H. M., Barros, N., Mendonça, R., Aben, R. C. H.,
Althuizen, I. H. J., Huszar, V., Lamers, L. P. M., Lürling, M., Roland,
F., and Kosten, S.: Seasonal and diel variation in greenhouse gas emissions
from an urban pond and its major drivers, Limnol. Oceanogr., 64, 2129–2139,
https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11173, 2019.
van der Kamp, G. and Hayashi, M.: Groundwater-wetland ecosystem interaction
in the semiarid glaciated plains of North America, Hydrogeol. J., 17,
203–214, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0367-1, 2009.
Verpoorter, C., Kutser, T., Seekell, D. A., and Tranvik, L. J.: A global
inventory of lakes based on high-resolution satellite imagery, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 41, 6396–6402, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060641, 2014.
Wang, X., He, Y., Yuan, X., Chen, H., Peng, C., Yue, J., Zhang, Q., Diao,
Y., and Liu, S.: Greenhouse gases concentrations and fluxes from subtropical
small reservoirs in relation with watershed urbanization, Atmos.
Environ., 154, 225–235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.01.047, 2017.
Webb, J. R. and Simpson, G.: Farm dam carbon dioxide and methane data, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3475628, 2019.
Webb, J. R., Hayes, N. M., Simpson, G. L., Leavitt, P. R., Baulch, H. M.,
and Finlay, K.: Widespread nitrous oxide undersaturation in farm waterbodies
creates an unexpected greenhouse gas sink, P. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 9814–9819, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820389116, 2019.
Weiss, R. F.: Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a
non-ideal gas, Mar. Chem., 2, 203–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(74)90015-2, 1974.
Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Kosten, S., Wallin, M. B., Tranvik, L. J., Jeppesen, E.,
and Roland, F.: Significant fraction of CO2 emissions from boreal lakes
derived from hydrologic inorganic carbon inputs, Nat. Geosci., 8, 933, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2582,
2015.
Whitfield, C. J., Aherne, J., and Baulch, H. M.: Controls on greenhouse gas
concentrations in polymictic headwater lakes in Ireland, Sci.
Total Environ., 410, 217–225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.045, 2011.
Wiik, E., Haig, H. A., Hayes, N. M., Finlay, K., Simpson, G. L., Vogt, R.
J., and Leavitt, P. R.: Generalized Additive Models of Climatic and
Metabolic Controls of Subannual Variation in pCO2 in Productive
Hardwater Lakes, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 123,
1940–1959, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jg004506, 2018.
Winter, T. C. and LaBaugh, J. W.: Hydrologic considerations in defining
isolated wetlands, Wetlands, 23, 532, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0532:HCIDIW]2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Wood, S. N.: Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal
likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models, J. R. Stat. Soc. B, 73,
3–36, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2010.00749.x, 2011.
Wood, S. N., Pya, N., and Säfken, B.: Smoothing Parameter and Model
Selection for General Smooth Models, J. Am. Stat.
Assoc., 111, 1548–1563, https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2016.1180986, 2016.
Yamamoto, S., Alcauskas, J. B., and Crozier, T. E.: Solubility of methane in
distilled water and seawater, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 21,
78–80, 1976.
Yi, Y., Brock, B. E., Falcone, M. D., Wolfe, B. B., and Edwards, T. W. D.: A
coupled isotope tracer method to characterize input water to lakes, J. Hydrol., 350, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.008, 2008.
Zhang, J., Ma, K., and Fu, B.: Wetland loss under the impact of agricultural
development in the Sanjiang Plain, NE China, Environ. Monit.
Assess., 166, 139–148, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0990-x, 2010.
Short summary
Small farm reservoirs are key features within agricultural landscapes, yet these waterbodies can contribute substantial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. This study assessed some of the environmental factors that may impact the production of these GHGs. We found promise that farm reservoirs can act as net greenhouse gas sinks and identified some of the key water quality, landscape, and design features that may support GHG mitigation.
Small farm reservoirs are key features within agricultural landscapes, yet these waterbodies can...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint