Articles | Volume 17, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2453-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2453-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 May 2020
Research article |
| 07 May 2020
| 07 May 2020
Senescence as the main driver of iodide release from a diverse range of marine phytoplankton
Department of
Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
now at: RD2, Biological
Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Claire Hughes
Department of
Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
Karen Hogg
Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
Susannah Collings
Department of
Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
Rosie Chance
Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory (WACL), University of York, Heslington, York, UK
Related authors
Joachim Schönfeld, Hermann W. Bange, Helmke Hepach, and Svenja Reents
Biogeosciences, 23, 421–440, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-421-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-421-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The current state of intertidal waters at Bottsand lagoon on the Baltic Sea coast, and on the mudflats off Schobüll on the North Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany was assessed with a 36-month time series of water level, temperature, and salinity measurements. Periods of strong precipitation, high Elbe river discharge, and high solar radiation caused a higher data variability as compared to the off shore monitoring stations Boknis Eck in the Baltic and Sylt Roads in the North Sea.
Joachim Schönfeld, Hermann W. Bange, Helmke Hepach, and Svenja Reents
Biogeosciences, 23, 421–440, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-421-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-421-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The current state of intertidal waters at Bottsand lagoon on the Baltic Sea coast, and on the mudflats off Schobüll on the North Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany was assessed with a 36-month time series of water level, temperature, and salinity measurements. Periods of strong precipitation, high Elbe river discharge, and high solar radiation caused a higher data variability as compared to the off shore monitoring stations Boknis Eck in the Baltic and Sylt Roads in the North Sea.
Cited articles
Amachi, S.: Microbial contribution to global iodine cycling: Volatilization,
accumulation, reduction, oxidation, and sorption of iodine, Microbes
Environ., 23, 269–276, https://doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.ME08548, 2008.
Baumann, K. H.: Importance of size measurements for coccolith carbonate flux
estimates, Micropaleontology, 50, 35-43, https://doi.org/10.2113/50.Suppl_1.35, 2004.
Berges, J. A., Franklin, D. J., and Harrison, P. J.: Evolution of an
artificial seawater medium: Improvements in enriched seawater, artificial
water over the last two decades, J. Phycol., 37, 1138–1145,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.01052.x, 2001.
Bichsel, Y. and von Gunten, U.: Oxidation of Iodide and Hypoiodous Acid in
the Disinfection of Natural Waters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 4040–4045,
https://doi.org/10.1021/ess990336c, 1999.
Blanco-Ameijeiras, S., Lebrato, M., Stoll, H. M., Iglesias-Rodriguez, D.,
Muller, M. N., Mendez-Vicente, A., and Oschlies, A.: Phenotypic variability
in the coccolithophore emiliania huxleyi, PLoS One, 11, 1–17,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157697, 2016.
Bluhm, K., Croot, P., Wuttig, K., and Lochte, K.: Transformation of iodate
to iodide in marine phytoplankton driven by cell senescence, Aquat. Biol.,
11, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00284, 2010.
Buitenhuis, E. T., Li, W. K. W., Vaulot, D., Lomas, M. W., Landry, M. R., Partensky, F., Karl, D. M., Ulloa, O., Campbell, L., Jacquet, S., Lantoine, F., Chavez, F., Macias, D., Gosselin, M., and McManus, G. B.: Picophytoplankton biomass distribution in the global ocean, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 4, 37–46, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-4-37-2012, 2012.
Butenschön, M., Clark, J., Aldridge, J. N., Allen, J. I., Artioli, Y., Blackford, J., Bruggeman, J., Cazenave, P., Ciavatta, S., Kay, S., Lessin, G., van Leeuwen, S., van der Molen, J., de Mora, L., Polimene, L., Sailley, S., Stephens, N., and Torres, R.: ERSEM 15.06: a generic model for marine biogeochemistry and the ecosystem dynamics of the lower trophic levels, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1293–1339, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1293-2016, 2016.
Butler, E. C. V., Smith, J. D., and Fisher, N. S.: Influence of
phytoplankton on iodine speciation in seawater, Limnol. Oceanogr., 26,
382–386, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1981.26.2.0382, 1981.
Campos, M., Farrenkopf, A. M., Jickells, T. D., and Luther, G. W.: A
comparison of dissolved iodine cycling at the bermuda atlantic time-series
station and hawaii ocean time-series station, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 43, 455–466, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0645(95)00100-x, 1996.
Campos, M. L. A. M.: New approach to evaluating dissolved iodine speciation
in natural waters using cathodic stripping voltammetry and a storage study
for preserving iodine species, Mar. Chem., 57, 107–117,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(96)00093-X, 1997.
Carpenter, L. J., MacDonald, S. M., Shaw, M. D., Kumar, R., Saunders, R. W.,
Parthipan, R., Wilson, J., and Plane, J. M. C.: Atmospheric iodine levels
influenced by sea surface emissions of inorganic iodine, Nat. Geosci., 6,
108–111, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1687, 2013.
Chance, R., Malin, G., Jickells, T., and Baker, A. R.: Reduction of iodate
to iodide by cold water diatom cultures, Mar. Chem., 105, 169–180,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.06.008, 2007.
Chance, R., Baker, A. R., Küpper, F. C., Hughes, C., Kloareg, B., and
Malin, G.: Release and transformations of inorganic iodine by marine
macroalgae, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 82, 406–414,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.02.004, 2009.
Chance, R., Weston, K., Baker, A. R., Hughes, C., Malin, G., Carpenter, L.,
Meredith, M. P., Clarke, A., Jickells, T. D., Mann, P., and Rossetti, H.:
Seasonal and interannual variation of dissolved iodine speciation at a
coastal antarctic site, Mar. Chem., 118, 171–181,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.11.009, 2010.
Chance, R., Baker, A. R., Carpenter, L., and Jickells, T. D.: The
distribution of iodide at the sea surface, Environm. Sci., 16, 1841–1859, https://doi.org/10.1039/c4em00139g, 2014.
de la Cuesta, J. L. and Manley, S. L.: Iodine assimilation by marine
diatoms and other phytoplankton in nitrate-replete conditions, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 54, 1653–1664, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.5.1653, 2009.
Degerlund, M., Huseby, S., Zingone, A., Sarno, D., and Landfald, B.:
Functional diversity in cryptic species of chaetoceros socialis lauder
(bacillariophyceae), J. Plankton Res., 34, 416–431, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbs004,
2012.
Edwards, A. and Truesdale, V. W.: Regeneration of inorganic iodine species
in loch etive, a natural leaky incubator, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 45,
357–366, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1996.0185, 1997.
Ehn, M., Vuollekoski, H., Petaja, T., Kerminen, V. M., Vana, M., Aalto, P.,
de Leeuw, G., Ceburnis, D., Dupuy, R., O'Dowd, C. D., and Kulmala, M.:
Growth rates during coastal and marine new particle formation in western
ireland, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D18218, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd014292, 2010.
Elderfield, H. and Truesdale, V. W.: On the biophilic nature of iodine in
seawater, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 50, 105–114,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(80)90122-3, 1980.
Franklin, D. J., Steinke, M., Young, J., Probert, I., and Malin, G.:
Dimethylsulphoniopropionate (dmsp), dmsp-lyase activity (dla) and
dimethylsulphide (dms) in 10 species of coccolithophore, Mar. Ecol.-Prog.
Ser., 410, 13–23, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08596, 2010.
Fuse, H., Inoue, H., Murakami, K., Takimura, O., and Yamaoka, Y.: Production
of free and organic iodine by roseovarius spp, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 229,
189–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00839-5, 2003.
Ganzeveld, L., Helmig, D., Fairall, C. W., Hare, J., and Pozzer, A.:
Atmosphere-ocean ozone exchange: A global modeling study of biogeochemical,
atmospheric, and waterside turbulence dependencies, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
23, GB4021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gb003301, 2009.
Gregg, W. W., Ginoux, P., Schopf, P. S., and Casey, N. W.: Phytoplankton and
iron: Validation of a global three-dimensional ocean biogeochemical model,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 3143–3169,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.07.013, 2003.
Guillard, R. R. and Ryther, J. H.: Studies of marine planktonic diatoms, 1. Cyclotella nana hustedt, and detonula confervacea (cleve) gran, Can. J.
Microbiol., 8, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.1139/m62-029, 1962.
Heinle, M.: The effects of light, temperature and nutrients on
coccolithophores and implications for biogeochemical models, PhD, School of
Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, 226 pp., 2013.
Helmig, D., Lang, E. K., Bariteau, L., Boylan, P., Fairall, C. W.,
Ganzeveld, L., Hare, J. E., Hueber, J., and Pallandt, M.: Atmosphere-ocean
ozone fluxes during the texaqs 2006, stratus 2006, gomecc 2007, gasex 2008,
and amma 2008 cruises, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D04305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015955,
2012.
Hepach, H. and Hughes, C.: Monoculture experiments of iodate-to-iodide conversion in phytoplankton between November 2016–October 2017, BODC, available at: https://doi.org/10.5285/a3ca5dd8-9e06-06be-e053-6c86abc02d35 last access: 21 April 2020.
Hepach, H., Quack, B., Tegtmeier, S., Engel, A., Bracher, A., Fuhlbrügge, S., Galgani, L., Atlas, E. L., Lampel, J., Frieß, U., and Krüger, K.: Biogenic halocarbons from the Peruvian upwelling region as tropospheric halogen source, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12219–12237, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016, 2016.
Hernández Javier, L. H., Benzekri, H., Gut, M., Claros, M. G., van
Bergeijk, S., Canavate, J. P., and Manchado, M.: Characterization of
iodine-related molecular processes in the marine microalga tisochrysis lutea
(haptophyta), Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 134, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00134, 2018.
Hughes, C., Malin, G., Nightingale, P. D., and Liss, P. S.: The effect of
light stress on the release of volatile iodocarbons by three species of
marine microalgae, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 2849–2854,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.6.2849, 2006.
Hung, C. C., Wong, G. T. F., and Dunstan, W. M.: Iodate reduction activity
in nitrate reductase extracts from marine phytoplankton, B. Mar. Sci.,
76, 61–72, 2005.
Jin, P., Gao, K. S., and Beardall, J.: Evolutionary responses of a
coccolithophorid gephyrocapsa oceanica to ocean acidification, Evolution,
67, 1869–1878, https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12112, 2013.
Keller, M. D., Selvin, R. C., Claus, W., and Guillard, R. R. L.: Media for
the culture of oceanic ultraphytoplankton, J. Phycol., 23, 633–638,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1987.tb04217.x, 1987.
Küpper, F. C., Schweigert, N., Ar Gall, E., Potin, P., Vilter, H., and
Kloareg, B.: Iodine uptake in laminariales involves extracellular,
haloperoxidase-mediated oxidation of iodide, Phycologia, 36, 56–56,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s004250050469, 1997.
Küpper, F. C., Carpenter, L. J., McFiggans, G. B., Palmer, C. J., Waite,
T. J., Boneberg, E. M., Woitsch, S., Weiller, M., Abela, R., Grolimund, D.,
Potin, P., Butler, A., Luther, G. W., Kroneck, P. M. H., Meyer-Klaucke, W.,
and Feiters, M. C.: Iodide accumulation provides kelp with an inorganic
antioxidant impacting atmospheric chemistry, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 6954–6958, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709959105, 2008.
Luhar, A. K., Galbally, I. E., Woodhouse, M. T., and Thatcher, M.: An improved parameterisation of ozone dry deposition to the ocean and its impact in a global climate-chemistry model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3749–3767, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3749-2017, 2017.
Luther, G. W., Wu, J. F., and Cullen, J. B.: Redox chemistry of iodine in
seawater – frontier molecular-orbital theory considerations, in: Aquatic
chemistry: Interfacial and interspecies processes, edited by: Huang, C. P.,
Omelia, C. R., and Morgan, J. J., Advances in chemistry series, Amer.
Chemical Soc., Washington, 135–155, 1995.
MacDonald, S. M., Gómez Martín, J. C., Chance, R., Warriner, S., Saiz-Lopez, A., Carpenter, L. J., and Plane, J. M. C.: A laboratory characterisation of inorganic iodine emissions from the sea surface: dependence on oceanic variables and parameterisation for global modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5841–5852, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5841-2014, 2014.
Miyake, Y. and Tsunogai, S.: Evaporation of iodine from ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 3989–3993, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ068i013p03989, 1963.
Moisan, T. A., Dunstan, W. M., Udomkit, A., and Wong, G. T. F.: The uptake
of iodate by marine-phytoplankton, J. Phycol., 30, 580–587,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1994.00580.x, 1994.
O'Dowd, C. D., Hameri, K., Makela, J., Vakeva, M., Aalto, P., de Leeuw, G.,
Kunz, G. J., Becker, E., Hansson, H. C., Allen, A. G., Harrison, R. M.,
Berresheim, H., Geever, M., Jennings, S. G., and Kulmala, M.: Coastal new
particle formation: Environmental conditions and aerosol physicochemical
characteristics during nucleation bursts, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, D198107,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd000206, 2002.
Oh, I. B., Byun, D. W., Kim, H. C., Kim, S., and Cameron, B.: Modeling the
effect of iodide distribution on ozone deposition to seawater surface,
Atmos. Environ., 42, 4453–4466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.022, 2008.
Prados-Roman, C., Cuevas, C. A., Hay, T., Fernandez, R. P., Mahajan, A. S., Royer, S.-J., Galí, M., Simó, R., Dachs, J., Großmann, K., Kinnison, D. E., Lamarque, J.-F., and Saiz-Lopez, A.: Iodine oxide in the global marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 583–593, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-583-2015, 2015.
Quéré, C. L., Harrison, S. P., Colin Prentice, I., Buitenhuis, E.
T., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Claustre, H., Cotrim Da Cunha, L., Geider, R.,
Giraud, X., Klaas, C., Kohfeld, K. E., Legendre, L., Manizza, M., Platt, T.,
Rivkin, R. B., Sathyendranath, S., Uitz, J., Watson, A. J., and
Wolf-Gladrow, D.: Ecosystem dynamics based on plankton functional types for
global ocean biogeochemistry models, Global Change Biol., 11, 2016–2040,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.1004.x, 2005.
Saiz-Lopez, A., Plane, J. M. C., Baker, A. R., Carpenter, L. J., von Glasow,
R., Martin, J. C. G., McFiggans, G., and Saunders, R. W.: Atmospheric
chemistry of iodine, Chem. Rev., 112, 1773–1804, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr200029u, 2012.
Sellegri, K., Pey, J., Rose, C., Culot, A., DeWitt, H. L., Mas, S., Schwier,
A. N., Temime-Roussel, B., Charriere, B., Saiz-Lopez, A., Mahajan, A. S.,
Parin, D., Kukui, A., Sempere, R., D'Anna, B., and Marchand, N.: Evidence of
atmospheric nanoparticle formation from emissions of marine microorganisms,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 6596–6603, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069389, 2016.
Sherwen, T., Evans, M. J., Carpenter, L. J., Andrews, S. J., Lidster, R. T., Dix, B., Koenig, T. K., Sinreich, R., Ortega, I., Volkamer, R., Saiz-Lopez, A., Prados-Roman, C., Mahajan, A. S., and Ordóñez, C.: Iodine's impact on tropospheric oxidants: a global model study in GEOS-Chem, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1161–1186, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1161-2016, 2016.
Sherwen, T., Chance, R. J., Tinel, L., Ellis, D., Evans, M. J., and
Carpenter, L. J.: A machine-learning-based global sea-surface iodide
distribution, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1239–1262,
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1239-2019, 2019.
Spokes, L. J. and Liss, P. S.: Photochemically induced redox reactions in
seawater, 2. Nitrogen and iodine, Mar. Chem., 54, 1–10,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(96)00033-3, 1996.
Teiwes, R., Elm, J., Bilde, M., and Pedersen, H. B.: The reaction of
hydrated iodide I(H2O)− with ozone: a new route to IO
Truesdale, V. W. and Spencer, C. P.: Studies on the determination of
inorganic iodine in seawater, Mar. Chem., 2, 33–47,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(74)90004-8, 1974.
Truesdale, V. W. and Moore, R. M.: Further studies on the chemical
reduction of molecular iodide added to seawater, Mar. Chem., 40, 199–213,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(92)90023-4, 1992.
Truesdale, V. W., Bale, A. J., and Woodward, E. M. S.: The meridional
distribution of dissolved iodine in near-surface waters of the atlantic
ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 45, 387–400, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(00)00009-4, 2000.
Truesdale, V. W.: On the feasibility of some photochemical reactions of
iodide in seawater, Mar. Chem., 104, 266-281, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.12.003,
2007.
Tsunogai, S. and Sase, T.: Formation of iodide-iodine in ocean, Deep-Sea
Res., 16, 489–496, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(69)90037-0, 1969.
Tsunogai, S.: Iodine in the deep water of the ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 18, 913–919,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(71)90065-9, 1971.
van Bergeijk, S. A., Javier, L. H., Heyland, A., Manchado, M., and Canavate,
J. P.: Uptake of iodide in the marine haptophyte Isochrysis sp. (T. ISO)
driven by iodide oxidation, J. Phycol., 49, 640–647, https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12073,
2013.
van Bergeijk, S. A., Hernandez, L., Zubia, E., and Canavate, J. P.: Iodine
balance, growth and biochemical composition of three marine microalgae
cultured under various inorganic iodine concentrations, Mar. Biol., 163, 640–647, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-2884-0, 2016.
Vogt, M., O'Brien, C., Peloquin, J., Schoemann, V., Breton, E., Estrada, M., Gibson, J., Karentz, D., Van Leeuwe, M. A., Stefels, J., Widdicombe, C., and Peperzak, L.: Global marine plankton functional type biomass distributions: Phaeocystis spp., Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 4, 107–120, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-4-107-2012, 2012.
Waite, T. J. and Truesdale, V. W.: Iodate reduction by isochrysis galbana
is relatively insensitive to de-activation of nitrate reductase activity –
are phytoplankton really responsible for iodate reduction in seawater?, Mar.
Chem., 81, 137–148, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(03)00013-6, 2003.
Waterbury, J. B., Watson, S. W., Valois, F. W., and Franks, D. G.:
Biological and ecological characterization of the marine unicellular
cyanobacterium synechococcus, in: Photosynthetic picoplankton, edited by:
Platt, T. and Li, W. K. W., Can. B. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 214, 71–120, 1986.
Wong, G. T. F., Brewer, P. G., and Spencer, D. W.: Distribution of
particulate iodine in atlantic ocean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 32, 441–450,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(76)90084-4, 1976.
Wong, G. T. F. and Cheng, X. H.: Dissolved organic iodine in marine waters:
Role in the estuarine geochemistry of iodine, J. Environ. Monit., 3,
257–263, https://doi.org/10.1039/b007229j, 2001.
Wong, G. T. F. and Hung, C. C.: Speciation of dissolved iodine: Integrating
nitrate uptake over time in the oceans, Cont. Shelf Res., 21, 113–128,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(00)00086-8, 2001.
Wong, G. T. F., Piumsomboon, A. U., and Dunstan, W. M.: The transformation
of iodate to iodide in marine phytoplankton cultures, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser.,
237, 27–39, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps237027, 2002.
Wong, G. T. F. and Zhang, L.-S.: The kinetics of the reactions between
iodide and hydrogen peroxide in seawater, Mar. Chem., 111, 22–29,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.04.007, 2008.
Zic, V., Caric, M., and Ciglenecki, I.: The impact of natural water column
mixing on iodine and nutrient speciation in a eutrophic anchialine pond
(rogoznica lake, croatia), Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 133, 260–272,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.09.008, 2013.
Short summary
Tropospheric iodine takes part in numerous atmospheric chemical cycles, including tropospheric ozone destruction and aerosol formation. Due to its significance for atmospheric processes, it is crucial to constrain its sources and sinks. This paper aims at investigating and understanding features of biogenic iodate-to-iodide reduction in microalgal monocultures. We find that phytoplankton senescence may play a crucial role in the release of iodide to the marine environment.
Tropospheric iodine takes part in numerous atmospheric chemical cycles, including tropospheric...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint