Articles | Volume 17, issue 23
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5967-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5967-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 Dec 2020
Research article |
| 03 Dec 2020
| 03 Dec 2020
Extreme event waves in marine ecosystems: an application to Mediterranean Sea surface chlorophyll
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS, Trieste, Italy
Gianpiero Cossarini
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS, Trieste, Italy
Stefano Salon
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS, Trieste, Italy
Cosimo Solidoro
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS, Trieste, Italy
Related authors
Valeria Di Biagio, Stefano Salon, Laura Feudale, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Biogeosciences, 19, 5553–5574, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of dissolved oxygen in the ocean is the result of interacting physical and biological processes. Oxygen vertical profiles show a subsurface maximum in a large part of the ocean. We used a numerical model to map this subsurface maximum in the Mediterranean Sea and to link local differences in its properties to the driving processes. This emerging feature can help the marine ecosystem functioning to be better understood, also under the impacts of climate change.
Valeria Di Biagio, Stefano Querin, Carolina Amadio, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Stefano Piani, Simone Spada, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-9, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-9, 2025
Preprint under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Anomalous eutrophication levels characterised the northern Adriatic Sea in 2024 spring and fall. We analysed the anomaly in marine chlorophyll and primary production by using satellite and models, in connection with multiple events of very intense river discharges, high temperatures and circulation structures. Our study proves the importance of coastal forecasting models to monitor ocean-land dynamics.
Gianpiero Cossarini, Andrew Moore, Stefano Ciavatta, and Katja Fennel
State Planet, 5-opsr, 12, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-12-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-12-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Marine biogeochemistry refers to the cycling of chemical elements resulting from physical transport, chemical reaction, uptake, and processing by living organisms. Biogeochemical models can have a wide range of complexity, from a single nutrient to fully explicit representations of multiple nutrients, trophic levels, and functional groups. Uncertainty sources are the lack of knowledge about the parameterizations, the initial and boundary conditions, and the lack of observations.
Gloria Pietropolli, Luca Manzoni, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7347–7364, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring the ocean is essential for studying marine life and human impact. Our new software, PPCon, uses ocean data to predict key factors like nitrate and chlorophyll levels, which are hard to measure directly. By leveraging machine learning, PPCon offers more accurate and efficient predictions.
Anna Teruzzi, Ali Aydogdu, Carolina Amadio, Emanuela Clementi, Simone Colella, Valeria Di Biagio, Massimiliano Drudi, Claudia Fanelli, Laura Feudale, Alessandro Grandi, Pietro Miraglio, Andrea Pisano, Jenny Pistoia, Marco Reale, Stefano Salon, Gianluca Volpe, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 4-osr8, 15, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A noticeable cold spell occurred in Eastern Europe at the beginning of 2022 and was the main driver of intense deep-water formation and the associated transport of nutrients to the surface. Southeast of Crete, the availability of both light and nutrients in the surface layer stimulated an anomalous phytoplankton bloom. In the area, chlorophyll concentration (a proxy for bloom intensity) and primary production were considerably higher than usual, suggesting possible impacts on fishery catches.
Karina von Schuckmann, Lorena Moreira, Mathilde Cancet, Flora Gues, Emmanuelle Autret, Ali Aydogdu, Lluis Castrillo, Daniele Ciani, Andrea Cipollone, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alvaro de Pascual-Collar, Vincenzo De Toma, Marion Gehlen, Rianne Giesen, Marie Drevillon, Claudia Fanelli, Kevin Hodges, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Eric Jansen, Melanie Juza, Ioanna Karagali, Priidik Lagemaa, Vidar Lien, Leonardo Lima, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Ilja Maljutenko, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, Pietro Miraglio, Helen Morrison, Tabea Rebekka Panteleit, Andrea Pisano, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Urmas Raudsepp, Roshin Raj, Ad Stoffelen, Simon Van Gennip, Pierre Veillard, and Chunxue Yang
State Planet, 4-osr8, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, 2024
Carolina Amadio, Anna Teruzzi, Gloria Pietropolli, Luca Manzoni, Gianluca Coidessa, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Ocean Sci., 20, 689–710, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Forecasting of marine biogeochemistry can be improved via the assimilation of observations. Floating buoys provide multivariate information about the status of the ocean interior. Information on the ocean interior can be expanded/augmented by machine learning. In this work, we show the enhanced impact of assimilating new in situ variables (oxygen) and reconstructed variables (nitrate) in the operational forecast system (MedBFM) model of the Mediterranean Sea.
Eva Álvarez, Gianpiero Cossarini, Anna Teruzzi, Jorn Bruggeman, Karsten Bolding, Stefano Ciavatta, Vincenzo Vellucci, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, David Antoine, and Paolo Lazzari
Biogeosciences, 20, 4591–4624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4591-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4591-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) interacts with the ambient light and gives the waters of the Mediterranean Sea their colour. We propose a novel parameterization of the CDOM cycle, whose parameter values have been optimized by using the data of the monitoring site BOUSSOLE. Nutrient and light limitations for locally produced CDOM caused aCDOM(λ) to covary with chlorophyll, while the above-average CDOM concentrations observed at this site were maintained by allochthonous sources.
Simone Spada, Anna Teruzzi, Stefano Maset, Stefano Salon, Cosimo Solidoro, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-170, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-170, 2023
Preprint under review for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
In geosciences, data assimilation (DA) combines modeled dynamics and observations to reduce simulation uncertainties. Uncertainties can be dynamically and effectively estimated in ensemble DA methods. With respect to current techniques, the novel GHOSH ensemble DA scheme is designed to improve accuracy by reaching a higher approximation order, without increasing computational costs, as demonstrated in idealized Lorenz96 tests and in realistic simulations of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry
Giovanni Coppini, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, Gerasimos Korres, Michalis Ravdas, Rita Lecci, Jenny Pistoia, Anna Chiara Goglio, Massimiliano Drudi, Alessandro Grandi, Ali Aydogdu, Romain Escudier, Andrea Cipollone, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Antonio Mariani, Sergio Cretì, Francesco Palermo, Matteo Scuro, Simona Masina, Nadia Pinardi, Antonio Navarra, Damiano Delrosso, Anna Teruzzi, Valeria Di Biagio, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Gianluca Coidessa, Carolina Amadio, Alberto Brosich, Arnau Miró, Eva Alvarez, Paolo Lazzari, Cosimo Solidoro, Charikleia Oikonomou, and Anna Zacharioudaki
Ocean Sci., 19, 1483–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents the Mediterranean Forecasting System evolution and performance developed in the framework of the Copernicus Marine Service.
Valeria Di Biagio, Riccardo Martellucci, Milena Menna, Anna Teruzzi, Carolina Amadio, Elena Mauri, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 1-osr7, 10, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen is essential to all aerobic organisms, and its content in the marine environment is continuously under assessment. By integrating observations with a model, we describe the dissolved oxygen variability in a sensitive Mediterranean area in the period 1999–2021 and ascribe it to multiple acting physical and biological drivers. Moreover, the reduction recognized in 2021, apparently also due to other mechanisms, requires further monitoring in light of its possible impacts.
Stefania A. Ciliberti, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Jay Pearlman, Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Pierre Bahurel, Fabrice Ardhuin, Alain Arnaud, Mike Bell, Segolene Berthou, Laurent Bertino, Arthur Capet, Eric Chassignet, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Gianpaolo Coro, Stuart Corney, Fraser Davidson, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Renaud Dussurget, Ghada El Serafy, Katja Fennel, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Patrick Heimbach, Fabrice Hernandez, Patrick Hogan, Ibrahim Hoteit, Sudheer Joseph, Simon Josey, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Simone Libralato, Marco Mancini, Pascal Matte, Angelique Melet, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Andrew M. Moore, Antonio Novellino, Andrew Porter, Heather Regan, Laia Romero, Andreas Schiller, John Siddorn, Joanna Staneva, Cecile Thomas-Courcoux, Marina Tonani, Jose Maria Garcia-Valdecasas, Jennifer Veitch, Karina von Schuckmann, Liying Wan, John Wilkin, and Romane Zufic
State Planet, 1-osr7, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, 2023
Alexandre Mignot, Hervé Claustre, Gianpiero Cossarini, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Elodie Gutknecht, Julien Lamouroux, Paolo Lazzari, Coralie Perruche, Stefano Salon, Raphaëlle Sauzède, Vincent Taillandier, and Anna Teruzzi
Biogeosciences, 20, 1405–1422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical models of ocean biogeochemistry are becoming a major tool to detect and predict the impact of climate change on marine resources and monitor ocean health. Here, we demonstrate the use of the global array of BGC-Argo floats for the assessment of biogeochemical models. We first detail the handling of the BGC-Argo data set for model assessment purposes. We then present 23 assessment metrics to quantify the consistency of BGC model simulations with respect to BGC-Argo data.
Valeria Di Biagio, Stefano Salon, Laura Feudale, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Biogeosciences, 19, 5553–5574, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of dissolved oxygen in the ocean is the result of interacting physical and biological processes. Oxygen vertical profiles show a subsurface maximum in a large part of the ocean. We used a numerical model to map this subsurface maximum in the Mediterranean Sea and to link local differences in its properties to the driving processes. This emerging feature can help the marine ecosystem functioning to be better understood, also under the impacts of climate change.
Marco Reale, Gianpiero Cossarini, Paolo Lazzari, Tomas Lovato, Giorgio Bolzon, Simona Masina, Cosimo Solidoro, and Stefano Salon
Biogeosciences, 19, 4035–4065, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Future projections under the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 emission scenarios of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry at the end of the 21st century show different levels of decline in nutrients, oxygen and biomasses and an acidification of the water column. The signal intensity is stronger under RCP8.5 and in the eastern Mediterranean. Under RCP4.5, after the second half of the 21st century, biogeochemical variables show a recovery of the values observed at the beginning of the investigated period.
Ginevra Rosati, Donata Canu, Paolo Lazzari, and Cosimo Solidoro
Biogeosciences, 19, 3663–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3663-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3663-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Methylmercury (MeHg) is produced and bioaccumulated in marine food webs, posing concerns for human exposure through seafood consumption. We modeled and analyzed the fate of MeHg in the lower food web of the Mediterranean Sea. The modeled spatial–temporal distribution of plankton bioaccumulation differs from the distribution of MeHg in surface water. We also show that MeHg exposure concentrations in temperate waters can be lowered by winter convection, which is declining due to climate change.
Anna Teruzzi, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Biogeosciences, 18, 6147–6166, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During summer, maxima of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration (DCM) occur in the subsurface of the Mediterranean Sea and can play a relevant role in carbon sequestration into the ocean interior. A numerical model based on in situ and satellite observations provides insights into the range of DCM conditions across the relatively small Mediterranean Sea and shows a western DCM that is 25 % shallower and with a higher phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration than in the eastern Mediterranean.
Paolo Lazzari, Stefano Salon, Elena Terzić, Watson W. Gregg, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Vincenzo Vellucci, Emanuele Organelli, and David Antoine
Ocean Sci., 17, 675–697, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-675-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-675-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Multispectral optical sensors and models are increasingly adopted to study marine systems. In this work, bio-optical mooring and biogeochemical Argo float optical observations are combined with the Ocean-Atmosphere Spectral Irradiance Model (OASIM) to analyse the variability of sunlight at the sea surface. We show that the model skill in simulating data varies according to the wavelength of light and temporal scale considered and that it is significantly affected by cloud dynamics.
Giuliana Rossi, Gualtiero Böhm, Angela Saraò, Diego Cotterle, Lorenzo Facchin, Paolo Giurco, Renata Giulia Lucchi, Maria Elena Musco, Francesca Petrera, Stefano Picotti, and Stefano Salon
Geosci. Commun., 3, 381–392, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-381-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-381-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We organized an exhibition on the climate crisis using high-quality images shot by scientists, who are amateur photographers, during their campaigns in glacier regions. Working-age people, attracted by the gorgeous images, received the message that such beauty is in danger of vanishing. Twice, the visitors could talk directly with the experts to discuss geoscience, photography, and aesthetic choices and, of course, climate change, a problem that each of us has to play a part in to solve.
Cited articles
Allan, R. and Soden, B.: Atmospheric warming and the amplification of
precipitation extremes, Science, 321, 1481–1484,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1160787, 2008.
Andersson, A. J., Mackenzie, F. T., and Gattuso, J. P.: Effects of ocean
acidification on benthic processes, organisms, and ecosystems, Ocean
acidification, 8, 122–153, 2011.
Andreadis, K. M., Clark, E. A., Wood, A. W., Hamlet, A. F., and Lettenmaier,
D. P: Twentieth-century drought in the conterminous United States, J.
Hydrometeorol., 6, 985–1001, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM450.1, 2005.
Artale, V., Astraldi, M., Buffoni, G., and Gasparini, G. P.: Seasonal
variability of gyre-scale circulation in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 99, 14127–14137, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC00284, 1994.
Asch, R. G., Stock, C. A., and Sarmiento J. L.: Climate change impacts on
mismatches between phytoplankton blooms and fish spawning phenology, Glob.
Change Biol., 25, 2544–2559, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14650, 2019.
Ayata, S. D., Irisson, J. O., Aubert, A., Berline, L., Dutay, J. C., Mayot,
N., Nieblas, A., D'Ortenzio, F., Palmiéri, J., Reygondeau, G., Rossi, V.,
and Guieu, C.: Regionalisation of the Mediterranean basin, a MERMEX
synthesis, Prog. Oceanogr., 163, 7–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.09.016, 2018.
Barale, V., Jaquet, J.-M., and Ndiaye, M.: Algal blooming patterns and
anomalies in the Mediterranean Sea as derived from the SeaWiFS data set
(1998–2003), Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 3300–3313, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.10.014, 2008.
Belkin, I. M.: Rapid warming of large marine ecosystems, Prog. Oceanogr.,
81, 207–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.011, 2009.
Bezdek, J. C., Ehrlich, R., and Full, W.: FCM: The fuzzy c-means clustering
algorithm, Comput. Geosci., 10, 191–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(84)90020-7, 1984.
Boyce, D. G., Lewis, M. R., and Worm, B.: Global phytoplankton decline over
the past century, Nature, 466, 591,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09268, 2010.
Burrough, P. A., van Gaans, P. F. M., and Hootsmans, R.: Continuous
classification in soil survey: spatial correlation, confusion and
boundaries, Geoderma, 77, 115–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7061(97)00018-9, 1997.
Calbet, A. and Agustí, S.: Latitudinal changes of copepod egg
production rates in Atlantic waters: temperature and food availability as
the main driving factors, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 181, 155–162,
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps181155, 1999.
Ciavatta, S., Kay, S., Saux-Picart, S., Butenschön, M., and Allen, J.
I.: Decadal reanalysis of biogeochemical indicators and fluxes in the North
West European shelf-sea ecosystem, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
121, 1824–1845, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jc011496, 2016.
Colella, S., Falcini, F., Rinaldi, E., Sammartino, M., and Santoleri, R.:
Mediterranean ocean colour chlorophyll trends, PloS ONE, 11, e0155756, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155756, 2016.
Conley, D. J., Carstensen, J., Vaquer-Sunyer, R., and Duarte, C. M.:
Ecosystem thresholds with hypoxia, in: Eutrophication in coastal ecosystems, edited by: Andersen, J. H. and Conley, D. J., Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, 21–30, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3385-7, 2009.
Cossarini, G., Querin, S., Solidoro, C., Sannino, G., Lazzari, P., Di Biagio, V., and Bolzon, G.: Development of BFMCOUPLER (v1.0), the coupling scheme that links the MITgcm and BFM models for ocean biogeochemistry simulations, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1423–1445, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1423-2017, 2017.
Delaunay, D.: Extreme wind speed distributions for tropical cyclones, J.
Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 28, 61–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(88)90102-X, 1988.
Desmit, X., Thieu, V., Billen, G., Campuzano, F., Dulière, V., Garnier, J., Lassaletta, L., Ménesguen, A., Neves, R., Pinto, L., Silvestre, M., Sobrinho, J. L., and Lacroix, G.: Reducing marine eutrophication may require a
paradigmatic change, Sci. Total Environ., 635, 1444–1466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.181, 2018.
Di Biagio, V.: A method to characterize the statistical extremes in marine
biogeochemistry: the case of the Mediterranean chlorophyll, PhD thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy, http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2908150 (last access: 25 September 2020), 2017.
Di Biagio, V., Cossarini, G., Salon, S., Lazzari, P., Querin, S., Sannino,
G., and Solidoro, C.: Temporal scales of variability in the Mediterranean
Sea ecosystem: Insight from a coupled model, J. Marine Syst., 197, 103176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.05.002,
2019.
Doney, S. C.: The growing human footprint on coastal and open-ocean
biogeochemistry, Science, 328, 1512–1516, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185198, 2010.
D'Ortenzio, F. and Ribera d'Alcalà, M.: On the trophic regimes of the Mediterranean Sea: a satellite analysis, Biogeosciences, 6, 139–148, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-139-2009, 2009.
Estrada, M., Latasa, M., Emelianov, M., Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, A.,
Fernández-Castro, B., Isern-Fontanet, J., Mouriño-Carballido, B.,
Salat, J., and Vidal, M.: Seasonal and mesoscale variability of primary
production in the deep winter-mixing region of the NW Mediterranean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 94, 45–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.08.003, 2014.
Ferreira, J. G., Andersen, J. H., Borja, A., Bricker, S. B., Camp, J., Cardoso da Silva, M., Garcés, E., Heiskanen, A.-S., Humborg, C., Ignatiades, L., Lancelot, C., Menesguen, A., Tett, P., Hoepffner, N., and Claussen, U.: Overview of eutrophication indicators to
assess environmental status within the European Marine Strategy Framework
Directive, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 93, 117–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.03.014, 2011.
Galli, G., Solidoro, C., and Lovato, T.: Marine heat waves hazard 3D maps and
the risk for low motility organisms in a warming Mediterranean Sea,
Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, 136, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00136, 2017.
Gohin, F., Saulquin, B., Oger-Jeanneret, H., Lozac'h, L., Lampert, L., Lefebvre, A., Riou, P., and Bruchon, F.: Towards a better assessment of the
ecological status of coastal waters using satellite-derived chlorophyll-a
concentrations, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 3329–3340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.02.014, 2008.
Grasso, L. D.: The differentiation between grid spacing and resolution and
their application to numerical modeling, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 81, 579,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0579:CAA>2.3.CO;2, 2000.
Green, J. and Stigebrandt, A.: Statistical models and distributions of
current velocities with application to the prediction of extreme events,
Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 58, 601–609, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00138-0, 2003.
Hansom, J. D., Switzer, A. D., and Pile, J.: Extreme waves: causes,
characteristics, and impact on coastal environments and society, in: Coastal and Marine Hazards, Risks, and Disasters, edited by: Shroder, J. F., Ellis, J. T., and Sherman, D. J., Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 307–334,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-396483-0.00011-X, 2014.
Hauri, C., Gruber, N., McDonnell, A., and Vogt, M.: The intensity, duration,
and severity of low aragonite saturation state events on the California
continental shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3424–3428, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50618, 2013.
Hobday, A. J., Alexander, L. V, Perkins, S. E., Smale, D. A., Straub, S. C., Oliver, E. C. J., Benthuysen, J. A., Burrows, M. T., Donat, M. G., Feng, M., Holbrook, N. J., Moore, P. J., Scannell, H. A., Sen Gupta, A., and Wernberg, T.: A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves, Prog.
Oceanogr., 141, 227–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014, 2016.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jacob, D., Taylor, M., Bindi, M., Brown, S., Camilloni, I., Diedhiou, A., Djalante, R., Ebi, K. L., Engelbrecht, F., Guiot, J., Hijioka, Y., Mehrotra, S., Payne, A., Seneviratne, S. I., Thomas, A., Warren, R., and Zhou, G.:
Impacts of 1.5 ∘C Global Warming on Natural and Human
Systems,
in: Global Warming of 1.5 ∘C. An IPCC Special Report on
the impacts of global warming of 1.5 ∘C above pre-industrial
levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context
of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change,
sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty,
edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P. R., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., Péan, C., Pidcock, R., Connors, S., Matthews, J. B. R., Chen, Y., Zhou, X., Gomis, M. I., Lonnoy, E., Maycock, T., Tignor, M., and Waterfield, T., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Geneva, Switzerland, 2018.
Katz, R.: Extreme value theory for precipitation: sensitivity analysis for
climate change, Adv. Water Resour., 23, 133–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(99)00017-2, 1999.
Lavigne, H., D'Ortenzio, F., Ribera D'Alcalà, M., Claustre, H., Sauzède, R., and Gacic, M.: On the vertical distribution of the chlorophyll a concentration in the Mediterranean Sea: a basin-scale and seasonal approach, Biogeosciences, 12, 5021–5039, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5021-2015, 2015.
Lazzari, P., Solidoro, C., Ibello, V., Salon, S., Teruzzi, A., Béranger, K., Colella, S., and Crise, A.: Seasonal and inter-annual variability of plankton chlorophyll and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea: a modelling approach, Biogeosciences, 9, 217–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-217-2012, 2012.
Llasses, J., Jordà, G., Gomis, D., Adloff, F., Macías, D., Harzallah, A., Arsouze, T., Akthar, N., Li, L., Elizalde, A., and Sannino, G.: Heat and salt redistribution
within the Mediterranean Sea in the Med-CORDEX model ensemble, Climate
Dynamics, 51, 1119–1143, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3242-0, 2016.
Luterbacher, J., Dietrich, D., Xoplaki, E., Grosjean, M., and Wanner, H.:
European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes
since 1500, Science, 303, 1499–1503, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1093877,
2004.
Marchese, C., Lazzara, L., Pieri, M., Massi, L., Nuccio, C., Santini, C.,
and Maselli, F.: Analysis of Chlorophyll-a and Primary Production Dynamics
in North Tyrrhenian and Ligurian Coastal-Neritic and Oceanic Waters, J.
Coastal Res., 31, 690–701,
https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-13-00210.1, 2014.
Marshall, J., Adcroft, A., Hill, C., Perelman, L., and Heisey, C.: A
finite-volume, incompressible navier stokes model for studies of the ocean
on parallel computers, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102, 5753–5766,
https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC02775, 1997.
Marullo, S., Santoleri, R., and Bignami, F.: Tyrrhenian Sea: Historical
Satellite Data Analysis, Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Western
Mediterranean Sea, 46, 135–154, https://doi.org/10.1029/CE046p0135, 1994.
Mayot, N., D'Ortenzio, F., Ribera d'Alcalà, M., Lavigne, H., and Claustre, H.: Interannual variability of the Mediterranean trophic regimes from ocean color satellites, Biogeosciences, 13, 1901–1917, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1901-2016, 2016.
Mayot, N., D'Ortenzio, F., Taillandier, V., Prieur, L., de Fommervault, O. P., Claustre, H., Bosse, A., Testor, P., and Conan, P.: Physical and Biogeochemical Controls of the Phytoplankton Blooms in North Western Mediterranean Sea: A Multiplatform Approach Over a Complete Annual Cycle (2012–2013 DEWEX Experiment), J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 122, 9999–10019, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012052, 2017.
Morán, X. A. G., Taupier-Letage, I., Vázquez-Domínguez, E., Ruiz,
S., Arin, L., Raimbault, P., and Estrada, M.: Physical-biological coupling
in the Algerian Basin (SW Mediterranean): influence of mesoscale
instabilities on the biomass and production of phytoplankton and
bacterioplankton, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I,
48, 405–437, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00042-X,
2001.
Muller-Karger, F. E., Miloslavich, P., Bax, N. J., Simmons, S., Costello, M. J., Sousa Pinto, I., Canonico, G., Turner, W., Gill, M., Montes, E., Best, B. D., Pearlman, J., Halpin, P., Dunn, D., Benson, A., Martin, C. S., Weatherdon, L. V, Appeltans, W., Provoost, P., Klein, E., Kelble, C. R., Miller, R. J., Chavez, F. P., Iken, K., Chiba, S., Obura, D., Navarro, L. M., Pereira, H. M., Allain, V., Batten, S., Benedetti-Checchi, L., Duffy, J. E., Kudela, R. M., Rebelo, L.-M., Shin, Y., and Geller, G.: Advancing marine biological
observations and data requirements of the complementary essential ocean
variables (EOVs) and essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) frameworks,
Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, 211, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00211, 2018.
Navarro, G., Vázquez, Á., Macías, D., Bruno, M., and Ruiz, J.:
Understanding the patterns of biological response to physical forcing in the
Alborán Sea (western Mediterranean), Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L23606,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049708, 2011.
O'Neill, R. V.: Recovery in complex ecosystems, Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem
Stress and Recovery, 6, 181–187, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009996332614, 1998.
OSPAR: Common procedure for the identification of the eutrophication status
of the OSPAR maritime area, available at: https://www.ospar.org/documents?d532957 (last access: 28 October 2019),
2013.
Oubelkheir, K., Ford, P. W., Clementson, L. A., Cherukuru, N., Fry, G., and
Steven, A. D.: Impact of an extreme flood event on optical and
biogeochemical properties in a subtropical coastal periurban embayment
(eastern Australia), J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 6024–6045, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010205, 2014.
Patti, B., Guisande, C., Bonanno, A., Basilone, G., Cuttitta, A., and
Mazzola, S.: Role of physical forcings and nutrient availability on the
control of satellite-based chlorophyll a concentration in the coastal
upwelling area of the Sicilian Channel, Sci. Mar., 74,
577–588, https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2010.74n3577, 2010.
Paulmier, A., Ruiz-Pino, D., and Garçon, V.: CO2 maximum in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), Biogeosciences, 8, 239–252, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-239-2011, 2011.
Perkins, S. E. and Alexander, L. V.: On the measurement of heat waves, J.
Climate, 26, 4500–4517, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00383.1, 2013.
Pinardi, N., Zavatarelli, M., Adani, M., Coppini, G., Fratianni, C., Oddo, P., Simoncelli, S., Tonani, M., Lyubartsev, V., Dobricic, S., and Bonaduce, A.: Mediterranean Sea large-scale low-frequency ocean
variability and water mass formation rates from 1987 to 2007: A
retrospective analysis, Prog. Oceanogr., 132, 318–332, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.11.003, 2015.
Rabalais, N. N., Turner, R. E., and Scavia, D.: Beyond Science into Policy:
Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia and the Mississippi River: Nutrient policy
development for the Mississippi River watershed reflects the accumulated
scientific evidence that the increase in nitrogen loading is the primary
factor in the worsening of hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico,
BioScience, 52, 129–142, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0129:BSIPGO]2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Raymond, C., Horton, R. M., Zscheischler, J., Martius, O., AghaKouchak, A., Balch, J., Bowen, S. G., Camargo, S. J., Hess, J., Kornhuber, K., Oppenheimer, M., Ruane, A. C., Wahl, T., and White, K.: Understanding and
managing connected extreme events, Nat. Clim. Chang., 10, 611–621,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0790-4, 2020.
Reale, M., Salon, S., Crise, A., Farneti, R., Mosetti, R., and Sannino, G.:
Unexpected covariant behavior of the Aegean and Ionian Seas in the period
1987–2008 by means of a nondimensional sea surface height index, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 8020–8033, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012983, 2017.
Rose, K. A., Justic, D., Fennel, K., and Hetland, R. D.: Numerical modeling
of hypoxia and its effects: Synthesis and going forward, in: Modeling Coastal
Hypoxia, edited by: Justic, D., Rose, K. A., Hetland, R. D., and Fennel, K.,
Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 401–421, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54571-4, 2017.
Salgado-Hernanz, P., Racault, M.-F., Font-Munoz, J., and Basterretxea, G.:
Trends in phytoplankton phenology in the Mediterranean Sea based on
ocean-colour remote sensing, Remote Sens. Environ., 221, 50–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.10.036, 2019.
Salon, S., Cossarini, G., Bolzon, G., Feudale, L., Lazzari, P., Teruzzi, A., Solidoro, C., and Crise, A.: Novel metrics based on Biogeochemical Argo data to improve the model uncertainty evaluation of the CMEMS Mediterranean marine ecosystem forecasts, Ocean Sci., 15, 997–1022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-997-2019, 2019.
Sen, P. K.: Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau,
J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 63, 1379–1389, https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1968.10480934, 1968.
Sheffield, J., Andreadis, K. M., Wood, E. F., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: Global
and continental drought in the second half of the twentieth century:
Severity-area-duration analysis and temporal variability of large-scale
events, J. Climate, 22, 1962–1981, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2722.1, 2009.
Siokou-Frangou, I., Christaki, U., Mazzocchi, M. G., Montresor, M., Ribera d'Alcalá, M., Vaqué, D., and Zingone, A.: Plankton in the open Mediterranean Sea: a review, Biogeosciences, 7, 1543–1586, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1543-2010, 2010.
Teruzzi, A., Dobricic, S., Solidoro, C., and Cossarini, G.: A 3-D
variational assimilation scheme in coupled transport-biogeochemical models:
Forecast of Mediterranean biogeochemical properties, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 200–217, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009277, 2014.
Theil, H.: A rank-invariant method of linear and polynomial regression
analysis, 3; confidence regions for the parameters of polynomial regression
equations, Indagat. Math., 1, 467–482, 1950.
Thrush, S. F., Lundquist, C. J., and Hewitt, J. E.: Spatial and Temporal
Scales of Disturbance to the seafloor: a generalized framework for active
habitat management, Am. Fish. S. S., 41, 639–649,
2005.
Tramblay, Y., Amoussou, E., Dorigo, W., and Mahé, G.: Flood risk under
future climate in data sparse regions: Linking extreme value models and
flood generating processes, J. Hydrol., 519, 549–558, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.07.052, 2014.
Vaquer-Sunyer, R. and Duarte, C. M.: Thresholds of hypoxia for marine
biodiversity, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 15452–15457, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803833105, 2008.
Vichi, M., Lovato, T., Lazzari, P., Cossarini, G., Gutierrez Mlot, E., Mattia, G., McKiver, W., Masina, S., Nadia, P., Solidoro, C., Tedesco, L., and Zavatarelli, M.: The
biogeochemical flux model (BFM): Equation description and user manual, BFM
version 5.1., Biogeochemical Flux Model Report Series, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2176.9444, 2015.
Vila, M. and Masó, M.: Phytoplankton functional groups and harmful
algae species in anthropogenically impacted waters of the NW Mediterranean
Sea, Sci. Mar., 69, 31–45, https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2005.69n131, 2005.
Volpe, G., Nardelli, B. B., Colella, S., Pisano, A., and Santoleri, R.: Operational Interpolated Ocean Colour Product in the Mediterranean Sea, in: New Frontiers in Operational Oceanography, edited by: Chassignet, E. P., Pascual, A., Tintoré, J., and Verron, J., GODAE OceanView, 227–244, https://doi.org/10.17125/gov2018.ch09, 2018.
Volpe, G., Colella, S., Brando, V. E., Forneris, V., La Padula, F., Di Cicco, A., Sammartino, M., Bracaglia, M., Artuso, F., and Santoleri, R.: Mediterranean ocean colour Level 3 operational multi-sensor processing, Ocean Sci., 15, 127–146, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-127-2019, 2019.
von Schuckmann, K., Le Traon, P.-Y., Smith, N., Pascual, A., Brasseur, P.,
Fennel, K., and Zuo, H.: Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State
Report, J. Oper. Oceanogr., 11, 1–142, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876x.2018.1489208, 2018.
Walsh, K. J., McInnes, K. L., and McBride, J. L.: Climate change impacts on
tropical cyclones and extreme sea levels in the south pacific – a regional
assessment, Global Planet. Change, 80, 149–164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.10.006, 2012.
Ware, D. M. and Thomson, R. E.: Bottom-up ecosystem trophic dynamics
determine fish production in the Northeast Pacific, Science, 308,
1280–1284, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109049, 2005.
Zhang, H. and Sheng, J.: Examination of extreme sea levels due to storm
surges and tides over the northwest Pacific Ocean, Cont. Shelf Res.,
93, 81–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2014.12.001, 2015.
Zhang, J., Gilbert, D., Gooday, A. J., Levin, L., Naqvi, S. W. A., Middelburg, J. J., Scranton, M., Ekau, W., Peña, A., Dewitte, B., Oguz, T., Monteiro, P. M. S., Urban, E., Rabalais, N. N., Ittekkot, V., Kemp, W. M., Ulloa, O., Elmgren, R., Escobar-Briones, E., and Van der Plas, A. K.: Natural and human-induced hypoxia and consequences for coastal areas: synthesis and future development, Biogeosciences, 7, 1443–1467, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1443-2010, 2010.
Short summary
Events that influence the functioning of the Earth’s ecosystems are of interest in relation to a changing climate. We propose a method to identify and characterise
wavesof extreme events affecting marine ecosystems for multi-week periods over wide areas. Our method can be applied to suitable ecosystem variables and has been used to describe different kinds of extreme event waves of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the Mediterranean Sea, by analysing the output from a high-resolution model.
Events that influence the functioning of the Earth’s ecosystems are of interest in relation to...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint