Articles | Volume 18, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5053-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5053-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Reviews and syntheses
| 
15 Sep 2021
Reviews and syntheses |
| 15 Sep 2021
| 15 Sep 2021
Reviews and syntheses: Arctic fire regimes and emissions in the 21st century
Department of Geography and Geospatial Analysis Center, Miami
University, Oxford, OH, USA
Juha Aalto
Weather and Climate Change Impact Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki,
Helsinki, Finland
Ville-Veikko Paunu
Centre for Sustainable Consumption and Production, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Helsinki, Finland
Steve R. Arnold
Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and
Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Sabine Eckhardt
Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research (ATMOS), Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
Zbigniew Klimont
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA),
Laxenburg, Austria
Justin J. Fain
Department of Geography and Geospatial Analysis Center, Miami
University, Oxford, OH, USA
Nikolaos Evangeliou
Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research (ATMOS), Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
Ari Venäläinen
Weather and Climate Change Impact Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Nadezhda M. Tchebakova
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forests, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Elena I. Parfenova
V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forests, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Kaarle Kupiainen
Ministry of the Environment Finland, Aleksanterinkatu 7,
P.O. Box 35, 00023 Government, Helsinki, Finland
Amber J. Soja
National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
Lin Huang
Climate Research Division, ASTD/STB, Environment and Climate Change
Canada, Toronto, Canada
Simon Wilson
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) Secretariat,
Tromsø, Norway
Related authors
No articles found.
Christopher D. Holmes, Joshua P. Schwarz, Charles H. Fite, Anxhelo Agastra, Holly K. Nowell, Katherine Ball, T. Paul Bui, Johnathan Dean-Day, Zachary C. J. Decker, Joshua P. DiGagni, Glenn S. Diskin, Emily M. Gargulinski, Hannah Halliday, Shobha Kondragunta, John B. Nowak, David A. Peterson, Michael A. Robinson, Amber J. Soja, Rebecca A. Washenfelder, Chuanyu Xu, and Robert J. Yokelson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-307, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-307, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Smoke age is an important factor in the chemical and physical evolution of smoke. Two methods for determining the age of smoke are applied to the NASA-NOAA FIREX-AQ field campaign: one based on wind speed and distance, and another using an ensemble of modeled air parcel trajectories. Both methods are evaluated, with the trajectory method, which includes plume rise and uncertainty estimates, proving more accurate.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Antonio Donateo, Gianluca Pappaccogli, Federico Scoto, Maurizio Busetto, Francesca Lucia Lovisco, Natalie Brett, Douglas Keller, Brice Barret, Elsa Dieudonné, Roman Pohorsky, Andrea Baccarini, Slimane Bekki, Jean-Christophe Raut, Julia Schmale, Kathy S. Law, Steve R. Arnold, Gilberto Javier Fochesatto, William R. Simpson, and Stefano Decesari
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1366, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1366, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
A study in Fairbanks, Alaska, measured winter aerosol fluxes on snow. Both emission and deposition occurred, with larger particles settling faster. Weather influenced dispersion and deposition, while wind-driven turbulence enhanced deposition despite stable conditions. Results show aerosol accumulation in snow impacts pollution and snowmelt. Findings help improve aerosol models and pollution studies in cold cities.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lubna Dada, Benjamin T. Brem, Lidia-Marta Amarandi-Netedu, Martine Collaud Coen, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Christoph Hueglin, Nora Nowak, Robin Modini, Martin Steinbacher, and Martin Gysel-Beer
Aerosol Research, 3, 315–336, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-3-315-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-3-315-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the sources of ultrafine particles (UFPs) in Payerne, Switzerland, highlighting the significant role of secondary processes in elevating UFP concentrations to levels comparable to urban areas. As the first study in rural midland Switzerland to analyze new particle formation events and secondary contributions, it offers key insights for air quality regulation and the role of agriculture in Switzerland and central Europe.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cynthia H. Whaley, Tim Butler, Jose A. Adame, Rupal Ambulkar, Steve R. Arnold, Rebecca R. Buchholz, Benjamin Gaubert, Douglas S. Hamilton, Min Huang, Hayley Hung, Johannes W. Kaiser, Jacek W. Kaminski, Christoph Knote, Gerbrand Koren, Jean-Luc Kouassi, Meiyun Lin, Tianjia Liu, Jianmin Ma, Kasemsan Manomaiphiboon, Elisa Bergas Masso, Jessica L. McCarty, Mariano Mertens, Mark Parrington, Helene Peiro, Pallavi Saxena, Saurabh Sonwani, Vanisa Surapipith, Damaris Y. T. Tan, Wenfu Tang, Veerachai Tanpipat, Kostas Tsigaridis, Christine Wiedinmyer, Oliver Wild, Yuanyu Xie, and Paquita Zuidema
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3265–3309, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3265-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3265-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The multi-model experiment design of the HTAP3 Fires project takes a multi-pollutant approach to improving our understanding of transboundary transport of wildland fire and agricultural burning emissions and their impacts. The experiments are designed with the goal of answering science policy questions related to fires. The options for the multi-model approach, including inputs, outputs, and model setup, are discussed, and the official recommendations for the project are presented.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ashu Dastoor, Hélène Angot, Johannes Bieser, Flora Brocza, Brock Edwards, Aryeh Feinberg, Xinbin Feng, Benjamin Geyman, Charikleia Gournia, Yipeng He, Ian M. Hedgecock, Ilia Ilyin, Jane Kirk, Che-Jen Lin, Igor Lehnherr, Robert Mason, David McLagan, Marilena Muntean, Peter Rafaj, Eric M. Roy, Andrei Ryjkov, Noelle E. Selin, Francesco De Simone, Anne L. Soerensen, Frits Steenhuisen, Oleg Travnikov, Shuxiao Wang, Xun Wang, Simon Wilson, Rosa Wu, Qingru Wu, Yanxu Zhang, Jun Zhou, Wei Zhu, and Scott Zolkos
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2747–2860, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2747-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2747-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces the Multi-Compartment Mercury (Hg) Modeling and Analysis Project (MCHgMAP) aimed at informing the effectiveness evaluations of two multilateral environmental agreements: the Minamata Convention on Mercury and the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. The experimental design exploits a variety of models (atmospheric, land, oceanic ,and multimedia mass balance models) to assess the short- and long-term influences of anthropogenic Hg releases into the environment.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xinyue Shao, Yaman Liu, Xinyi Dong, Minghuai Wang, Ruochong Xu, Joel A. Thornton, Duseong S. Jo, Man Yue, Wenxiang Shen, Manish Shrivastava, Stephen R. Arnold, and Ken S. Carslaw
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1526, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1526, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules (HOMs) are key precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Incorporating the HOMs chemical mechanism into a global climate model allows for a reasonable reproduction of observed HOM characteristics. HOM-SOA constitutes a significant fraction of global SOA, and its distribution and formation pathways exhibit strong sensitivity to uncertainties in autoxidation processes and peroxy radical branching ratios.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, P. Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankararaman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Johann Engelbrecht, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbigniew Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gómez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal L. Weagle, and Xi Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4665–4702, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4665-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4665-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles are an important part of the Earth system, but their concentrations are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, as well as being variable in size and composition. Here, we present a new compilation of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol observations, focusing on the spatial variability across different observational stations, including composition, and demonstrate a method for comparing the data sets to model output.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cameron McErlich, Felix Goddard, Alex Aves, Catherine Hardacre, Nikolaos Evangeliou, and Laura E. Revell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1575, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1575, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Airborne microplastics are a new air pollutant but are not yet included in most global models. We add them to the UK Earth System Model to show how they move, change, and are removed from air. Smaller microplastics persist for longer and can travel further, even to Antarctica. While their current role in air pollution is small, their presence is expected to grow in future. This work offers a framework to assess future impacts of microplastics on air quality and climate.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nikolaos Evangeliou, Ondřej Tichý, Marit Svendby Otervik, Sabine Eckhardt, Yves Balkanski, and Didier A. Hauglustaine
Aerosol Research, 3, 155–174, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-3-155-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-3-155-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The COVID-19 lockdown measures in 2020 reduced emissions of various substances, improving air quality. However, PM2.5 stayed unchanged due to NH3 and related chemical transformations. Higher humidity favoured more SO42- production, as did the accumulated NH3. Excess NH3 reacted with HNO3 to make NO3-. In high-NH3 conditions such as those in 2020, a small reduction in NOx levels drove faster oxidation of NO3- and slower deposition of total inorganic NO3-, causing high secondary PM2.5.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Roman Pohorsky, Andrea Baccarini, Natalie Brett, Brice Barret, Slimane Bekki, Gianluca Pappaccogli, Elsa Dieudonné, Brice Temime-Roussel, Barbara D'Anna, Meeta Cesler-Maloney, Antonio Donateo, Stefano Decesari, Kathy S. Law, William R. Simpson, Javier Fochesatto, Steve R. Arnold, and Julia Schmale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3687–3715, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3687-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3687-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents an analysis of vertical measurements of pollution in an Alaskan city during winter. It investigates the relationship between the atmospheric structure and the layering of aerosols and trace gases. Results indicate an overall very shallow surface mixing layer. The height of this layer is strongly influenced by a local shallow wind. The study also provides information on the pollution chemical composition at different altitudes, including pollution signatures from power plants.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Brice Barret, Patrice Medina, Natalie Brett, Roman Pohorsky, Kathy S. Law, Slimane Bekki, Gilberto J. Fochesatto, Julia Schmale, Steve R. Arnold, Andrea Baccarini, Maurizio Busetto, Meeta Cesler-Maloney, Barbara D'Anna, Stefano Decesari, Jingqiu Mao, Gianluca Pappaccogli, Joel Savarino, Federico Scoto, and William R. Simpson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1163–1184, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1163-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1163-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Fairbanks area experiences severe pollution episodes in winter because of enhanced emissions of pollutants trapped near the surface by strong temperature inversions. Low-cost sensors were deployed on board a car and a tethered balloon to measure the concentrations of gaseous pollutants (CO, O3, and NOx) in Fairbanks during winter 2022. Data calibration with reference measurements and machine learning methods enabled us to document pollution at the surface and power plant plumes aloft.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Aishah I. Shittu, Kirsty J. Pringle, Stephen R. Arnold, Richard J. Pope, Ailish M. Graham, Carly Reddington, Richard Rigby, and James B. McQuaid
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 817–828, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-817-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-817-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study highlighted the performance of Atmotube PRO sensor particulate matter (PM) data. The result showed inter-sensor variability among the Atmotube PRO sensor data. This study showed 62.5 % of the sensors used for the study exhibited greater precision in their PM2.5 measurements. The overall performance showed that sensors passed the base testing using 1 h averaged data and that a multiple linear regression model using relative humidity values improved the performance of the PM2.5 data.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Diego Guizzardi, Monica Crippa, Tim Butler, Terry Keating, Rosa Wu, Jacek W. Kamiński, Jeroen Kuenen, Junichi Kurokawa, Satoru Chatani, Tazuko Morikawa, George Pouliot, Jacinthe Racine, Michael D. Moran, Zbigniew Klimont, Patrick M. Manseau, Rabab Mashayekhi, Barron H. Henderson, Steven J. Smith, Rachel Hoesly, Marilena Muntean, Manjola Banja, Edwin Schaaf, Federico Pagani, Jung-Hun Woo, Jinseok Kim, Enrico Pisoni, Junhua Zhang, David Niemi, Mourad Sassi, Annie Duhamel, Tabish Ansari, Kristen Foley, Guannan Geng, Yifei Chen, and Qiang Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-601, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-601, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The global air pollution emission mosaic HTAP_v3.1 is the state-of-the-art database for addressing the evolution of a set of policy-relevant air pollutants over the past 2 decades. The inventory is made by the harmonization and blending of seven regional inventories, gapfilled using the most recent release of EDGAR (EDGARv8). By incorporating the best available local information, the HTAP_v3.1 mosaic inventory can be used for policy-relevant studies at both regional and global levels.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xinyue Shao, Minghuai Wang, Xinyi Dong, Yaman Liu, Stephen R. Arnold, Leighton A. Regayre, Duseong S. Jo, Wenxiang Shen, Hao Wang, Man Yue, Jingyi Wang, Wenxin Zhang, and Ken S. Carslaw
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4135, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4135, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a global chemistry-climate model to investigate how new particle formation (NPF) from highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) contributes to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in both preindustrial (PI) and present-day (PD) environments, and its impact on aerosol indirect radiative forcing. The findings highlight the crucial role of biogenic emissions in climate change, providing new insights for carbon-neutral scenarios and enhancing understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Michel Legrand, Mstislav Vorobyev, Daria Bokuchava, Stanislav Kutuzov, Andreas Plach, Andreas Stohl, Alexandra Khairedinova, Vladimir Mikhalenko, Maria Vinogradova, Sabine Eckhardt, and Susanne Preunkert
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1385–1399, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1385-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1385-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Past atmospheric NH3 pollution in south-eastern Europe was reconstructed by analysing ammonium in an ice core drilled at the Mount Elbrus (Caucasus, Russia). The observed 3.5-fold increase in ice concentrations between 1750 and 1990 CE is in good agreement with estimated past dominant ammonia emissions from agriculture, mainly from south European Russia and Türkiye. In contrast to present-day conditions, the ammonium level observed in 1750 CE indicates significant natural emissions at that time.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Natalie Brett, Kathy S. Law, Steve R. Arnold, Javier G. Fochesatto, Jean-Christophe Raut, Tatsuo Onishi, Robert Gilliam, Kathleen Fahey, Deanna Huff, George Pouliot, Brice Barret, Elsa Dieudonné, Roman Pohorsky, Julia Schmale, Andrea Baccarini, Slimane Bekki, Gianluca Pappaccogli, Federico Scoto, Stefano Decesari, Antonio Donateo, Meeta Cesler-Maloney, William Simpson, Patrice Medina, Barbara D'Anna, Brice Temime-Roussel, Joel Savarino, Sarah Albertin, Jingqiu Mao, Becky Alexander, Allison Moon, Peter F. DeCarlo, Vanessa Selimovic, Robert Yokelson, and Ellis S. Robinson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1063–1104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1063-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1063-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Processes influencing dispersion of local anthropogenic pollution in Arctic wintertime are investigated with Lagrangian dispersion modelling. Simulated power plant plume rise that considers temperature inversion layers improves results compared to observations (interior Alaska). Modelled surface concentrations are improved by representation of vertical mixing and emission estimates. Large increases in diesel vehicle emissions at temperatures reaching −35°C are required to reproduce observed NOx.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Petr Vodička, Kimitaka Kawamura, Bhagawati Kunwar, Lin Huang, Dhananjay K. Deshmukh, Md. Mozammel Haque, Sangeeta Sharma, and Leonard Barrie
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3656, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3656, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonate carbon (CC) is not negligible in Arctic total suspended particles (TSP). If not considered, CC biases the contribution of elemental and organic carbon. CC content in TSP was strongly reflected in the δ13C values of total carbon (TC). Carbon contribution from CaCO3 supports strong dependence of CC and δ13C on Ca. Finally, two hypothetical CC sources were identified based on the analysis of air mass back trajectories – dust resuspension and marine microorganisms.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ross J. Herbert, Alberto Sanchez-Marroquin, Daniel P. Grosvenor, Kirsty J. Pringle, Stephen R. Arnold, Benjamin J. Murray, and Kenneth S. Carslaw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 291–325, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-291-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-291-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles that help form ice in clouds vary in number and type around the world and with time. However, in many weather and climate models cloud ice is not linked to aerosols that are known to nucleate ice. Here we report the first steps towards representing ice-nucleating particles within the UK Earth System Model. We conclude that in addition to ice nucleation by sea spray and mineral components of soil dust, we also need to represent ice nucleation by the organic components of soils.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hazel Mooney, Stephen Arnold, Benjamin Silver, Piers Forster, and Catherine Scott
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3895, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3895, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate the potential changes in natural emissions of volatile gases from the land surface in the UK following afforestation from present-day woodland cover of 13 % to 19 % by 2050. We estimate present-day annual UK emissions of isoprene at 40 kt yr-1 and total monoterpenes at 46 kt yr-1, but emissions from afforested experiments show between a 4 % decrease and 131 % increase in emissions, explained by the variation in emissions activity between and within needleleaf and broadleaf trees.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Amna Ijaz, Brice Temime-Roussel, Benjamin Chazeau, Sarah Albertin, Stephen R. Arnold, Brice Barrett, Slimane Bekki, Natalie Brett, Meeta Cesler-Maloney, Elsa Dieudonne, Kayane K. Dingilian, Javier G. Fochesatto, Jingqiu Mao, Allison Moon, Joel Savarino, William Simpson, Rodney J. Weber, Kathy S. Law, and Barbara D'Anna
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3789, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3789, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fairbanks is among the most polluted cities with the highest particulate matter (PM) levels in the US during winters. Highly time-resolved measurements of the sub-micron PM elucidated residential heating with wood and oil and hydrocarbon-like organics from traffic, as well as sulphur-containing organic aerosol, to be the key pollution sources. Remarkable differences existed between complementary instruments, warranting the deployment of multiple tools at sites with wide-ranging influences.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Olga B. Popovicheva, Marina A. Chichaeva, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Sabine Eckhardt, Evangelia Diapouli, and Nikolay S. Kasimov
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3124, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3124, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
High-quality measurements of light-absorbing carbon were performed at the polar aerosol station "Island Bely” (Western Siberian Arctic) from 2019 to 2022. The maximum light absorption coefficients were seen in summer due to gas flaring contribution, which is the most significant source in the region. However, the increasing Siberian wildfires had a special share in carbon contribution to this high Arctic station with a persistent smoke layer extending over the whole troposphere in summer.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Outi Kinnunen, Leif Backman, Juha Aalto, Tuula Aalto, and Tiina Markkanen
Biogeosciences, 21, 4739–4763, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4739-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4739-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is expected to increase the risk of forest fires. Ecosystem process model simulations are used to project changes in fire occurrence in Fennoscandia under six climate projections. The findings suggest a longer fire season, more fires, and an increase in burnt area towards the end of the century.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lucie Bakels, Daria Tatsii, Anne Tipka, Rona Thompson, Marina Dütsch, Michael Blaschek, Petra Seibert, Katharina Baier, Silvia Bucci, Massimo Cassiani, Sabine Eckhardt, Christine Groot Zwaaftink, Stephan Henne, Pirmin Kaufmann, Vincent Lechner, Christian Maurer, Marie D. Mulder, Ignacio Pisso, Andreas Plach, Rakesh Subramanian, Martin Vojta, and Andreas Stohl
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7595–7627, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7595-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7595-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Computer models are essential for improving our understanding of how gases and particles move in the atmosphere. We present an update of the atmospheric transport model FLEXPART. FLEXPART 11 is more accurate due to a reduced number of interpolations and a new scheme for wet deposition. It can simulate non-spherical aerosols and includes linear chemical reactions. It is parallelised using OpenMP and includes new user options. A new user manual details how to use FLEXPART 11.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Willem E. van Caspel, Zbigniew Klimont, Chris Heyes, and Hilde Fagerli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11545–11563, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11545-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11545-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane in the atmosphere contributes to the production of ozone gas – an air pollutant and greenhouse gas. Our results highlight that simultaneous reductions in methane emissions help avoid offsetting the air pollution benefits already achieved by the already-approved precursor emission reductions by 2050 in the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme region, while also playing an important role in bringing air pollution further down towards World Health Organization guideline limits.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xinyue Shao, Minghuai Wang, Xinyi Dong, Yaman Liu, Wenxiang Shen, Stephen R. Arnold, Leighton A. Regayre, Meinrat O. Andreae, Mira L. Pöhlker, Duseong S. Jo, Man Yue, and Ken S. Carslaw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11365–11389, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11365-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11365-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) play an important role in atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). By semi-explicitly coupling the chemical mechanism of HOMs and a comprehensive nucleation scheme in a global climate model, the updated model shows better agreement with measurements of nucleation rate, growth rate, and NPF event frequency. Our results reveal that HOM-driven NPF leads to a considerable increase in particle and cloud condensation nuclei burden globally.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ville-Veikko Paunu, Niko Karvosenoja, David Segersson, Susana López-Aparicio, Ole-Kenneth Nielsen, Marlene Schmidt Plejdrup, Throstur Thorsteinsson, Dam Thanh Vo, Jeroen Kuenen, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Jørgen Brandt, and Camilla Geels
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1453–1474, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1453-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1453-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollution is an important cause of adverse health effects, even in Nordic countries. To assess their health impacts, emission inventories with high spatial resolution are needed. We studied how national data and methods for the spatial distribution of the emissions compare to a European level inventory. For road transport the methods are well established, but for machinery and off-road emissions the current recommendations for the spatial distribution of these emissions should be improved.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Karl Espen Yttri, Are Bäcklund, Franz Conen, Sabine Eckhardt, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Markus Fiebig, Anne Kasper-Giebl, Avram Gold, Hans Gundersen, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Stephen Matthew Platt, David Simpson, Jason D. Surratt, Sönke Szidat, Martin Rauber, Kjetil Tørseth, Martin Album Ytre-Eide, Zhenfa Zhang, and Wenche Aas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2731–2758, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2731-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2731-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss carbonaceous aerosol (CA) observed at the high Arctic Zeppelin Observatory (2017 to 2020). We find that organic aerosol is a significant fraction of the Arctic aerosol, though less than sea salt aerosol and mineral dust, as well as non-sea-salt sulfate, originating mainly from anthropogenic sources in winter and from natural sources in summer, emphasizing the importance of wildfires for biogenic secondary organic aerosol and primary biological aerosol particles observed in the Arctic.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Natalie M. Mahowald, Longlei Li, Julius Vira, Marje Prank, Douglas S. Hamilton, Hitoshi Matsui, Ron L. Miller, Louis Lu, Ezgi Akyuz, Daphne Meidan, Peter Hess, Heikki Lihavainen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jenny Hand, Maria Grazia Alaimo, Célia Alves, Andres Alastuey, Paulo Artaxo, Africa Barreto, Francisco Barraza, Silvia Becagli, Giulia Calzolai, Shankarararman Chellam, Ying Chen, Patrick Chuang, David D. Cohen, Cristina Colombi, Evangelia Diapouli, Gaetano Dongarra, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Cassandra Gaston, Dario Gomez, Yenny González Ramos, Hannele Hakola, Roy M. Harrison, Chris Heyes, Barak Herut, Philip Hopke, Christoph Hüglin, Maria Kanakidou, Zsofia Kertesz, Zbiginiw Klimont, Katriina Kyllönen, Fabrice Lambert, Xiaohong Liu, Remi Losno, Franco Lucarelli, Willy Maenhaut, Beatrice Marticorena, Randall V. Martin, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Yasser Morera-Gomez, Adina Paytan, Joseph Prospero, Sergio Rodríguez, Patricia Smichowski, Daniela Varrica, Brenna Walsh, Crystal Weagle, and Xi Zhao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-1, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles can interact with incoming solar radiation and outgoing long wave radiation, change cloud properties, affect photochemistry, impact surface air quality, and when deposited impact surface albedo of snow and ice, and modulate carbon dioxide uptake by the land and ocean. Here we present a new compilation of aerosol observations including composition, a methodology for comparing the datasets to model output, and show the implications of these results using one model.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Vilna Tyystjärvi, Pekka Niittynen, Julia Kemppinen, Miska Luoto, Tuuli Rissanen, and Juha Aalto
The Cryosphere, 18, 403–423, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-403-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-403-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
At high latitudes, winter ground surface temperatures are strongly controlled by seasonal snow cover and its spatial variation. Here, we measured surface temperatures and snow cover duration in 441 study sites in tundra and boreal regions. Our results show large variations in how much surface temperatures in winter vary depending on the landscape and its impact on snow cover. These results emphasise the importance of understanding microclimates and their drivers under changing winter conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Victoria A. Flood, Kimberly Strong, Cynthia H. Whaley, Kaley A. Walker, Thomas Blumenstock, James W. Hannigan, Johan Mellqvist, Justus Notholt, Mathias Palm, Amelie N. Röhling, Stephen Arnold, Stephen Beagley, Rong-You Chien, Jesper Christensen, Makoto Deushi, Srdjan Dobricic, Xinyi Dong, Joshua S. Fu, Michael Gauss, Wanmin Gong, Joakim Langner, Kathy S. Law, Louis Marelle, Tatsuo Onishi, Naga Oshima, David A. Plummer, Luca Pozzoli, Jean-Christophe Raut, Manu A. Thomas, Svetlana Tsyro, and Steven Turnock
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1079–1118, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
It is important to understand the composition of the Arctic atmosphere and how it is changing. Atmospheric models provide simulations that can inform policy. This study examines simulations of CH4, CO, and O3 by 11 models. Model performance is assessed by comparing results matched in space and time to measurements from five high-latitude ground-based infrared spectrometers. This work finds that models generally underpredict the concentrations of these gases in the Arctic troposphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ondřej Tichý, Sabine Eckhardt, Yves Balkanski, Didier Hauglustaine, and Nikolaos Evangeliou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15235–15252, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15235-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15235-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We show declining trends in NH3 emissions over Europe for 2013–2020 using advanced dispersion and inverse modelling and satellite measurements from CrIS. Emissions decreased by −26% since 2013, showing that the abatement strategies adopted by the European Union have been very efficient. Ammonia emissions are low in winter and peak in summer due to temperature-dependent soil volatilization. The largest decreases were observed in central and western Europe in countries with high emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Douglas E. J. Worthy, Michele K. Rauh, Lin Huang, Felix R. Vogel, Alina Chivulescu, Kenneth A. Masarie, Ray L. Langenfelds, Paul B. Krummel, Colin E. Allison, Andrew M. Crotwell, Monica Madronich, Gabrielle Pétron, Ingeborg Levin, Samuel Hammer, Sylvia Michel, Michel Ramonet, Martina Schmidt, Armin Jordan, Heiko Moossen, Michael Rothe, Ralph Keeling, and Eric J. Morgan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5909–5935, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5909-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5909-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Network compatibility is important for inferring greenhouse gas fluxes at global or regional scales. This study is the first assessment of the measurement agreement among seven individual programs within the World Meteorological Organization community. It compares co-located flask air measurements at the Alert Observatory in Canada over a 17-year period. The results provide stronger confidence in the uncertainty estimation while using those datasets in various data interpretation applications.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Richard J. Pope, Brian J. Kerridge, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Richard Siddans, Barry G. Latter, Lucy J. Ventress, Matilda A. Pimlott, Wuhu Feng, Edward Comyn-Platt, Garry D. Hayman, Stephen R. Arnold, and Ailish M. Graham
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13235–13253, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13235-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13235-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the summer of 2018, Europe experienced several persistent large-scale ozone (O3) pollution episodes. Satellite tropospheric O3 and surface O3 data recorded substantial enhancements in 2018 relative to other years. Targeted model simulations showed that meteorological processes and emissions controlled the elevated surface O3, while mid-tropospheric O3 enhancements were dominated by stratospheric O3 intrusion and advection of North Atlantic O3-rich air masses into Europe.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Rimal Abeed, Camille Viatte, William C. Porter, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Cathy Clerbaux, Lieven Clarisse, Martin Van Damme, Pierre-François Coheur, and Sarah Safieddine
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12505–12523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12505-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12505-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia emissions from agricultural activities will inevitably increase with the rise in population. We use a variety of datasets (satellite, reanalysis, and model simulation) to calculate the first regional map of ammonia emission potential during the start of the growing season in Europe. We then apply our developed method using a climate model to show the effect of the temperature increase on future ammonia columns under two possible climate scenarios.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jenny Oh, Chubashini Shunthirasingham, Ying Duan Lei, Faqiang Zhan, Yuening Li, Abigaëlle Dalpé Castilloux, Amina Ben Chaaben, Zhe Lu, Kelsey Lee, Frank A. P. C. Gobas, Sabine Eckhardt, Nick Alexandrou, Hayley Hung, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10191–10205, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10191-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10191-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An emerging brominated flame retardant (BFR) called TBECH (1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane) has never been produced or imported for use in Canada yet is found to be one of the most abundant gaseous BFRs in the Canadian atmosphere. The recorded spatial and temporal variability of TBECH suggest that the release from imported consumer products containing TBECH is the most likely explanation for its environmental occurrence in Canada.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Oona Leppiniemi, Olli Karjalainen, Juha Aalto, Miska Luoto, and Jan Hjort
The Cryosphere, 17, 3157–3176, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3157-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, suitable environments for palsas and peat plateaus were modeled for the whole Northern Hemisphere. The hotspots of occurrences were in northern Europe, western Siberia, and subarctic Canada. Climate change was predicted to cause almost complete loss of the studied landforms by the late century. Our predictions filled knowledge gaps in the distribution of the landforms, and they can be utilized in estimation of the pace and impacts of the climate change over northern regions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Monica Crippa, Diego Guizzardi, Tim Butler, Terry Keating, Rosa Wu, Jacek Kaminski, Jeroen Kuenen, Junichi Kurokawa, Satoru Chatani, Tazuko Morikawa, George Pouliot, Jacinthe Racine, Michael D. Moran, Zbigniew Klimont, Patrick M. Manseau, Rabab Mashayekhi, Barron H. Henderson, Steven J. Smith, Harrison Suchyta, Marilena Muntean, Efisio Solazzo, Manjola Banja, Edwin Schaaf, Federico Pagani, Jung-Hun Woo, Jinseok Kim, Fabio Monforti-Ferrario, Enrico Pisoni, Junhua Zhang, David Niemi, Mourad Sassi, Tabish Ansari, and Kristen Foley
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2667–2694, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2667-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2667-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study responds to the global and regional atmospheric modelling community's need for a mosaic of air pollutant emissions with global coverage, long time series, spatially distributed data at a high time resolution, and a high sectoral resolution in order to enhance the understanding of transboundary air pollution. The mosaic approach to integrating official regional emission inventories with a global inventory based on a consistent methodology ensures policy-relevant results.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marianne Tronstad Lund, Gunnar Myhre, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Bjørn Hallvard Samset, and Zbigniew Klimont
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6647–6662, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we show that differences, in magnitude and trend, between recent global anthropogenic emission inventories have a notable influence on simulated regional abundances of anthropogenic aerosol over the 1990–2019 period. This, in turn, affects estimates of radiative forcing. Our findings form a basis for comparing existing and upcoming studies on anthropogenic aerosols using different emission inventories.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anja Eichler, Michel Legrand, Theo M. Jenk, Susanne Preunkert, Camilla Andersson, Sabine Eckhardt, Magnuz Engardt, Andreas Plach, and Margit Schwikowski
The Cryosphere, 17, 2119–2137, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2119-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2119-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate how a 250-year history of the emission of air pollutants (major inorganic aerosol constituents, black carbon, and trace species) is preserved in ice cores from four sites in the European Alps. The observed uniform timing in species-dependent longer-term concentration changes reveals that the different ice-core records provide a consistent, spatially representative signal of the pollution history from western European countries.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Joanna E. Dyson, Lisa K. Whalley, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Archit Mehra, Thomas J. Bannan, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, Bin Ouyang, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Roderic L. Jones, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, W. Joe F. Acton, William J. Bloss, Supattarachai Saksakulkrai, Jingsha Xu, Zongbo Shi, Roy M. Harrison, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lianfang Wei, Pingqing Fu, Xinming Wang, Stephen R. Arnold, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5679–5697, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5679-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5679-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl (OH) and closely coupled hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals are vital for their role in the removal of atmospheric pollutants. In less polluted regions, atmospheric models over-predict HO2 concentrations. In this modelling study, the impact of heterogeneous uptake of HO2 onto aerosol surfaces on radical concentrations and the ozone production regime in Beijing in the summertime is investigated, and the implications for emissions policies across China are considered.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Matti Kämäräinen, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Markku Kulmala, Ivan Mammarella, Juha Aalto, Henriikka Vekuri, Annalea Lohila, and Anna Lintunen
Biogeosciences, 20, 897–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-897-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-897-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we introduce a new method for modeling the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and a study site located in a boreal forest in southern Finland. Our method yields more accurate results than previous approaches in this context. Accurately estimating carbon exchange is crucial for gaining a better understanding of the role of forests in regulating atmospheric carbon and addressing climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Laura Tomsche, Felix Piel, Tomas Mikoviny, Claus J. Nielsen, Hongyu Guo, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Benjamin A. Nault, Melinda K. Schueneman, Jose L. Jimenez, Hannah Halliday, Glenn Diskin, Joshua P. DiGangi, John B. Nowak, Elizabeth B. Wiggins, Emily Gargulinski, Amber J. Soja, and Armin Wisthaler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2331–2343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2331-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2331-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia (NH3) is an important trace gas in the atmosphere and fires are among the poorly investigated sources. During the 2019 Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) aircraft campaign, we measured gaseous NH3 and particulate ammonium (NH4+) in smoke plumes emitted from 6 wildfires in the Western US and 66 small agricultural fires in the Southeastern US. We herein present a comprehensive set of emission factors of NH3 and NHx, where NHx = NH3 + NH4+.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Maureen Beaudor, Nicolas Vuichard, Juliette Lathière, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, and Didier Hauglustaine
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1053–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1053-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1053-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia mainly comes from the agricultural sector, and its volatilization relies on environmental variables. Our approach aims at benefiting from an Earth system model framework to estimate it. By doing so, we represent a consistent spatial distribution of the emissions' response to environmental changes.
We greatly improved the seasonal cycle of emissions compared with previous work. In addition, our model includes natural soil emissions (that are rarely represented in modeling approaches).
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cynthia H. Whaley, Kathy S. Law, Jens Liengaard Hjorth, Henrik Skov, Stephen R. Arnold, Joakim Langner, Jakob Boyd Pernov, Garance Bergeron, Ilann Bourgeois, Jesper H. Christensen, Rong-You Chien, Makoto Deushi, Xinyi Dong, Peter Effertz, Gregory Faluvegi, Mark Flanner, Joshua S. Fu, Michael Gauss, Greg Huey, Ulas Im, Rigel Kivi, Louis Marelle, Tatsuo Onishi, Naga Oshima, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Jeff Peischl, David A. Plummer, Luca Pozzoli, Jean-Christophe Raut, Tom Ryerson, Ragnhild Skeie, Sverre Solberg, Manu A. Thomas, Chelsea Thompson, Kostas Tsigaridis, Svetlana Tsyro, Steven T. Turnock, Knut von Salzen, and David W. Tarasick
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 637–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-637-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-637-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study summarizes recent research on ozone in the Arctic, a sensitive and rapidly warming region. We find that the seasonal cycles of near-surface atmospheric ozone are variable depending on whether they are near the coast, inland, or at high altitude. Several global model simulations were evaluated, and we found that because models lack some of the ozone chemistry that is important for the coastal Arctic locations, they do not accurately simulate ozone there.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pamela S. Rickly, Hongyu Guo, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Jose L. Jimenez, Glenn M. Wolfe, Ryan Bennett, Ilann Bourgeois, John D. Crounse, Jack E. Dibb, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Maximilian Dollner, Emily M. Gargulinski, Samuel R. Hall, Hannah S. Halliday, Thomas F. Hanisco, Reem A. Hannun, Jin Liao, Richard Moore, Benjamin A. Nault, John B. Nowak, Jeff Peischl, Claire E. Robinson, Thomas Ryerson, Kevin J. Sanchez, Manuel Schöberl, Amber J. Soja, Jason M. St. Clair, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Kirk Ullmann, Paul O. Wennberg, Bernadett Weinzierl, Elizabeth B. Wiggins, Edward L. Winstead, and Andrew W. Rollins
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15603–15620, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15603-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15603-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass burning sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission factors range from 0.27–1.1 g kg-1 C. Biomass burning SO2 can quickly form sulfate and organosulfur, but these pathways are dependent on liquid water content and pH. Hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) appears to be directly emitted from some fire sources but is not the sole contributor to the organosulfur signal. It is shown that HMS and organosulfur chemistry may be an important S(IV) reservoir with the fate dependent on the surrounding conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Johannes Quaas, Hailing Jia, Chris Smith, Anna Lea Albright, Wenche Aas, Nicolas Bellouin, Olivier Boucher, Marie Doutriaux-Boucher, Piers M. Forster, Daniel Grosvenor, Stuart Jenkins, Zbigniew Klimont, Norman G. Loeb, Xiaoyan Ma, Vaishali Naik, Fabien Paulot, Philip Stier, Martin Wild, Gunnar Myhre, and Michael Schulz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12221–12239, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Pollution particles cool climate and offset part of the global warming. However, they are washed out by rain and thus their effect responds quickly to changes in emissions. We show multiple datasets to demonstrate that aerosol emissions and their concentrations declined in many regions influenced by human emissions, as did the effects on clouds. Consequently, the cooling impact on the Earth energy budget became smaller. This change in trend implies a relative warming.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lauren M. Zamora, Ralph A. Kahn, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Christine D. Groot Zwaaftink, and Klaus B. Huebert
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12269–12285, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12269-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12269-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic dust, smoke, and pollution particles can affect clouds and Arctic warming. The distributions of these particles were estimated in three different satellite, reanalysis, and model products. These products showed good agreement overall but indicate that it is important to include local dust in models. We hypothesize that mineral dust effects on ice processes in the Arctic atmosphere might be highest over Siberia, where it is cold, moist, and subject to relatively high dust levels.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Olli Karjalainen, Juha Aalto, Mikhail Z. Kanevskiy, Miska Luoto, and Jan Hjort
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-144, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-144, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of underground ice in the Arctic permafrost has a central role when assessing climate change-induced changes to natural conditions and human activity in the Arctic. Here, we present compilations of field-verified ground ice observations and high-resolution estimates of Northern Hemisphere ground ice content. The data highlight the variability of ground ice contents across the Arctic and provide called-for information to be used in modelling and environmental assessment studies.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Olga B. Popovicheva, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Vasilii O. Kobelev, Marina A. Chichaeva, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Asta Gregorič, and Nikolay S. Kasimov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5983–6000, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5983-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5983-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of black carbon (BC) combined with atmospheric transport modeling reveal that gas flaring from oil and gas extraction in Kazakhstan, Volga-Ural, Komi, Nenets and western Siberia contributes the largest share of surface BC in the Russian Arctic dominating over domestic, industrial and traffic sectors. Pollution episodes show an increasing trend in concentration levels and frequency as the station is in the Siberian gateway of the highest anthropogenic pollution to the Russian Arctic.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cynthia H. Whaley, Rashed Mahmood, Knut von Salzen, Barbara Winter, Sabine Eckhardt, Stephen Arnold, Stephen Beagley, Silvia Becagli, Rong-You Chien, Jesper Christensen, Sujay Manish Damani, Xinyi Dong, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Gregory Faluvegi, Mark Flanner, Joshua S. Fu, Michael Gauss, Fabio Giardi, Wanmin Gong, Jens Liengaard Hjorth, Lin Huang, Ulas Im, Yugo Kanaya, Srinath Krishnan, Zbigniew Klimont, Thomas Kühn, Joakim Langner, Kathy S. Law, Louis Marelle, Andreas Massling, Dirk Olivié, Tatsuo Onishi, Naga Oshima, Yiran Peng, David A. Plummer, Olga Popovicheva, Luca Pozzoli, Jean-Christophe Raut, Maria Sand, Laura N. Saunders, Julia Schmale, Sangeeta Sharma, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Henrik Skov, Fumikazu Taketani, Manu A. Thomas, Rita Traversi, Kostas Tsigaridis, Svetlana Tsyro, Steven Turnock, Vito Vitale, Kaley A. Walker, Minqi Wang, Duncan Watson-Parris, and Tahya Weiss-Gibbons
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5775–5828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5775-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5775-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollutants, like ozone and soot, play a role in both global warming and air quality. Atmospheric models are often used to provide information to policy makers about current and future conditions under different emissions scenarios. In order to have confidence in those simulations, in this study we compare simulated air pollution from 18 state-of-the-art atmospheric models to measured air pollution in order to assess how well the models perform.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hannah Walker, Daniel Stone, Trevor Ingham, Sina Hackenberg, Danny Cryer, Shalini Punjabi, Katie Read, James Lee, Lisa Whalley, Dominick V. Spracklen, Lucy J. Carpenter, Steve R. Arnold, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5535–5557, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5535-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5535-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Glyoxal is a ubiquitous reactive organic compound in the atmosphere, which may form organic aerosol and impact the atmosphere's oxidising capacity. There are limited measurements of glyoxal's abundance in the remote marine atmosphere. We made new measurements of glyoxal using a highly sensitive technique over two 4-week periods in the tropical Atlantic atmosphere. We show that daytime measurements are mostly consistent with our chemical understanding but a potential missing source at night.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Richard J. Pope, Rebecca Kelly, Eloise A. Marais, Ailish M. Graham, Chris Wilson, Jeremy J. Harrison, Savio J. A. Moniz, Mohamed Ghalaieny, Steve R. Arnold, and Martyn P. Chipperfield
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4323–4338, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4323-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4323-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are potent air pollutants which directly impact on human health. In this study, we use satellite nitrogen dioxide (NO2) data to evaluate the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the UK official NOx emissions inventory, with reasonable agreement. We also derived satellite-based NOx emissions for several UK cities. In the case of London and Birmingham, the NAEI NOx emissions are potentially too low by >50%.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Christine D. Groot Zwaaftink, Wenche Aas, Sabine Eckhardt, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Paul Hamer, Mona Johnsrud, Arve Kylling, Stephen M. Platt, Kerstin Stebel, Hilde Uggerud, and Karl Espen Yttri
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3789–3810, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3789-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3789-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate causes of a poor-air-quality episode in northern Europe in October 2020 during which EU health limits for air quality were vastly exceeded. Such episodes may trigger measures to improve air quality. Analysis based on satellite observations, transport simulations, and surface observations revealed two sources of pollution. Emissions of mineral dust in Central Asia and biomass burning in Ukraine arrived almost simultaneously in Norway, and transport continued into the Arctic.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Stephen M. Platt, Øystein Hov, Torunn Berg, Knut Breivik, Sabine Eckhardt, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Markus Fiebig, Rebecca Fisher, Georg Hansen, Hans-Christen Hansson, Jost Heintzenberg, Ove Hermansen, Dominic Heslin-Rees, Kim Holmén, Stephen Hudson, Roland Kallenborn, Radovan Krejci, Terje Krognes, Steinar Larssen, David Lowry, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Chris Lunder, Euan Nisbet, Pernilla B. Nizzetto, Ki-Tae Park, Christina A. Pedersen, Katrine Aspmo Pfaffhuber, Thomas Röckmann, Norbert Schmidbauer, Sverre Solberg, Andreas Stohl, Johan Ström, Tove Svendby, Peter Tunved, Kjersti Tørnkvist, Carina van der Veen, Stergios Vratolis, Young Jun Yoon, Karl Espen Yttri, Paul Zieger, Wenche Aas, and Kjetil Tørseth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3321–3369, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3321-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3321-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we detail the history of the Zeppelin Observatory, a unique global background site and one of only a few in the high Arctic. We present long-term time series of up to 30 years of atmospheric components and atmospheric transport phenomena. Many of these time series are important to our understanding of Arctic and global atmospheric composition change. Finally, we discuss the future of the Zeppelin Observatory and emerging areas of future research on the Arctic atmosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xinxin Ye, Pargoal Arab, Ravan Ahmadov, Eric James, Georg A. Grell, Bradley Pierce, Aditya Kumar, Paul Makar, Jack Chen, Didier Davignon, Greg R. Carmichael, Gonzalo Ferrada, Jeff McQueen, Jianping Huang, Rajesh Kumar, Louisa Emmons, Farren L. Herron-Thorpe, Mark Parrington, Richard Engelen, Vincent-Henri Peuch, Arlindo da Silva, Amber Soja, Emily Gargulinski, Elizabeth Wiggins, Johnathan W. Hair, Marta Fenn, Taylor Shingler, Shobha Kondragunta, Alexei Lyapustin, Yujie Wang, Brent Holben, David M. Giles, and Pablo E. Saide
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14427–14469, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14427-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14427-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfire smoke has crucial impacts on air quality, while uncertainties in the numerical forecasts remain significant. We present an evaluation of 12 real-time forecasting systems. Comparison of predicted smoke emissions suggests a large spread in magnitudes, with temporal patterns deviating from satellite detections. The performance for AOD and surface PM2.5 and their discrepancies highlighted the role of accurately represented spatiotemporal emission profiles in improving smoke forecasts.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ulas Im, Kostas Tsigaridis, Gregory Faluvegi, Peter L. Langen, Joshua P. French, Rashed Mahmood, Manu A. Thomas, Knut von Salzen, Daniel C. Thomas, Cynthia H. Whaley, Zbigniew Klimont, Henrik Skov, and Jørgen Brandt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10413–10438, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10413-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10413-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Future (2015–2050) simulations of the aerosol burdens and their radiative forcing and climate impacts over the Arctic under various emission projections show that although the Arctic aerosol burdens are projected to decrease significantly by 10 to 60 %, regardless of the magnitude of aerosol reductions, surface air temperatures will continue to increase by 1.9–2.6 ℃, while sea-ice extent will continue to decrease, implying reductions of greenhouse gases are necessary to mitigate climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lin Huang, Wendy Zhang, Guaciara M. Santos, Blanca T. Rodríguez, Sandra R. Holden, Vincent Vetro, and Claudia I. Czimczik
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3481–3500, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3481-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3481-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Radiocarbon (14C)-based source apportionment of aerosol carbon fractions requires the physical separation of OC from EC and minimizing of the incorporation of extraneous carbon. Using pure and mixed reference materials ranging in age from modern to fossil, we show that the ECT9 protocol effectively isolates OC and EC. This work expands existing opportunities for characterizing and monitoring sources of carbonaceous aerosols, including µg C-sized samples from the Arctic.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Karl Espen Yttri, Francesco Canonaco, Sabine Eckhardt, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Markus Fiebig, Hans Gundersen, Anne-Gunn Hjellbrekke, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Stephen Matthew Platt, André S. H. Prévôt, David Simpson, Sverre Solberg, Jason Surratt, Kjetil Tørseth, Hilde Uggerud, Marit Vadset, Xin Wan, and Wenche Aas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7149–7170, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7149-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7149-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonaceous aerosol sources and trends were studied at the Birkenes Observatory. A large decrease in elemental carbon (EC; 2001–2018) and a smaller decline in levoglucosan (2008–2018) suggest that organic carbon (OC)/EC from traffic/industry is decreasing, whereas the abatement of OC/EC from biomass burning has been less successful. Positive matrix factorization apportioned 72 % of EC to fossil fuel sources and 53 % (PM2.5) and 78 % (PM10–2.5) of OC to biogenic sources.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Joanna E. Dyson, Graham A. Boustead, Lauren T. Fleming, Mark Blitz, Daniel Stone, Stephen R. Arnold, Lisa K. Whalley, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5755–5775, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5755-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5755-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl radical (OH) dominates the removal of atmospheric pollutants, with nitrous acid (HONO) recognised as a major OH source. For remote regions HONO production through the action of sunlight on aerosol surfaces can provide a source of nitrogen oxides. In this study, HONO production rates at illuminated aerosol surfaces are measured under atmospheric conditions, a model consistent with the data is developed and aerosol production of HONO in the atmosphere is shown to be significant.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Thomas Thorp, Stephen R. Arnold, Richard J. Pope, Dominick V. Spracklen, Luke Conibear, Christoph Knote, Mikhail Arshinov, Boris Belan, Eija Asmi, Tuomas Laurila, Andrei I. Skorokhod, Tuomo Nieminen, and Tuukka Petäjä
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4677–4697, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4677-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We compare modelled near-surface pollutants with surface and satellite observations to better understand the controls on the regional concentrations of pollution in western Siberia for late spring and summer in 2011. We find two commonly used emission inventories underestimate human emissions when compared to observations. Transport emissions are the main source of pollutants within the region during this period, whilst fire emissions peak during June and are only significant south of 60° N.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nikolaos Evangeliou, Yves Balkanski, Sabine Eckhardt, Anne Cozic, Martin Van Damme, Pierre-François Coheur, Lieven Clarisse, Mark W. Shephard, Karen E. Cady-Pereira, and Didier Hauglustaine
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4431–4451, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4431-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4431-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia, a substance that has played a key role in sustaining life, has been increasing in the atmosphere, affecting climate and humans. Understanding the reasons for this increase is important for the beneficial use of ammonia. The evolution of satellite products gives us the opportunity to calculate ammonia emissions easier. We calculated global ammonia emissions over the last 10 years, incorporated them into a chemistry model and recorded notable improvement in reproducing observations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nikolaos Evangeliou, Stephen M. Platt, Sabine Eckhardt, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Paolo Laj, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, John Backman, Benjamin T. Brem, Markus Fiebig, Harald Flentje, Angela Marinoni, Marco Pandolfi, Jesus Yus-Dìez, Natalia Prats, Jean P. Putaud, Karine Sellegri, Mar Sorribas, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Stergios Vratolis, Alfred Wiedensohler, and Andreas Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2675–2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2675-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2675-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Following the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to Europe, social distancing rules were introduced to prevent further spread. We investigate the impacts of the European lockdowns on black carbon (BC) emissions by means of in situ observations and inverse modelling. BC emissions declined by 23 kt in Europe during the lockdowns as compared with previous years and by 11 % as compared to the period prior to lockdowns. Residential combustion prevailed in Eastern Europe, as confirmed by remote sensing data.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ondřej Tichý, Miroslav Hýža, Nikolaos Evangeliou, and Václav Šmídl
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 803–818, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-803-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-803-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an investigation of the usability of newly developed real-time concentration monitoring systems, which are based on the gamma-ray counting of aerosol filters. These high-resolution data were used for inverse modeling of the 106Ru release in 2017. Our inverse modeling results agree with previously published estimates and provide better temporal resolution of the estimates.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ondřej Tichý, Lukáš Ulrych, Václav Šmídl, Nikolaos Evangeliou, and Andreas Stohl
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5917–5934, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5917-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5917-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We study the estimation of the temporal profile of an atmospheric release using formalization as a linear inverse problem. The problem is typically ill-posed, so all state-of-the-art methods need some form of regularization using additional information. We provide a sensitivity study on the prior source term and regularization parameters for the shape of the source term with a demonstration on the ETEX experimental release and the Cs-134 and Cs-137 dataset from the Chernobyl accident.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marianne T. Lund, Borgar Aamaas, Camilla W. Stjern, Zbigniew Klimont, Terje K. Berntsen, and Bjørn H. Samset
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 977–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-977-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-977-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Achieving the Paris Agreement temperature goals requires both near-zero levels of long-lived greenhouse gases and deep cuts in emissions of short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs). Here we quantify the near- and long-term global temperature impacts of emissions of individual SLCFs and CO2 from 7 economic sectors in 13 regions in order to provide the detailed knowledge needed to design efficient mitigation strategies at the sectoral and regional levels.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ben Silver, Luke Conibear, Carly L. Reddington, Christoph Knote, Steve R. Arnold, and Dominick V. Spracklen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11683–11695, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11683-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11683-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
China suffers from serious air pollution, which is thought to cause millions of early deaths each year. Measurements on the ground show that overall air quality is improving. Air quality is also affected by weather conditions, which can vary from year to year. We conduct computer simulations to show it is the reduction of the amount of pollution emitted, rather than weather conditions, which caused air quality to improve during 2015–2017. We then estimate that 150 000 fewer people die early.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Matthew J. Rowlinson, Alexandru Rap, Douglas S. Hamilton, Richard J. Pope, Stijn Hantson, Steve R. Arnold, Jed O. Kaplan, Almut Arneth, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Piers M. Forster, and Lars Nieradzik
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10937–10951, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10937-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10937-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric ozone is an important greenhouse gas which contributes to anthropogenic climate change; however, the effect of human emissions is uncertain because pre-industrial ozone concentrations are not well understood. We use revised inventories of pre-industrial natural emissions to estimate the human contribution to changes in tropospheric ozone. We find that tropospheric ozone radiative forcing is up to 34 % lower when using improved pre-industrial biomass burning and vegetation emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jaakko Kukkonen, Mikko Savolahti, Yuliia Palamarchuk, Timo Lanki, Väinö Nurmi, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Leena Kangas, Mikhail Sofiev, Ari Karppinen, Androniki Maragkidou, Pekka Tiittanen, and Niko Karvosenoja
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9371–9391, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9371-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9371-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a mathematical model that can be used to analyse the benefits that could be achieved by implementing alternative air quality abatement measures, policies or strategies. The model was applied to determine pollution sources in the whole of Finland in 2015. Clearly the most economically effective measures were the reduction in emissions from low-level sources in urban areas. Such sources include road transport, non-road vehicles and machinery, and residential wood combustion.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tuukka Petäjä, Ella-Maria Duplissy, Ksenia Tabakova, Julia Schmale, Barbara Altstädter, Gerard Ancellet, Mikhail Arshinov, Yurii Balin, Urs Baltensperger, Jens Bange, Alison Beamish, Boris Belan, Antoine Berchet, Rossana Bossi, Warren R. L. Cairns, Ralf Ebinghaus, Imad El Haddad, Beatriz Ferreira-Araujo, Anna Franck, Lin Huang, Antti Hyvärinen, Angelika Humbert, Athina-Cerise Kalogridis, Pavel Konstantinov, Astrid Lampert, Matthew MacLeod, Olivier Magand, Alexander Mahura, Louis Marelle, Vladimir Masloboev, Dmitri Moisseev, Vaios Moschos, Niklas Neckel, Tatsuo Onishi, Stefan Osterwalder, Aino Ovaska, Pauli Paasonen, Mikhail Panchenko, Fidel Pankratov, Jakob B. Pernov, Andreas Platis, Olga Popovicheva, Jean-Christophe Raut, Aurélie Riandet, Torsten Sachs, Rosamaria Salvatori, Roberto Salzano, Ludwig Schröder, Martin Schön, Vladimir Shevchenko, Henrik Skov, Jeroen E. Sonke, Andrea Spolaor, Vasileios K. Stathopoulos, Mikko Strahlendorff, Jennie L. Thomas, Vito Vitale, Sterios Vratolis, Carlo Barbante, Sabine Chabrillat, Aurélien Dommergue, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Jyri Heilimo, Kathy S. Law, Andreas Massling, Steffen M. Noe, Jean-Daniel Paris, André S. H. Prévôt, Ilona Riipinen, Birgit Wehner, Zhiyong Xie, and Hanna K. Lappalainen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8551–8592, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8551-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8551-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The role of polar regions is increasing in terms of megatrends such as globalization, new transport routes, demography, and the use of natural resources with consequent effects on regional and transported pollutant concentrations. Here we summarize initial results from our integrative project exploring the Arctic environment and pollution to deliver data products, metrics, and indicators for stakeholders.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Katherine R. Travis, Colette L. Heald, Hannah M. Allen, Eric C. Apel, Stephen R. Arnold, Donald R. Blake, William H. Brune, Xin Chen, Róisín Commane, John D. Crounse, Bruce C. Daube, Glenn S. Diskin, James W. Elkins, Mathew J. Evans, Samuel R. Hall, Eric J. Hintsa, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Prasad S. Kasibhatla, Michelle J. Kim, Gan Luo, Kathryn McKain, Dylan B. Millet, Fred L. Moore, Jeffrey Peischl, Thomas B. Ryerson, Tomás Sherwen, Alexander B. Thames, Kirk Ullmann, Xuan Wang, Paul O. Wennberg, Glenn M. Wolfe, and Fangqun Yu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7753–7781, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7753-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7753-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric models overestimate the rate of removal of trace gases by the hydroxyl radical (OH). This is a concern for studies of the climate and air quality impacts of human activities. Here, we evaluate the performance of a commonly used model of atmospheric chemistry against data from the NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) over the remote oceans where models have received little validation. The model is generally successful, suggesting that biases in OH may be a concern over land.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yugo Kanaya, Kazuyo Yamaji, Takuma Miyakawa, Fumikazu Taketani, Chunmao Zhu, Yongjoo Choi, Yuichi Komazaki, Kohei Ikeda, Yutaka Kondo, and Zbigniew Klimont
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6339–6356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6339-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6339-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fundamental disagreements among bottom-up emission inventories exist about the sign of the black carbon emissions trend from China over the past decade. Our decadal observations on Fukue Island clearly indicate its rapid reduction, after correcting for interannual meteorological variability, which supports inventories reflecting governmental clean air actions after 2010. The reduction pace surpasses those of SSP1 scenarios for 2015–2030, suggesting highly successful emission control policies.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Thomas Kühn, Kaarle Kupiainen, Tuuli Miinalainen, Harri Kokkola, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Anton Laakso, Juha Tonttila, Rita Van Dingenen, Kati Kulovesi, Niko Karvosenoja, and Kari E. J. Lehtinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5527–5546, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5527-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5527-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of black carbon (BC) mitigation on Arctic climate and human health, accounting for the concurrent reduction of other aerosol species. While BC is attributed a net warming effect on climate, most other aerosol species cool the planet. We find that the direct radiative effect of mitigating BC induces cooling, while aerosol–cloud effects offset this cooling and introduce large uncertainties. Furthermore, the reduced aerosol emissions reduce human mortality considerably.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Otto Hyvärinen, Ari Venäläinen, and Andrea Vajda
Adv. Sci. Res., 17, 23–27, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-17-23-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-17-23-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The monthly mean soil moisture forecasts for forestry are been developed in the Finnish Meteorological Institute in cooperation with Finnish end-users. Such forecasts help in timber harvesting planning, and forecasts could large economic value. Therefore the skillfulness of forecasts was measured. Throughout the year the first month was skillful, and after that it can be hard to say if the forecasts are better than the normal conditions. Winter forecasts are a bit better than summer forecasts.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Leyang Feng, Steven J. Smith, Caleb Braun, Monica Crippa, Matthew J. Gidden, Rachel Hoesly, Zbigniew Klimont, Margreet van Marle, Maarten van den Berg, and Guido R. van der Werf
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 461–482, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-461-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-461-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the methods used for generating gridded emission datasets produced for use by the modeling community, particularly for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The development of three sets of gridded data (historical open burning, historical anthropogenic, and future scenarios) was coordinated to produce consistent data over 1750–2100. We discuss the methodologies used to produce these data along with limitations and potential for future work.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ignacio Pisso, Espen Sollum, Henrik Grythe, Nina I. Kristiansen, Massimo Cassiani, Sabine Eckhardt, Delia Arnold, Don Morton, Rona L. Thompson, Christine D. Groot Zwaaftink, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Harald Sodemann, Leopold Haimberger, Stephan Henne, Dominik Brunner, John F. Burkhart, Anne Fouilloux, Jerome Brioude, Anne Philipp, Petra Seibert, and Andreas Stohl
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4955–4997, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4955-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4955-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present the latest release of the Lagrangian transport model FLEXPART, which simulates the transport, diffusion, dry and wet deposition, radioactive decay, and 1st-order chemical reactions of atmospheric tracers. The model has been recently updated both technically and in the representation of physicochemical processes. We describe the changes, document the most recent input and output files, provide working examples, and introduce testing capabilities.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Carly L. Reddington, Luke Conibear, Christoph Knote, Ben J. Silver, Yong J. Li, Chak K. Chan, Steve R. Arnold, and Dominick V. Spracklen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11887–11910, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11887-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11887-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We use a high-resolution model over South and East Asia to explore air quality and human health benefits of eliminating emissions from six man-made pollution sources. We find that preventing emissions from either residential energy use, industry, or open biomass burning yields the largest reductions in ground-level particulate matter pollution and its associated disease burden over this region. We also summarize previous estimates of the source-specific disease burden in China and India.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ana Stojiljkovic, Mari Kauhaniemi, Jaakko Kukkonen, Kaarle Kupiainen, Ari Karppinen, Bruce Rolstad Denby, Anu Kousa, Jarkko V. Niemi, and Matthias Ketzel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11199–11212, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11199-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11199-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Nordic countries experience the deterioration of air quality in springtime due to high PM10 concentrations. Non-exhaust emissions from vehicular traffic are regarded as the most significant source of particulate air pollution during this time of year. The results from this study demonstrate the fact that changes in winter tyre types and adjustments to road maintenance could substantially reduce non-exhaust emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Laura Kiely, Dominick V. Spracklen, Christine Wiedinmyer, Luke Conibear, Carly L. Reddington, Scott Archer-Nicholls, Douglas Lowe, Stephen R. Arnold, Christoph Knote, Md Firoz Khan, Mohd Talib Latif, Mikinori Kuwata, Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini, and Lailan Syaufina
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11105–11121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11105-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11105-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In 2015, a large fire episode occurred in Indonesia, reducing air quality. Fires occurred predominantly on peatland, where large uncertainties are associated with emissions. Current fire emissions datasets underestimate peat fire emissions. We created new fire emissions data, with data specific to Indonesian peat fires. Using these emissions in simulations of particulate matter and aerosol optical depth shows an improvement over simulations using current data, when compared with observations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tak W. Chan, Lin Huang, Kulbir Banwait, Wendy Zhang, Darrell Ernst, Xiaoliang Wang, John G. Watson, Judith C. Chow, Mark Green, Claudia I. Czimczik, Guaciara M. Santos, Sangeeta Sharma, and Keith Jones
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 4543–4560, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4543-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4543-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study compared 10 years of carbonaceous aerosol measurements collected at Egbert by three North American long-term monitoring networks. The study evaluated how differences in sample collection and analysis affected the concentrations of total carbon (TC), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC). Various carbonaceous fractions measured by the three networks were consistent and comparable over the period. Elevated OC and EC were observed when ambient temperature exceeded 10 °C.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jens Mühle, Cathy M. Trudinger, Luke M. Western, Matthew Rigby, Martin K. Vollmer, Sunyoung Park, Alistair J. Manning, Daniel Say, Anita Ganesan, L. Paul Steele, Diane J. Ivy, Tim Arnold, Shanlan Li, Andreas Stohl, Christina M. Harth, Peter K. Salameh, Archie McCulloch, Simon O'Doherty, Mi-Kyung Park, Chun Ok Jo, Dickon Young, Kieran M. Stanley, Paul B. Krummel, Blagoj Mitrevski, Ove Hermansen, Chris Lunder, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Bo Yao, Jooil Kim, Benjamin Hmiel, Christo Buizert, Vasilii V. Petrenko, Jgor Arduini, Michela Maione, David M. Etheridge, Eleni Michalopoulou, Mike Czerniak, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, Stefan Reimann, Peter G. Simmonds, Paul J. Fraser, Ronald G. Prinn, and Ray F. Weiss
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10335–10359, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10335-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10335-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss atmospheric concentrations and emissions of the strong greenhouse gas perfluorocyclobutane. A large fraction of recent emissions stem from China, India, and Russia, probably as a by-product from the production of fluoropolymers and fluorochemicals. Most historic emissions likely stem from developed countries. Total emissions are higher than what is being reported. Clearly, more measurements and better reporting are needed to understand emissions of this and other greenhouse gases.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Matthew J. Rowlinson, Alexandru Rap, Stephen R. Arnold, Richard J. Pope, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Joe McNorton, Piers Forster, Hamish Gordon, Kirsty J. Pringle, Wuhu Feng, Brian J. Kerridge, Barry L. Latter, and Richard Siddans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8669–8686, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8669-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8669-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfires and meteorology have a substantial effect on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as methane and ozone. During the 1997 El Niño event, unusually large fire emissions indirectly increased global methane through carbon monoxide emission, which decreased the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere. There were also large regional changes to tropospheric ozone concentrations, but contrasting effects of fire and meteorology resulted in a small change to global radiative forcing.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kaarle Juhana Kupiainen, Borgar Aamaas, Mikko Savolahti, Niko Karvosenoja, and Ville-Veikko Paunu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7743–7757, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7743-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7743-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate global and Arctic temperature impacts of air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions from Finland, using different climate metrics. This is an example of how the climate impact of emissions from small countries and sources can be evaluated, which is challenging with climate models. We find that CO2 emissions have the most significant climate impact, which increases with longer time horizons. In the short term, emissions of CH4 and black carbon are also important.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marina Saccon, Anna Kornilova, Lin Huang, and Jochen Rudolph
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5495–5509, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5495-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5495-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
As compound are emitted into the atmosphere, they can undergo chemical reactions to produce secondary products. This paper investigates the relations of compounds' unique chemical characteristics to the processes that formed them from emissions in the atmosphere. A model is applied to help with this investigation. The complexity of the atmosphere, including mixing of air masses and variability in precursor reactivity, is taken into consideration, and results are presented.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Heike Wex, Lin Huang, Wendy Zhang, Hayley Hung, Rita Traversi, Silvia Becagli, Rebecca J. Sheesley, Claire E. Moffett, Tate E. Barrett, Rossana Bossi, Henrik Skov, Anja Hünerbein, Jasmin Lubitz, Mareike Löffler, Olivia Linke, Markus Hartmann, Paul Herenz, and Frank Stratmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5293–5311, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5293-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5293-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We found an annual cycle for ice-nucleating particles in the Arctic. These particles are important for Arctic clouds, as they can change the lifetime of clouds. We suggest that higher concentrations of these particles in summertime originate from the Arctic biosphere (both marine and terrestrial). With a warming Arctic, these concentrations may increase further, influencing aerosol–cloud interactions and therewith the observed strong warming of the Arctic.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Karl Espen Yttri, David Simpson, Robert Bergström, Gyula Kiss, Sönke Szidat, Darius Ceburnis, Sabine Eckhardt, Christoph Hueglin, Jacob Klenø Nøjgaard, Cinzia Perrino, Ignazio Pisso, Andre Stephan Henry Prevot, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Gerald Spindler, Milan Vana, Yan-Lin Zhang, and Wenche Aas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4211–4233, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4211-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4211-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonaceous aerosols from natural sources were abundant regardless of season. Residential wood burning (RWB) emissions were occasionally equally as large as or larger than of fossil-fuel sources, depending on season and region. RWB emissions are poorly constrained; thus emissions inventories need improvement. Harmonizing emission factors between countries is likely the most important step to improve model calculations for biomass burning emissions and European PM2.5 concentrations in general.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hannu Valta, Ilari Lehtonen, Terhi K. Laurila, Ari Venäläinen, Mikko Laapas, and Hilppa Gregow
Adv. Sci. Res., 16, 31–37, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-16-31-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-16-31-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A comparison of forest damage with windstorm intensity in Finland suggests that the volume of forest damage follows approximately a power relation as a function of wind gust speed with a power of ~10. This tentative estimate holds for typical windstorms having mainly westerly winds and affecting large areas in southern and central parts of Finland. The estimate can be utilized when preparing impact-based predictions of windstorms.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ilari Lehtonen, Ari Venäläinen, Matti Kämäräinen, Antti Asikainen, Juha Laitila, Perttu Anttila, and Heli Peltola
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1611–1631, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1611-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1611-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Wintertime bearing capacity on different forest soils with respect to timber harvesting in the projected future climate of Finland was estimated by using a soil temperature model and a wide set of downscaled climate model simulations. The results indicate that, particularly, drained peatlands may virtually lack soil frost over large areas in most of winters during the late 21st century. There is thus a clear need to develop new sustainable and efficient logging practices for peatland forests.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Betty Croft, Randall V. Martin, W. Richard Leaitch, Julia Burkart, Rachel Y.-W. Chang, Douglas B. Collins, Patrick L. Hayes, Anna L. Hodshire, Lin Huang, John K. Kodros, Alexander Moravek, Emma L. Mungall, Jennifer G. Murphy, Sangeeta Sharma, Samantha Tremblay, Gregory R. Wentworth, Megan D. Willis, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, and Jeffrey R. Pierce
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2787–2812, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2787-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2787-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Summertime Arctic atmospheric aerosols are strongly controlled by processes related to natural regional sources. We use a chemical transport model with size-resolved aerosol microphysics to interpret measurements made during summertime 2016 in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Our results explore the processes that control summertime aerosol size distributions and support a climate-relevant role for Arctic marine secondary organic aerosol formed from precursor vapors with Arctic marine sources.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, W. Richard Leaitch, Amir A. Aliabadi, Allan K. Bertram, Jean-Pierre Blanchet, Aude Boivin-Rioux, Heiko Bozem, Julia Burkart, Rachel Y. W. Chang, Joannie Charette, Jai P. Chaubey, Robert J. Christensen, Ana Cirisan, Douglas B. Collins, Betty Croft, Joelle Dionne, Greg J. Evans, Christopher G. Fletcher, Martí Galí, Roya Ghahreman, Eric Girard, Wanmin Gong, Michel Gosselin, Margaux Gourdal, Sarah J. Hanna, Hakase Hayashida, Andreas B. Herber, Sareh Hesaraki, Peter Hoor, Lin Huang, Rachel Hussherr, Victoria E. Irish, Setigui A. Keita, John K. Kodros, Franziska Köllner, Felicia Kolonjari, Daniel Kunkel, Luis A. Ladino, Kathy Law, Maurice Levasseur, Quentin Libois, John Liggio, Martine Lizotte, Katrina M. Macdonald, Rashed Mahmood, Randall V. Martin, Ryan H. Mason, Lisa A. Miller, Alexander Moravek, Eric Mortenson, Emma L. Mungall, Jennifer G. Murphy, Maryam Namazi, Ann-Lise Norman, Norman T. O'Neill, Jeffrey R. Pierce, Lynn M. Russell, Johannes Schneider, Hannes Schulz, Sangeeta Sharma, Meng Si, Ralf M. Staebler, Nadja S. Steiner, Jennie L. Thomas, Knut von Salzen, Jeremy J. B. Wentzell, Megan D. Willis, Gregory R. Wentworth, Jun-Wei Xu, and Jacqueline D. Yakobi-Hancock
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2527–2560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2527-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2527-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is experiencing considerable environmental change with climate warming, illustrated by the dramatic decrease in sea-ice extent. It is important to understand both the natural and perturbed Arctic systems to gain a better understanding of how they will change in the future. This paper summarizes new insights into the relationships between Arctic aerosol particles and climate, as learned over the past five or so years by a large Canadian research consortium, NETCARE.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nikolaos Evangeliou, Arve Kylling, Sabine Eckhardt, Viktor Myroniuk, Kerstin Stebel, Ronan Paugam, Sergiy Zibtsev, and Andreas Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1393–1411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1393-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1393-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We simulated the peatland fires that burned in Greenland in summer 2017. Using satellite data, we estimated that the total burned area was 2345 ha, the fuel amount consumed 117 kt C and the emissions of BC, OC and BrC 23.5, 731 and 141 t, respectively. About 30 % of the emissions were deposited on snow or ice surfaces. This caused a maximum albedo change of 0.007 and a surface radiative forcing of 0.03–0.04 W m−2, with local maxima of up to 0.63–0.77 W m−2. Overall, the fires had a small impact.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tommaso Galeazzo, Slimane Bekki, Erwan Martin, Joël Savarino, and Stephen R. Arnold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17909–17931, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17909-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17909-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic sulfur can have climatic impacts for the planet via sulfate aerosol formation, leading also to pollution events. We provide model constraints on tropospheric volcanic sulfate formation, with implications for its lifetime and impacts on regional air quality. Oxygen isotope investigations from our model suggest that in the poor tropospheric plumes of halogens, the O2/TMI sulfur oxidation pathway might significantly control sulfate production. The produced sulfate has no isotopic anomaly.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Stephen M. Platt, Sabine Eckhardt, Benedicte Ferré, Rebecca E. Fisher, Ove Hermansen, Pär Jansson, David Lowry, Euan G. Nisbet, Ignacio Pisso, Norbert Schmidbauer, Anna Silyakova, Andreas Stohl, Tove M. Svendby, Sunil Vadakkepuliyambatta, Jürgen Mienert, and Cathrine Lund Myhre
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17207–17224, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17207-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17207-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We measured atmospheric mixing ratios of methane over the Arctic Ocean around Svalbard and compared observed variations to inventories for anthropogenic, wetland, and biomass burning methane emissions and an atmospheric transport model. With knowledge of where variations were expected due to the aforementioned land-based emissions, we were able to identify and quantify a methane source from the ocean north of Svalbard, likely from sub-sea hydrocarbon seeps and/or gas hydrate decomposition.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Wanmin Gong, Stephen R. Beagley, Sophie Cousineau, Mourad Sassi, Rodrigo Munoz-Alpizar, Sylvain Ménard, Jacinthe Racine, Junhua Zhang, Jack Chen, Heather Morrison, Sangeeta Sharma, Lin Huang, Pascal Bellavance, Jim Ly, Paul Izdebski, Lynn Lyons, and Richard Holt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16653–16687, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16653-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16653-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The navigability of the Arctic Ocean is increasing with the warming in recent years. Using model simulations at a much finer resolution than previous pan-Arctic studies, the impact of marine shipping emissions on air pollution in the Canadian Arctic is assessed for present (2010) and projected levels in 2030. The study found that shipping emissions have a local-to-regional impact in the Arctic at the current level; the impact will increase significantly in a projected business-as-usual scenario.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nikolaos Evangeliou, Rona L. Thompson, Sabine Eckhardt, and Andreas Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15307–15327, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15307-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15307-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present BC inversions at high northern latitudes in 2013–2015. The emissions were high close to the gas flaring regions in Russia and in western Canada. The posterior emissions of BC at latitudes > 50° N were estimated as 560 ± 171 kt yr-1, smaller than in bottom-up inventories. Posterior concentrations over the Arctic compared with independent observations from flight and ship campaigns showed small biases. Seasonal maxima were estimated in summer months due to biomass burning, mainly in Europe.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lauren M. Zamora, Ralph A. Kahn, Klaus B. Huebert, Andreas Stohl, and Sabine Eckhardt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14949–14964, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14949-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14949-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We use satellite data and model output to estimate how airborne particles (aerosols) affect cloud ice particles and droplets over the Arctic Ocean. Aerosols from sources like smoke and pollution can change cloud cover, precipitation frequency, and the portion of liquid- vs. ice-containing clouds, which in turn can impact the surface energy budget. By improving our understanding these aerosol–cloud interactions, this work can help climate predictions for the rapidly changing Arctic.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xin Lin, Philippe Ciais, Philippe Bousquet, Michel Ramonet, Yi Yin, Yves Balkanski, Anne Cozic, Marc Delmotte, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Nuggehalli K. Indira, Robin Locatelli, Shushi Peng, Shilong Piao, Marielle Saunois, Panangady S. Swathi, Rong Wang, Camille Yver-Kwok, Yogesh K. Tiwari, and Lingxi Zhou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9475–9497, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9475-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9475-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate CH4 and CO2 using a zoomed global transport model with a horizontal resolution of ~50 km over South and East Asia, as well as a standard model version for comparison. Model performance is evaluated for both gases and versions at multiple timescales against a new collection of surface stations over this key GHG-emitting region. The evaluation at different timescales and comparisons between gases and model versions have implications for possible model improvements and inversions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Richard J. Pope, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Stephen R. Arnold, Norbert Glatthor, Wuhu Feng, Sandip S. Dhomse, Brian J. Kerridge, Barry G. Latter, and Richard Siddans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8389–8408, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8389-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8389-2018, 2018
Chandra Venkataraman, Michael Brauer, Kushal Tibrewal, Pankaj Sadavarte, Qiao Ma, Aaron Cohen, Sreelekha Chaliyakunnel, Joseph Frostad, Zbigniew Klimont, Randall V. Martin, Dylan B. Millet, Sajeev Philip, Katherine Walker, and Shuxiao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8017–8039, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8017-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8017-2018, 2018
Katrina M. Macdonald, Sangeeta Sharma, Desiree Toom, Alina Chivulescu, Andrew Platt, Mike Elsasser, Lin Huang, Richard Leaitch, Nathan Chellman, Joseph R. McConnell, Heiko Bozem, Daniel Kunkel, Ying Duan Lei, Cheol-Heon Jeong, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, and Greg J. Evans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3485–3503, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3485-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3485-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The sources of key contaminants in Arctic snow may be an important factor in understanding the rapid climate changes observed in the Arctic. Fresh snow samples collected frequently through the winter season were analyzed for major constituents. Temporally refined source apportionment via positive matrix factorization in conjunction with FLEXPART suggested potential source characteristics and locations. The identity of these sources and their relative contribution to key analytes is discussed.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Meng Li, Zbigniew Klimont, Qiang Zhang, Randall V. Martin, Bo Zheng, Chris Heyes, Janusz Cofala, Yuxuan Zhang, and Kebin He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3433–3456, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3433-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3433-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of two widely used anthropogenic emission inventories over China, ECLIPSE and MIX, to explore the potential sources of uncertainties and find clues to improving emission inventories. We found that SO2 emission estimates are consistent between the two inventories (with 1 % differences), while NOx emissions in ECLIPSE's estimates are 16 % lower than those in MIX. Discrepancies at the sector and provincial levels are much higher.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
W. Richard Leaitch, Lynn M. Russell, Jun Liu, Felicia Kolonjari, Desiree Toom, Lin Huang, Sangeeta Sharma, Alina Chivulescu, Dan Veber, and Wendy Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3269–3287, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3269-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3269-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Over 2 years of atmospheric aerosol organic functional group and microphysics measurements at the world's northernmost land observatory offer a unique high-latitude dataset. Lower organic mass (OM) concentrations and higher OM fractions accompany smaller particles during summer, with opposite results during winter to spring. Seasonally, the OM oxidation level is highest in winter, associated with primary marine alcohol groups. In summer, secondary processes dominate the marine influence on OM.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Rachel M. Hoesly, Steven J. Smith, Leyang Feng, Zbigniew Klimont, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Tyler Pitkanen, Jonathan J. Seibert, Linh Vu, Robert J. Andres, Ryan M. Bolt, Tami C. Bond, Laura Dawidowski, Nazar Kholod, June-ichi Kurokawa, Meng Li, Liang Liu, Zifeng Lu, Maria Cecilia P. Moura, Patrick R. O'Rourke, and Qiang Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 369–408, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Historical emission trends are key inputs to Earth systems and atmospheric chemistry models. We present a new data set of historical (1750–2014) anthropogenic gases (CO, CH4, NH3, NOx, SO2, NMVOCs, BC, OC, and CO2) developed with the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). This improves on existing inventories as it uses consistent methods and data across emissions species, has annual resolution for a longer and more recent time series, and is designed to be transparent and reproducible.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nikolaos Evangeliou, Vladimir P. Shevchenko, Karl Espen Yttri, Sabine Eckhardt, Espen Sollum, Oleg S. Pokrovsky, Vasily O. Kobelev, Vladimir B. Korobov, Andrey A. Lobanov, Dina P. Starodymova, Sergey N. Vorobiev, Rona L. Thompson, and Andreas Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 963–977, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-963-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-963-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present EC measurements from an uncertain region in terms of emissions (Russia). Its origin is quantified with a Lagrangian model that uses a recently developed feature that allows backward estimation of the specific source locations that contribute to the deposited mass. In NW European Russia transportation and domestic combustion from Finland was important. A systematic underestimation was found in W Siberia at places where gas flaring was important, implying miscalculation or sources.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sangeeta Sharma, W. Richard Leaitch, Lin Huang, Daniel Veber, Felicia Kolonjari, Wendy Zhang, Sarah J. Hanna, Allan K. Bertram, and John A. Ogren
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 15225–15243, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15225-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15225-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A new and unique data set on BC properties at the highest latitude observatory in the world, at Alert, Canada, evaluates three techniques for estimating black carbon (BC) and gives seasonal best estimates of the BC mass concentrations and BC mass absorption coefficients (MAC) for 2.5 years of data. As a short-lived climate forcer, better estimates of the properties of BC are necessary to ensure accurate modelling of aerosol climate forcing of the Arctic atmosphere for mitigation purposes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Bastien Sauvage, Alain Fontaine, Sabine Eckhardt, Antoine Auby, Damien Boulanger, Hervé Petetin, Ronan Paugam, Gilles Athier, Jean-Marc Cousin, Sabine Darras, Philippe Nédélec, Andreas Stohl, Solène Turquety, Jean-Pierre Cammas, and Valérie Thouret
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 15271–15292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15271-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15271-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We provide the scientific community with a SOFT-IO tool based on the coupling of Lagrangian modeling with emission inventories and aircraft CO measurements, which is able to calculate the contribution of the sources and geographical origins of CO measurements, with good performances. Calculated CO added-value products will help scientists in interpreting large IAGOS CO data set. SOFT-IO could further be applied to other CO data sets or used to help validate emission inventories.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sabine Eckhardt, Massimo Cassiani, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Espen Sollum, Ignacio Pisso, and Andreas Stohl
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4605–4618, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4605-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4605-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We extend the backward modelling technique in the existing model FLEXPART to substances deposited at the Earth’s surface by wet scavenging and dry deposition. This means that for existing measurements of a substance in snow, ice cores or rain samples the source regions can be determined. This will help the interpretation of the measurement as well as gaining information of emission strength at the source of the deposited substance.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jun-Wei Xu, Randall V. Martin, Andrew Morrow, Sangeeta Sharma, Lin Huang, W. Richard Leaitch, Julia Burkart, Hannes Schulz, Marco Zanatta, Megan D. Willis, Daven K. Henze, Colin J. Lee, Andreas B. Herber, and Jonathan P. D. Abbatt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 11971–11989, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11971-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11971-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We interpret a series of recent airborne and ground-based measurements with the GEOS-Chem model and its adjoint to attribute the sources of Arctic BC. Anthropogenic emissions in eastern and southern Asia make the largest contribution to Arctic BC. Gas flaring emissions from oilfields in western Siberia and from the Tarim oilfield in western China could have striking impacts on Arctic BC loadings.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Franz Conen, Sabine Eckhardt, Hans Gundersen, Andreas Stohl, and Karl Espen Yttri
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 11065–11073, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11065-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11065-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Observation of ice nuclei active at −8 °C show that rainfall drives their abundance throughout all seasons and that they are equally distributed amongst coarse and fine fraction of PM10. Concurrent measurements of fungal spore markers suggest that some fraction of INP-8 may consist of fungal spores during the warm part of the year. Snow cover suppresses the aerosolisation of ice nuclei. Changes in snow cover and rainfall may affect atmospheric concentrations of ice nuclei in future.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Christine D. Groot Zwaaftink, Ólafur Arnalds, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Sabine Eckhardt, Joseph M. Prospero, and Andreas Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10865–10878, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10865-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10865-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
How much dust do Icelandic sources emit and where is this dust deposited? We modelled dust emission and transport from Icelandic sources over 27 years with FLEXPART. Results show that Icelandic dust sources can have emission rates similar to parts of the Sahara and considerable amounts of dust are deposited in the ocean and on glaciers.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Augustin Colette, Camilla Andersson, Astrid Manders, Kathleen Mar, Mihaela Mircea, Maria-Teresa Pay, Valentin Raffort, Svetlana Tsyro, Cornelius Cuvelier, Mario Adani, Bertrand Bessagnet, Robert Bergström, Gino Briganti, Tim Butler, Andrea Cappelletti, Florian Couvidat, Massimo D'Isidoro, Thierno Doumbia, Hilde Fagerli, Claire Granier, Chris Heyes, Zig Klimont, Narendra Ojha, Noelia Otero, Martijn Schaap, Katarina Sindelarova, Annemiek I. Stegehuis, Yelva Roustan, Robert Vautard, Erik van Meijgaard, Marta Garcia Vivanco, and Peter Wind
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3255–3276, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3255-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3255-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The EURODELTA-Trends numerical experiment has been designed to assess the capability of chemistry-transport models to capture the evolution of surface air quality over the 1990–2010 period in Europe. It also includes sensitivity experiments in order to analyse the relative contribution of (i) emission changes, (ii) meteorological variability, and (iii) boundary conditions to air quality trends. The article is a detailed presentation of the experiment design and participating models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sarah A. Monks, Stephen R. Arnold, Michael J. Hollaway, Richard J. Pope, Chris Wilson, Wuhu Feng, Kathryn M. Emmerson, Brian J. Kerridge, Barry L. Latter, Georgina M. Miles, Richard Siddans, and Martyn P. Chipperfield
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3025–3057, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3025-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3025-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The TOMCAT chemical transport model has been updated with the chemical degradation of ethene, propene, toluene, butane and monoterpenes. The tropospheric chemical mechanism is documented and the model is evaluated against surface, balloon, aircraft and satellite data. The model is generally able to capture the main spatial and seasonal features of carbon monoxide, ozone, volatile organic compounds and reactive nitrogen. However,
some model biases are found that require further investigation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nikolaos Evangeliou, Thomas Hamburger, Anne Cozic, Yves Balkanski, and Andreas Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8805–8824, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8805-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8805-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first paper that attempts to assess the source term of the Chernobyl accident using not only activity concentrations but also deposition measurements. This is done by using the FLEXPART model combined with a Bayesian inversion algorithm. Our results show that the altitude of the injection during the first days of the accident might have reached up to 3 km, in contrast to what has been already reported (2.2 km maximum), in order the model to better match observations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zbigniew Klimont, Kaarle Kupiainen, Chris Heyes, Pallav Purohit, Janusz Cofala, Peter Rafaj, Jens Borken-Kleefeld, and Wolfgang Schöpp
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8681–8723, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8681-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8681-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter for 1990–2010. Global emissions have not changed much in this period, showing a strong decoupling from the increase in energy consumption (and carbon dioxide emissions). Regional trends were different – increase in East Asia and Africa and decline in Europe and North America. In 2010, 60 % of emissions originated in Asia and more than half from cooking and heating stoves.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ari Venäläinen, Mikko Laapas, Pentti Pirinen, Matti Horttanainen, Reijo Hyvönen, Ilari Lehtonen, Päivi Junila, Meiting Hou, and Heli M. Peltola
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 529–545, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-529-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-529-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The rapidly growing forest-based bioeconomy calls for increasing wood harvesting intensity, and an increase in thinning and a final felling area. This may increase wind damage risks at the upwind edges of new cleared felling areas and thinned stands. Efficient wind risk assessment is needed. We demonstrate a pragmatic and computationally feasible method for identifying at a high spatial resolution those locations having the highest forest wind damage risks.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lauren M. Zamora, Ralph A. Kahn, Sabine Eckhardt, Allison McComiskey, Patricia Sawamura, Richard Moore, and Andreas Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7311–7332, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7311-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7311-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds have a major but uncertain effect on Arctic surface temperatures. Here, we used remote sensing observations to better understand aerosol effects on one type of Arctic cloud. By modifying a variety of cloud properties, aerosols in this type of cloud indirectly reduced the net warming effect of these clouds on the surface by ~ 10 % of the clean-background cloud effect, not including changes in cloud fraction. This work will improve our ability to predict future Arctic surface temperatures.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Eri Saikawa, Hankyul Kim, Min Zhong, Alexander Avramov, Yu Zhao, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Jun-ichi Kurokawa, Zbigniew Klimont, Fabian Wagner, Vaishali Naik, Larry W. Horowitz, and Qiang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6393–6421, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6393-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6393-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze differences in existing air pollutant emission estimates to better understand the magnitude of emissions as well as the source regions and sectors of air pollution in China. We find large disagreements among the inventories, and we show that these differences have a significant impact on regional air quality simulations. Better understanding of air pollutant emissions at more disaggregated levels is essential for air pollution mitigation in China.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Katrina M. Macdonald, Sangeeta Sharma, Desiree Toom, Alina Chivulescu, Sarah Hanna, Allan K. Bertram, Andrew Platt, Mike Elsasser, Lin Huang, David Tarasick, Nathan Chellman, Joseph R. McConnell, Heiko Bozem, Daniel Kunkel, Ying Duan Lei, Greg J. Evans, and Jonathan P. D. Abbatt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5775–5788, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5775-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5775-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid climate changes within the Arctic have highlighted existing uncertainties in the transport of contaminants to Arctic snow. Fresh snow samples collected frequently through the winter season were analyzed for major constituents creating a unique record of Arctic snow. Comparison with simultaneous atmospheric measurements provides insight into the driving processes in the transfer of contaminants from air to snow. The relative importance of deposition mechanisms over the season is proposed.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Henrik Grythe, Nina I. Kristiansen, Christine D. Groot Zwaaftink, Sabine Eckhardt, Johan Ström, Peter Tunved, Radovan Krejci, and Andreas Stohl
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1447–1466, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1447-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1447-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A new and more physically based treatment of how removal by precipitation is calculated by FLEXPART is introduced to take into account more aspects of aerosol diversity. Also new is the definition of clouds and cloud properties. Results from simulations show good agreement with observed atmospheric concentrations for distinctly different aerosols. Atmospheric lifetimes were found to vary from a few hours (large aerosol particles) up to a month (small non-soluble particles)
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gunnar Myhre, Wenche Aas, Ribu Cherian, William Collins, Greg Faluvegi, Mark Flanner, Piers Forster, Øivind Hodnebrog, Zbigniew Klimont, Marianne T. Lund, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Cathrine Lund Myhre, Dirk Olivié, Michael Prather, Johannes Quaas, Bjørn H. Samset, Jordan L. Schnell, Michael Schulz, Drew Shindell, Ragnhild B. Skeie, Toshihiko Takemura, and Svetlana Tsyro
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2709–2720, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2709-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2709-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decades, the geographical distribution of emissions of substances that alter the atmospheric energy balance has changed due to economic growth and pollution regulations. Here, we show the resulting changes to aerosol and ozone abundances and their radiative forcing using recently updated emission data for the period 1990–2015, as simulated by seven global atmospheric composition models. The global mean radiative forcing is more strongly positive than reported in IPCC AR5.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Andrew D. Teakles, Rita So, Bruce Ainslie, Robert Nissen, Corinne Schiller, Roxanne Vingarzan, Ian McKendry, Anne Marie Macdonald, Daniel A. Jaffe, Allan K. Bertram, Kevin B. Strawbridge, W. Richard Leaitch, Sarah Hanna, Desiree Toom, Jonathan Baik, and Lin Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2593–2611, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2593-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2593-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present a case study of an intense wildfire smoke plume from Siberia that affected the air quality across the Pacific Northwest on 6–10 July 2012. The transport, entrainment, and chemical composition of the plume are examined to characterize the event. Ambient O3 and PM2.5 from surface monitoring is contrast to modelled baseline air quality estimates to show the overall contribution of the plume to exceedances in O3 and PM2.5 air quality standards and objectives that occurred.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Wei Min Hao, Alexander Petkov, Bryce L. Nordgren, Rachel E. Corley, Robin P. Silverstein, Shawn P. Urbanski, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Yves Balkanski, and Bradley L. Kinder
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 4461–4474, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4461-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4461-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We developed the most comprehensive dataset of daily BC emissions from forest, grassland, shrubland, and savanna fires over northern Eurasia at a 500 m × 500 m resolution from 2002 to 2015. We examined the daily, seasonal, and interannual variability of BC emissions from fires in different ecosystems in the geopolitical regions of Russia, eastern Asia, central and western Asia, and Europe. The results are essential for modeling the transport and deposition of fire-emitted BC to the Arctic.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hanna K. Lappalainen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka Petäjä, Theo Kurten, Aleksander Baklanov, Anatoly Shvidenko, Jaana Bäck, Timo Vihma, Pavel Alekseychik, Meinrat O. Andreae, Stephen R. Arnold, Mikhail Arshinov, Eija Asmi, Boris Belan, Leonid Bobylev, Sergey Chalov, Yafang Cheng, Natalia Chubarova, Gerrit de Leeuw, Aijun Ding, Sergey Dobrolyubov, Sergei Dubtsov, Egor Dyukarev, Nikolai Elansky, Kostas Eleftheriadis, Igor Esau, Nikolay Filatov, Mikhail Flint, Congbin Fu, Olga Glezer, Aleksander Gliko, Martin Heimann, Albert A. M. Holtslag, Urmas Hõrrak, Juha Janhunen, Sirkku Juhola, Leena Järvi, Heikki Järvinen, Anna Kanukhina, Pavel Konstantinov, Vladimir Kotlyakov, Antti-Jussi Kieloaho, Alexander S. Komarov, Joni Kujansuu, Ilmo Kukkonen, Ella-Maria Duplissy, Ari Laaksonen, Tuomas Laurila, Heikki Lihavainen, Alexander Lisitzin, Alexsander Mahura, Alexander Makshtas, Evgeny Mareev, Stephany Mazon, Dmitry Matishov, Vladimir Melnikov, Eugene Mikhailov, Dmitri Moisseev, Robert Nigmatulin, Steffen M. Noe, Anne Ojala, Mari Pihlatie, Olga Popovicheva, Jukka Pumpanen, Tatjana Regerand, Irina Repina, Aleksei Shcherbinin, Vladimir Shevchenko, Mikko Sipilä, Andrey Skorokhod, Dominick V. Spracklen, Hang Su, Dmitry A. Subetto, Junying Sun, Arkady Y. Terzhevik, Yuri Timofeyev, Yuliya Troitskaya, Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen, Viacheslav I. Kharuk, Nina Zaytseva, Jiahua Zhang, Yrjö Viisanen, Timo Vesala, Pertti Hari, Hans Christen Hansson, Gennady G. Matvienko, Nikolai S. Kasimov, Huadong Guo, Valery Bondur, Sergej Zilitinkevich, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14421–14461, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14421-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14421-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
After kick off in 2012, the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) program has expanded fast and today the multi-disciplinary research community covers ca. 80 institutes and a network of ca. 500 scientists from Europe, Russia, and China. Here we introduce scientific topics relevant in this context. This is one of the first multi-disciplinary overviews crossing scientific boundaries, from atmospheric sciences to socio-economics and social sciences.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Richard J. Pope, Nigel A. D. Richards, Martyn P. Chipperfield, David P. Moore, Sarah A. Monks, Stephen R. Arnold, Norbert Glatthor, Michael Kiefer, Tom J. Breider, Jeremy J. Harrison, John J. Remedios, Carsten Warneke, James M. Roberts, Glenn S. Diskin, Lewis G. Huey, Armin Wisthaler, Eric C. Apel, Peter F. Bernath, and Wuhu Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13541–13559, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13541-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13541-2016, 2016
Ilari Lehtonen, Matti Kämäräinen, Hilppa Gregow, Ari Venäläinen, and Heli Peltola
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2259–2271, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2259-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2259-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the impact of projected climate change on the risk of snow-induced forest damage in Finland. Although winters are projected to become milder over the whole of Finland, our results suggest than in eastern and northern Finland the risk may increase while in southern and western parts of the country it is projected to decrease. This indicates that there is increasing need to consider the potential of snow damage in forest management in eastern and northern Finland.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anna Kornilova, Lin Huang, Marina Saccon, and Jochen Rudolph
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11755–11772, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11755-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11755-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The photochemical oxidation of organic compounds in the atmosphere results in the formation of important secondary pollutants such as ozone and fine particles. The extent of oxidation the organic compounds have been subjected too since there emissions is essential is key for understanding the formation of secondary pollutants. This paper demonstrates that measurements of the carbon isotope ratios allow determining the extent of photochemical processing for individual compounds.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
B. Quennehen, J.-C. Raut, K. S. Law, N. Daskalakis, G. Ancellet, C. Clerbaux, S.-W. Kim, M. T. Lund, G. Myhre, D. J. L. Olivié, S. Safieddine, R. B. Skeie, J. L. Thomas, S. Tsyro, A. Bazureau, N. Bellouin, M. Hu, M. Kanakidou, Z. Klimont, K. Kupiainen, S. Myriokefalitakis, J. Quaas, S. T. Rumbold, M. Schulz, R. Cherian, A. Shimizu, J. Wang, S.-C. Yoon, and T. Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10765–10792, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10765-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10765-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates the ability of six global models and one regional model in reproducing short-lived pollutants (defined here as ozone and its precursors, aerosols and black carbon) concentrations over Asia using satellite, ground-based and airborne observations.
Key findings are that models homogeneously reproduce the trace gas observations although nitrous oxides are underestimated, whereas the aerosol distributions are heterogeneously reproduced, implicating important uncertainties.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zarashpe Z. Kapadia, Dominick V. Spracklen, Steve R. Arnold, Duncan J. Borman, Graham W. Mann, Kirsty J. Pringle, Sarah A. Monks, Carly L. Reddington, François Benduhn, Alexandru Rap, Catherine E. Scott, Edward W. Butt, and Masaru Yoshioka
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10521–10541, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10521-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10521-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Using a coupled tropospheric chemistry-aerosol microphysics model this research paper investigates the effect of variations in aviation fuel sulfur content (FSC) on surface PM2.5 concentrations, increases in aviation-induced premature mortalities, low-level cloud condensation nuclei and radiative effect.
When investigating the climatic impact of variations in FSC the ozone direct radiative effect, aerosol direct radiative effect and aerosol cloud albedo effect are quantified.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
When investigating the climatic impact of variations in FSC the ozone direct radiative effect, aerosol direct radiative effect and aerosol cloud albedo effect are quantified.
N. Evangeliou, Y. Balkanski, W. M. Hao, A. Petkov, R. P. Silverstein, R. Corley, B. L. Nordgren, S. P. Urbanski, S. Eckhardt, A. Stohl, P. Tunved, S. Crepinsek, A. Jefferson, S. Sharma, J. K. Nøjgaard, and H. Skov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7587–7604, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7587-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7587-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we focused on how vegetation fires that occurred in northern Eurasia during the period 2002–2013 influenced the budget of BC in the Arctic. An average area of 250 000 km2 yr−1 was burned in northern Eurasia and the global emissions of BC ranged between 8.0 and 9.5 Tg yr−1, while 102 ± 29 kt yr−1 BC from biomass burning was deposited on the Arctic. About 46 % of the Arctic BC from vegetation fires originated from Siberia, 6 % from Kazakhstan, 5 % from Europe, and about 1 % from Mon
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Stijn Hantson, Almut Arneth, Sandy P. Harrison, Douglas I. Kelley, I. Colin Prentice, Sam S. Rabin, Sally Archibald, Florent Mouillot, Steve R. Arnold, Paulo Artaxo, Dominique Bachelet, Philippe Ciais, Matthew Forrest, Pierre Friedlingstein, Thomas Hickler, Jed O. Kaplan, Silvia Kloster, Wolfgang Knorr, Gitta Lasslop, Fang Li, Stephane Mangeon, Joe R. Melton, Andrea Meyn, Stephen Sitch, Allan Spessa, Guido R. van der Werf, Apostolos Voulgarakis, and Chao Yue
Biogeosciences, 13, 3359–3375, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3359-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3359-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Our ability to predict the magnitude and geographic pattern of past and future fire impacts rests on our ability to model fire regimes. A large variety of models exist, and it is unclear which type of model or degree of complexity is required to model fire adequately at regional to global scales. In this paper we summarize the current state of the art in fire-regime modelling and model evaluation, and outline what lessons may be learned from the Fire Model Intercomparison Project – FireMIP.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pauli Paasonen, Kaarle Kupiainen, Zbigniew Klimont, Antoon Visschedijk, Hugo A. C. Denier van der Gon, and Markus Amann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6823–6840, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6823-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6823-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we show the first results of size-segregated anthropogenic particle number emissions from the GAINS emission scenario model. The shares of different sources and their predicted changes from 2010 to 2030 are described, showing clear difference in sources dominating the particle number and mass emissions. We also point out the main uncertainties in number emissions. The GAINS particle number emissions can be applied in improving the evaluation of aerosol climate and health effects.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Wolfgang Knorr, Frank Dentener, Stijn Hantson, Leiwen Jiang, Zbigniew Klimont, and Almut Arneth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5685–5703, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5685-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5685-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfires are generally expected to increase in frequency and severity due to climate change. For Europe this could mean increased air pollution levels during the summer. Until 2050, predicted changes are moderate, but under a scenario of strong climate change, these may increase considerably during the later part of the current century. In Portugal and several parts of the Mediterranean, emissions may become relevant for meeting WHO concentration targets.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Quentin Coopman, Timothy J. Garrett, Jérôme Riedi, Sabine Eckhardt, and Andreas Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4661–4674, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4661-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4661-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze interactions of Arctic clouds with pollution plumes that have been transported long distances from midlatitudes. Constraining for meteorological state, we find that pollution decreases cloud-droplet effective radius and increases cloud optical depth. The impact is highest when the atmosphere is particularly humid and/or stable suggesting that aerosol–cloud interactions depend on the Arctic's climate.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
N. I. Kristiansen, A. Stohl, D. J. L. Olivié, B. Croft, O. A. Søvde, H. Klein, T. Christoudias, D. Kunkel, S. J. Leadbetter, Y. H. Lee, K. Zhang, K. Tsigaridis, T. Bergman, N. Evangeliou, H. Wang, P.-L. Ma, R. C. Easter, P. J. Rasch, X. Liu, G. Pitari, G. Di Genova, S. Y. Zhao, Y. Balkanski, S. E. Bauer, G. S. Faluvegi, H. Kokkola, R. V. Martin, J. R. Pierce, M. Schulz, D. Shindell, H. Tost, and H. Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3525–3561, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3525-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3525-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Processes affecting aerosol removal from the atmosphere are not fully understood. In this study we investigate to what extent atmospheric transport models can reproduce observed loss of aerosols. We compare measurements of radioactive isotopes, that attached to ambient sulfate aerosols during the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident, to 19 models using identical emissions. Results indicate aerosol removal that is too fast in most models, and apply to aerosols that have undergone long-range transport.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
N. M. Tchebakova, N. A. Kuzmina, E. I. Parfenova, V. A. Senashova, and S. R. Kuzmin
Web Ecol., 16, 37–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-16-37-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-16-37-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Lophodermium needle cast is a common disease in the genus Pinus. Our analyses relating needle cast to climate in central Siberia showed that the disease depended most on precipitation and summer temperatures were important to trigger the disease in wetter years. In a warming climate needle cast outbreaks would have damaged the largest forest areas by 2020. In 2080 the outbreak progression would slow down because the Scots pine (the host tree) shift would be halted by the slow permafrost retreat.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
I. Lehtonen, A. Venäläinen, M. Kämäräinen, H. Peltola, and H. Gregow
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 239–253, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-239-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-239-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The number of large forest fires in Finland will most likely increase during the twenty-first century in response to projected climate change. This would increase the risk that some of the fires could develop into real conflagrations which have become almost extinct in Finland due to effective fire suppression. However, our results show considerable inter-model variability, demonstrating the large uncertainty related to the rate of the projected change in forest-fire danger.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
G. Janssens-Maenhout, M. Crippa, D. Guizzardi, F. Dentener, M. Muntean, G. Pouliot, T. Keating, Q. Zhang, J. Kurokawa, R. Wankmüller, H. Denier van der Gon, J. J. P. Kuenen, Z. Klimont, G. Frost, S. Darras, B. Koffi, and M. Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11411–11432, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides monthly emission grid maps at 0.1deg x 0.1deg resolution with global coverage for air pollutants and aerosols anthropogenic emissions in 2008 and 2010.
Countries are consistently inter-compared with sector-specific implied emission factors, per capita emissions and emissions per unit of GDP.
The emission grid maps compose the reference emissions data set for the community modelling hemispheric transport of air pollution (HTAP).
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
M. Saccon, A. Kornilova, L. Huang, S. Moukhtar, and J. Rudolph
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10825–10838, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10825-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10825-2015, 2015
A. Stohl, B. Aamaas, M. Amann, L. H. Baker, N. Bellouin, T. K. Berntsen, O. Boucher, R. Cherian, W. Collins, N. Daskalakis, M. Dusinska, S. Eckhardt, J. S. Fuglestvedt, M. Harju, C. Heyes, Ø. Hodnebrog, J. Hao, U. Im, M. Kanakidou, Z. Klimont, K. Kupiainen, K. S. Law, M. T. Lund, R. Maas, C. R. MacIntosh, G. Myhre, S. Myriokefalitakis, D. Olivié, J. Quaas, B. Quennehen, J.-C. Raut, S. T. Rumbold, B. H. Samset, M. Schulz, Ø. Seland, K. P. Shine, R. B. Skeie, S. Wang, K. E. Yttri, and T. Zhu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10529–10566, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10529-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10529-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a summary of the findings of the ECLIPSE EU project. The project has investigated the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived climate pollutants (especially methane, ozone, aerosols) and has designed a global mitigation strategy that maximizes co-benefits between air quality and climate policy. Transient climate model simulations allowed quantifying the impacts on temperature (e.g., reduction in global warming by 0.22K for the decade 2041-2050) and precipitation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
M. Beekmann, A. S. H. Prévôt, F. Drewnick, J. Sciare, S. N. Pandis, H. A. C. Denier van der Gon, M. Crippa, F. Freutel, L. Poulain, V. Ghersi, E. Rodriguez, S. Beirle, P. Zotter, S.-L. von der Weiden-Reinmüller, M. Bressi, C. Fountoukis, H. Petetin, S. Szidat, J. Schneider, A. Rosso, I. El Haddad, A. Megaritis, Q. J. Zhang, V. Michoud, J. G. Slowik, S. Moukhtar, P. Kolmonen, A. Stohl, S. Eckhardt, A. Borbon, V. Gros, N. Marchand, J. L. Jaffrezo, A. Schwarzenboeck, A. Colomb, A. Wiedensohler, S. Borrmann, M. Lawrence, A. Baklanov, and U. Baltensperger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9577–9591, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9577-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9577-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A detailed characterization of air quality in the Paris (France) agglomeration, a megacity, during two summer and winter intensive campaigns and from additional 1-year observations, revealed that about 70% of the fine particulate matter (PM) at urban background is transported into the megacity from upwind regions. Unexpectedly, a major part of organic PM is of modern origin (woodburning and cooking activities, secondary formation from biogenic VOC).
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. Eckhardt, B. Quennehen, D. J. L. Olivié, T. K. Berntsen, R. Cherian, J. H. Christensen, W. Collins, S. Crepinsek, N. Daskalakis, M. Flanner, A. Herber, C. Heyes, Ø. Hodnebrog, L. Huang, M. Kanakidou, Z. Klimont, J. Langner, K. S. Law, M. T. Lund, R. Mahmood, A. Massling, S. Myriokefalitakis, I. E. Nielsen, J. K. Nøjgaard, J. Quaas, P. K. Quinn, J.-C. Raut, S. T. Rumbold, M. Schulz, S. Sharma, R. B. Skeie, H. Skov, T. Uttal, K. von Salzen, and A. Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9413–9433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9413-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9413-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The concentrations of sulfate, black carbon and other aerosols in the Arctic are characterized by high values in late winter and spring (so-called Arctic Haze) and low values in summer. Models have long been struggling to capture this seasonality. In this study, we evaluate sulfate and BC concentrations from different updated models and emissions against a comprehensive pan-Arctic measurement data set. We find that the models improved but still struggle to get the maximum concentrations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
L. K. Emmons, S. R. Arnold, S. A. Monks, V. Huijnen, S. Tilmes, K. S. Law, J. L. Thomas, J.-C. Raut, I. Bouarar, S. Turquety, Y. Long, B. Duncan, S. Steenrod, S. Strode, J. Flemming, J. Mao, J. Langner, A. M. Thompson, D. Tarasick, E. C. Apel, D. R. Blake, R. C. Cohen, J. Dibb, G. S. Diskin, A. Fried, S. R. Hall, L. G. Huey, A. J. Weinheimer, A. Wisthaler, T. Mikoviny, J. Nowak, J. Peischl, J. M. Roberts, T. Ryerson, C. Warneke, and D. Helmig
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6721–6744, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6721-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6721-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Eleven 3-D tropospheric chemistry models have been compared and evaluated with observations in the Arctic during the International Polar Year (IPY 2008). Large differences are seen among the models, particularly related to the model chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and reactive nitrogen (NOx, PAN, HNO3) partitioning. Consistency among the models in the underestimation of CO, ethane and propane indicates the emission inventory is too low for these compounds.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
A. Kornilova, S. Moukhtar, M. Saccon, L. Huang, W. Zhang, and J. Rudolph
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2301–2313, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2301-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2301-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A technique for compound specific analysis of stable carbon isotope ratios and concentration of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOC) is presented. It is based on selective VOC sampling onto adsorbent filled cartridges. Examples of measurements conducted demonstrate that the ability to make accurate measurements in air with low VOC mixing ratios is important to avoid bias from an overrepresentation of samples that are strongly impacted by recent emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
R. Zhao, A. K. Y. Lee, L. Huang, X. Li, F. Yang, and J. P. D. Abbatt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6087–6100, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6087-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6087-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Aqueous-phase photochemical decay of light absorbing organic compounds, or atmospheric brown carbon (BrC), is investigated in this study. The absorptive change of laboratory surrogates of BrC, as well as biofuel combustion samples, were monitored during photolysis and OH oxidation experiments. The major finding is the rapid change in the absorptivity of BrC during such photochemical processing. This change should be taken into account to evaluate the importance of BrC in the atmosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. R. Arnold, L. K. Emmons, S. A. Monks, K. S. Law, D. A. Ridley, S. Turquety, S. Tilmes, J. L. Thomas, I. Bouarar, J. Flemming, V. Huijnen, J. Mao, B. N. Duncan, S. Steenrod, Y. Yoshida, J. Langner, and Y. Long
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6047–6068, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6047-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6047-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The extent to which forest fires produce the air pollutant and greenhouse gas ozone (O3) in the atmosphere at high latitudes in not well understood. We have compared how fire emissions produce O3 and its precursors in several models of atmospheric chemistry. We find enhancements in O3 in air dominated by fires in all models, which increase on average as fire emissions age. We also find that in situ O3 production in the Arctic is sensitive to details of organic chemistry and vertical lifting.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
J.-P. Pietikäinen, K. Kupiainen, Z. Klimont, R. Makkonen, H. Korhonen, R. Karinkanta, A.-P. Hyvärinen, N. Karvosenoja, A. Laaksonen, H. Lihavainen, and V.-M. Kerminen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5501–5519, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5501-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5501-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The global aerosol--climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ is used to study the aerosol burden and forcing changes in the coming decades. We show that aerosol burdens overall can have a decreasing trend leading to reductions in the direct aerosol effect being globally 0.06--0.4W/m2 by 2030, whereas the aerosol indirect radiative effect could decline 0.25--0.82W/m2. We also show that the targeted emission reduction measures can be a much better choice for the climate than overall high reductions globally.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. Tilmes, J.-F. Lamarque, L. K. Emmons, D. E. Kinnison, P.-L. Ma, X. Liu, S. Ghan, C. Bardeen, S. Arnold, M. Deeter, F. Vitt, T. Ryerson, J. W. Elkins, F. Moore, J. R. Spackman, and M. Val Martin
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1395–1426, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1395-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1395-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The Community Atmosphere Model (CAM), version 5, is now coupled to extensive tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, called CAM5-chem, and is available in addition to CAM4-chem in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) version 1.2. Both configurations are well suited as tools for atmospheric chemistry modeling studies in the troposphere and lower stratosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
O. Hyvärinen, L. Mtilatila, K. Pilli-Sihvola, A. Venäläinen, and H. Gregow
Adv. Sci. Res., 12, 31–36, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-12-31-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-12-31-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the quality of the seasonal precipitation forecasts issued by Regional Climate Outlook Forum for Malawi and Zambia. The forecasts, issued in August, are of rainy season rainfall accumulations for early and late season. The forecasts are rather well-calibrated, but cannot discriminate between different events. But these results can be too pessimistic, because forecasts have gone through much development lately, and forecasts using current methodology might have performed better.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. A. Monks, S. R. Arnold, L. K. Emmons, K. S. Law, S. Turquety, B. N. Duncan, J. Flemming, V. Huijnen, S. Tilmes, J. Langner, J. Mao, Y. Long, J. L. Thomas, S. D. Steenrod, J. C. Raut, C. Wilson, M. P. Chipperfield, G. S. Diskin, A. Weinheimer, H. Schlager, and G. Ancellet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3575–3603, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3575-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3575-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Multi-model simulations of Arctic CO, O3 and OH are evaluated using observations. Models show highly variable concentrations but the relative importance of emission regions and types is robust across the models, demonstrating the importance of biomass burning as a source. Idealised tracer experiments suggest that some of the model spread is due to variations in simulated transport from Europe in winter and from Asia throughout the year.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
H. S. Gadhavi, K. Renuka, V. Ravi Kiran, A. Jayaraman, A. Stohl, Z. Klimont, and G. Beig
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1447–1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1447-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1447-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Emission inventories are a key component of simulating past, present and future climate. In this article we have evaluated three black carbon emission inventories for emissions of India using observations made from a strategic location. Annual average simulated black carbon concentration is found to be 35% to 60% lower than observed concentration because of underestimation of emissions of southern India in the inventories.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. V. Henriksson, J.-P. Pietikäinen, A.-P. Hyvärinen, P. Räisänen, K. Kupiainen, J. Tonttila, R. Hooda, H. Lihavainen, D. O'Donnell, L. Backman, Z. Klimont, and A. Laaksonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10177–10192, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10177-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10177-2014, 2014
S. Safieddine, A. Boynard, P.-F. Coheur, D. Hurtmans, G. Pfister, B. Quennehen, J. L. Thomas, J.-C. Raut, K. S. Law, Z. Klimont, J. Hadji-Lazaro, M. George, and C. Clerbaux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10119–10131, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10119-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10119-2014, 2014
S. Chatani, M. Amann, A. Goel, J. Hao, Z. Klimont, A. Kumar, A. Mishra, S. Sharma, S. X. Wang, Y. X. Wang, and B. Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9259–9277, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9259-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9259-2014, 2014
W. C. Keene, J. L. Moody, J. N. Galloway, J. M. Prospero, O. R. Cooper, S. Eckhardt, and J. R. Maben
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8119–8135, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8119-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8119-2014, 2014
N. Korhonen, A. Venäläinen, H. Seppä, and H. Järvinen
Clim. Past, 10, 1489–1500, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1489-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1489-2014, 2014
K. Markakis, M. Valari, A. Colette, O. Sanchez, O. Perrussel, C. Honore, R. Vautard, Z. Klimont, and S. Rao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7323–7340, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7323-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7323-2014, 2014
S. X. Wang, B. Zhao, S. Y. Cai, Z. Klimont, C. P. Nielsen, T. Morikawa, J. H. Woo, Y. Kim, X. Fu, J. Y. Xu, J. M. Hao, and K. B. He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6571–6603, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6571-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6571-2014, 2014
K. E. Yttri, C. Lund Myhre, S. Eckhardt, M. Fiebig, C. Dye, D. Hirdman, J. Ström, Z. Klimont, and A. Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6427–6442, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6427-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6427-2014, 2014
A. Venäläinen, N. Korhonen, O. Hyvärinen, N. Koutsias, F. Xystrakis, I. R. Urbieta, and J. M. Moreno
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1477–1490, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1477-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1477-2014, 2014
J. L. Moody, W. C. Keene, O. R. Cooper, K. J. Voss, R. Aryal, S. Eckhardt, B. Holben, J. R. Maben, M. A. Izaguirre, and J. N. Galloway
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 691–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-691-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-691-2014, 2014
M. Saccon, R. Busca, C. Facca, L. Huang, S. Irei, A. Kornilova, D. Lane, and J. Rudolph
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2965–2974, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2965-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2965-2013, 2013
M. Cassiani, A. Stohl, and S. Eckhardt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9975–9996, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9975-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9975-2013, 2013
B. Zhao, S. X. Wang, H. Liu, J. Y. Xu, K. Fu, Z. Klimont, J. M. Hao, K. B. He, J. Cofala, and M. Amann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9869–9897, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9869-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9869-2013, 2013
A. Stohl, Z. Klimont, S. Eckhardt, K. Kupiainen, V. P. Shevchenko, V. M. Kopeikin, and A. N. Novigatsky
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8833–8855, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8833-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8833-2013, 2013
S. Eckhardt, O. Hermansen, H. Grythe, M. Fiebig, K. Stebel, M. Cassiani, A. Baecklund, and A. Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8401–8409, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8401-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8401-2013, 2013
A. Colette, B. Bessagnet, R. Vautard, S. Szopa, S. Rao, S. Schucht, Z. Klimont, L. Menut, G. Clain, F. Meleux, G. Curci, and L. Rouïl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7451–7471, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7451-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7451-2013, 2013
N. Evangeliou, Y. Balkanski, A. Cozic, and A. P. Møller
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7183–7198, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7183-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7183-2013, 2013
R. Kallenborn, K. Breivik, S. Eckhardt, C. R. Lunder, S. Manø, M. Schlabach, and A. Stohl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6983–6992, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6983-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6983-2013, 2013
M. Laborde, M. Crippa, T. Tritscher, Z. Jurányi, P. F. Decarlo, B. Temime-Roussel, N. Marchand, S. Eckhardt, A. Stohl, U. Baltensperger, A. S. H. Prévôt, E. Weingartner, and M. Gysel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5831–5856, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5831-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5831-2013, 2013
A. Kylling, R. Buras, S. Eckhardt, C. Emde, B. Mayer, and A. Stohl
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 649–660, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-649-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-649-2013, 2013
N. A. D. Richards, S. R. Arnold, M. P. Chipperfield, G. Miles, A. Rap, R. Siddans, S. A. Monks, and M. J. Hollaway
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2331–2345, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2331-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2331-2013, 2013
F. R. Vogel, L. Huang, D. Ernst, L. Giroux, S. Racki, and D. E. J. Worthy
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 301–308, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-301-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-301-2013, 2013
F. Freutel, J. Schneider, F. Drewnick, S.-L. von der Weiden-Reinmüller, M. Crippa, A. S. H. Prévôt, U. Baltensperger, L. Poulain, A. Wiedensohler, J. Sciare, R. Sarda-Estève, J. F. Burkhart, S. Eckhardt, A. Stohl, V. Gros, A. Colomb, V. Michoud, J. F. Doussin, A. Borbon, M. Haeffelin, Y. Morille, M. Beekmann, and S. Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 933–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-933-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-933-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Earth System Science/Response to Global Change: Climate Change
Simulating vertical phytoplankton dynamics in a stratified ocean using a two-layered ecosystem model
Assessing the lifetime of anthropogenic CO2 and its sensitivity to different carbon cycle processes
Foliar nutrient uptake from dust sustains plant nutrition
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
The effectiveness of agricultural carbon dioxide removal using the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model
Consistency of global carbon budget between concentration- and emission-driven historical experiments simulated by CMIP6 Earth system models and suggestions for improved simulation of CO2 concentration
Selecting allometric equations to estimate forest biomass from plot- rather than individual-level predictive performance
Tree Growth and Water-Use Efficiency at the Himalayan Fir Treeline and lower altitudes: Roles of Climate Warming and CO2 Fertilization
Impact of winter warming on CO2 fluxes in evergreen needleleaf forests
Effects of pH/pCO2 fluctuations on photosynthesis and fatty acid composition of two marine diatoms, with reference to consequences of coastal acidification
Long-term impacts of global temperature stabilization and overshoot on exploited marine species
Modelling ozone-induced changes in wheat amino acids and protein quality using a process-based crop model
Toward more robust net primary production projections in the North Atlantic Ocean
Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle
Review and syntheses: Ocean alkalinity enhancement and carbon dioxide removal through marine enhanced rock weathering using olivine
Southern Hemisphere tree-rings as proxies to reconstruct Southern Ocean upwelling
Particle fluxes by subtropical pelagic communities under ocean alkalinity enhancement
Responses of field-grown maize to different soil types, water regimes, and contrasting vapor pressure deficit
Effect of the 2022 summer drought across forest types in Europe
Ozone pollution may limit the benefits of irrigation to wheat productivity in India
Effect of terrestrial nutrient limitation on the estimation of the remaining carbon budget
Projected changes in forest fire season, the number of fires, and burnt area in Fennoscandia by 2100
New ozone–nitrogen model shows early senescence onset is the primary cause of ozone-induced reduction in grain quality of wheat
Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios
Variations of polyphenols and carbohydrates of Emiliania huxleyi grown under simulated ocean acidification conditions
Global and regional hydrological impacts of global forest expansion
Snow thermal conductivity controls future winter carbon emissions in shrub-tundra
Sensitivity of tropical woodland savannas to El Niño droughts
The biological and preformed carbon pumps in perpetually slower and warmer oceans
The Southern Ocean as the climate's freight train – driving ongoing global warming under zero-emission scenarios with ACCESS-ESM1.5
Mapping the future afforestation distribution of China constrained by a national afforestation plan and climate change
Southern Ocean phytoplankton under climate change: a shifting balance of bottom-up and top-down control
Coherency and time lag analyses between MODIS vegetation indices and climate across forests and grasslands in the European temperate zone
Direct foliar phosphorus uptake from wildfire ash
Disentangling future effects of climate change and forest disturbance on vegetation composition and land-surface properties of the boreal forest
The effect of forest cover changes on the regional climate conditions in Europe during the period 1986–2015
Carbon cycle feedbacks in an idealized simulation and a scenario simulation of negative emissions in CMIP6 Earth system models
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the increase in ocean acidity extremes in the northeastern Pacific
Anthropogenic climate change drives non-stationary phytoplankton internal variability
The response of wildfire regimes to Last Glacial Maximum carbon dioxide and climate
Simulated responses of soil carbon to climate change in CMIP6 Earth system models: the role of false priming
Alkalinity biases in CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for simulated CO2 drawdown via artificial alkalinity enhancement
Experiments of the efficacy of tree ring blue intensity as a climate proxy in central and western China
Burned area and carbon emissions across northwestern boreal North America from 2001–2019
Quantifying land carbon cycle feedbacks under negative CO2 emissions
The potential of an increased deciduous forest fraction to mitigate the effects of heat extremes in Europe
Ideas and perspectives: Alleviation of functional limitations by soil organisms is key to climate feedbacks from arctic soils
A comparison of the climate and carbon cycle effects of carbon removal by afforestation and an equivalent reduction in fossil fuel emissions
Stability of alkalinity in ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) approaches – consequences for durability of CO2 storage
Ideas and perspectives: Land–ocean connectivity through groundwater
Bioclimatic change as a function of global warming from CMIP6 climate projections
Qi Zheng, Johannes J. Viljoen, Xuerong Sun, Žarko Kovač, Shubha Sathyendranath, and Robert J. W. Brewin
Biogeosciences, 22, 3253–3278, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3253-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3253-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton contribute to half of Earth’s primary production, but not a lot is known about subsurface phytoplankton, living at the base of the sunlit ocean. We develop a two-layered box model to simulate phytoplankton seasonal and interannual variations in different depth layers of the ocean. Our model captures seasonal and long-term trends of the two layers, explaining how they respond to a warming ocean, furthering our understanding of how phytoplankton are responding to climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Christine Kaufhold, Matteo Willeit, Bo Liu, and Andrey Ganopolski
Biogeosciences, 22, 2767–2801, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2767-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2767-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study simulates long-term future climate scenarios to assess the persistence of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. Results show that the land stores 4 %–13 % of emissions after 100 kyr and that the removal timescale of CO2 for silicate weathering is shorter than previously expected. Our study highlights the importance of adding model complexity to the global carbon cycle in Earth system models for improved predictions of long-term atmospheric CO2 concentration.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anton Lokshin, Daniel Palchan, Elnatan Golan, Ran Erel, Daniele Andronico, and Avner Gross
Biogeosciences, 22, 2653–2666, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2653-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2653-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research explores how chickpea plants can absorb essential nutrients like phosphorus, iron, and nickel directly from dust deposited on their leaves in addition to uptake through their roots. This process is particularly effective under higher levels of atmospheric CO2, leading to increased plant growth. By using Nd isotopic tools, we traced the nutrients from dust and found that certain leaf traits enhance this uptake. This discovery may become increasingly important as CO2 levels rise.
Rebecca Chloe Evans and H. Damon Matthews
Biogeosciences, 22, 1969–1984, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1969-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1969-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To mitigate our impact on the climate, we must both drastically reduce emissions and perform carbon dioxide removal (CDR). We simulated agriculture as a form of CDR under three future climate scenarios to find out how the climate responds to CDR when the carbon is not permanently stored. We found that agricultural CDR is much more effective at reducing global temperatures if done in a low-emissions scenario and at a high rate, and it becomes less effective as removal continues.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tomohiro Hajima, Michio Kawamiya, Akihiko Ito, Kaoru Tachiiri, Chris D. Jones, Vivek Arora, Victor Brovkin, Roland Séférian, Spencer Liddicoat, Pierre Friedlingstein, and Elena Shevliakova
Biogeosciences, 22, 1447–1473, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1447-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1447-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global carbon budgets simulated by multiple Earth system models, using several types of simulations (CO2 concentration- and emission-driven experiments). We successfully identified problems with regard to the global carbon budget in each model. We also found urgent issues with regard to land use change CO2 emissions that should be solved in the latest generation of models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nicolas Picard, Noël Fonton, Faustin Boyemba Bosela, Adeline Fayolle, Joël Loumeto, Gabriel Ngua Ayecaba, Bonaventure Sonké, Olga Diane Yongo Bombo, Hervé Martial Maïdou, and Alfred Ngomanda
Biogeosciences, 22, 1413–1426, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1413-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1413-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Allometric equations predict tree biomass and are crucial for estimating forest carbon storage, thus assessing the role of forests in climate change mitigation. Usually, these equations are selected based on tree-level predictive performance. However, we evaluated the model performance at plot and forest levels, finding it varies with plot size. This has significant implications for reducing uncertainty in biomass estimates at these levels.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xing Pu and Lixin Lyu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-952, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-952, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how rising CO₂ and increasing temperatures affect the growth of Himalayan fir trees on the Tibetan Plateau, particularly in relation to water availability. We found that while tree growth in wet, high-elevation areas improved with increased CO₂, growth in dry, low-elevation areas declined due to water stress. These findings suggest that while CO₂ may boost growth in some areas, the negative effects of drought may outweigh these benefits.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Lukas Hörtnagl, Luana Krebs, Nicola Arriga, Mirco Migliavacca, Marilyn Roland, Bert Gielen, Leonardo Montagnani, Enrico Tomelleri, Ladislav Šigut, Matthias Peichl, Peng Zhao, Marius Schmidt, Thomas Grünwald, Mika Korkiakoski, Annalea Lohila, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 22, 1393–1411, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of winter warming on forest CO2 fluxes has rarely been investigated. We tested the effect of the warm winter of 2020 on the forest CO2 fluxes across 14 sites in Europe and found that the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) across most sites declined during the warm winter due to increased respiration fluxes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yu Shang, Jingmin Qiu, Yuxi Weng, Xin Wang, Di Zhang, Yuwei Zhou, Juntian Xu, and Futian Li
Biogeosciences, 22, 1203–1214, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1203-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1203-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Research on the influences of dynamic pH on the marine ecosystem is still in its infancy. We manipulated the culturing pH to simulate pH fluctuation and found lower pH could increase eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid production with unaltered growth and photosynthesis in two marine diatoms. It is important to consider pH variation for more accurate predictions regarding the consequences of acidification in coastal waters.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anne L. Morée, Fabrice Lacroix, William W. L. Cheung, and Thomas L. Frölicher
Biogeosciences, 22, 1115–1133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1115-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1115-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using novel Earth system model simulations and applying the Aerobic Growth Index, we show that only about half of the habitat loss for marine species is realized when temperature stabilization is initially reached. The maximum habitat loss happens over a century after peak warming in a temperature overshoot scenario peaking at 2 °C before stabilizing at 1.5 °C. We also emphasize that species adaptation may be key in mitigating the long-term impacts of temperature stabilization and overshoot.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jo Cook, Durgesh Singh Yadav, Felicity Hayes, Nathan Booth, Sam Bland, Pritha Pande, Samarthia Thankappan, and Lisa Emberson
Biogeosciences, 22, 1035–1056, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1035-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1035-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) pollution reduces wheat yields and quality in India, affecting amino acids essential for nutrition, like lysine and methionine. Here, we improve the DO3SE-CropN model to simulate wheat’s protective processes against O3 and their impact on protein and amino acid concentrations. While the model captures O3-induced yield losses, it underestimates amino acid reductions. Further research is needed to refine the model, enabling future risk assessments of O3's impact on yields and nutrition.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Stéphane Doléac, Marina Lévy, Roy El Hourany, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 22, 841–862, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-841-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-841-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The marine biogeochemistry components of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) models vary widely in their process representations. Using an innovative bioregionalization of the North Atlantic, we reveal that this model diversity largely drives the divergence in net primary production projections under a high-emission scenario. The identification of the most mechanistically realistic models allows for a substantial reduction in projection uncertainty.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nina Bednaršek, Hanna van de Mortel, Greg Pelletier, Marisol García-Reyes, Richard A. Feely, and Andrew G. Dickson
Biogeosciences, 22, 473–498, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-473-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-473-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The environmental impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) are unknown. Our synthesis, based on 68 collected studies with 84 unique species, shows that 35 % of species respond positively, 26 % respond negatively, and 39 % show a neutral response to alkalinity addition. Biological thresholds were found from 50 to 500 µmol kg−1 NaOH addition. A precautionary approach is warranted to avoid potential risks, while current regulatory framework needs improvements to assure safe biological limits.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Luna J. J. Geerts, Astrid Hylén, and Filip J. R. Meysman
Biogeosciences, 22, 355–384, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-355-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-355-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Marine enhanced rock weathering (mERW) with olivine is a promising method for capturing CO2 from the atmosphere, yet studies in field conditions are lacking. We bridge the gap between theoretical studies and the real-world environment by estimating the predictability of mERW parameters and identifying aspects to consider when applying mERW. A major source of uncertainty is the lack of experimental studies with sediment, which can heavily influence the speed and efficiency of CO2 drawdown.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Christian Blair Lewis, Rachel Corran, Sara Mikaloff-Fletcher, Erik Behrens, Rowena Moss, Gordon Brailsford, Andrew Lorrey, Margaret Norris, and Jocelyn Turnbull
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4107, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4107, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean carbon sink is a balance between two opposing forces: CO2 absorption at mid-latitudes and CO2 outgassing at high-latitudes. Radiocarbon analysis can be used to constrain the latter, as upwelling waters outgas old CO2, diluting atmospheric radiocarbon content. We present tree-ring radiocarbon measurements from New Zealand and Chile. We show that low radiocarbon in New Zealand’s Campbell Island is linked to outgassing in the critical Antarctic Southern Zone.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Philipp Suessle, Jan Taucher, Silvan Urs Goldenberg, Moritz Baumann, Kristian Spilling, Andrea Noche-Ferreira, Mari Vanharanta, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 22, 71–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-71-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-71-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a negative emission technology which may alter marine communities and the particle export they drive. Here, impacts of carbonate-based OAE on the flux and attenuation of sinking particles in an oligotrophic plankton community are presented. Whilst biological parameters remained unaffected, abiotic carbonate precipitation occurred. Among counteracting OAE’s efficiency, it influenced mineral ballasting and particle sinking velocities, requiring monitoring.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Thuy Huu Nguyen, Thomas Gaiser, Jan Vanderborght, Andrea Schnepf, Felix Bauer, Anja Klotzsche, Lena Lärm, Hubert Hüging, and Frank Ewert
Biogeosciences, 21, 5495–5515, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Leaf water potential was at certain thresholds, depending on soil type, water treatment, and weather conditions. In rainfed plots, the lower water availability in the stony soil resulted in fewer roots with a higher root tissue conductance than the silty soil. In the silty soil, higher stress in the rainfed soil led to more roots with a lower root tissue conductance than in the irrigated plot. Crop responses to water stress can be opposite, depending on soil water conditions that are compared.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Jingfeng Xiao, Xing Li, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 5481–5494, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5481-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5481-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 2022, Europe's forests faced unprecedented dry conditions. Our study aimed to understand how different forest types respond to extreme drought. Using meteorological data and satellite imagery, we compared 2022 with two previous extreme years, 2003 and 2018. Despite less severe drought in 2022, forests showed a 30 % greater decline in photosynthesis compared to 2018 and 60 % more than 2003. This suggests an alarming level of vulnerability of forests across Europe to more frequent droughts.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gabriella Everett, Øivind Hodnebrog, Madhoolika Agrawal, Durgesh Singh Yadav, Connie O'Neill, Chubamenla Jamir, Jo Cook, Pritha Pande, and Lisa Emberson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3371, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3371, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-level ozone (O3), heat, and water stress (WS) reduce wheat yields, threatening food security in India. O3, heat, and WS interact as stressed plants close stomata, limiting O3 entry and damage. This study models O3 uptake under rainfed (WS) and irrigated conditions for current and future climates. Results show little O3-related yield loss under wWS but higher losses with irrigation. Both climate scenarios increase O3-related losses, highlighting risks to India’s wheat productivity.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Makcim L. De Sisto and Andrew H. MacDougall
Biogeosciences, 21, 4853–4873, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4853-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4853-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The remaining carbon budget (RCB) represents the allowable future CO2 emissions before a temperature target is reached. Understanding the uncertainty in the RCB is critical for effective climate regulation and policy-making. One major source of uncertainty is the representation of the carbon cycle in Earth system models. We assessed how nutrient limitation affects the estimation of the RCB. We found a reduction in the estimated RCB when nutrient limitation is taken into account.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Outi Kinnunen, Leif Backman, Juha Aalto, Tuula Aalto, and Tiina Markkanen
Biogeosciences, 21, 4739–4763, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4739-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4739-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is expected to increase the risk of forest fires. Ecosystem process model simulations are used to project changes in fire occurrence in Fennoscandia under six climate projections. The findings suggest a longer fire season, more fires, and an increase in burnt area towards the end of the century.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jo Cook, Clare Brewster, Felicity Hayes, Nathan Booth, Sam Bland, Pritha Pande, Samarthia Thankappan, Håkan Pleijel, and Lisa Emberson
Biogeosciences, 21, 4809–4835, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
At ground level, the air pollutant ozone (O3) damages wheat yield and quality. We modified the DO3SE-Crop model to simulate O3 effects on wheat quality and identified onset of leaf death as the key process affecting wheat quality upon O3 exposure. This aligns with expectations, as the onset of leaf death aids nutrient transfer from leaves to grains. Breeders should prioritize wheat varieties resistant to protein loss from delayed leaf death, to maintain yield and quality under O3 exposure.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Niels Suitner, Giulia Faucher, Carl Lim, Julieta Schneider, Charly A. Moras, Ulf Riebesell, and Jens Hartmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 4587–4604, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Recent studies described the precipitation of carbonates as a result of alkalinity enhancement in seawater, which could adversely affect the carbon sequestration potential of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) approaches. By conducting experiments in natural seawater, this study observed uniform patterns during the triggered runaway carbonate precipitation, which allow the prediction of safe and efficient local application levels of OAE scenarios.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Milagros Rico, Paula Santiago-Díaz, Guillermo Samperio-Ramos, Melchor González-Dávila, and Juana Magdalena Santana-Casiano
Biogeosciences, 21, 4381–4394, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in pH generate stress conditions, either because high pH drastically decreases the availability of trace metals such as Fe(II), a restrictive element for primary productivity, or because reactive oxygen species are increased with low pH. The metabolic functions and composition of microalgae can be affected. These modifications in metabolites are potential factors leading to readjustments in phytoplankton community structure and diversity and possible alteration in marine ecosystems.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
James A. King, James Weber, Peter Lawrence, Stephanie Roe, Abigail L. S. Swann, and Maria Val Martin
Biogeosciences, 21, 3883–3902, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tackling climate change by adding, restoring, or enhancing forests is gaining global support. However, it is important to investigate the broader implications of this. We used a computer model of the Earth to investigate a future where tree cover expanded as much as possible. We found that some tropical areas were cooler because of trees pumping water into the atmosphere, but this also led to soil and rivers drying. This is important because it might be harder to maintain forests as a result.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Johnny Rutherford, Nick Rutter, Leanne Wake, and Alex Cannon
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2445, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2445, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic winter is vulnerable to climate warming and ~1700 Gt of carbon stored in high latitude permafrost ecosystems is at risk of degradation in the future due to enhanced microbial activity. Poorly represented cold season processes, such as the simulation of snow thermal conductivity in Land Surface Models (LSMs), causes uncertainty in projected carbon emission simulations. Improved snow conductivity parameterization in CLM5.0 significantly increases predicted winter CO2 emissions to 2100.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Simone Matias Reis, Yadvinder Malhi, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Beatriz S. Marimon, Huanyuan Zhang-Zheng, Renata Freitag, Cécile A. J. Girardin, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Karine da Silva Peixoto, Luciana Januário de Souza, Ediméia Laura Souza da Silva, Eduarda Bernardes Santos, Kamila Parreira da Silva, Maélly Dállet Alves Gonçalves, Cecilia A. L. Dahlsjö, Oliver L. Phillips, and Imma Oliveras Menor
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2118, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2118, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The 2015–2016 El Niño caused severe droughts in tropical forests, but its impact on the Cerrado, largest savanna, was unclear. Our study tracked the productivity of two key Cerrado vegetation types over five years. Before El Niño, productivity was higher in the transitional forest-savanna, but it dropped sharply during the event. Meanwhile, the savanna showed minor changes. These findings suggest that transitional ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to drought and climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Benoît Pasquier, Mark Holzer, and Matthew A. Chamberlain
Biogeosciences, 21, 3373–3400, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3373-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3373-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
How do perpetually slower and warmer oceans sequester carbon? Compared to the preindustrial state, we find that biological productivity declines despite warming-stimulated growth because of a lower nutrient supply from depth. This throttles the biological carbon pump, which still sequesters more carbon because it takes longer to return to the surface. The deep ocean is isolated from the surface, allowing more carbon from the atmosphere to pass through the ocean without contributing to biology.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Matthew A. Chamberlain, Tilo Ziehn, and Rachel M. Law
Biogeosciences, 21, 3053–3073, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3053-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3053-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores the climate processes that drive increasing global average temperatures in zero-emission commitment (ZEC) simulations despite decreasing atmospheric CO2. ACCESS-ESM1.5 shows the Southern Ocean to continue to warm locally in all ZEC simulations. In ZEC simulations that start after the emission of more than 1000 Pg of carbon, the influence of the Southern Ocean increases the global temperature.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Shuaifeng Song, Xuezhen Zhang, and Xiaodong Yan
Biogeosciences, 21, 2839–2858, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2839-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2839-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We mapped the distribution of future potential afforestation regions based on future high-resolution climate data and climate–vegetation models. After considering the national afforestation policy and climate change, we found that the future potential afforestation region was mainly located around and to the east of the Hu Line. This study provides a dataset for exploring the effects of future afforestation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tianfei Xue, Jens Terhaar, A. E. Friederike Prowe, Thomas L. Frölicher, Andreas Oschlies, and Ivy Frenger
Biogeosciences, 21, 2473–2491, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2473-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2473-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton play a crucial role in marine ecosystems. However, climate change's impact on phytoplankton biomass remains uncertain, particularly in the Southern Ocean. In this region, phytoplankton biomass within the water column is likely to remain stable in response to climate change, as supported by models. This stability arises from a shallower mixed layer, favoring phytoplankton growth but also increasing zooplankton grazing due to phytoplankton concentration near the surface.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kinga Kulesza and Agata Hościło
Biogeosciences, 21, 2509–2527, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present coherence and time lags in spectral response of three vegetation types in the European temperate zone to the influencing meteorological factors and teleconnection indices for the period 2002–2022. Vegetation condition in broadleaved forest, coniferous forest and pastures was measured with MODIS NDVI and EVI, and the coherence between NDVI and EVI and meteorological elements was described using the methods of wavelet coherence and Pearson’s linear correlation with time lag.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anton Lokshin, Daniel Palchan, and Avner Gross
Biogeosciences, 21, 2355–2365, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2355-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2355-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ash particles from wildfires are rich in phosphorus (P), a crucial nutrient that constitutes a limiting factor in 43 % of the world's land ecosystems. We hypothesize that wildfire ash could directly contribute to plant nutrition. We find that fire ash application boosts the growth of plants, but the only way plants can uptake P from fire ash is through the foliar uptake pathway and not through the roots. The fertilization impact of fire ash was also maintained under elevated levels of CO2.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lucia S. Layritz, Konstantin Gregor, Andreas Krause, Stefan Kruse, Ben F. Meyer, Tom A. M. Pugh, and Anja Rammig
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1028, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Disturbances (e.g. fire) can change which species grow in a forest, affecting water, carbon, energy flows, and the climate. They are expected to increase with climate change, but it is uncertain by how much. We studied how future climate and disturbances might impact vegetation with a simulation model. Our findings highlight the importance of considering both factors, with future disturbance patterns posing significant uncertainty. More research is needed to understand their future development.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marcus Breil, Vanessa K. M. Schneider, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Biogeosciences, 21, 811–824, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The general impact of afforestation on the regional climate conditions in Europe during the period 1986–2015 is investigated. For this purpose, a regional climate model simulation is performed, in which afforestation during this period is considered, and results are compared to a simulation in which this is not the case. Results show that afforestation had discernible impacts on the climate change signal in Europe, which may have mitigated the local warming trend, especially in summer in Europe.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ali Asaadi, Jörg Schwinger, Hanna Lee, Jerry Tjiputra, Vivek Arora, Roland Séférian, Spencer Liddicoat, Tomohiro Hajima, Yeray Santana-Falcón, and Chris D. Jones
Biogeosciences, 21, 411–435, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-411-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-411-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon cycle feedback metrics are employed to assess phases of positive and negative CO2 emissions. When emissions become negative, we find that the model disagreement in feedback metrics increases more strongly than expected from the assumption that the uncertainties accumulate linearly with time. The geographical patterns of such metrics over land highlight that differences in response between tropical/subtropical and temperate/boreal ecosystems are a major source of model disagreement.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Flora Desmet, Matthias Münnich, and Nicolas Gruber
Biogeosciences, 20, 5151–5175, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5151-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5151-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean acidity extremes in the upper 250 m depth of the northeastern Pacific rapidly increase with atmospheric CO2 rise, which is worrisome for marine organisms that rapidly experience pH levels outside their local environmental conditions. Presented research shows the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in this increase between regions and depths. In particular, the subsurface increase is substantially slowed down by the presence of mesoscale eddies, often not resolved in Earth system models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Geneviève W. Elsworth, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Kristen M. Krumhardt, Thomas M. Marchitto, and Sarah Schlunegger
Biogeosciences, 20, 4477–4490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic climate change will influence marine phytoplankton over the coming century. Here, we quantify the influence of anthropogenic climate change on marine phytoplankton internal variability using an Earth system model ensemble and identify a decline in global phytoplankton biomass variance with warming. Our results suggest that climate mitigation efforts that account for marine phytoplankton changes should also consider changes in phytoplankton variance driven by anthropogenic warming.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Olivia Haas, Iain Colin Prentice, and Sandy P. Harrison
Biogeosciences, 20, 3981–3995, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3981-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3981-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the impact of CO2 and climate on global patterns of burnt area, fire size, and intensity under Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) conditions using three climate scenarios. Climate change alone did not produce the observed LGM reduction in burnt area, but low CO2 did through reducing vegetation productivity. Fire intensity was sensitive to CO2 but strongly affected by changes in atmospheric dryness. Low CO2 caused smaller fires; climate had the opposite effect except in the driest scenario.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Rebecca M. Varney, Sarah E. Chadburn, Eleanor J. Burke, Simon Jones, Andy J. Wiltshire, and Peter M. Cox
Biogeosciences, 20, 3767–3790, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3767-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3767-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates soil carbon projections during the 21st century in CMIP6 Earth system models. In general, we find a reduced spread of changes in global soil carbon in CMIP6 compared to the previous CMIP5 generation. The reduced CMIP6 spread arises from an emergent relationship between soil carbon changes due to change in plant productivity and soil carbon changes due to changes in turnover time. We show that this relationship is consistent with false priming under transient climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Claudia Hinrichs, Peter Köhler, Christoph Völker, and Judith Hauck
Biogeosciences, 20, 3717–3735, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3717-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3717-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the alkalinity distribution in 14 climate models and found that most models underestimate alkalinity at the surface and overestimate it in the deeper ocean. It highlights the need for better understanding and quantification of processes driving alkalinity distribution and calcium carbonate dissolution and the importance of accounting for biases in model results when evaluating potential ocean alkalinity enhancement experiments.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yonghong Zheng, Huanfeng Shen, Rory Abernethy, and Rob Wilson
Biogeosciences, 20, 3481–3490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3481-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3481-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Investigations in central and western China show that tree ring inverted latewood intensity expresses a strong positive relationship with growing-season temperatures, indicating exciting potential for regions south of 30° N that are traditionally not targeted for temperature reconstructions. Earlywood BI also shows good potential to reconstruct hydroclimate parameters in some humid areas and will enhance ring-width-based hydroclimate reconstructions in the future.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Stefano Potter, Sol Cooperdock, Sander Veraverbeke, Xanthe Walker, Michelle C. Mack, Scott J. Goetz, Jennifer Baltzer, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, Arden Burrell, Catherine Dieleman, Nancy French, Stijn Hantson, Elizabeth E. Hoy, Liza Jenkins, Jill F. Johnstone, Evan S. Kane, Susan M. Natali, James T. Randerson, Merritt R. Turetsky, Ellen Whitman, Elizabeth Wiggins, and Brendan M. Rogers
Biogeosciences, 20, 2785–2804, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2785-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2785-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we developed a new burned-area detection algorithm between 2001–2019 across Alaska and Canada at 500 m resolution. We estimate 2.37 Mha burned annually between 2001–2019 over the domain, emitting 79.3 Tg C per year, with a mean combustion rate of 3.13 kg C m−2. We found larger-fire years were generally associated with greater mean combustion. The burned-area and combustion datasets described here can be used for local- to continental-scale applications of boreal fire science.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
V. Rachel Chimuka, Claude-Michel Nzotungicimpaye, and Kirsten Zickfeld
Biogeosciences, 20, 2283–2299, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2283-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2283-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new method to quantify carbon cycle feedbacks under negative CO2 emissions. Our method isolates the lagged carbon cycle response to preceding positive emissions from the response to negative emissions. Our findings suggest that feedback parameters calculated with the novel approach are larger than those calculated with the conventional approach whereby carbon cycle inertia is not corrected for, with implications for the effectiveness of carbon dioxide removal in reducing CO2 levels.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marcus Breil, Annabell Weber, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Biogeosciences, 20, 2237–2250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2237-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2237-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A promising strategy for mitigating burdens of heat extremes in Europe is to replace dark coniferous forests with brighter deciduous forests. The consequence of this would be reduced absorption of solar radiation, which should reduce the intensities of heat periods. In this study, we show that deciduous forests have a certain cooling effect on heat period intensities in Europe. However, the magnitude of the temperature reduction is quite small.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gesche Blume-Werry, Jonatan Klaminder, Eveline J. Krab, and Sylvain Monteux
Biogeosciences, 20, 1979–1990, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1979-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1979-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Northern soils store a lot of carbon. Most research has focused on how this carbon storage is regulated by cold temperatures. However, it is soil organisms, from minute bacteria to large earthworms, that decompose the organic material. Novel soil organisms from further south could increase decomposition rates more than climate change does and lead to carbon losses. We therefore advocate for including soil organisms when predicting the fate of soil functions in warming northern ecosystems.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Koramanghat Unnikrishnan Jayakrishnan and Govindasamy Bala
Biogeosciences, 20, 1863–1877, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1863-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1863-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Afforestation and reducing fossil fuel emissions are two important mitigation strategies to reduce the amount of global warming. Our work shows that reducing fossil fuel emissions is relatively more effective than afforestation for the same amount of carbon removed from the atmosphere. However, understanding of the processes that govern the biophysical effects of afforestation should be improved before considering our results for climate policy.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jens Hartmann, Niels Suitner, Carl Lim, Julieta Schneider, Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Phil Renforth, Jan Taucher, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 781–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
CO2 can be stored in the ocean via increasing alkalinity of ocean water. Alkalinity can be created via dissolution of alkaline materials, like limestone or soda. Presented research studies boundaries for increasing alkalinity in seawater. The best way to increase alkalinity was found using an equilibrated solution, for example as produced from reactors. Adding particles for dissolution into seawater on the other hand produces the risk of losing alkalinity and degassing of CO2 to the atmosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Amir Haroon, Hermann W. Bange, Ercan Erkul, Marion Jegen, Nils Moosdorf, Jens Schneider von Deimling, Christian Berndt, Michael Ernst Böttcher, Jasper Hoffmann, Volker Liebetrau, Ulf Mallast, Gudrun Massmann, Aaron Micallef, Holly A. Michael, Hendrik Paasche, Wolfgang Rabbel, Isaac Santos, Jan Scholten, Katrin Schwalenberg, Beata Szymczycha, Ariel T. Thomas, Joonas J. Virtasalo, Hannelore Waska, and Bradley A. Weymer
Biogeosciences, 20, 647–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater flows at the land–ocean transition and the extent of freshened groundwater below the seafloor are increasingly relevant in marine sciences, both because they are a highly uncertain term of biogeochemical budgets and due to the emerging interest in the latter as a resource. Here, we discuss our perspectives on future research directions to better understand land–ocean connectivity through groundwater and its potential responses to natural and human-induced environmental changes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Morgan Sparey, Peter Cox, and Mark S. Williamson
Biogeosciences, 20, 451–488, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-451-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-451-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate climate models are vital for mitigating climate change; however, projections often disagree. Using Köppen–Geiger bioclimate classifications we show that CMIP6 climate models agree well on the fraction of global land surface that will change classification per degree of global warming. We find that 13 % of land will change climate per degree of warming from 1 to 3 K; thus, stabilising warming at 1.5 rather than 2 K would save over 7.5 million square kilometres from bioclimatic change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cited articles
Abatzoglou, J. T. and Williams, A. P.: Impact of anthropogenic climate
change on wildfire across western US forests, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113,
11770–11775, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607171113, 2016.
Ahtikoski, A. and Hökkä, H: Intensive forest management – does it
pay off financially on drained peatlands?, Can. J. For. Res., 49, 1101–1113,
https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0007, 2019.
Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Wiedinmyer, C., Alvarado, M. J., Reid, J. S., Karl, T., Crounse, J. D., and Wennberg, P. O.: Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4039–4072, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4039-2011, 2011.
Alaska Division of Forestry: 2019 EOY handout, available at:
http://forestry.alaska.gov/Assets/pdfs/firestats/2019 Alaska Fire Statistics.pdf (last access: 13 September 2021),
2020.
Alaska Wildland Fire Information: Despite heavy snow melt, Deshka Landing
hot spots still smoldering, available at:
https://akfireinfo.com/2020/04/24/despite-heavy-snow-melt-deshka-landing-hot-spots-still-smoldering/ (last access: 13 September 2021),
2020.
Alexander, H. D. and Mack, M. C.: Gap regeneration within mature deciduous
forests of Interior Alaska: Implications for future forest change, Forest
Ecol. Manage., 396, 35–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.04.005,
2017.
Amann, M., Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Cofala, J., Heyes, C.,
Höglund-Isaksson, L., Klimont, Z., Nguyen, B., Posch, M., Rafaj, P., and
Sandler, R.: Cost-effective control of air quality and greenhouse gases in
Europe: Modeling and policy applications, Environ. Model Softw., 26,
1489–1501, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.012, 2011.
Amann, M., Kiesewetter, G., Schöpp, W., Klimont, Z., Winiwarter, W.,
Cofala, J., Rafaj, P., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Gomez-Sabriana, A., Heyes,
C., and Purohit, P.: Reducing global air pollution: the scope for further
policy interventions, Philos. T. R. Soc. A., 378, 20190331,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0331, 2020.
AMAP: AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues, Arctic Monitoring and
Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, xii+859 pp., available at:
https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-report-arctic-pollution-issues/68 (last access: 13 September 2021),
1998.
AMAP: Assessment 2011: The Impact of Black Carbon on Arctic Climate, Arctic
Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, Technical Report
no. 4, available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/download/977/inline (last access: 13 September 2021),
2011.
AMAP: Assessment 2015: Black carbon and ozone as Arctic climate forcers.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, available
at: http://hdl.handle.net/11374/1607, 2015.
AMAP: Assessment 2021: Impacts of short-lived climate forcers on Arctic climate, air quality, and human health, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Tromsø, Norway, available at: https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/impacts-of-short-lived-climate-forcers-on-arctic-climate-air-quality-and-human-health.-summary-for-policy-makers/3512, last access: 13 September 2021.
Andreae, M. O. and Merlet, P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from
biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 955–966,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001382, 2001.
Andreae, M. O.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning –
an updated assessment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8523–8546,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8523-2019, 2019.
Achard, F., Eva, H. D., Mollicone, D., and Beuchle, R.: The effect of climate anomalies and human ignition factor on wildfires in Russian boreal forests, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 363, 2329–2337, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2203, 2008.
Aviales: Information about the forest fire situation on the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as of 12/31/2019, available at: https://bit.ly/3nolcSK (last access: 13 September 2021), 2019 (in Russian).
Baranchikov, Y. N. and Montgomery, M. E.: Chapter XXXVI – Siberian Moth, in:
The use of classical biological control to preserve forests in North
America, edited by: Van Driesche, R. and Reardon, R. C., United States
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Technology
Enterprise Team, Morgantown, WV, USA, 383–391, 2014.
Barry, T., Daviðsdóttir, B., Einarsson, N., and Young, O. R.: The
Arctic Council: an agent of change?, Glob. Environ. Change, 63, 102099,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102099, 2020.
Betänkande av 2018 års skogsbrandsutredning: Skogsbränderna
sommaren 2018 [Forest fires in summer 2018, in Swedish], Statens offentliga
utredningar (SOU) 2019, Stockholm, 1–334, 2019.
Bieniek, P. A., Bhatt, U. S., York, A., Walsh, J. E., Lader, R., Strader, H.,
Ziel, R., Jandt, R. R., and Thoman, R. L.: Lightning variability in
dynamically downscaled simulations of Alaska's present and future summer
climate, J, Appl, Meteorol, Climatol,, 59, 1139–1152,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-19-0209.1, 2020.
Bintanja, R. and Andry, O.: Towards a rain-dominated Arctic, Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 263–267, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3240, 2017.
Blyakharchuk, T. A., Tchebakova, N. M., Parfenova, E. I., and Soja, A. J.:
Potential influence of the late Holocene climate on settled farming versus
nomadic cattle herding in the Minusinsk Hollow, south-central Siberia,
Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 065004, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/065004, 2014.
Blouin, K. D., Flannigan, M. D., Wang, X., and Kochtubajda, B.: Ensemble
lightning prediction models for the province of Alberta, Canada, Int. J.
Wildland Fire, 25, 421–432, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF15111, 2016.
Boike, J., Grau, T., Heim, B., Günther, F., Langer, M., Muster, S.,
Gouttevin, I., and Lange, S.: Satellite-derived changes in the permafrost
landscape of central Yakutia, 2000–2011: Wetting, drying, and fires, Glob.
Planet. Change, 139, 116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.01.001,
2016.
Bond, T. C., Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Nelson, S. M., Woo, J. H., and
Klimont, Z.: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon
emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos,, 109, 203,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003697, 2004.
Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T.,
DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., and
Kinne, S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A
scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5380–5552,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171, 2013.
Boulanger, Y., Gauthier, S., Gray, D. R., Le Goff, H., Lefort, P., and
Morissette, J.: Fire regime zonation under current and future climate over
eastern Canada, Ecol. Appl., 23, 904–923, https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0698.1,
2013.
Boulanger, Y., Gauthier, S., and Burton, P. J.: A refinement of models
projecting future Canadian fire regimes using homogeneous fire regime zones,
Can. J. Forest Res., 44, 365–376, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0372,
2014.
Bowman, D. M., Kolden, C. A., Abatzoglou, J. T., Johnston, F. H., van der
Werf, G. R., and Flannigan, M.: Vegetation fires in the Anthropocene, Nat.
Rev. Earth Environ., 1, 500–515, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0085-3,
2020.
Box, J. E., Colgan, W. T., Christensen, T. R., Schmidt, N. M., Lund, M., Parmentier, F. J. W., Brown, R., Bhatt, U. S., Euskirchen, E. S., Romanovsky, V. E., and Walsh, J. E.: Key indicators of Arctic climate change: 1971–2017, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 045010, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aafc1b, 2019.
Burke, C., Wich, S., Kusin, K., McAree, O., Harrison, M.E., Ripoll, B.,
Ermiasi, Y., Mulero-Pázmány, M., and Longmore, S.: Thermal-Drones as
a Safe and Reliable Method for Detecting Subterranean Peat Fires, Drones, 3,
23, https://doi.org/10.3390/drones3010023, 2019.
Calef, M. P., Varvak, A., and McGuire, A. D.: Differences in human versus
lightning fires between urban and rural areas of the boreal forest in
interior Alaska, Forests, 8, 422, https://doi.org/10.3390/f8110422, 2017.
Carter, T. S., Heald, C. L., Jimenez, J. L., Campuzano-Jost, P., Kondo, Y.,
Moteki, N., Schwarz, J. P., Wiedinmyer, C., Darmenov, A. S., da Silva, A. M.,
and Kaiser, J. W.: How emissions uncertainty influences the
distribution and radiative impacts of smoke from fires in North America,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2073–2097,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2073-2020, 2020.
Cartier, K. M. S.: Southern Greenland wildfire extinguished, Eos, 98,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2017EO080905, 2017.
Chang, K. Y., Riley, W. J., Crill, P. M., Grant, R. F., Rich, V. I., and
Saleska, S. R.: Large carbon cycle sensitivities to climate across a
permafrost thaw gradient in subarctic Sweden, The Cryosphere, 13, 647– 663,
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-647-2019, 2019.
Chernokulsky, A. and Esau, I: Cloud cover and cloud types in the Eurasian
Arctic in 1936–2012, Int. J. Climatol., 39,
5771–5790, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6187, 2019.
Christensen, E. G., Fernandez-Anez, N., and Rein, G.: Influence of soil
conditions on the multidimensional spread of smouldering combustion in
shallow layers, Combust Flame, 214, 361–370,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.11.001, 2020.
CIFFC: Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre: Fire Hectares by Year,
available at: https://ciffc.net/en/ext/hectares-by-year (last access: 13 September 2021), 2020.
Cogos, S., Östlund, L. and Roturier, S.: Forest fire and indigenous Sami
land use: place names, fire dynamics, and ecosystem change in Northern
Scandinavia, Human Ecol., 47, 51–64,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-019-0056-9, 2019.
Comer, B., Osipova, L., Georgeff, E., and Mao, X.: The International
Maritime Organization's proposed Arctic heavy fuel oil ban: Likely
implications and opportunities for improvement, International Council on
Clean Transportation, available at:
https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Arctic-HFO-ban-sept2020.pdf (last access: 13 September 2021), 2020.
Conard, S. G. and Ivanova, G. A.: Wildfire in Russian boreal
forests – Potential impacts of fire regime characteristics on emissions and
global carbon balance estimates, Environ. Pollut., 98, 305,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00140-1, 1997.
Conard, S. G. and Ponomarev, E.: Fire in the North, Wildfire Magazine,
available at:
https://www.iawfonline.org/article/fire-in-the-north-the-2020-siberian-fire-season/ (last access: 13 September 2021),
2020.
Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service Information: CAMS GFAS, ECMWF [data set], available at: https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/cams-gfas/ (last access 13 September 2021), 2020.
Daanen, R. P., Ingeman-Nielsen, T., Marchenko, S. S., Romanovsky, V. E.,
Foged, N., Stendel, M., Christensen, J. H., and Hornbech Svendsen, K.:
Permafrost degradation risk zone assessment using simulation models, The
Cryosphere, 5, 1043–1056, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-1043-2011, 2011.
Davies, G. M., Kettridge, N., Stoof, C. R., Gray, A., Ascoli, D., Fernandes,
P. M., Marrs, R., Allen, K. A., Doerr, S. H., Clay, G. D., and McMorrow, J.: The
role of fire in UK peatland and moorland management: the need for informed,
unbiased debate, Philos. T. R. Soc. Lond. B, 371, 20150342,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0342, 2016.
de Groot, W. J., Flannigan, M. D., and Stocks, B. J.: Climate change and
wildfires, González-Cabán, Armando, tech. coord. Proceedings of the
fourth international symposium on fire economics, planning, and policy:
climate change and wildfires, available at:
https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr245/psw_gtr245_001.pdf (last access: 13 September 2021), 2013.
de Rigo, D., Libertà, G., Houston Durrant, T., Artés Vivancos, T.,
and San-Miguel-Ayanz, J.: Forest fire danger extremes in Europe under
climate change: variability and uncertainty, Publication Office of the
European Union, Luxembourg, https://doi.org/10.2760/13180, 2017.
Dronin, N. and Kirilenko, A.: Climate change, food stress, and security in
Russia, Reg. Environ. Change, 11, 167–178,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0165-x, 2011.
DSB: Direktoratet for samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap, Personal
communication, March 2020, availabe at: https://www.dsb.no/ (last access: 13 September 2021), 2020.
Duncan, B. N., Ott, L. E., Abshire, J. B., Brucker, L., Carroll, M. L., Carton, J., Comiso, J. C., Dinnat, P., Forbes, E. P., Gonsamo, B. C., Gregg, A., Hall, W. W., Ialongo, D. K., Jandt, I., Kahn, R.,
Karpechko, R. A., Kawa, A., Kato, S. R., Kumpula, T., Kyrölä, E., Loboda, T. V., McDonald, K. C., Montesano, P. M., Nassar, R., Neigh, C. S. R., Parkinson, C. L., Poulter, B., Pulliainen, J., Rautiainen, K., Rogers, B. M., Rousseaux, C. S., Soja, A. J., Steiner, N., Tamminen, J., Taylor, P. C., Tzortziou, M. A., Virta, H., Wang, J. S., Watts, J. D., Winker, D. M., and Wu, D. L.: Space-Based Observations for Understanding Changes in
the Arctic-Boreal Zone, Rev. Geophys., 58, e2019RG000652,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000652, 2020.
Elmes, M. C., Thompson, D. K., Sherwood, J. H., and Price, J. S.:
Hydrometeorological conditions preceding wildfire, and the subsequent
burning of a fen watershed in Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada, Nat. Hazards
Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 157–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-157-2018,
2018.
Estop-Aragonés, C., Czimczik, C. I., Heffernan, L., Gibson, C., Walker,
J. C., Xu, X., and Olefeldt, D.: Respiration of aged soil carbon during fall
in permafrost peatlands enhanced by active layer deepening following
wildfire but limited following thermokarst, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 085002,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aad5f0, 2018.
Evangeliou, N., Kylling, A., Eckhardt, S., Myroniuk, V., Stebel, K., Paugam,
R., Zibtsev, S., and Stohl, A.: Open fires in Greenland in summer 2017:
transport, deposition and radiative effects of BC, OC and BrC emissions,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1393–1411,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1393-2019, 2019.
Fain, J. and McCarty, J.: AMAP SLCF EG Pan-Arctic Fire Emissions Model, version 1.0.0 Data Set, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4648723, 2021.
Fisher, J. A., Jacob, D. J., Purdy, M. T., Kopacz, M., Le Sager, P.,
Carouge, C., Holmes, C. D., Yantosca, R. M., Batchelor, R. L., Strong, K.,
Diskin, G. S., Fuelberg, H. E., Holloway, J. S., Hyer, E. J., McMillan, W.
W., Warner, J., Streets, D. G., Zhang, Q., Wang, Y., and Wu, S.: Source
attribution and interannual variability of Arctic pollution in spring
constrained by aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and satellite (AIRS) observations
of carbon monoxide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 977–996,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-977-2010, 2010.
Flannigan, M., Cantin, A. S., De Groot, W. J., Wotton, M., Newbery, A., and
Gowman, L. M.: Global wildland fire season severity in the 21st century,
Forest Ecol. Manag., 294, 54–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.10.022,
2013.
Foster, A. C., Armstrong, A. H., Shuman, J. K., Shugart, H. H., Rogers, B. M.,
Mack, M. C., Goetz, S. J., and Ranson, K. J.: Importance of tree-and
species-level interactions with wildfire, climate, and soils in interior
Alaska: Implications for forest change under a warming climate, Ecol. Model.,
409, 108765, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108765, 2019.
French, N. H., Jenkins, L. K., Loboda, T. V., Flannigan, M., Jandt, R.,
Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L., and Whitley, M.: Fire in arctic tundra of Alaska:
past fire activity, future fire potential, and significance for land
management and ecology, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 24, 1045–1061,
https://doi.org/10.1071/wf14167, 2015.
Furyaev, V. V.: Pyrological regimes and dynamics of the southern taiga
forests in Siberia, in: Fire in ecosystems of boreal Eurasia, edited by:
Goldammer, J. G. and Furyaev, V. V., Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 168–185,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8737-2_12, 1996.
Furyaev, V. V., Vaganov, E. A., Tchebakova, N. M., and Valendik, E. N.: Effects
of fire and climate on successions and structural changes in the Siberian
boreal forest, Eurasian J. Forest Res., 2, 1–15, 2001.
Fusco, E. J., Finn, J. T., Abatzoglou, J. T., Balch, J. K., Dadashi, S., and
Bradley, B. A.: Detection rates and biases of fire observations from MODIS
and agency reports in the conterminous United States, Remote Sens. Environ.,
220, 30–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.10.028, 2019.
Gibson, C. M., Chasmer, L. E., Thompson, D. K., Quinton, W. L., Flannigan,
M. D., and Olefeldt, D.: Wildfire as a major driver of recent permafrost
thaw in boreal peatlands, Nat. Commun., 9, 1–9,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05457-1 , 2018.
Giglio, L., Loboda, T., Roy, D. P., Quayle, B., and Justice, C. O.: An
active-fire based burned area mapping algorithm for the MODIS sensor, Remote
Sens. Environ., 113, 408–420, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.10.006,
2009.
Giglio, L., Schroeder, W.m and Justice, C.O.: The collection 6 MODIS active
fire detection algorithm and fire products, Remote Sens. Environ, 178, 31–41,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.054, 2016.
Giglio, L., Boschetti, L., Roy, D. P., Humber, M. L., and Justice, C. O.:
The Collection 6 MODIS burned area mapping algorithm and product, Remote
Sens. Environ., 217, 72–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.08.005, 2018.
Gralewicz, N. J., Nelson, T. A., and Wulder, M. A.: Factors influencing
national scale wildfire susceptibility in Canada, Forest Ecol. Manag., 265,
20–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.031, 2012.
Granath, G., Moore, P. A., Lukenbach, M. C., and Waddington, J. M.:
Mitigating wildfire carbon loss in managed northern peatlands through
restoration, Sci. Rep., 6, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28498, 2016.
Granström, A. and Niklasson, M.: Potentials and limitations for human
control over historic fire regimes in the boreal forest, Philos. T. R.
Soc. Lond. B, 363, 2351–2356,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2205, 2008.
Groenemeijer, P., Vajda, A., Lehtonen, I., Kämäräinen, M.,
Venäläinen, A., Gregow, H., Becker, N., Nissen, K., Ulbrich, U.,
Paprotny, D., and Morales Napoles, O.: Present and future probability of
meteorological and hydrological hazards in Europe, Final report of
Deliverable 2.5 for the Risk Analysis of Infrastructure Networks in response
to extreme weather (RAIN) project, available at:
http://rain-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/D2.5_REPORT_final.pdf (last access: 13 September 2021), 2016.
Gromny, E., Lewiński, S., Rybicki, M., Malinowski, R., Krupiński,
M., Nowakowski, A., and Jenerowicz, M.: Creation of training dataset for
Sentinel-2 land cover classification, in: Photonics Applications in
Astronomy, Communications, Industry, and High-Energy Physics Experiments
2019, Vol. 11176, p. 111763D, International Society for Optics and
Photonics, available at: http://s2glc.cbk.waw.pl/ (last access: 13 September 2021), 2019.
Günther, A., Barthelmes, A., Huth, V., Joosten, H., Jurasinski, G.,
Koebsch, F., and Couwenberg, J.: Prompt rewetting of drained peatlands
reduces climate warming despite methane emissions, Nat. Commun., 11, 1644,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15499-z, 2020.
Haddaway, N. R., Bethel, A., Dicks, L. V., Koricheva, J., Macura, B.,
Petrokofsky, G., Pullin, A. S., Savilaakso, S., and Stewart, G. B.: Eight
problems with literature reviews and how to fix them, Nat. Ecol. Evol., 4,
1582, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01295-x, 2020.
Hall, J. V. and Loboda, T. V.: Quantifying the Potential for Low-Level
Transport of Black Carbon Emissions from Cropland Burning in Russia to the
Snow-Covered Arctic, Front. Earth Sci., 5, 109,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00109, 2017.
Hall, J. and Loboda, T.: Quantifying the variability of potential black
carbon transport from cropland burning in Russia driven by atmospheric
blocking events, Environ. Res. Lett., 13,
055010, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf65, 2018.
Hanes, C. C., Wang, X., Jain, P., Parisien, M. A., Little, J. M., and Flannigan,
M. D.: Fire-regime changes in Canada over the last half century, Can. J. Forest
Res., 49, 256, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0293, 2019.
Hannah, L., Roehrdanz, P. R., KC, K. B., Fraser, E. D., Donatti, C. I., Saenz,
L., Wright, T. M., Hijmans, R. J., Mulligan, M., Berg, A., and van Soesbergen,
A.: The environmental consequences of climate-driven agricultural frontiers,
PLoS One, 15, e0228305, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228305, 2020.
Hayasaka, H., Sokolova, G. V., Ostroukhov, A., and Naito, D: Classification
of Active Fires and Weather Conditions in the Lower Amur River Basin, Rem.
Sens., 12, 3204, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193204, 2020.
Helbig, M., Waddington, J. M., Alekseychik, P., Amiro, B. D., Aurela, M.,
Barr, A. G., Black, T. A., Blanken, P. D., Carey, S. K., Chen, J., and Chi, J.:
Increasing contribution of peatlands to boreal evapotranspiration in a
warming climate, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 555,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0763-7, 2020.
Hislop, S., Haywood, A., Jones, S., Soto-Berelov, M., Skidmore, A., and
Nguyen, T. H.: A satellite data driven approach to monitoring and reporting
fire disturbance and recovery across boreal and temperate forests, Int. J.
Appl. Earth Obs., 87, 102034, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2019.102034,
2020.
Höglund-Isaksson, L., Gómez-Sanabria, A., Klimont, Z., Rafaj, P., and
Schöpp, W.: Technical potentials and costs for reducing global
anthropogenic methane emissions in the 2050 timeframe – results from the
GAINS model, Environ. Res. Commun., 2, 025004,
https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab7457, 2020.
Holloway, J. E., Lewkowicz, A. G., Douglas, T. A., Li, X., Turetsky, M. R.,
Baltzer, J. L., and Jin, H.: Impact of wildfire on permafrost landscapes: A
review of recent advances and future prospects, Permafrost Periglac.,
31, 371–382, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2048, 2020.
Hu, F. S., Higuera, P. E., Duffy, P., Chipman, M. L., Rocha, A. V., Young, A. M.,
Kelly, R., and Dietze, M. C.: Arctic tundra fires: natural variability and
responses to climate change, Front. Ecol. Environ., 13, 369–377,
https://doi.org/10.1890/150063,2015.
Hu, Y., Fernandez-Anez, N., Smith, T. E., and Rein, G.: Review of emissions
from smouldering peat fires and their contribution to regional haze
episodes, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 27, 293, https://doi.org/10.1071/wf17084,
2018.
Huang, X. and Rein, G.: Computational study of critical moisture and depth
of burn in peat fires, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 24, 798–808,
https://doi.org/10.1071/WF14178, 2015.
Huang, X. and Rein, G.: Downward spread of smouldering peat fire: the role
of moisture, density and oxygen supply, Int. J. Wildland Fire., 26, 907–918,
https://doi.org/10.1071/WF16198, 2017.
Huang, X. and Rein, G.: Upward-and-downward spread of smoldering peat fire,
Proc. Combust Inst., 37, 4025–4033,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.125, 2019.
Hugelius, G., Strauss, J., Zubrzycki, S., Harden, J. W., Schuur, E. A. G., Ping, C.-L., Schirrmeister, L., Grosse, G., Michaelson, G. J., Koven, C. D., O'Donnell, J. A., Elberling, B., Mishra, U., Camill, P., Yu, Z., Palmtag, J., and Kuhry, P.: Estimated stocks of circumpolar permafrost carbon with quantified uncertainty ranges and identified data gaps, Biogeosciences, 11, 6573–6593, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6573-2014, 2014.
Hugelius, G., Loisel, J., Chadburn, S., Jackson, R. B., Jones, M., MacDonald,
G., Marushchak, M., Olefeldt, D., Packalen, M., Siewert, M. B., and Treat,
C.: Large stocks of peatland carbon and nitrogen are vulnerable to
permafrost thaw, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 117, 20438,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916387117, 2020.
Ichoku, C. and Ellison, L.: Global top-down smoke-aerosol emissions estimation using satellite fire radiative power measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6643–6667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6643-2014, 2014.
Ingram, R. C., Moore, P. A., Wilkinson, S., Petrone, R. M., and Waddington,
J. M.: Postfire soil carbon accumulation does not recover boreal peatland
combustion loss in some hydrogeological settings, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 124, 775, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jg004716, 2019.
Innes, R. J.: Fire regimes of Alaskan tundra communities, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences
Laboratory (Producer), available at:
https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/fire_regimes/AK_tundra/all.html (last access: 13 September 2021), 2013.
Inness, A., Ades, M., Agustí-Panareda, A., Barré, J., Benedictow,
A., Blechschmidt, A.-M., Dominguez, J. J., Engelen, R., Eskes, H., Flemming,
J., Huijnen, V., Jones, L., Kipling, Z., Massart, S., Parrington, M., Peuch,
V.-H., Razinger, M., Remy, S., Schulz, M., and Suttie, M.: The CAMS
reanalysis of atmospheric composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3515–3556,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3515-2019, 2019.
Ioffe, G. and Nefedova, T.: Marginal farmland in European Russia, Eurasian
Geogr. Econ., 45, 45–49, https://doi.org/10.2747/1538-7216.45.1.45, 2004.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution to the
Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen,
S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V. and Midgley, P. M.,
available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ (last access: 13 September 2021), 2013.
Ivanova, G. A., Kukavskaya, E. A., Ivanov, V. A., Conard, S. G., and McRae,
D. J.: Fuel characteristics, loads and consumption in Scots pine forests of
central Siberia, J. Forest Res., 31, 2507,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-01038-0, 2019
Jain, P., Tye, M. R., Paimazumder, D., and Flannigan, M.: Downscaling fire
weather extremes from historical and projected climate models, Climatic Change, 163,
1–28, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02865-5, 2020.
Jenkins, M. J., Runyon, J. B., Fettig, C. J., Page, W. G., and Bentz, B. J.:
Interactions among the mountain pine beetle, fires, and fuels, Forest Sci., 60,
489–501, https://doi.org/10.5849/forsci.13-017, 2014.
Jiang, Y., Rocha, A. V., O'Donnell, J. A., Drysdale, J. A., Rastetter, E.
B., Shaver, G. R., and Zhuang, Q.: Contrasting soil thermal responses to
fire in Alaskan tundra and boreal forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth. Surf.,
120, 363, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jf003180, 2015.
Johnston, D. C., Turetsky, M. R., Benscoter, B. W., and Wotton, B. M.: Fuel
load, structure, and potential fire behaviour in black spruce bogs, Can. J.
Forest Res., 45, 888, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0334, 2015.
Johnston, J. M., Johnston, L. M., Wooster, M. J., Brookes, A., McFayden, C.,
and Cantin, A. S.: Satellite detection limitations of sub-canopy smouldering
wildfires in the North American Boreal Forest, Fire, 1, 28,
https://doi.org/10.3390/fire1020028, 2018.
Johnston, L.M., Wang, X., Erni, S., Taylor, S.W., McFayden, C.B., Oliver,
J.A., Stockdale, C., Christianson, A., Boulanger, Y., Gauthier, S., and
Arseneault, D.: Wildland fire risk research in Canada, Environ. Rev., 28,
164, https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2019-0046, 2020.
Jones, B. M., Breen, A. L., Gaglioti, B. V., Mann, D. H., Rocha, A. V., Grosse,
G., Arp, C. D., Kunz, M. L., and Walker, D. A.: Identification of unrecognized
tundra fire events on the north slope of Alaska, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118, 1334, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20113, 2013.
Jones, B. M., Grosse, G., Arp, C. D., Miller, E., Liu, L., Hayes, D. J., and
Larsen, C. F.: Recent Arctic tundra fire initiates widespread thermokarst
development, Sci. Rep., 5, 15865, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15865, 2015.
Kaiser, J. W., Heil, A., Andreae, M. O., Benedetti, A., Chubarova, N., Jones,
L., Morcrette, J. J., Razinger, M., Schultz, M. G., Suttie, M., and Van Der
Werf, G. R.: Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire
assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power, Biogeosciences,
9, 527–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-527-2012, 2012.
Karjalainen, O., Aalto, J., Luoto, M., Westermann, S., Romanovsky, V. E.,
Nelson, F. E., Etzelmüller, B., and Hjort, J.: Circumpolar permafrost maps
and geohazard indices for near-future infrastructure risk assessments,
Sci. Data, 6, 190037, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2019.37 , 2019.
Keegan, K. M., Albert, M. R., McConnell, J. R., and Baker, I.: Climate
change and forest fires synergistically drive widespread melt events of the
Greenland Ice Sheet, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 7964,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1405397111, 2014.
Kellomäki, S., Strandman, H., Heinonen, T., Asikainen, A.,
Venäläinen, A., and Peltola, H.: Temporal and spatial change in
diameter growth of boreal Scots pine, Norway spruce, and birch under
recent-generation (CMIP5) global climate model projections for the 21st
century, Forests, 9, 118, https://doi.org/10.3390/f9030118, 2018.
Ketola, J.: Forest fire activity and burned area for Finland, Emergency
Services Academy, Personal communication to Henrik Lindberg, based on rescue
service database PRONTO, available at:
https://prontonet.fi/Pronto3/online3/OnlineTilastot.htm (last access: 13 September 2021), 2020.
Kicklighter, D. W., Cai, Y., Zhuang, Q., Parfenova, E. I., Paltsev, S.,
Sokolov, A. P., Melillo, J. M., Reilly, J. M., Tchebakova, N. M., and Lu, X.:
Potential influence of climate-induced vegetation shifts on future land use
and associated land carbon fluxes in Northern Eurasia, Environ. Res. Lett.,
9, 035004, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/035004, 2014.
Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Heyes, C., Purohit, P., Cofala, J., Rafaj, P.,
Borken-Kleefeld, J., and Schöpp, W.: Global anthropogenic emissions of
particulate matter including black carbon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8681,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8681-2017, 2017.
Kharuk, V. I., Im, S. T., Ranson, K. J., and Yagunov, M. N.: Climate-Induced
Northerly Expansion of Siberian Silkmoth Range, Forests, 8, 301,
https://doi.org/10.3390/f8080301, 2017.
Kharuk, V. I., Ponomarev, E. I., Ivanova, G. A., Dvinskaya, M. L., Coogan, S. C.,
and Flannigan, M. D.: Wildfires in the Siberian taiga, Ambio, 1, 1–22,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01490-x, 2021.
Kieft, J., Smith, T., Someshwar, S., and Boer, R.: Towards Anticipatory
Management of Peat Fires to Enhance Local Resilience and Reduce Natural
Capital Depletion, Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation in
Practice, Springer, 2016.
Kiely, L., Spracklen, D. V., Wiedinmyer, C., Conibear, L., Reddington, C.
L., Archer-Nicholls, S., Lowe, D., Arnold, S. R., Knote, C., Khan, M. F.,
Latif, M. T., Kuwata, M., Budisulistiorini, S. H., and Syaufina, L.: New
estimate of particulate emissions from Indonesian peat fires in 2015, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 19, 11105–11121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11105-2019f,
2019.
King, M., Altdorff, D., Li, P., Galagedara, L., Holden, J., and Unc, A.:
Northward shift of the agricultural climate zone under 21st-century global
climate change, Sci. Rep., 8, 7904,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26321-8, 2018.
Kirchmeier-Young, M. C., Gillett, N. P., Zwiers, F. W., Cannon, A. J., and
Anslow, F. S.: Attribution of the Influence of Human-Induced Climate Change
on an Extreme Fire Season, Earths Future, 7, 2–10,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ef001050, 2019.
Kirillina, K., Shvetsov, E. G., Protopopova, V. V., Thiesmeyer, L., and Yan,
W.: Consideration of anthropogenic factors in boreal forest fire regime
changes during rapid socio-economic development: case study of forestry
districts with increasing burnt area in the Sakha Republic, Russia, Environ.
Res. Lett., 15, 035009, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab6c6e, 2020.
Klimont, Z. and Heyes, C.: GAINS Global emission fields of air pollutants and GHGs, IIASA [data set], available at: https://iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchPrograms/air/Global_emissions.html, (last access: 13 September 2021), 2019.
Knorr, W., Dentener, F., Hantson, S., Jiang, L., Klimont, Z., and Arneth, A.: Air quality impacts of European wildfire emissions in a changing climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5685–5703, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5685-2016, 2016.
Koster, R. D., Darmenov, A. S., and da Silva, A. M.: The Quick Fire
Emissions Dataset (QFED): Documentation of Versions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4,
Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation, available
at: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20180005253 (last access: 13 September 2021), 2015.
Kotlyakov, V. and Khromova, T.: Land Resources of Russia – Maps of
Permafrost and Ground Ice, Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data
Center, available at: https://nsidc.org/data/GGD600/versions/1 (last access: 13 September 2021), 2002.
Krause, A., Kloster, S., Wilkenskjeld, S., and Paeth, H.: The sensitivity of
global wildfires to simulated past, present, and future lightning frequency,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 119, 312, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jg002502,
2014.
Krawchuk, M. A. and Moritz, M. A.: Constraints on global fire activity vary
across a resource gradient, Ecology, 92, 121–132, 2011.
Krawchuk, M. A., Cumming, S. G., Flannigan, M. D., and Wein, R. W.: Biotic and
abiotic regulation of lightning fire initiation in the mixedwood boreal
forest, Ecology, 87, 458–468, https://doi.org/10.1890/05-1021,
2006.
Krawchuk, M. A., Moritz, M. A., Parisien, M. A., Van Dorn, J., and Hayhoe,
K.: Global pyrogeography: the current and future distribution of wildfire,
PLOS ONE, 4, e5102, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005102, 2009.
Kukavskaya, E. A., Soja, A. J., Petkov, A. P., Ponomarev, E. I., Ivanova, G.
A., and Conard, S. G.: Fire emissions estimates in Siberia: evaluation of
uncertainties in area burned, land cover, and fuel consumption, Can. J.
Forest Res., 43, 493, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2012-0367, 2013.
Kukavskaya, E. A., Buryak, L. V., Shvetsov, E. G., Conard, S. G., and Kalenskaya,
O. P.: The impact of increasing fire frequency on forest transformations in
southern Siberia, Forest Ecol. Manag., 382, 225,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.10.015, 2016.
Kutcher, H. R. and Malhi, S. S.: Residue burning and tillage effects on diseases and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and canola (Brassica napus), Soil Till. Res., 109, 153–160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2010.06.001, 2010.
Lamarque, J.-F., Bond, T. C., Eyring, V., Granier, C., Heil, A., Klimont,
Z., Lee, D., Liousse, C., Mieville, A., Owen, B., Schultz, M. G., Shindell,
D., Smith, S. J., Stehfest, E., Van Aardenne, J., Cooper, O. R., Kainuma,
M., Mahowald, N., McConnell, J. R., Naik, V., Riahi, K., and van Vuuren, D.
P.: Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning
emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7017–7039,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010, 2010.
Lara, M. J., McGuire, A. D., Euskirchen, E. S., Genet, H., Yi, S., Rutter, R.,
Iversen, C., Sloan, V., and Wullschleger, S. D.: Local-scale Arctic tundra
heterogeneity affects regional-scale carbon dynamics, Nat. Commun., 11, 4925,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18768-z, 2020.
Larjavaara, M., Kuuluvainen, T., and Rita, H.: Spatial distribution of
lightning-ignited forest fires in Finland, Forest Ecol. Manag., 208, 177,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.12.005, 2005.
Lasslop, G., Coppola, A. I., Voulgarakis, A., Yue, C., and Veraverbeke, S.:
Influence of Fire on the Carbon Cycle and Climate, Curr. Clim. Change Rep., 5,
112–123, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-019-00128-9, 2019.
Law, K. S. and Stohl, A.: Arctic air pollution: Origins and impacts,
Science, 315, 1537, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137695, 2007.
Lawrence, D. M. and Slater, A. G.: A projection of severe near-surface
permafrost degradation during the 21st century, Geophys. Res. Lett,
32, L24401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025080, 2005.
Lehtonen, I., Venäläinen, A., Kämäräinen, M., Peltola, H., and Gregow, H.: Risk of large-scale fires in boreal forests of Finland under changing climate, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 239–253, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-239-2016, 2016.
Lidskog, R., Johansson, J., and Sjödin, D.: Wildfires, responsibility
and trust: public understanding of Sweden's largest wildfire, Scand. J. Forest
Res., 34, 319, https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2019.1598483, 2019.
Lindberg, H., Punttila, P., and Vanha-Majamaa, I.: The challenge of
combining variable retention and prescribed burning in Finland, Ecol.
Proc., 9, 4, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0207-3, 2020.
Little, J. M., Jandt, R. R., Drury, S., Molina, A., and Lane, B.: Evaluating
the effectiveness of fuel treatments in Alaska-Final Report to the Joint
Fire Science Program, JFSP Project No. 14-5-01-27, University of
Alaska-Fairbanks, available at: https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/pubs/58856 (last access: 13 September 2021), 2018.
Liu, T.: Fire Inventories: Regional Evaluation, Comparison, and Metrics (FIRECAM) Tool, Earth Engine Apps [data], available at: https://globalfires.earthengine.app/view/firecam (last access: 13 September 2021), 2020.
Liu, T., Mickley, L. J., Marlier, M. E., DeFries, R. S., Khan, M. F., Latif,
M. T., and Karambelas, A.: Diagnosing spatial biases and uncertainties in
global fire emissions inventories: Indonesia as regional case study, Remote
Sens. Environ., 237, 111557, https://doi.org/10.31223/osf.io/nh57j, 2020.
Loboda, T. V., Hall, J. V., Hall, A. H., and Shevade, V. S.: ABoVE: Cumulative
Annual Burned Area, Circumpolar High Northern Latitudes, 2001–2015,
available at: https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1526 (last access: 13 September 2021), ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, TN, USA,
https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1526, 2017.
Loepfe, L., Lloret, F., and Román-Cuesta, R. M.: Comparison of burnt
area estimates derived from satellite products and national statistics in
Europe, Int. J. Remote Sens., 33, 3653,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2011.631950, 2012.
Loisel, J., Gallego-Sala, A. V., Amesbury, M. J., Magnan, G., Anshari, G.,
Beilman, D. W., Benavides, J. C., Blewett, J., Camill, P., Charman, D. J., and
Chawchai, S.: Expert assessment of future vulnerability of the global
peatland carbon sink, Nat. Clim. Change, 11, 70–77,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00944-0, 2021.
Loranty, M. M., Lieberman-Cribbin, W., Berner, L. T., Natali, S. M., Goetz,
S. J., Alexander, H. D., and Kholodov, A. L.: Spatial variation in
vegetation productivity trends, fire disturbance, and soil carbon across
arctic-boreal permafrost ecosystems, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 095008,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/095008, 2016.
Malevsky-Malevich, S. P., Molkentin, E. K., Nadyozhina, E. D., and Shklyarevich,
O. B.: Numerical simulation of permafrost parameters distribution in Russia,
Cold. Reg. Sci. Technol., 32, 1–11,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-232x(01)00018-0, 2001.
Markuse, P.: Before/After Comparison of the July/August 2019 Greenland
Wildfire: Analysis from Sentinel-2, available at:
https://pierre-markuse.net/2019/08/19/before-after-comparison-of-the-july-august-2019-greenland-wildfire/ (last access: 13 September 2021),
2019.
Masrur, A., Petrov, A. N., and DeGroote, J.: Circumpolar spatio-temporal patterns and contributing climatic factors of wildfire activity in the Arctic tundra from 2001–2015, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 014019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9a76, 2018.
McCarty, J. L., Krylov, A., Prishchepov, A. V., Banach, D. M., Tyukavina,
A., Potapov, P., and Turubanova, S.: Agricultural fires in European Russia,
Belarus, and Lithuania and their impact on air quality, 2002–2012, In
Land-Cover and Land-Use Changes in Eastern Europe after the Collapse of the
Soviet Union in 1991, Springer, 2017.
McCarty, J. L., Smith, T. E., and Turetsky, M. R.: Arctic fires re-emerging,
Nat. Geosci., 13, 658, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-00645-5, 2020.
McGwinn, K.: Hikers warned as Greenland wildfire burns out of control,
Arctic Today, available at:
https://www.arctictoday.com/hikers-warned-as-greenland-wildfire-burns-out-of-control/ (last access: 13 September 2021),
2019.
McWethy, D. B., Schoennagel, T., Higuera, P. E., Krawchuk, M., Harvey, B.
J., Metcalf, E. C., Schultz, C., Miller, C., Metcalf, A.L., Buma, B. and
Virapongse, A.: Rethinking resilience to wildfire, Nat. Sustain, 2, 797,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0353-8, 2019.
Mekonnen, Z. A., Riley, W. J., Randerson, J. T., Grant, R. F., and Rogers. B. M.:
Expansion of high-latitude deciduous forests driven by interactions between
climate warming and fire, Nat. Plants, 5, 952,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-019-0495-8, 2019.
Melekhov, I. S.: Forest Science: “Forest Industry” Textbook, Moscow, 1980 (in Russian).
Michaelides, R. J., Schaefer, K., Zebker, H. A., Parsekian, A., Liu, L.,
Chen, J., Natali, S., Ludwig, S. and Schaefer, S.R.: Inference of the impact
of wildfire on permafrost and active layer thickness in a discontinuous
permafrost region using the remotely sensed active layer thickness (ReSALT)
algorithm, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 035007,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf932, 2019.
Mieville, A., Granier, C., Liousse, C., Guillaume, B., Mouillot, F.,
Lamarque, J. F., Grégoire, J. M., and Pétron, G.: Emissions of gases
and particles from biomass burning during the 20th century using satellite
data and an historical reconstruction, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1469,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.011, 2010.
Miller, M. E., Billmire, M., Bourgeau-Chavez, L., Elliot, W. J., Robichaud,
P. R., and MacDonald, L.: Rapid response tools and datasets for post-fire
modeling in Boreal and Arctic Environments, Spring 2017 AFSC Remote Sensing
Workshop: Opportunities to Apply Remote Sensing in Boreal/Arctic Wildfire
Management and Science, available at:
https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/mtri_p/290 (last access: 13 September 2021), 2017.
Mölders, N. and Kramm, G.: Climatology of Air Quality in Arctic
Cities – Inventory and Assessment, Open J. Air Pollut., 7,
48–93, https://doi.org/10.4236/ojap.2018.71004, 2018.
Molinari, C., Lehsten, V., Blarquez, O., Carcaillet, C., Davis, B. A.,
Kaplan, J. O., Clear, J., and Bradshaw, R. H.: The climate, the fuel and the
land use: Long-term regional variability of biomass burning in boreal
forests, Glob. Change Biol., 24, 4929–4945, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14380,
2018.
Monks, S. A., Arnold, S. R., and Chipperfield, M. P.: Evidence for El
Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influence on Arctic CO interannual
variability through biomass burning emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39,
L14804, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052512, 2012.
Montesano, P. M., Neigh, C. S., Macander, M., Feng, M., and Noojipady, P.: The
bioclimatic extent and pattern of the cold edge of the boreal forest: the
circumpolar taiga-tundra ecotone, Environ. Res. Lett., 15,
105019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abb2c7, 2020.
Morin, P., Porter, C., Cloutier, M., Howat, I., Noh, M.J., Willis, M.,
Bates, B., Willamson, C., and Peterman, K.: ArcticDEM: a publicly available,
high resolution elevation model of the Arctic, available at:
https://livingatlas2.arcgis.com/arcticdemexplorer/ (last access: 13 September 2021), 2016.
Mottershead, K. D., McGee, T. K., and Christianson, A.: Evacuating a First
Nation Due to Wildfire Smoke: The Case of Dene Tha' First Nation, Int. J.
Disaster Risk. Sci., 11, 274, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00281-y, 2020.
NIFC: National Interagency Fire Center: Total Wildland Fires and Acres
(1926–2019), available at:
https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_stats_totalFires.html (last access: 13 September 2021), 2019.
Nikolakis, W., Roberts, E., Hotte, N. and Ross, R.M.: Goal setting and
Indigenous fire management: a holistic perspective, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 29,
974, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF20007, 2020.
Nitzbon, J., Westermann, S., Langer, M., Martin, L. C., Strauss, J., Laboor,
S., and Boike, J.: Fast response of cold ice-rich permafrost in northeast
Siberia to a warming climate, Nat. Commun., 11, 2201,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15725-8, 2020.
Nordregio.: Indigenous population in the Arctic, available at:
https://nordregio.org/maps/indigenous-population-in-the-arctic/ (last access: 13 September 2021), 2019.
Nugent, K. A., Strachan, I. B., Roulet, N. T., Strack, M., Frolking, S., and
Helbig, M.: Prompt active restoration of peatlands substantially reduces
climate impact, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 124030,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab56e6, 2019.
Oliva, P. and Schroeder, W.: Assessment of VIIRS 375 m active fire detection
product for direct burned area mapping, Remote Sens. Environ., 160, 144,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.01.010, 2015.
O'Neill, H. B., Burn, C. R., Allard, M., Arenson, L. U., Bunn, M. I., Connon, R. F., Kokelj, S. A., Kokelj, S. V., LeBlanc, A.-M., Morse, P. D., and Smith, S. L.: Permafrost thaw and northern development, Nat. Clim. Chang., 10, 722–723, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0862-5, 2020.
Päätalo, M.-L.: Factors influencing occurrence and impacts of fires
in northern European forests, Silva Fenn., 32, 185–202,
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.695, 1998.
Pan, X., Ichoku, C., Chin, M., Bian, H., Darmenov, A., Colarco, P., Ellison,
L., Kucsera, T., da Silva, A., Wang, J., Oda, T., and Cui, G.: Six global
biomass burning emission datasets: intercomparison and application in one
global aerosol model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 969–994,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-969-2020, 2020.
Parfenova, E., Tchebakova, N., and Soja, A.: Assessing landscape potential
for human sustainability and `attractiveness' across Asian Russia in a
warmer 21st century, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 065004,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab10a8, 2019.
Parisien, M. A., Miller, C., Parks, S. A., DeLancey, E. R., Robinne, F. N.,
and Flannigan, M. D.: The spatially varying influence of humans on fire
probability in North America, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 075005,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/075005, 2016.
Parisien, M. A., Barber, Q. E., Hirsch, K. G., Stockdale, C. A., Erni, S., Wang,
X., Arseneault, D., and Parks, S. A.: Fire deficit increases wildfire risk for
many communities in the Canadian boreal forest, Nat. Commun., 11, 2121,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15961-y, 2020.
Partain Jr., J. L., Alden, S., Strader, H., Bhatt, U. S., Bieniek, P. A.,
Brettschneider, B. R., Walsh, J. E., Lader, R. T., Olsson, P. Q., Rupp, T. S.,
and Thoman Jr., R. L.:. An assessment of the role of anthropogenic climate
change in the Alaska fire season of 2015 [in “Explaining Extremes of 2015 from a Climate Perspective”], B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, S14–S18,
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0149.1, 2016.
Peltola, H., Kilpeläinen, A., and Kellomäki, S.: Diameter growth of
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees grown at elevated temperature and carbon
dioxide concentration under boreal conditions, Tree Physiol., 22, 963–972,
https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/22.14.963, 2002.
Pickell, P. D., Coops, N. C., Ferster, C. J., Bater, C. W., Blouin, K. D.,
Flannigan, M. D., and Zhang, J.: An early warning system to forecast the
close of the spring burning window from satellite-observed greenness,
Sci. Rep., 7, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14730-0, 2017.
Pimentel, R. and Arheimer, B.: Hydrological impacts of a wildfire in a
Boreal region: The Västmanland fire 2014 (Sweden), Sci. Total Environ.
756, 143519, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143519, 2021.
Polikarpov, N. P., Andreeva, N. M., Nazimova, D. I., Sirotinina, A. V., and
Sofronov, M. A.: Formation composition of the forest zones in Siberia as a
reflection of forest-forming tree species interrelations, Russ. J. Forest Sci., 5,
3–11, 1998.
Prat-Guitart, N., Rein, G., Hadden, R. M., Belcher, C. M., and Yearsley, J. M.:
Propagation probability and spread rates of self-sustained smouldering fires
under controlled moisture content and bulk density conditions, Int. J.
Wildland Fire, 25, 456–465, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF15103, 2016.
Prishchepov, A. V., Schierhorn, F., Dronin, N., Ponkina, E. V., and
Müller, D.: 800 Years of Agricultural Land-use Change in Asian (Eastern)
Russia, in: KULUNDA: Climate Smart Agriculture, Innovations in Landscape
Research, edited by: Frühauf, M., Guggenberger, G., Meinel, T.,
Theesfeld, I., Lentz, S., Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 67–87,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15927-6_6, 2020.
Púčik, T., Groenemeijer, P., Rädler, A. T., Tijssen, L., Nikulin,
G., Prein, A. F., van Meijgaard, E., Fealy, R., Jacob, D., and Teichmann, C.:
Future changes in European severe convection environments in a regional
climate model ensemble, J. Clim., 30, 6771,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0777.1, 2017.
Pureswaran, D. S., Roques, A., and Battisti, A.: Forest insects and climate
change, Curr. Forest Rep., 4, 35–50, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-018-0075-6,
2018.
Qi, L. and Wang, S.: Sources of black carbon in the atmosphere and in snow
in the Arctic, Sci. Total Environ., 691, 442–454,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.073, 2019.
Raynolds, M. K., Walker, D. A., Balser, A., Bay, C., Campbell, M., Cherosov,
M. M., Daniëls, F. J. A., Eidesen, P. B., Ermokhina, K. A., Frost, G. V.,
Jedrzejek, B., Jorgenson, M. T., Kennedy, B. E., Kholod, S. S., Lavrinenko,
I. A., Lavrinenko, O. V., Magnússon, B., Matveyeva, N. V.,
Metúsalemsson, S., Nilsen, L., Olthof, I., Pospelov, I. N., Pospelova,
E. B., Pouliot, D., Razzhivin, V., Schaepman-Strub, G., Šibík, J.,
Telyatnikov, M. Y., and Troeva, E.: A raster version of the Circumpolar Arctic
Vegetation Map (CAVM), Remote Sens. Environ., 232, 111297,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111297, 2019.
Rein, G.: Smoldering combustion, in: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection
Engineering, edited by: Hurley, M. J., Gottuk, D., Hall, J. R., Harada, K.,
Kuligowski, E., Puchovsky, M., Torero, J., Watts, J. M., and Wieczoreks, C., Springer New York, New York, New York, 581–603,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_19, 2016.
Rein, G., Cleaver, N., Ashton, C., Pironi, P., and Torero, J. L.: The
severity of smouldering peat fires and damage to the forest soil, Catena,
74, 304–309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2008.05.008, 2008.
Rémy, S., Veira, A., Paugam, R., Sofiev, M., Kaiser, J. W., Marenco, F.,
Burton, S. P., Benedetti, A., Engelen, R. J., Ferrare, R., and Hair, J. W.:
Two global data sets of daily fire emission injection heights since 2003,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2921–2942,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2921-2017, 2017.
Riley, K. L., Williams, A. P., Urbanski, S. P., Calkin, D. E., Short, K. C.,
and O'Connor, C. D.: Will Landscape Fire Increase in the Future? A Systems
Approach to Climate, Fire, Fuel, and Human Drivers, Curr. Pollut. Rep., 5,
9–24, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-019-0103-6, 2019.
Robinne, F. N., Parisien, M. A., and Flannigan, M.: Anthropogenic influence
on wildfire activity in Alberta, Canada, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 25,
1131–1143, https://doi.org/10.1071/wf16058, 2016.
Robinne, F. N., Hallema, D. W., Bladon, K. D., and Buttle, J. M: Wildfire
impacts on hydrologic ecosystem services in North American high-latitude
forests: A scoping review, J. Hydrol., 581, 124360,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124360, 2020.
Rocha, A. V., Loranty, M. M., Higuera, P. E., Mack, M. C., Hu, F. S., Jones,
B. M., Breen, A. L., Rastetter, E. B., Goetz, S. J., and Shaver, G. R.: The
footprint of Alaskan tundra fires during the past half-century: implications
for surface properties and radiative forcing, Environ. Res. Lett., 7,
044039, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044039, 2012.
Rogers, B. M., Veraverbeke, S., Azzari, G., Czimczik, C. I., Holden, S. R.,
Mouteva, G. O., Sedano, F., Treseder, K. K., and Randerson, J. T.: Quantifying
fire-wide carbon emissions in interior Alaska using field measurements and
Landsat imagery, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 119, 1608,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002657, 2014.
Rogers, B. M., Soja, A. J., Goulden, M. L., and Randerson, J. T.: Influence of
tree species on continental differences in boreal fires and climate
feedbacks, Nat. Geosci., 8, 228, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2352, 2015.
Rogers, B. M., Balch, J. K., Goetz, S. J., Lehmann, C. E., and Turetsky, M.:
Focus on changing fire regimes: interactions with climate, ecosystems, and
society, Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 030201,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab6d3a, 2020.
Ronkainen, T., Väliranta, M., and Tuittila, E.-S.: Fire pattern in a
drainage-affected boreal bog, Boreal Environ. Res., 18, 309–316, 2013.
Santoso, M. A., Cui, W., Amin, H. M., Christensen, E. G., Nugroho, Y. S., and
Rein, G.: Laboratory study on the suppression of smouldering peat wildfires:
effects of flow rate and wetting agent, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 30, 378–390,
https://doi.org/10.1071/WF20117, 2021.
Schmale, J., Arnold, S. R., Law, K. S., Thorp, T., Anenberg, S., Simpson,
W. R., Mao, J., and Pratt, K. A.: Local Arctic air pollution: A neglected but
serious problem, Earth's Future, 6, 1385,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF000952, 2018.
Scholten, R. and Veraverbeke, S.: Alaska Fire Science Consortium:
Spatiotemporal patterns of overwintering fire in Alaska, available at:
https://akfireconsortium.files.wordpress.com/2020/03/fsh_2020mar25_holdoverfires-1.pdf (last access: 13 September 2021), 2020.
Seidl, R., Schelhaas, M. J., Rammer, W., and Verkerk, P. J.: Increasing
forest disturbances in Europe and their impact on carbon storage, Nat.
Clim. Change, 4, 806–810, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2318, 2014.
Sherstyukov, B. G. and Sherstyukov, A. B.: Assessment of increase in forest
fire risk in Russia till the late 21st century based on scenario experiments
with fifth-generation climate models, Russ. Meteorol. Hydro+, 39, 292,
https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068373914050021, 2014.
Shiwakoti, S., Zheljazkov, V. D., Gollany, H. T., Kleber, M., Xing, B., and
Astatkie, T.:. Micronutrients in the Soil and Wheat: Impact of 84
Years of Organic or Synthetic Fertilization and Crop Residue Management,
Agronomy, 9, 464, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080464, 2019.
Shugart, H. H., Leemans, R., and Bonan, G. B.: A Systems Analysis of the Global
Boreal Forest, Cambridge University Press, New York, USA, 1–565,
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511565489.022, 1992.
Shuman, J. K., Foster, A. C., Shugart, H. H., Hoffman-Hall, A., Krylov, A.,
Loboda, T., Ershov, D., and Sochilova, E.: Fire disturbance and climate
change: implications for Russian forests, Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 035003,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa5eed, 2017.
Shumilova, L. V.: Botanical Geography of Siberia, Tomsk University Press,
Tomsk, USSR, 1962.
Shvidenko, A. Z. and Nilsson, S.: Extent, distribution, and ecological role
of fire in Russian forests, in: Fire, climate change, and carbon cycling in
the boreal forest, edited by: Kasischke E. S. and Stocks B. J., Springer, New
York, NY, 132–150, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21629-4_16, 2000.
Sidorova, E. J.: The incorporation of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in
the Arctic Council: Lip service?, Polar Rec., 56, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247420000273, 2020.
Silva, J. S. and Harrison, S. P.: Humans, Climate and Land Cover as
Controls on European Fire Regimes, in: Towards integrated fire
management-Outcomes of the European Project Fire Paradox, edited by: Silva,
J. S., Rego, F. C., Fernandes, P., and Rigolot, E., European Forest Institute,
Joensuu, Finald, 49–59, 2010.
Sirin, A., Maslov, A., Medvedeva, M., Vozbrannaya, A., Valyaeva, N.,
Tsyganova, O., Glukhova, T., and Makarov, D.: Multispectral Remote Sensing
Data as a Tool for Assessing the Need and the Effectiveness for Peatland
Restoration, In Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Ecological
Restoration, edited by: Tolvanen, A. and Hekkala, A. M., Finnish Forest Research
Institute, Oulu, Finland, p. 133, 2014.
Sirin, A., Medvedeva, M., Maslov, A., and Vozbrannaya, A.: Assessing the
Land and Vegetation Cover of Abandoned Fire Hazardous and Rewetted
Peatlands: Comparing Different Multispectral Satellite Data, Land, 7, 71,
https://doi.org/10.3390/land7020071, 2018.
Sizov, O., Ezhova, E., Tsymbarovich, P., Soromotin, A., Prihod'ko, N.,
Petäjä, T., Zilitinkevich, S., Kulmala, M., Bäck, J., and
Köster, K.: Fire and vegetation dynamics in northwest Siberia during the
last 60 years based on high-resolution remote sensing, Biogeosciences, 18,
207–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-207-2021, 2021.
Sjöström, J., Plathner, F. V., and Granström, A.: Wildfire
ignition from forestry machines in boreal Sweden, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 28,
666, https://doi.org/10.1071/wf18229, 2019.
Smirnov, N. S., Korotkov, V. N., and Romanovskaya, A. A.: Black carbon
emissions from wildfires on forest lands of the Russian Federation in
2007–2012, Russ. Meteorol. Hydro+, 40, 435,
https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068373915070018, 2015.
Sofronov, M. A. and Volokitina A. V.: Wildfire Ecology in Continuous
Permafrost Zone, in: Permafrost Ecosystems, Ecological Studies (Analysis and
Synthesis), Vol. 209, edited by: Osawa, A., Zyryanova, O., Matsuura, Y.,
Kajimoto, T., and Wein, R., Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 59–82,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9693-8_4, 2010.
Sofronov, M. A., Volokitina, A. V., and Shvidenko, A. Z.: Wildland fires in the
north of Central Siberia, Commonw. For. Rev., 77, 124–127, 1998.
Sofronov, M. A., Volokitina, A., Kajimoto, T., Matsuura, Y., and Uemura, S.:
Zonal peculiarities of forest vegetation controlled by fires in northern
Siberia, Euras. J. Forest Res., 1, 51–57, 2000.
Soja, A. J., Cofer, W. R., Shugart, H. H., Sukhinin, A. I., Stackhouse, P. W.,
McRae, D. J., and Conard, S. G.: Estimating fire emissions and disparities in
boreal Siberia (1998–2002), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D14S06,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004570, 2004a.
Soja, A. J., Sukhinin, A. I., Cahoon Jr., D. R., Shugart, H. H., and Stackhouse
Jr., P. W.: AVHRR-derived fire frequency, distribution and area burned in
Siberia, Int. J. Remote Sens., 25, 1939,
https://https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160310001609725, 2004b.
Soja, A. J., Shugart, H. H., Sukhinin, A., Conard, S., and Stackhouse Jr.,
P. W.: Satellite-Derived Mean Fire Return Intervals As Indicators Of Change
In Siberia (1995–2002), Mitig. Adapt. Strat. Glob. Change, 11, 75–96,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-1009-3, 2006.
Sommers, W. T., Loehman, R. A., and Hardy, C. C.: Wildland fire emissions,
carbon, and climate: Science overview and knowledge needs, Forest Ecol.
Manag., 317, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.12.014, 2014.
Stralberg, D., Wang, X., Parisien, M. A., Robinne, F. N., Sólymos, P.,
Mahon, C. L., Nielsen, S. E., and Bayne, E. M.: Wildfire-mediated vegetation
change in boreal forests of Alberta, Canada, Ecosphere, 9, e02156,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2156, 2018.
Stone, R.: As the Arctic thaws, Indigenous Alaskans demand a voice in
climate change research, Sci. Mag.,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe7149, 2020.
Stroeve, J. C., Markus, T., Boisvert, L., Miller, J., and Barrett, A.: Changes
in Arctic melt season and implications for sea ice loss, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 41, 1216–1225, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058951, 2014.
Tchebakova, N. M., Parfenova, E., and Soja, A. J.: The effects of climate,
permafrost and fire on vegetation change in Siberia in a changing climate,
Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 045013,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045013, 2009.
Tchebakova, N. M., Rehfeldt, G. E., and Parfenova, E.: From Vegetation Zones
to Climatypes: Effects of Climate Warming on Siberian Ecosystems, in:
Permafrost Ecosystems, Ecological Studies (Analysis and Synthesis), edited
by: Osawa, A., Zyryanova, O., Matsuura, Y., Kajimoto, T., and Wein, R.,
Springer, Dordrecht, Germany, 427–446,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9693-8_22, 2010.
Tchebakova, N. M., Parfenova, E. I., Lysanova, G. I., and Soja, A. J.:
Agroclimatic potential across central Siberia in an altered twenty-first
century, Environ. Res. Lett., 6, 045207,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045207, 2011.
Tchebakova, N. M., Chuprova, V. V., Parfenova, E. I., Soja, A. J., and
Lysanova, G. I.: Evaluating the agroclimatic potential of Central Siberia,
in: Novel Methods for Monitoring and Managing Land and Water Resources in
Siberia, edited by: Mueller, L., Sheudshen, A., and Eulenstein, F., Springer,
Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24409-9_10, 2016.
Terrier, A., Girardin, M. P., Périé, C., Legendre, P., and Bergeron,
Y.: Potential changes in forest composition could reduce impacts of climate
change on boreal wildfires, Ecol. Appl., 23, 21–35,
https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0425.1, 2013.
Teufel, B. and Sushama, L.: Abrupt changes across the Arctic permafrost
region endanger northern development, Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 858,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0614-6, 2019.
Theesfeld, I. and Jelinek, L.: A misfit in policy to protect Russia's black
soil region, An institutional analytical lens applied to the ban on burning
of crop residues, Land Use Policy, 67, 517,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.06.018, 2017.
Thomas, J. L., Polashenski, C. M., Soja, A. J., Marelle, L., Casey, K. A., Choi,
H. D., Raut, J. C., Wiedinmyer, C., Emmons, L. K., Fast, J. D., and Pelon, J.:
Quantifying black carbon deposition over the Greenland ice sheet from forest
fires in Canada, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 7965,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl073701, 2017.
Thompson, D. K. and Morrison, K.: A classification scheme to determine wildfires from the satellite record in the cool grasslands of southern Canada: considerations for fire occurrence modelling and warning criteria, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3439–3454, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3439-2020, 2020.
Thompson, D. K., Simpson, B. N., Whitman, E., Barber, Q. E., and Parisien,
M. A.: Peatland hydrological dynamics as a driver of landscape connectivity
and fire activity in the boreal plain of Canada, Forests, 10, 534,
https://doi.org/10.3390/f10070534, 2019.
Turetsky, M., Benscoter, B., Page, S., Rein, G., Van Der Werf, G. R., and Watts, A.: Global vulnerability of peatlands to fire and carbon loss, Nat. Geosci., 8, 11–14, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2325, 2015.
Tymstra, C., Stocks, B. J., Cai, X., and Flannigan, M. D.: Wildfire
management in Canada: Review, challenges and opportunities, Prog.
Disaster Scie., 5, 100045, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2019.100045,
2020.
van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J.,
Kasibhatla, P. S., and Arellano Jr., A. F.: Interannual variability in
global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6,
3423–3441, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3423-2006, 2006.
van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M.,
Kasibhatla, P. S., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Jin, Y., and van Leeuwen,
T. T.: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna,
forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10,
11707–11735, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010, 2010.
van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., van Leeuwen, T. T., Chen,
Y., Rogers, B. M., Mu, M., van Marle, M. J. E., Morton, D. C., Collatz, G.
J., Yokelson, R. J., and Kasibhatla, P. S.: Global fire emissions estimates
during 1997–2016, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 697–720,
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-697-2017, 2017.
Van Leeuwen, T. T., van der Werf, G. R., Hoffmann, A. A., Detmers, R. G.,
Rücker, G., French, N. H. F., Archibald, S., Carvalho Jr., J. A., Cook,
G. D., de Groot, W. J., Hély, C., Kasischke, E. S., Kloster, S.,
McCarty, J. L., Pettinari, M. L., Savadogo, P., Alvarado, E. C., Boschetti,
L., Manuri, S., Meyer, C. P., Siegert, F., Trollope, L. A., and Trollope, W.
S. W.: Biomass burning fuel consumption rates: a field measurement database,
Biogeosciences, 11, 7305–7329, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-7305-2014,
2014.
Veira, A., Lasslop, G., and Kloster, S.: Wildfires in a warmer climate:
emission fluxes, emission heights, and black carbon concentrations in
2090–2099, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 3195,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024142, 2016.
Venäläinen, A., Lehtonen, I., Laapas, M., Ruosteenoja, K., Tikkanen,
O. P., Viiri, H., Ikonen, V. P., and Peltola, H.: Climate change induces
multiple risks to boreal forests and forestry in Finland: A literature
review, Glob Change Biol., 26, 4178, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15183, 2020.
Veraverbeke, S., Rogers, B. M., Goulden, M. L., Jandt, R. R., Miller, C. E.,
Wiggins, E. B., and Randerson, J. T.: Lightning as a major driver of recent
large fire years in North American boreal forests, Nat. Clim. Change, 7,
529, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3329, 2017.
Viatte, C., Strong, K., Hannigan, J., Nussbaumer, E., Emmons, L. K., Conway, S., Paton-Walsh, C., Hartley, J., Benmergui, J., and Lin, J.: Identifying fire plumes in the Arctic with tropospheric FTIR measurements and transport models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2227–2246, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2227-2015, 2015.
Voulgarakis, A., Marlier, M. E., Faluvegi, G., Shindell, D. T., Tsigaridis,
K., and Mangeon, S.: Interannual variability of tropospheric trace gases and
aerosols: the role of biomass burning emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
120, 7157–7173, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022926, 2015.
Waigl, C. F., Stuefer, M., Prakash, A., and Ichoku, C.: Detecting high and
low-intensity fires in Alaska using VIIRS I-band data: An improved
operational approach for high latitudes, Remote Sens. Environ., 199, 389,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.003, 2017.
Waigl, C. F., Prakash, A., Stuefer, M., Verbyla, D., and Dennison, P.: Fire
detection and temperature retrieval using EO-1 Hyperion data over selected
Alaskan boreal forest fires, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 81, 72–84,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2019.03.004, 2019.
Walker, X. J., Baltzer, J. L., Cumming, S. G., Day, N. J., Ebert, C., Goetz, S.,
Johnstone, J. F., Potter, S., Rogers, B. M., Schuur, E. A., and Turetsky, M. R.:
Increasing wildfires threaten historic carbon sink of boreal forest soils,
Nature, 572, 520–523, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1474-y, 2019.
Walker, X. J., Rogers, B. M., Veraverbeke, S., Johnstone, J. F., Baltzer, J. L.,
Barrett, K., Bourgeau-Chavez, L., Day, N. J., de Groot, W. J., Dieleman, C. M.
and Goetz, S.: Fuel availability not fire weather controls boreal wildfire
severity and carbon emissions, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 1130,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00920-8, 2020.
Walsh, J. E., Ballinger, T. J., Euskirchen, E. S., Hanna, E., Mård, J.,
Overland, J. E., Tangen, H., and Vihma, T.: Extreme weather and climate events
in northern areas: A review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 209, 103324,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103324, 2020.
Wang, X., Parisien, M. A., Taylor, S. W., Candau, J. N., Stralberg, D.,
Marshall, G. A., Little, J. M., and Flannigan, M. D.: Projected changes in daily
fire spread across Canada over the next century, Environ. Res. Lett., 12,
025005, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa5835, 2017.
Wang, J. A., Sulla-Menashe, D., Woodcock, C. E., Sonnentag, O., Keeling, R.
F., and Friedl, M. A.: Extensive land cover change across Arctic–Boreal
Northwestern North America from disturbance and climate forcing, Glob. Change
Biol., 26, 807, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14804, 2019.
Watson, J. G., Cao, J., Chen, L.-W. A., Wang, Q., Tian, J., Wang, X.,
Gronstal, S., Ho, S. S. H., Watts, A. C., and Chow, J. C.: Gaseous, PM2.5
mass, and speciated emission factors from laboratory chamber peat
combustion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14173–14193,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14173-2019, 2019.
Wein, R. W.: Frequency and characteristics of arctic tundra fires, Arctic,
29, 213, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic2806, 1976.
Whitman, E., Parisien, M. A., Thompson, D. K., and Flannigan, M. D.:
Short-interval wildfire and drought overwhelm boreal forest resilience, Sci.
Rep., 9, 18796, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55036-7, 2019.
Wiedinmyer, C., Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Emmons, L. K., Al-Saadi, J.
A., Orlando, J. J., and Soja, A. J.: The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a
high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning,
Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 625–641, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-625-2011,
2011.
Wilkinson, S. L., Moore, P. A., Thompson, D. K., Wotton, B. M., Hvenegaard,
S., Schroeder, D., and Waddington, J. M.: The effects of black spruce fuel
management on surface fuel condition and peat burn severity in an
experimental fire, Can. J. For. Res., 48, 1433,
https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0217, 2018.
Wilkinson, S. L., Moore, P. A., and Waddington, J. M.: Assessing Drivers of
Cross-Scale Variability in Peat Smoldering Combustion Vulnerability in
Forested Boreal Peatlands, Front. Forest Glob. Change, 2, 1–11,
https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00084, 2019.
Wilson, G. N.: Indigenous Internationalism in the Arctic, in: The Palgrave
Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics, edited by: Coates, K.S., and
Holroyd, C., Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland, 27–40,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20557-7_3, 2020.
Witze, A.: The Arctic is burning like never before-and that's bad news for
climate change, Nature, 585, 336–337,
https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02568-y, 2020.
Wotton, B. M., Martell, D. L., and Logan, K. A.: Climate change and
people-caused forest fire occurrence in Ontario, Climatic Change, 60, 275,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026075919710, 2003.
Wotton, B. M., Flannigan, M. D., and Marshall, G. A.: Potential climate
change impacts on fire intensity and key wildfire suppression thresholds in
Canada, Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 095003,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7e6e, 2017.
Wrona, F. J., Johansson, M., Culp, J. M., Jenkins, A., Mård, J., Myers‐Smith, I. H., Prowse, T. D., Vincent, W. F., and Wookey, P. A.: Transitions in Arctic ecosystems: Ecological implications of a changing hydrological regime, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 121, 650–675, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003133, 2016.
Xu, J., Morris, P. J., Liu, J., and Holden, J.: PEATMAP: Refining estimates
of global peatland distribution based on a meta-analysis, Catena, 160, 134–140,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.09.010, 2018.
Xu, W., He, H. S., Hawbaker, T. J., Zhu, Z., and Henne, P. D.: Estimating
burn severity and carbon emissions from a historic megafire in boreal
forests of China, Sci. Total Environ., 716, 136534,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136534, 2020.
Yanagiya, K. and Furuya, M.: Post-wildfire surface deformation near
Batagay, Eastern Siberia, detected by L-band and C-band InSAR, J. Geophys.
Res., 125, e2019JF005473, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JF005473, 2020.
York, A., Bhatt, U. S., Gargulinski, E., Garbinski, Z., Jain, P., Soja, A.,
Thoman, R. L., and Ziel, R: Wildland Fire in High Northern Latitudes, in:
Arctic Report Card 2020, edited by: Thoman, R. L., Richter-Menge, J., and
Druckenmiller, M. L.,
https://doi.org/10.25923/2gef-3964, 2020.
Young, A. M., Higuera, P. E., Duffy, P. A., and Hu, F. S.: Climatic
thresholds shape northern high-latitude fire regimes and imply vulnerability
to future climate change, Ecogeg, 40, 606,
https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02205, 2016.
Young, T. K. and Bjerregaard, P.: Towards estimating the indigenous
population in circumpolar regions, Int. J. Circumpolar Health, 78, 1653749,
https://doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2019.1653749, 2019.
Yu, Z., Loisel, J., Brosseau, D. P., Beilman, D. W., and Hunt, S. J.: Global
peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L13402,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl043584, 2010.
Yuan, H., Richter, F., and Rein, G.: A multi-step reaction scheme to
simulate self-heating ignition of coal: Effects of oxygen adsorption and
smouldering combustion, Proc. Combust. Inst., 38, 4717–4725,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2020.07.016, 2021.
Zhang, R., Huang, C., Zhan, X., Jin, H., and Song, X. P.: Development of
S-NPP VIIRS global surface type classification map using support vector
machines, Int. J. Digit. Earth, 11, 212,
https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2017.1315462, 2018.
Zhu, C., Kobayashi, H., Kanaya, Y., and Saito, M.: Size-dependent
validation of MODIS MCD64A1 burned area over six vegetation types in boreal
Eurasia: Large underestimation in croplands, Sci. Rep., 7, 4181,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03739-0, 2017.
Download
- Article
(1652 KB) - Full-text XML
Short summary
Fires, including extreme fire seasons, and fire emissions are more common in the Arctic. A review and synthesis of current scientific literature find climate change and human activity in the north are fuelling an emerging Arctic fire regime, causing more black carbon and methane emissions within the Arctic. Uncertainties persist in characterizing future fire landscapes, and thus emissions, as well as policy-relevant challenges in understanding, monitoring, and managing Arctic fire regimes.
Fires, including extreme fire seasons, and fire emissions are more common in the Arctic. A...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint