Articles | Volume 20, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-523-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-523-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
02 Feb 2023
Research article |
| 02 Feb 2023
| 02 Feb 2023
Unique benthic foraminiferal communities (stained) in diverse environments of sub-Antarctic fjords, South Georgia
Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
Witold Szczuciński
Geohazards Research Unit, Institute of Geology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Bogumiła Krygowskiego 12, 61-680 Poznań, Poland
Andrew J. Gooday
Ocean BioGeosciences, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
Related authors
Ewa Demianiuk, Mateusz Baca, Danijela Popović, Inès Barrenechea Angeles, Ngoc-Loi Nguyen, Jan Pawlowski, John B. Anderson, and Wojciech Majewski
Biogeosciences, 22, 2601–2620, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2601-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2601-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ancient foraminiferal DNA is studied in five Antarctic cores with sediments up to 25 kyr old. We use a standard and a new, more effective marker, which may become the next standard for paleoenvironmental studies. Much less diverse foraminifera occur on slopes of submarine moraines than in open-marine settings. Soft-walled foraminifera, not found in the fossil record, are especially abundant. There is no foraminiferal DNA in tills, suggesting its destruction during glacial redeposition.
Ewa Demianiuk, Mateusz Baca, Danijela Popović, Inès Barrenechea Angeles, Ngoc-Loi Nguyen, Jan Pawlowski, John B. Anderson, and Wojciech Majewski
Biogeosciences, 22, 2601–2620, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2601-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2601-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ancient foraminiferal DNA is studied in five Antarctic cores with sediments up to 25 kyr old. We use a standard and a new, more effective marker, which may become the next standard for paleoenvironmental studies. Much less diverse foraminifera occur on slopes of submarine moraines than in open-marine settings. Soft-walled foraminifera, not found in the fossil record, are especially abundant. There is no foraminiferal DNA in tills, suggesting its destruction during glacial redeposition.
Andrea Habura, Stephen P. Alexander, Steven D. Hanes, Andrew J. Gooday, Jan Pawlowski, and Samuel S. Bowser
J. Micropalaeontol., 43, 337–347, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-337-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-337-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Two species of giant, single-celled "trees” inhabit the seafloor in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. These unicellular creatures are large enough to be seen and counted by scuba divers. We found that one of the tree species is widely spread, whereas the other inhabits only a small region on the western side of the sound. These types of unicellular trees have not been found elsewhere in the world ocean and are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.
Cited articles
Alve, E.: Opportunistic features of the foraminifer Stainforthia fusiformis (Williamson): evidence from Frierfjord, Norway, J. Micropalaeontol., 13, 24–24, https://doi.org/10.1144/jm.13.1.24, 1994.
Alve, E., Korsun, S., Schönfeld, J., Dijkstra, N., Golikova, E., Hess, S., Husum, K., and Panieri, G.:
Foram-AMBI: A sensitivity index based on benthic foraminiferal faunas from North-East Atlantic and Arctic fjords, continental shelves and slopes, Mar. Micropaleontol., 122, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2015.11.001, 2016.
Avila, C., Angulo-Preckler, C., Martín-Martín, R. P., Figuerola, B., Griffiths, H. J., and Waller, C. L.:
Invasive marine species discovered on non–native kelp rafts in the warmest Antarctic island, Sci. Rep.-UK, 10, 1639, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58561-y, 2020.
Barlow, N. L. M., Bentley, M. J., Spada, G., Evans, D. J. A., Hansom, J. D., Brader, M. D., White, D. A., Zander, A., and Berg, S.:
Testing models of ice cap extent, South Georgia, sub-Antarctic, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 154, 157–168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.007, 2016.
Barnes, D. K.:
Changing chain: past, present and future of the Scotia Arc's and Antarctica's shallow benthic communities, Sci. Mar., 69, 65–89, https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2005.69s265, 2005.
Barnes, D. K. A., Linse, K., Waller, C., Morely, S., Enderlein, P., Fraser, K. P. P., and Brown, M.:
Shallow benthic faunal communities of South Georgia Island, Polar Biol., 29, 223–228, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-005-0042-0, 2006.
Barnes, D. K. A., Ireland, L., Hogg, O. T., Morley, S., Enderlein P., and Sands C. J.:
Why is the South Orkney Island shelf (the world's first high seas marine protected area) a carbon immobilization hotspot?, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 1110–1120, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13157, 2016.
Bentley, M. J., Evans, D. J. A., Fogwill, C. J., Hansom, J. D., Sugden, D. E., and Kubik, P. W.:
Glacial geomorphology and chronology of deglaciation, South Georgia, sub-Antarctic, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 644–677, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.11.019, 2007.
Berg, S., White, D., Jivcov, S., Melles, M., Leng, M. J., Rethemeyer, J., Allen, C., Perren, B., Bennike, O., and Viehberg, F.:
Holocene glacier fluctuations and environmental changes in Sub-Antarctic South Georgia, Quaternary Res., 91, 132–148, https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.85, 2019.
Berg, S., Jivcov, S., Kusch, S., Kuhn, G., Wacker, L., and Rethemeyer, J.:
Compound-specific radiocarbon analysis of (Sub-)Antarctic coastal marine sediments – potential and challenges for chronologies, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol., 35, e2020PA003890, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA003890, 2020.
Berg, S., Jivcov, S., Kusch, S., Kuhn, G., White, D., Bohrmann, G., Melles, M., and Rethemeyer, J.:
Increased petrogenic and biospheric organic carbon burial in sub-Antarctic fjord sediments in response to recent glacier retreat, Limnol. Oceanogr., 66, 4347–4362, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11965, 2021.
Bergstrom, D. M. and Chown, S. L.:
Life at the front: history, ecology and change on southern ocean islands, Trends Ecol. Evol., 14, 472–476, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01688-2, 1999.
Berner, R. A.:
Sedimentary pyrite formation: An update, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 48, 605–615, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90089-9, 1983.
Bernhard, J. M., Ostermann, D. R. Williams, D. S., and Blanks J. K.:
Comparison of two methods to identify live benthic foraminifera: A test between Rose Bengal and CellTracker Green with implications for stable isotope paleoreconstructions, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 21, PA4210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001290, 2006.
Bianchi, T., Arndt, S., Austin, W., Benn, D. I., Bertrand., S., Cui., X., Faust., J., Koziorowska-Makuch, K., Moy, C., Savage, C., Smeaton, C., Smith, R., and Syvitski, J.:
Fjords as Aquatic Critical Zones (ACZs), Earth-Sci. Rev, 203, 103–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103145, 2020.
Blott, S. J. and Pye, K.:
Gradistat: A grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 26, 1237–1248, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.261, 2001.
Boldt, K. V., Nittrouer, C. A., Hallet, B., Koppes, M. N., Forrest, B. K., Wellner, J. S., and Anderson, J. B.:
Modern rates of glacial sediment accumulation along a 15∘ S–N transect in fjords from the Antarctic Peninsula to southern Chile, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 2072–2088, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20145, 2013.
Brady, H. B.:
Notes on some of the Reticularian Rhizopoda of the “Challenger” Expedition. Part III, J. Cell Sci., 21, 31–71, https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.s2-21.81.31, 1881.
Capotondi, L., Bergami, C., Giglio, F., Langone, L., and Ravaioli, M.:
Benthic foraminifera distribution in the Ross Sea (Antarctica) and its relationship to oceanography, Boll. Soc. Paleontol. I., 57, 187–202, https://doi.org/10.4435/BSPI.2018.12, 2018.
Carter, L., McCave, I. N., and Williams, M. J. M.:
Circulation and water masses of the Southern Ocean: a review, in: Antarctic Climate Evolution, edited by: Florindo, F. and Siegert, M., Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 85–114, ISBN 9780444528476, 2008.
Catalá, T. S., Reche, I., Álvarez, M., Khatiwala, S., Guallart, E. F., Benítez-Barrios, V. M., Fuentes-Lema, A., Romera-Castillo, C., Nieto-Cid, M., Pelejero, C., Fraile-Nuez, E., Ortega-Retuerta, E., Marrasé, C., and Álvarez-Salgado X. A.:
Water massage and aging driving chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the darkglobal ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29, 917–934, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB005048, 2015.
Caulle, C., Koho, K. A., Mojtahid, M., Reichart, G. J., and Jorissen, F. J.:
Live (Rose Bengal stained) foraminiferal faunas from the northern Arabian Sea: faunal succession within and below the OMZ, Biogeosciences, 11, 1155–1175, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1155-2014, 2014.
Clarke, A., Crame, J. A., Stromberg, J.-O., and Barker, P. F.:
The Southern Ocean benthic fauna and climate change: a historical perspective [and discussion], Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 338, 299–309, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1992.0150, 1992.
Constable, A. J., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Conrey, S. P., Arrigo, K. R., Barbraud, C., Barnes, D. K., Bindoff, N. L., Boyd, P. W., Brandt, A., Costa, D. P., Davidson, A. T., Ducklow, H. W., Emmerson, L., Fukuchi, M., Gutt, J., Hindell, M. A., Hofmann, E. E., Hosie, G. W., Iida, T., Jacob, S., Johnston, N. M., Kawaguchi, S., Kokubun, N., Koubbi, P., Lea, M. A., Makhado, A., Massom, R. A., Meiners, K., Meredith, M. P., Murphy, E. J., Nicol, S., Reid, K., Richerson, K., Riddle, M. J., Rintoul, S. R., Smith Jr., W. O., Southwell, C., Stark, J. S., Sumner, M., Swadling, K. M., Takahashi, K. T., Trathan, P. N., Welsford, D. C., Weimerskirch, H., Westwood, K. J., Wienecke, B. C., Wolf-Gladrow, D., Wright, S. W., Xavier, J. C., and Ziegler, P.: Climate change and Southern Ocean ecosystems I: how changes in physical habitats directly affect marine biota, Glob. Change Biol., 20, 3004–3015, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12623, 2014.
Convey, P. and Peck, L. S.:
Antarctic environmental change and biological responses, Sci. Adv., 11, eaaz0888, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0888, 2019.
Cook, A. J., Poncet, S., Cooper, A. P. R., Herbert, D. J., and Christie, D.:
Glacier retreat on South Georgia and implications for the spread of rats, Antarct. Sci., 22, 255–263, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102010000064, 2010.
Curtis, M. L., Flowerdew, M. J., Riley, T. R., Whitehouse, M. J., and Daly, J. S.:
Andean sinistral transpression and kinematic partitioning in South Georgia, J. Struct. Geol., 32, 464–477, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.02.002, 2010.
Davenport, J.:
Upwelling-generated plankton strandlines: Important predictable food sources for seabirds at Husvik, South Georgia, Mar. Biol., 123, 207–217, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00353612, 1995.
De Nooijer, L. J., Spero, H. J., Erez, J. Bijma, J., and Reichart, G. J.:
Biomineralization in perforate foraminifera, Earth-Sci. Rev., 135, 48–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.03.013, 2014.
Dejardin, R., Kender, S., Allen, C. S., Leng, M. J., Swann, G. E. A., and Peck, V. L.:
“Live” (stained) benthic foraminiferal living depths, stable isotopes, and taxonomy offshore South Georgia, Southern Ocean: implications for calcification depths, J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 25–71, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-25-2018, 2018.
Earland, A.:
Foraminifera, Part II, South Georgia, Discov. Rep., 7, 27–138, 1933.
Earland A.:
Foraminifera. Part III. The Falklands sector of the Antarctic (excluding South Georgia), Discov. Rep., 10, 1–208, 1934.
Echols, R. J.:
Distribution of Foraminifera in sediments of the Scotia Sea area, Antarctic waters,
Antarct. Res. Ser., 15, 93–168, 1971.
Fillinger, L., Janussen, D., Lundälv, T., and Richter, C.:
Rapid glass sponge expansion after climate-induced Antarctic ice shelf collapse, Curr. Biol., 23, 1330–1334, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.051, 2013.
Finger, L. F. and Lipps, J. H.:
Foraminiferal decimation and repopulation in an active volcanic caldera, Deception Island, Antarctica, Micropaleontology, 27, 11–139, https://doi.org/10.2307/1485283, 1981.
Fossile, E., Nardelli, M. P., Jouini, A., Lansard, B., Pusceddu, A., Moccia, D., Michel, E., Péron, O., Howa, H., and Mojtahid, M.:
Benthic foraminifera as tracers of brine production in the Storfjorden “sea ice factory”, Biogeosciences, 17, 1933–1953, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1933-2020, 2020.
Fraser, C. I., Morrison, A. K., Hogg, A. M., Macaya, E. C., van Sebille, E., Ryan, P. G., Padovan, A., Jack, C., Valdivia, N., and Waters, J. M.:
Antarctica's ecological isolation will be broken by storm-driven dispersal and warming, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 704–708, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0209-7, 2018.
Frenot, Y., Convey, P., Lebouvier, M., Chown, S. L., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P. M., Convey, P., Skotnicki, M., and Bergstrom, D. M.:
Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications, Biol. Rev., 80, 45–72, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793104006542, 2005.
Geprägs, P., Torres, M. E., Mau, S., Kasten, S., Römer, M., and Bohrmann, G.:
Carbon cycling fed by methane seepage at the shallow Cumberland Bay, South Georgia, sub-Antarctic, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 17, 1401–1418, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GC006276, 2016.
Gille, S. T.:
Meridional displacement of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 372, 20130273, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0273, 2014.
Gooday, A. J., Holzmann, M., Majewski, W., and Pawlowski, J.:
New species of Gromia (Protista, Rhizaria) from South Georgia and the Falkland Islands, Polar Biol., 45, 647–666, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-022-03017-4, 2022.
Gordon, J. E., Haynes, V. M., and Hubbard, A.:
Recent glacier changes and climate trends on South Georgia, Global Planet. Change, 60, 72–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.037, 2008.
Graham, A. G., Fretwell, P. T., Larter, R. D., Hodgson, D. A., Tate, A. J., Morris, P., and Wilson, C. K.:
A new bathymetric compilation highlighting extensive paleo-ice sheet drainage on the continental shelf, South Georgia, sub-Antarctica, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 9, Q07011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GC001993, 2008.
Graham, A. G. C., Kuhn, G., Meisel, O., Hillenbrand, C.-D., Hodgson, D. A., Ehrmann, W., Wacker, L., Wintersteller, P., Dos Santos Ferreira, C., Römer, M., White, D., and Bohrmann, G.: Major advance of South Georgia glaciers during the Antarctic Cold Reversal following extensive sub-Antarctic glaciation, Nat. Commun., 8, 14798, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14798, 2017.
Gray, S. C., Sturz, A., Bruns, M. D., Marzan, R. L., Dougherty, D., Law, H. B., Brackett, J. E., and Marcou, M.:
Composition and distribution of sediments and benthic foraminifera in a submerged caldera after 30 years of volcanic quiescence, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 1727–1751, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00090-0, 2003.
Griffiths, H. J., Whittle, R. J., Roberts, S. J., Belchier, M., and Linse, K.:
Antarctic Crabs: Invasion or Endurance?, PLOS ONE, 8, e66981, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066981, 2013.
Gschwend, F., Majda, A., Majewski, W., and Pawlowski, J.:
Psammophaga fuegia sp. nov., a new monothalamid foraminifer from the Beagle Channel, South America, Acta Protozool., 55, 101–110, https://doi.org/10.4467/16890027AP.16.009.4944, 2016.
Habura, A., Goldstein, S. T., Parfrey, L. W., and Bowser, S. S.:
Phylogeny and ultrastructure of Miliammina fusca: Evidence for secondary loss of calcification in a miliolid foraminifer, J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 53, 204–210, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00096.x, 2006.
Hald, M. and Korsun, S.:
Distribution of modern benthic foraminifera from fjords of Svalbard, European Arctic, J. Foramin. Res., 27, 101–122, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.27.2.101, 1997.
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. A. T., and Ryan, P. D.:
Past: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis, Palaeontol. Electron., 4, 1–9, 2001.
Hayward, B. W. and Hollis, C.:
Brackish Foraminifera in New Zealand: a taxonomic and ecologic review, Micropaleontology, 40, 185–222, https://doi.org/10.2307/1485816, 1994.
Hayward, B. W., Cedhagen, T,. Kaminski, M., and Gross, O.:
WoRMS Foraminifera: World Foraminifera Database (version 2016-03-01), in: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2016 Annual Checklist, edited by: Roskov, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Flann, C., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R. E., Decock, W., and De Wever, A., https://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016 (last access: 22 May 2022), Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands, 2021.
Herb, R.:
Distribution of recent benthonic foraminifer in the Drake Passage, Antarct. Res. Ser., 17, 251–300, https://doi.org/10.1029/AR017p0251, 1971.
Heron-Allen, E. and Earland, A.:
Some new foraminifera from the South Atlantic. Part 2, J. Roy. Micr. Soc., 49, 324–334, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1929.tb00787.x, 1929.
Heron-Allen, E. and Earland, A.:
Some new foraminifera from the South Atlantic. Part 3, Miliammina, a new siliceous genus, J. Roy. Micr. Soc. 30, 38–45, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1930.tb01474.x, 1930.
Heron-Allen, E. and Earland, A.:
Foraminifera. Part I. The ice-free area of the Falkland Islands and adjacent seas, Discov. Rep., 4, 291–460, 1932.
Hodgson, D. A., Graham, A. G., Griffiths, H. J., Roberts, S. J., Cofaigh, C. O., Bentley, M. J., and Evans, D. J.:
Glacial history of sub-Antarctic South Georgia based on the submarine geomorphology of its fjords, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 89, 129–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.12.005, 2014.
Hogg, O. T., Barnes, D. K. A., and Griffiths, H. J.:
Highly diverse, poorly studied and uniquely threatened by climate change: an assessment of marine biodiversity on South Georgia's continental shelf, PLoS ONE, 6, e19795, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019795, 2011.
Höglund, H.:
Foraminifera in the Gullmar Fjord and the Skagerak, Zool. Bidr. Upps., 26, 1–328, 1947.
Holzmann, M., Gooday, A. J., Majewski, W., and Pawlowski, J.:
Molecular and morphological diversity of monothalamous foraminifera from South Georgia and the Falkland Islands: description of four new species, Eur. J. Protistol., 85, 125909, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125909, 2022.
Hromic, T., Ishman, S., and Silva, N.:
Benthic foraminiferal distributions in Chilean fjords: 47∘ S to 54∘ S, Mar. Micropaleontol., 59, 115–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2006.02.001, 2006.
Hughes, K. A., Pescott, O. L., Peyton, J., Adriaens, T., Cottier-Cook, E. J., Key, G., Rabitsch, W., Tricario, E., Barnes, D. K. A., Baxter, N., Belchier, M., Blake, D., Convey, P., Dawson, W., Frohlich, D., Gardiner, L. M., Gonzalez-Moreno, P., James, R., Malumphy, C., Martin, S., Martinou, A. F., Minchin, D., Monaco, A., Moore, N., Morley S. A., Ross, K., Shanklin, J., Turvey, K., Vaughan, D., Vaux, A. G. C., Werenkraut, V., Winfield, I. J., and Roy, H. E.: Invasive non-native species likely to threaten biodiversity and ecosystems in the Antarctic Peninsula region, Glob. Change Biol., 26, 2702–2716, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14938, 2020.
Ishman, S. E. and Domack, E. W.:
Oceanographic controls on benthic foraminifers from the Bellingshausen margin of the Antarctic Peninsula, Mar. Micropaleontol., 24, 119–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(94)90019-1, 1994.
Ishman, S. E. and Sperling, M. R.:
Benthic foraminiferal record of Holocene deep-water evolution in the Palmer Deep, western Antarctic Peninsula, Geology 30, 435–438, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0435:BFROHD>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Ishman, S. E. and Szymcek, P.:
Foraminiferal distributions in the former Larsen-A Ice Shelf and Prince Gustav Channel region, eastern Antarctic Peninsula margin: a baseline for Holocene paleoenvironmental interpretation, Antarct. Res. Ser., 79, 239–260, https://doi.org/10.1029/AR079p0239, 2003.
Jaeger, J. M. and Nittrouer, C. A.:
Sediment deposition in an Alaskan fjord: Controls on the formation and preservation of sedimentary structures in Icy Bay, J. Sediment. Res., 69, 1011–1026, https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.69.1011, 1999.
Jennings, A. E. and Helgadottir, G.:
Foraminiferal assemblages from the fjords and shelf of eastern Greenland, J. Foramin. Res., 24, 123–144, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.24.2.123, 1994.
Jennings, A. E., Weiner, N. J., Helgadottir, G., and Andrews, J. T.:
Modern foraminiferal faunas of the southwestern to northern Iceland shelf: oceanographic and environmental controls, J. Foramin. Res. 34, 180–207, https://doi.org/10.2113/34.3.180, 2004.
Jernas, P., Klitgaard-Kristensen, D., Husum, K., Koç, N., Tverberg, V., Loubere, P., Prins, M., Dijkstra, N., and Gluchowska, M.:
Annual changes in Arctic fjord environment and modern benthic foraminiferal fauna: Evidence from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Global Planet. Change, 163, 119–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.11.013, 2018.
Jorissen, F. J., Bicchi, E., Duchemin, G., Durrieu, J., Galgani, F., Cazes, L., Gaultier, M., and Camps, R.:
Impact of oil-based drill mud disposal on benthic foraminiferal assemblages on the continental margin off Angola, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 2270–2291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.04.009, 2009.
Kennett, J. P.:
The fauna of the Ross Sea. Part 6. Ecology and distribution of the Foraminifera, New Zealand DSIR Bull., 186, 1–46, 1968.
Korsun, S. and Hald, M.:
Modern benthic foraminifera off Novaya Zemlya tidewater glaciers, Russian Arctic, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 30, 61–77, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551746, 1998.
Lamy, F., Kilian, R., Arz, H. W., Francois, J. P., Kaiser, J., Prange, M., and Steinke, T.:
Holocene changes in the position and intensity of the southern Westerly wind belt, Nature Geosci., 3, 695–699, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO959, 2010,.
Lloyd, J. M. and Evans, J. R.:
Contemporary and fossil foraminifera from isolation basins in northwest Scotland, J. Quaternary Sci., 17, 431–443, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.719, 2002.
Loeblich, A. R. and Tappan, H.:
Revision of some recent foraminiferal genera, Smithsonian miscellaneous collections, 128, 1–37, 1955.
Loeblich, A. R. and Tappan, H. (Eds.):
Foraminiferal Genera and their Classification, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, USA, ISBN 9780442259372, 1988.
Mackensen, A.:
Oxygen and carbon stable isotope tracers of Weddell Sea water masses: new data and some paleoceanographic implications, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 48, 1401–1422, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00093-5, 2001.
Mackensen, A., Grobe, H., Kuhn, G., and Fütterer, D. K.:
Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the eastern Weddell Sea between 68 and 73∘ S: distribution, ecology and fossilization potential, Mar. Micropaleontol., 16, 241–283, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(90)90006-8, 1990.
Mackensen, A., Fütterer, D. K., Grobe, H., and Schmiedl, G.:
Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the eastern South Atlantic Polar Front region between 35∘ and 57∘ S: Distribution, ecology and fossilization potential, Mar. Micropaleontol., 22, 33–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(93)90003-G, 1993.
Majda, A., Majewski, W., Mamos, T., Grabowski, M., Godoi, M. A., and Pawlowski, J.:
Variable dispersal histories across the Drake Passage: The case of coastal benthic Foraminifera, Mar. Micropaleontol., 140, 81–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2018.02.004, 2018.
Majewski, W.:
Benthic foraminiferal communities: distribution and ecology in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, West Antarctica, Pol. Polar Res., 26, 159–214, 2005.
Majewski, W.:
Benthic foraminifera from West Antarctic fiord environments: An overview, Pol. Polar Res., 31, 61–82, https://doi.org/10.4202/ppres.2010.05, 2010.
Majewski, W.:
Benthic foraminifera from Pine Island and Ferrero bays, Amundsen Sea, Pol. Polar Res., 34, 169–200, 2013.
Majewski, W. and Tatur, A.:
A new Antarctic foraminiferal species for detecting climate change in sub-Recent glacier-proximal sediments, Antarct. Sci., 5, 439–448, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102009990150, 2009.
Majewski, W., Lecroq, B., Sinniger, F., and Pawlowski, J.:
Monothalamous foraminifera from Admiralty Bay, King George Island, West Antarctica, Pol. Polar Res., 28, 187–210, 2007.
Majewski, W., Wellner, J. S., Szczuciński, W., and Anderson, J. B.:
Holocene oceanographic and glacial changes recorded in Maxwell Bay, West Antarctica, Mar. Geol., 326–328, 67–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2012.08.009, 2012.
Majewski, W., Wellner, J. S., and Anderson, J. B.:
Environmental connotations of benthic foraminiferal assemblages from coastal West Antarctica, Mar. Micropaleontol., 124, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2016.01.002, 2016.
Majewski, W., Stolarski, J., and Bart, P. J.:
Two rare pustulose/sponose morphotypes of benthic foraminifera from eastern Ross Sea, J. Foramin. Res. 49, 405–422, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.49.4.405, 2019.
Majewski, W., Holzmann, M., Gooday, A. J., Majda, A., Mamos T., and Pawlowski J.:
Cenozoic climatic changes drive evolution and dispersal of coastal benthic foraminifera in the Southern Ocean, Sci. Rep.-UK, 11, 19869, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99155-6, 2021.
Majewski, W., Szzczuciński, W., and Gooday, A. J.: Benthic foraminifera (stained) in sub-Antarctic fjords of South Georgia, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.954898, 2023.
Malmgren, B. A. and Haq, B. U.:
Assessment of quantitative techniques in paleobiogeography, Mar. Micropaleontol., 7, 213–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(82)90003-2, 1982.
McCarthy, A. H., Peck, L. S., and Aldridge, D. C.:
Ship traffic connects Antarctica's fragile coasts to worldwide ecosystems, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 119, e2110303118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110303118, 2022.
Meredith, M. P. and King, J. C.:
Rapid climate change in the ocean west of the. Antarctic Peninsula during the second half of the 20th century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19604, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024042, 2005.
Meredith, M. P., Watkins, J. L., Murphy, E. J., Ward, P., Bone, D. G., Thorpe, S. E., Grant, S. A., and Ladkin, R. S.:
Southern ACC front to the northeast of South Georgia: Pathways, characteristics, and fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3162, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC001227, 2003.
Milam, R. W and Anderson, J. B.:
Distribution and ecology of recent benthonic foraminifera of the Adelie–George V continental shelf and slope, Antarctica. Mar. Micropaleontol., 6, 297–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(81)90009-2, 1981.
Murray, J. W. (Ed.):
Ecology and palaeoecology of benthic foraminifera, Logman Scientific & Technical, London, UK, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315846101, 1991.
Murray, J. W. and Pudsey, C. J.:
Living (stained) and dead foraminifera from the newly ice-free Larsen Ice Shelf, Weddell Sea, Antarctica: Ecology and taphonomy, Mar. Micropaleontol., 53, 67–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2004.04.001, 2004.
Nomura, R.:
Foraminifera from the raised beach deposits on the east coast of Lützow–Holm Bay, Antarctica, Mem. Natl. Inst. Polar Res., 28, 219–230, 1983.
Orsi, A. H., Whitworth, T., and Nowlin, W. D.:
On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 42, 641–673, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(95)00021-W, 1995.
Perren, B. B., Hodgson, D. A., Roberts, S. J., Sime, L., Van Nieuwenhuyze, W., Verleyen, E., and Vyverman, W.:
Southward migration of the southern Hemisphere westerly winds corresponds with warming climate over centennial timescales, Commun. Earth Environ., 1, 58, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00059-6, 2020.
Racka, M., Marynowski, L., Filipiak, P., Sobstel, M., Pisarzowska, A., and Bond, D. P. G.:
Anoxic Annulata Events in the Late Famennian of the Holy Cross Mountains (Southern Poland): Geochemical and palaeontological record, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 297, 549–575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.028, 2010.
Rodrigues, A. R., Maluf, J. C. C., De Santis Braga, E., and Eichler, B. B.:
Recent benthic foraminiferal distribution and related environmental factors in Ezcurra Inlet, King George Island, Antarctica, Antarct. Sci., 22, 343–360, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102010000179, 2010.
Römer, M., Torres, M., Kasten, S., Kuhn, G., Graham, A. G. C., Mau, S., Little, C. T., Linse, K., Pape, T., Geprägs, P., Fischer, D., Wintersteller, P., Marcon, Y., Rethemeyer, J., Bohrmann, G., and shipboard scientific party ANT-XXIX/4: First evidence of widespread active methane seepage in the Southern Ocean, off the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 403, 166–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.06.036, 2014.
Schönfeld, J., Alve, E., Geslin, E., Jorissen, F., Korsun, S., and Spezzaferri, S.:
The FOBIMO (Foraminiferal BIo-MOnitoring) initiative – towards a standardised protocol for soft bottom benthic foraminiferal monitoring studies, Mar. Micropaleontol., 94–95, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2012.06.001, 2012.
Sen Gupta, B. K. (Ed.): Foraminifera in marginal marine environments, in: Modern Foraminifera, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 141–160, https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48104-9_9, 1999.
Silva K. A., Corliss B. H., Rathburn A. E., and Thunell R. C.:
Seasonality of living benthic foraminifera from the San Pedro Basin, California Borderland, J. Foramin. Res., 26, 71–93, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.26.1.71, 1996.
Smith, J.:
Glacier problems in South Georgia, J. Glaciol., 3, 705–714, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000018001, 1960.
Streuff, K., Forwick, M., Szczuciński, W., Andreassen, K., and Ó Cofaigh, C.:
Submarine landform assemblages and sedimentary processes related to glacier surging in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Arktos, 1, 14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41063-015-0003-y, 2015.
Syvitski, J. P. M.:
On the deposition of sediment within glacier-influenced fjords: oceanographic controls, Mar. Geol., 85, 301–329, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(89)90158-8, 1989.
Szczuciński, W. and Zajączkowski, M.:
Factors controlling downward fluxes of particulate matter in glacier-contact and non-glacier contact settings in a subpolar fjord (Billefjorden, Svalbard), IAS Spec. Publ., 44, 369–385, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118311172.ch18, 2012.
Thiede, J., Ovale, G., Skarbø, O., and Strand, J. E.:
Benthonic foraminiferal distributions in a southern Norwegian fjord system: A re-evaluation of Oslo Fjord data, IAS Spec. Publ., 5, 469–495, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444303759.ch33, 1981.
Thorpe, S. E., Heywood, K. J., Brandon, M. A., and Stevens, D. P.:
Variability of the southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current front north of South Georgia, J. Mar. Syst., 37, 87–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00197-5, 2002.
Tyszka, J.:
Miliammina gerochi n. sp. – a middle Jurassic rzehakinid (Foraminiferida) from quasi-anaerobic biofacies, Ann. Soc. Geol. Pol., 67, 355–364, 1997.
Violanti, D., Loi, B., and Melis, R.:
Recent foraminifera from the Strait of Magellan: first quantitative data, Boll. Mus. Regionale. Sci. Nat. Torino, 17, 511–539, 2000.
White, D. A., Bennike, O., Melles, M., Berg, S., and Binnie, S. A.:
Was South Georgia covered by an ice cap during the Last Glacial Maximum?, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 461, 49, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP461.4, 2018.
Whitehouse, M. J., Meredith, M. P., Rothery, P., Atkinson, A., Ward, P., and Korb, R. E.:
Rapid warming of the ocean around South Georgia, Southern Ocean, during the 20th century: Forcings, characteristics and implications for lower trophic levels, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 55, 1218–1228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.06.002, 2008.
Zajączkowski, M., Szczuciński, W., Plessen, B., and Jernas, P.:
Benthic foraminifera in Hornsund, Svalbard – Implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions, Pol. Polar Res., 31, 349–375, 2010.
Short summary
We studied foraminifera living in the fjords of South Georgia, a sub-Antarctic island sensitive to climate change. As conditions in water and on the seafloor vary, different associations of these microorganisms dominate far inside, in the middle, and near fjord openings. Assemblages in inner and middle parts of fjords are specific to South Georgia, but they may become widespread with anticipated warming. These results are important for interpretating fossil records and monitoring future change.
We studied foraminifera living in the fjords of South Georgia, a sub-Antarctic island sensitive...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint