Articles | Volume 17, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4745-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4745-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
01 Oct 2020
Research article |
| 01 Oct 2020
| 01 Oct 2020
Elevated sources of cobalt in the Arctic Ocean
Randelle M. Bundy
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
now at: School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Alessandro Tagliabue
School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool,
United Kingdom
Nicholas J. Hawco
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai`i at Manoa, Honolulu,
HI, USA
Peter L. Morton
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, USA
Benjamin S. Twining
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, USA
Mariko Hatta
Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai`i at Manoa, Honolulu,
HI, USA
Abigail E. Noble
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
now at: California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Sacramento, CA, USA
Mattias R. Cape
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
now at: School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Seth G. John
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los
Angeles, CA, USA
Jay T. Cullen
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria,
BC, Canada
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Related authors
Colleen L. Hoffman, Patrick J. Monreal, Justine B. Albers, Alastair J. M. Lough, Alyson E. Santoro, Travis Mellett, Kristen N. Buck, Alessandro Tagliabue, Maeve C. Lohan, Joseph A. Resing, and Randelle M. Bundy
Biogeosciences, 21, 5233–5246, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5233-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5233-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrothermally derived iron can be transported kilometers away from deep-sea vents, representing a significant flux of vital micronutrients to the ocean. However, the mechanisms that support the stabilization of dissolved iron remain elusive. Using electrochemical, spectrometry, and genomic methods, we demonstrated that strong ligands exert an important control on iron in plumes, and high-affinity iron-binding siderophores were identified in several hydrothermal plume samples for the first time.
Noelle A. Held, Korrina Kunde, Clare E. Davis, Neil J. Wyatt, Elizabeth L. Mann, E. Malcolm S. Woodward, Matthew McIlvin, Alessandro Tagliabue, Benjamin S. Twining, Claire Mahaffey, Mak A. Saito, and Maeve C. Lohan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3996, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3996, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Microbial enzymes are critical to marine biogeochemical cycles, but which microbes are producing those enzymes? We used a targeted proteomics method to quantify how much Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus contribute to surface ocean alkaline phosphatase activity. We find that alkaline phosphatase abundance is limited by the availability of iron, zinc and cobalt (which may substitute for zinc).
Claire Mahaffey, Noelle Held, Korinne Kunde, Clare Davis, Neil Wyatt, Matthew McIlvin, Malcolm Woodward, Lewis Wrightson, Alessandro Tagliabue, Maeve Lohan, and Mak Saito
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3987, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3987, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Picocyanobacteria fix over 50 % of carbon in the subtropical ocean, but which nutrients control their growth and activity? Using a states, rates and metaproteomic approach alongside targeted proteomics in experiments, we reveal picocyanobacteria are phosphorus stressed in the west Atlantic and nitrogen stressed in east Atlantic. We find evidence for trace metal and organic phosphorus control on alkaline phosphatase activity.
Pearse J. Buchanan, Juan J. Pierella Karlusich, Robyn E. Tuerena, Roxana Shafiee, E. Malcolm S. Woodward, Chris Bowler, and Alessandro Tagliabue
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3639, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3639, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonium is a form of nitrogen that may become more important for growth of marine primary producers (i.e., phytoplankton) in the future. Because some phytoplankton taxa have a greater affinity for ammonium than others, the relative increase in ammonium could cause shifts in community composition. We quantify ammonium enrichment, identify its drivers, and isolate the possible effect on phytoplankton community composition under a high emissions scenario.
Riss M. Kell, Rebecca J. Chmiel, Deepa Rao, Dawn M. Moran, Matthew R. McIlvin, Tristan J. Horner, Nicole L. Schanke, Ichiko Sugiyama, Robert B. Dunbar, Giacomo R. DiTullio, and Mak A. Saito
Biogeosciences, 21, 5685–5706, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5685-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5685-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Despite interest in modeling the biogeochemical uptake and cycling of the trace metal zinc (Zn), measurements of Zn uptake in natural marine phytoplankton communities have not been conducted previously. To fill this gap, we employed a stable isotope uptake rate measurement method to quantify Zn uptake into natural phytoplankton assemblages within the Southern Ocean. Zn demand was high and rapid enough to depress the inventory of Zn available to phytoplankton on seasonal timescales.
Colleen L. Hoffman, Patrick J. Monreal, Justine B. Albers, Alastair J. M. Lough, Alyson E. Santoro, Travis Mellett, Kristen N. Buck, Alessandro Tagliabue, Maeve C. Lohan, Joseph A. Resing, and Randelle M. Bundy
Biogeosciences, 21, 5233–5246, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5233-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5233-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrothermally derived iron can be transported kilometers away from deep-sea vents, representing a significant flux of vital micronutrients to the ocean. However, the mechanisms that support the stabilization of dissolved iron remain elusive. Using electrochemical, spectrometry, and genomic methods, we demonstrated that strong ligands exert an important control on iron in plumes, and high-affinity iron-binding siderophores were identified in several hydrothermal plume samples for the first time.
Mak A. Saito, Jaclyn K. Saunders, Matthew R. McIlvin, Erin M. Bertrand, John A. Breier, Margaret Mars Brisbin, Sophie M. Colston, Jaimee R. Compton, Tim J. Griffin, W. Judson Hervey, Robert L. Hettich, Pratik D. Jagtap, Michael Janech, Rod Johnson, Rick Keil, Hugo Kleikamp, Dagmar Leary, Lennart Martens, J. Scott P. McCain, Eli Moore, Subina Mehta, Dawn M. Moran, Jaqui Neibauer, Benjamin A. Neely, Michael V. Jakuba, Jim Johnson, Megan Duffy, Gerhard J. Herndl, Richard Giannone, Ryan Mueller, Brook L. Nunn, Martin Pabst, Samantha Peters, Andrew Rajczewski, Elden Rowland, Brian Searle, Tim Van Den Bossche, Gary J. Vora, Jacob R. Waldbauer, Haiyan Zheng, and Zihao Zhao
Biogeosciences, 21, 4889–4908, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4889-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4889-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ability to assess the functional capabilities of microbes in the environment is of increasing interest. Metaproteomics, the ability to measure proteins across microbial populations, has been increasing in capability and popularity in recent years. Here, an international team of scientists conducted an intercomparison study using samples collected from the North Atlantic Ocean and observed consistency in the peptides and proteins identified, their functions, and their taxonomic origins.
David A. Hutchins, Fei-Xue Fu, Shun-Chung Yang, Seth G. John, Stephen J. Romaniello, M. Grace Andrews, and Nathan G. Walworth
Biogeosciences, 20, 4669–4682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4669-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4669-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Applications of the mineral olivine are a promising means to capture carbon dioxide via coastal enhanced weathering, but little is known about the impacts on important marine phytoplankton. We examined the effects of olivine dissolution products on species from three major phytoplankton groups: diatoms, coccolithophores, and cyanobacteria. Growth and productivity were generally either unaffected or stimulated, suggesting the effects of olivine on key phytoplankton are negligible or positive.
Rebecca J. Chmiel, Riss M. Kell, Deepa Rao, Dawn M. Moran, Giacomo R. DiTullio, and Mak A. Saito
Biogeosciences, 20, 3997–4027, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3997-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3997-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cobalt is an important micronutrient for plankton, yet it is often scarce throughout the oceans. A 2017/2018 expedition to coastal Antarctica, including regions of the Amundsen Sea and the Ross Sea, discovered lower concentrations of cobalt compared to two past expeditions in 2005 and 2006, particularly for the type of cobalt preferred as a nutrient by phytoplankton. This loss may be due to changing inputs of other nutrients, causing higher uptake of cobalt by plankton over the last decade.
Alastair J. M. Lough, Alessandro Tagliabue, Clément Demasy, Joseph A. Resing, Travis Mellett, Neil J. Wyatt, and Maeve C. Lohan
Biogeosciences, 20, 405–420, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Iron is a key nutrient for ocean primary productivity. Hydrothermal vents are a source of iron to the oceans, but the size of this source is poorly understood. This study examines the variability in iron inputs between hydrothermal vents in different geological settings. The vents studied release different amounts of Fe, resulting in plumes with similar dissolved iron concentrations but different particulate concentrations. This will help to refine modelling of iron-limited ocean productivity.
Laurent Bopp, Olivier Aumont, Lester Kwiatkowski, Corentin Clerc, Léonard Dupont, Christian Ethé, Thomas Gorgues, Roland Séférian, and Alessandro Tagliabue
Biogeosciences, 19, 4267–4285, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4267-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4267-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of anthropogenic climate change on the biological production of phytoplankton in the ocean is a cause for concern because its evolution could affect the response of marine ecosystems to climate change. Here, we identify biological N fixation and its response to future climate change as a key process in shaping the future evolution of marine phytoplankton production. Our results show that further study of how this nitrogen fixation responds to environmental change is essential.
Benoît Pasquier, Sophia K. V. Hines, Hengdi Liang, Yingzhe Wu, Steven L. Goldstein, and Seth G. John
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4625–4656, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4625-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4625-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Neodymium isotopes in seawater have the potential to provide key information about ocean circulation, both today and in the past. This can shed light on the underlying drivers of global climate, which will improve our ability to predict future climate change, but uncertainties in our understanding of neodymium cycling have limited use of this tracer. We present a new model of neodymium in the modern ocean that runs extremely fast, matches observations, and is freely available for development.
Rebecca Chmiel, Nathan Lanning, Allison Laubach, Jong-Mi Lee, Jessica Fitzsimmons, Mariko Hatta, William Jenkins, Phoebe Lam, Matthew McIlvin, Alessandro Tagliabue, and Mak Saito
Biogeosciences, 19, 2365–2395, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2365-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2365-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved cobalt is present in trace amounts in seawater and is a necessary nutrient for marine microbes. On a transect from the Alaskan coast to Tahiti, we measured seawater concentrations of dissolved cobalt. Here, we describe several interesting features of the Pacific cobalt cycle including cobalt sources along the Alaskan coast and Hawaiian vents, deep-ocean particle formation, cobalt activity in low-oxygen regions, and how our samples compare to a global biogeochemical model’s predictions.
Natalie R. Cohen, Abigail E. Noble, Dawn M. Moran, Matthew R. McIlvin, Tyler J. Goepfert, Nicholas J. Hawco, Christopher R. German, Tristan J. Horner, Carl H. Lamborg, John P. McCrow, Andrew E. Allen, and Mak A. Saito
Biogeosciences, 18, 5397–5422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5397-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5397-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A previous study documented an intense hydrothermal plume in the South Pacific Ocean; however, the iron release associated with this plume and the impact on microbiology were unclear. We describe metal concentrations associated with multiple hydrothermal plumes in this region and protein signatures of plume-influenced microbes. Our findings demonstrate that resources released from these systems can be transported away from their source and may alter the physiology of surrounding microbes.
Thomas S. Bianchi, Madhur Anand, Chris T. Bauch, Donald E. Canfield, Luc De Meester, Katja Fennel, Peter M. Groffman, Michael L. Pace, Mak Saito, and Myrna J. Simpson
Biogeosciences, 18, 3005–3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3005-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3005-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Better development of interdisciplinary ties between biology, geology, and chemistry advances biogeochemistry through (1) better integration of contemporary (or rapid) evolutionary adaptation to predict changing biogeochemical cycles and (2) universal integration of data from long-term monitoring sites in terrestrial, aquatic, and human systems that span broad geographical regions for use in modeling.
Lester Kwiatkowski, Olivier Torres, Laurent Bopp, Olivier Aumont, Matthew Chamberlain, James R. Christian, John P. Dunne, Marion Gehlen, Tatiana Ilyina, Jasmin G. John, Andrew Lenton, Hongmei Li, Nicole S. Lovenduski, James C. Orr, Julien Palmieri, Yeray Santana-Falcón, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Charles A. Stock, Alessandro Tagliabue, Yohei Takano, Jerry Tjiputra, Katsuya Toyama, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Michio Watanabe, Akitomo Yamamoto, Andrew Yool, and Tilo Ziehn
Biogeosciences, 17, 3439–3470, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3439-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3439-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We assess 21st century projections of marine biogeochemistry in the CMIP6 Earth system models. These models represent the most up-to-date understanding of climate change. The models generally project greater surface ocean warming, acidification, subsurface deoxygenation, and euphotic nitrate reductions but lesser primary production declines than the previous generation of models. This has major implications for the impact of anthropogenic climate change on marine ecosystems.
Noelle A. Held, Eric A. Webb, Matthew M. McIlvin, David A. Hutchins, Natalie R. Cohen, Dawn M. Moran, Korinna Kunde, Maeve C. Lohan, Claire Mahaffey, E. Malcolm S. Woodward, and Mak A. Saito
Biogeosciences, 17, 2537–2551, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2537-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2537-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Trichodesmium is a globally important marine nitrogen fixer that stimulates primary production in the surface ocean. We surveyed metaproteomes of Trichodesmium populations across the North Atlantic and other oceans, and we found that they experience simultaneous phosphate and iron stress because of the biophysical limits of nutrient uptake. Importantly, nitrogenase was most abundant during co-stress, indicating the potential importance of this phenotype to global nitrogen and carbon cycling.
M. Rosario Lorenzo, María Segovia, Jay T. Cullen, and María T. Maldonado
Biogeosciences, 17, 757–770, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-757-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-757-2020, 2020
Short summary
Kathleen M. Munson, Carl H. Lamborg, Rene M. Boiteau, and Mak A. Saito
Biogeosciences, 15, 6451–6460, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6451-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6451-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Methylmercury accumulates in marine organisms and is produced by bacterial processes in sediment systems. To date, the contribution of these processes to the marine water column is poorly understood. We measured noncellular production and breakdown of methylmercury in equatorial Pacific waters. We observed enhanced production in filtered waters that suggests noncellular processes result in rapid mercury transformations and, in turn, control methylmercury concentrations in the open ocean.
Sara J. Bender, Dawn M. Moran, Matthew R. McIlvin, Hong Zheng, John P. McCrow, Jonathan Badger, Giacomo R. DiTullio, Andrew E. Allen, and Mak A. Saito
Biogeosciences, 15, 4923–4942, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4923-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4923-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Phaeocystis antarctica is an important phytoplankter of the Antarctic coastal environment where it dominates the early season bloom after sea ice retreat. Iron nutrition was found to be an important factor that results in Phaeocystis colony formation and a large restructuring of the proteome, including changes associated with the flagellate to colonial transition and adaptive responses to iron scarcity. Analysis of Phaeocystis proteins from the Ross Sea revealed the presence of both cell types.
Helen E. K. Smith, Alex J. Poulton, Rebecca Garley, Jason Hopkins, Laura C. Lubelczyk, Dave T. Drapeau, Sara Rauschenberg, Ben S. Twining, Nicholas R. Bates, and William M. Balch
Biogeosciences, 14, 4905–4925, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4905-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4905-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Great Calcite Belt (GCB), a region of high calcite concentration from coccolithophores, covers 60 % of the Southern Ocean area. We examined the influence of temperature, macronutrients, and carbonate chemistry on the distribution of mineralizing phytoplankton in the GCB. Coccolithophores occupy a niche in the Southern Ocean after the diatom spring bloom depletes silicic acid. No single environmental variable holds a dominant influence over phytoplankton biogeography in summer GCB conditions.
Mak A. Saito, Abigail E. Noble, Nicholas Hawco, Benjamin S. Twining, Daniel C. Ohnemus, Seth G. John, Phoebe Lam, Tim M. Conway, Rod Johnson, Dawn Moran, and Matthew McIlvin
Biogeosciences, 14, 4637–4662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4637-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4637-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Cobalt has the smallest oceanic inventory of all known inorganic micronutrients, and hence is particularly vulnerable to influence by internal oceanic processes. The stoichiometry of cobalt was studied in the North Atlantic, and interpreted with regard to the context of Redfield theory with a focus on biological uptake, scavenging, and the coupling between dissolved and particulate phases. The stoichiometry of cobalt accelerated towards the surface due to increased biological activity and use.
James C. Orr, Raymond G. Najjar, Olivier Aumont, Laurent Bopp, John L. Bullister, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Scott C. Doney, John P. Dunne, Jean-Claude Dutay, Heather Graven, Stephen M. Griffies, Jasmin G. John, Fortunat Joos, Ingeborg Levin, Keith Lindsay, Richard J. Matear, Galen A. McKinley, Anne Mouchet, Andreas Oschlies, Anastasia Romanou, Reiner Schlitzer, Alessandro Tagliabue, Toste Tanhua, and Andrew Yool
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2169–2199, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2169-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2169-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) is a model comparison effort under Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Its physical component is described elsewhere in this special issue. Here we describe its ocean biogeochemical component (OMIP-BGC), detailing simulation protocols and analysis diagnostics. Simulations focus on ocean carbon, other biogeochemical tracers, air-sea exchange of CO2 and related gases, and chemical tracers used to evaluate modeled circulation.
Abigail E. Noble, Daniel C. Ohnemus, Nicholas J. Hawco, Phoebe J. Lam, and Mak A. Saito
Biogeosciences, 14, 2715–2739, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2715-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2715-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines sources and sinks of dissolved and labile cobalt in the North Atlantic Ocean. The North and South Atlantic are influenced differently by dust, coastal margin sources, biota, and suspended particles. Dissolved cobalt in both basins is driven by a coastal margin source, leading to large plumes emanating from the north and south African coasts. These plumes are comparable in size despite the high dust flux observed in the North Atlantic that is absent in the South Atlantic.
Marco van Hulten, Rob Middag, Jean-Claude Dutay, Hein de Baar, Matthieu Roy-Barman, Marion Gehlen, Alessandro Tagliabue, and Andreas Sterl
Biogeosciences, 14, 1123–1152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1123-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1123-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We ran a global ocean model to understand manganese (Mn), a biologically essential element. Our model shows that (i) in the deep ocean, dissolved [Mn] is mostly homogeneous ~0.10—0.15 nM. The model reproduces this with a threshold on MnO2 of 25 pM, suggesting a minimal particle concentration is needed before aggregation and removal become efficient.
(ii) The observed distinct hydrothermal signals are produced by assuming both a strong source and a strong removal of Mn near hydrothermal vents.
Nicholas J. Hawco, Daniel C. Ohnemus, Joseph A. Resing, Benjamin S. Twining, and Mak A. Saito
Biogeosciences, 13, 5697–5717, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5697-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5697-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Cobalt is a scarce nutrient required by phytoplankton. We report more than 800 measurements of dissolved cobalt in the South Pacific Ocean, which show high cobalt concentrations in anoxic subsurface waters offshore of Peru. Coastal cobalt sources may be stronger under low oxygen and could fluctuate as climate change is expected to alter the extent of these low-oxygen regions.
O. Aumont, C. Ethé, A. Tagliabue, L. Bopp, and M. Gehlen
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2465–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2465-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2465-2015, 2015
J. Martinez-Rey, L. Bopp, M. Gehlen, A. Tagliabue, and N. Gruber
Biogeosciences, 12, 4133–4148, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4133-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4133-2015, 2015
M. M. P. van Hulten, A. Sterl, R. Middag, H. J. W. de Baar, M. Gehlen, J.-C. Dutay, and A. Tagliabue
Biogeosciences, 11, 3757–3779, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3757-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3757-2014, 2014
W. R. Joubert, S. Swart, A. Tagliabue, S. J. Thomalla, and P. M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-4335-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-4335-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript not accepted
A. Schmittner, N. Gruber, A. C. Mix, R. M. Key, A. Tagliabue, and T. K. Westberry
Biogeosciences, 10, 5793–5816, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5793-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5793-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Open Ocean
Spatial distributions of iron and manganese in surface waters of the Arctic's Laptev and East Siberian seas
Climate-driven shifts in Southern Ocean primary producers and biogeochemistry in CMIP6 models
Ocean acidification trends and carbonate system dynamics across the North Atlantic subpolar gyre water masses during 2009–2019
Sedimentary organic matter signature hints at the phytoplankton-driven biological carbon pump in the central Arabian Sea
Hydrological cycle amplification imposes spatial patterns on the climate change response of ocean pH and carbonate chemistry
Phytoplankton responses to iron and macronutrient fluxes from subsurface waters in the western North Pacific in summer
Assessing the tropical Atlantic biogeochemical processes in the Norwegian Earth System Model
Evolution of oxygen and stratification and their relationship in the North Pacific Ocean in CMIP6 Earth system models
Evaluation of CMIP6 model performance in simulating historical biogeochemistry across the southern South China Sea
Drivers of decadal trends in the ocean carbon sink in the past, present, and future in Earth system models
Anthropogenic carbon storage and its decadal changes in the Atlantic between 1990–2020
Ocean alkalinity enhancement impacts: regrowth of marine microalgae in alkaline mineral concentrations simulating the initial concentrations after ship-based dispersions
Inadequacies in the representation of sub-seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in Earth system models
Climatic controls on metabolic constraints in the ocean
Effects of grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and secondary calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics: implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement
Hybrid model estimate of the ocean carbon sink from 1959 to 2022
Relationships between the concentration of particulate organic nitrogen and the inherent optical properties of seawater in oceanic surface waters
Short-term response of Emiliania huxleyi growth and morphology to abrupt salinity stress
Massive and localized export of selected marine snow types at eddy edges in the South Atlantic Ocean
Assessing the impact of CO2-equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement on microbial metabolic rates in an oligotrophic system
Phosphomonoesterase and phosphodiesterase activities in the eastern Mediterranean in two contrasting seasonal situations
Net primary production annual maxima in the North Atlantic projected to shift in the 21st century
Testing the influence of light on nitrite cycling in the eastern tropical North Pacific
Loss of nitrogen via anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in the California Current system during the late Quaternary
Technical note: Assessment of float pH data quality control methods – a case study in the subpolar northwest Atlantic Ocean
Linking northeastern North Pacific oxygen changes to upstream surface outcrop variations
Ocean alkalinity enhancement in an open ocean ecosystem: Biogeochemical responses and carbon storage durability
Underestimation of multi-decadal global O2 loss due to an optimal interpolation method
Reviews and syntheses: expanding the global coverage of gross primary production and net community production measurements using Biogeochemical-Argo floats
Characteristics of surface physical and biogeochemical parameters within mesoscale eddies in the Southern Ocean
Seasonal dynamics and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern Mediterranean deep-convection region
The fingerprint of climate variability on the surface ocean cycling of iron and its isotopes
Reconstructing the ocean's mesopelagic zone carbon budget: sensitivity and estimation of parameters associated with prokaryotic remineralization
Seasonal cycles of biogeochemical fluxes in the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean: a stable isotope approach
Absence of photophysiological response to iron addition in autumn phytoplankton in the Antarctic sea-ice zone
Optimal parameters for the ocean's nutrient, carbon, and oxygen cycles compensate for circulation biases but replumb the biological pump
Importance of multiple sources of iron for the upper-ocean biogeochemistry over the northern Indian Ocean
Exploring the role of different data types and timescales in the quality of marine biogeochemical model calibration
All about nitrite: exploring nitrite sources and sinks in the eastern tropical North Pacific oxygen minimum zone
Fossil coccolith morphological attributes as a new proxy for deep ocean carbonate chemistry
Reconstructing ocean carbon storage with CMIP6 Earth system models and synthetic Argo observations
Using machine learning and Biogeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats to assess biogeochemical models and optimize observing system design
The representation of alkalinity and the carbonate pump from CMIP5 to CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for the carbon cycle
Model estimates of metazoans' contributions to the biological carbon pump
Tracing differences in iron supply to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge valley between hydrothermal vent sites: implications for the addition of iron to the deep ocean
Nitrite cycling in the primary nitrite maxima of the eastern tropical North Pacific
Hotspots and drivers of compound marine heatwaves and low net primary production extremes
Ecosystem impacts of marine heat waves in the northeast Pacific
Tracing the role of Arctic shelf processes in Si and N cycling and export through the Fram Strait: insights from combined silicon and nitrate isotopes
Controls on the relative abundances and rates of nitrifying microorganisms in the ocean
Naoya Kanna, Kazutaka Tateyama, Takuji Waseda, Anna Timofeeva, Maria Papadimitraki, Laura Whitmore, Hajime Obata, Daiki Nomura, Hiroshi Ogawa, Youhei Yamashita, and Igor Polyakov
Biogeosciences, 22, 1057–1076, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1057-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1057-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents data on iron and manganese, essential micronutrients for primary producers in the Arctic Laptev and East Siberian seas (LESS). There, observations were made through international cooperation with the Nansen and Amundsen Basin Observational System expedition during the late summer of 2021. The results from this study indicate that the major sources controlling the iron and manganese distributions on the LESS continental margins are river discharge and shelf sediment input.
Ben J. Fisher, Alex J. Poulton, Michael P. Meredith, Kimberlee Baldry, Oscar Schofield, and Sian F. Henley
Biogeosciences, 22, 975–994, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-975-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-975-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean is a rapidly warming environment, with subsequent impacts on ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling. This study examines changes in phytoplankton and biogeochemistry using a range of climate models. Under climate change, the Southern Ocean will be warmer, more acidic and more productive and will have reduced nutrient availability by 2100. However, there is substantial variability between models across key productivity parameters. We propose ways of reducing this uncertainty.
David Curbelo-Hernández, Fiz F. Pérez, Melchor González-Dávila, Sergey V. Gladyshev, Aridane G. González, David González-Santana, Antón Velo, Alexey Sokov, and J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano
Biogeosciences, 21, 5561–5589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5561-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5561-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study evaluated CO2–carbonate system dynamics in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre during 2009–2019. Significant ocean acidification, largely due to rising anthropogenic CO2 levels, was found. Cooling, freshening, and enhanced convective processes intensified this trend, affecting calcite and aragonite saturation. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of ocean acidification and improve our knowledge about its impact on marine ecosystems.
Medhavi Pandey, Haimanti Biswas, Daniel Birgel, Nicole Burdanowitz, and Birgit Gaye
Biogeosciences, 21, 4681–4698, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4681-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4681-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed sea surface temperature (SST) proxy and plankton biomarkers in sediments that accumulate sinking material signatures from surface waters in the central Arabian Sea (21°–11° N, 64° E), a tropical basin impacted by monsoons. We saw a north–south SST gradient, and the biological proxies showed more organic matter from larger algae in the north. Smaller algae and zooplankton were more numerous in the south. These trends were related to ocean–atmospheric processes and oxygen availability.
Allison Hogikyan and Laure Resplandy
Biogeosciences, 21, 4621–4636, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rising atmospheric CO2 influences ocean carbon chemistry, leading to ocean acidification. Global warming introduces spatial patterns in the intensity of ocean acidification. We show that the most prominent spatial patterns are controlled by warming-driven changes in rainfall and evaporation, not by the direct effect of warming on carbon chemistry and pH. These evaporation and rainfall patterns oppose acidification in saltier parts of the ocean and enhance acidification in fresher regions.
Huailin Deng, Koji Suzuki, Ichiro Yasuda, Hiroshi Ogawa, and Jun Nishioka
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3064, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3064, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Iron (Fe) and nitrate are vital for primary production in the North Pacific. Sedimentary Fe is carried by North Pacific Intermediate Water to the north Pacific, but the nutrient return path and its effect on phytoplankton are unclear. By combining Fe and macronutrient fluxes with phytoplankton composition, this study firstly revealed that Fe supply from subsurface greatly controls diatom abundance and identified the nutrient return path in the subarctic gyre and Kuroshio-Oyashio Transition Area.
Shunya Koseki, Lander R. Crespo, Jerry Tjiputra, Filippa Fransner, Noel S. Keenlyside, and David Rivas
Biogeosciences, 21, 4149–4168, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4149-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4149-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how the physical biases of an Earth system model influence the marine biogeochemical processes in the tropical Atlantic. With four different configurations of the model, we have shown that the versions with better SST reproduction tend to better represent the primary production and air–sea CO2 flux in terms of climatology, seasonal cycle, and response to climate variability.
Lyuba Novi, Annalisa Bracco, Takamitsu Ito, and Yohei Takano
Biogeosciences, 21, 3985–4005, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3985-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3985-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explored the relationship between oxygen and stratification in the North Pacific Ocean using a combination of data mining and machine learning. We used isopycnic potential vorticity (IPV) as an indicator to quantify ocean ventilation and analyzed its predictability, a strong O2–IPV connection, and predictability for IPV in the tropical Pacific. This opens new routes for monitoring ocean O2 through few observational sites co-located with more abundant IPV measurements in the tropical Pacific.
Winfred Marshal, Jing Xiang Chung, Nur Hidayah Roseli, Roswati Md Amin, and Mohd Fadzil Bin Mohd Akhir
Biogeosciences, 21, 4007–4035, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4007-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4007-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study stands out for thoroughly examining CMIP6 ESMs' ability to simulate biogeochemical variables in the southern South China Sea, an economically important region. It assesses variables like chlorophyll, phytoplankton, nitrate, and oxygen on annual and seasonal scales. While global assessments exist, this study addresses a gap by objectively ranking 13 CMIP6 ocean biogeochemistry models' performance at a regional level, focusing on replicating specific observed biogeochemical variables.
Jens Terhaar
Biogeosciences, 21, 3903–3926, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the ocean’s importance in the carbon cycle and hence the climate, observing the ocean carbon sink remains challenging. Here, I use an ensemble of 12 models to understand drivers of decadal trends of the past, present, and future ocean carbon sink. I show that 80 % of the decadal trends in the multi-model mean ocean carbon sink can be explained by changes in decadal trends in atmospheric CO2. The remaining 20 % are due to internal climate variability and ocean heat uptake.
Reiner Steinfeldt, Monika Rhein, and Dagmar Kieke
Biogeosciences, 21, 3839–3867, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3839-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3839-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We calculate the amount of anthropogenic carbon (Cant) in the Atlantic for the years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020. Cant is the carbon that is taken up by the ocean as a result of humanmade CO2 emissions. To determine the amount of Cant, we apply a technique that is based on the observations of other humanmade gases (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons). Regionally, changes in ocean ventilation have an impact on the storage of Cant. Overall, the increase in Cant is driven by the rising CO2 in the atmosphere.
Stephanie Delacroix, Tor Jensen Nystuen, August E. Dessen Tobiesen, Andrew L. King, and Erik Höglund
Biogeosciences, 21, 3677–3690, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3677-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3677-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The addition of alkaline minerals into the ocean might reduce excessive anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Magnesium hydroxide can be added in large amounts because of its low seawater solubility without reaching harmful pH levels. The toxicity effect results of magnesium hydroxide, by simulating the expected concentrations from a ship's dispersion scenario, demonstrated low impacts on both sensitive and local assemblages of marine microalgae when compared to calcium hydroxide.
Madhavan Girijakumari Keerthi, Olivier Aumont, Lester Kwiatkowski, and Marina Levy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2294, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2294, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study assesses the capability of CMIP6 models to reproduce satellite observations of sub-seasonal chlorophyll variability. Models struggle to reproduce the sub-seasonal variance and its contribution across timescales. Some models overestimate sub-seasonal variance and exaggerate its role in annual fluctuations, while others underestimate it. Underestimation is likely due to the coarse resolution of models, while overestimation may result from intrinsic oscillations in biogeochemical models.
Precious Mongwe, Matthew Long, Takamitsu Ito, Curtis Deutsch, and Yeray Santana-Falcón
Biogeosciences, 21, 3477–3490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3477-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3477-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use a collection of measurements that capture the physiological sensitivity of organisms to temperature and oxygen and a CESM1 large ensemble to investigate how natural climate variations and climate warming will impact the ability of marine heterotrophic marine organisms to support habitats in the future. We find that warming and dissolved oxygen loss over the next several decades will reduce the volume of ocean habitats and will increase organisms' vulnerability to extremes.
Charly A. Moras, Tyler Cyronak, Lennart T. Bach, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, and Kai G. Schulz
Biogeosciences, 21, 3463–3475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of mineral grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics for ocean alkalinity enhancement. Salinity did not affect the dissolution, but calcium carbonate formed earlier at lower salinities due to the lower magnesium and dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Smaller grain sizes dissolved faster but calcium carbonate precipitated earlier, suggesting that medium grain sizes are optimal for kinetics.
Jens Terhaar
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2171, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2171, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean is a major natural carbon sink. Despite its importance, estimates of the ocean carbon sink remain uncertain. Here, I present a hybrid model estimate of the ocean carbon sink from 1959 to 2022. By combining ocean models in hindcast mode and Earth System Models, I keep the strength of each approach and remove the respective weaknesses. This hybrid model estimate is similar in magnitude than the best estimate of the Global Carbon Budget but 70 % less uncertain.
Alain Fumenia, Hubert Loisel, Rick Allen Reynolds, and Dariusz Stramski
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2218, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2218, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Particulate organic nitrogen (PON) in the ocean refers to nitrogen contained in particles suspended such as phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria, viruses, and organic detritus. We used field measurements to determine relationships between PON and inherent optical properties of seawater across a broad range of marine environments. The presented relationships are expected to have application in the assessment of PON distribution and variations from in situ and satellite optical observations
Rosie M. Sheward, Christina Gebühr, Jörg Bollmann, and Jens O. Herrle
Biogeosciences, 21, 3121–3141, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
How quickly do marine microorganisms respond to salinity stress? Our experiments with the calcifying marine plankton Emiliania huxleyi show that growth and cell morphology responded to salinity stress within as little as 24–48 hours, demonstrating that morphology and calcification are sensitive to salinity over a range of timescales. Our results have implications for understanding the short-term role of E. huxleyi in biogeochemical cycles and in size-based paleoproxies for salinity.
Alexandre Accardo, Rémi Laxenaire, Alberto Baudena, Sabrina Speich, Rainer Kiko, and Lars Stemmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1558, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1558, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The open ocean helps mitigate climate change by storing CO2 through the biological carbon pump (BCP). The BCP involves processes like phytoplankton capturing CO2 and sequestering it in the deep ocean via marine snow production. We found significant marine snow accumulation from the surface to 600 meters deep in frontal regions between eddies. We suggest that the coupling of hydrodynamics at eddy edges and biological activity (via planktonic organisms) may enhanced this process.
Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Joaquín Ortiz, Stephen D. Archer, Andrea Ludwig, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 21, 2859–2876, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our planet is facing a climate crisis. Scientists are working on innovative solutions that will aid in capturing the hard to abate emissions before it is too late. Exciting research reveals that ocean alkalinity enhancement, a key climate change mitigation strategy, does not harm phytoplankton, the cornerstone of marine ecosystems. Through meticulous study, we may have uncovered a positive relationship: up to a specific limit, enhancing ocean alkalinity boosts photosynthesis by certain species.
France Van Wambeke, Pascal Conan, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Vincent Taillandier, Olivier Crispi, Alexandra Pavlidou, Sandra Nunige, Morgane Didry, Christophe Salmeron, and Elvira Pulido-Villena
Biogeosciences, 21, 2621–2640, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Phosphomonoesterase (PME) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities over the epipelagic zone are described in the eastern Mediterranean Sea in winter and autumn. The types of concentration kinetics obtained for PDE (saturation at 50 µM, high Km, high turnover times) compared to those of PME (saturation at 1 µM, low Km, low turnover times) are discussed in regard to the possible inequal distribution of PDE and PME in the size continuum of organic material and accessibility to phosphodiesters.
Jenny Hieronymus, Magnus Hieronymus, Matthias Gröger, Jörg Schwinger, Raffaele Bernadello, Etienne Tourigny, Valentina Sicardi, Itzel Ruvalcaba Baroni, and Klaus Wyser
Biogeosciences, 21, 2189–2206, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2189-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2189-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The timing of the net primary production annual maxima in the North Atlantic in the period 1750–2100 is investigated using two Earth system models and the high-emissions scenario SSP5-8.5. It is found that, for most of the region, the annual maxima occur progressively earlier, with the most change occurring after the year 2000. Shifts in the seasonality of the primary production may impact the entire ecosystem, which highlights the need for long-term monitoring campaigns in this area.
Nicole M. Travis, Colette L. Kelly, and Karen L. Casciotti
Biogeosciences, 21, 1985–2004, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1985-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1985-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted experimental manipulations of light level on microbial communities from the primary nitrite maximum. Overall, while individual microbial processes have different directions and magnitudes in their response to increasing light, the net community response is a decline in nitrite production with increasing light. We conclude that while increased light may decrease net nitrite production, high-light conditions alone do not exclude nitrification from occurring in the surface ocean.
Zoë Rebecca van Kemenade, Zeynep Erdem, Ellen Christine Hopmans, Jaap Smede Sinninghe Damsté, and Darci Rush
Biogeosciences, 21, 1517–1532, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The California Current system (CCS) hosts the eastern subtropical North Pacific oxygen minimum zone (ESTNP OMZ). This study shows anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria cause a loss of bioavailable nitrogen (N) in the ESTNP OMZ throughout the late Quaternary. Anammox occurred during both glacial and interglacial periods and was driven by the supply of organic matter and changes in ocean currents. These findings may have important consequences for biogeochemical models of the CCS.
Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Tobias Steinhoff, Birgit Klein, Henry Bittig, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 21, 1191–1211, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The marine CO2 system can be measured independently and continuously by BGC-Argo floats since numerous pH sensors have been developed to suit these autonomous measurements platforms. By applying the Argo correction routines to float pH data acquired in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean, we report the uncertainty and lack of objective criteria associated with the choice of the reference method as well the reference depth for the pH correction.
Sabine Mecking and Kyla Drushka
Biogeosciences, 21, 1117–1133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates whether northeastern North Pacific oxygen changes may be caused by surface density changes in the northwest as water moves along density horizons from the surface into the subsurface ocean. A correlation is found with a lag that about matches the travel time of water from the northwest to the northeast. Salinity is the main driver causing decadal changes in surface density, whereas salinity and temperature contribute about equally to long-term declining density trends.
Allanah Joy Paul, Mathias Haunost, Silvan Urs Goldenberg, Jens Hartmann, Nicolás Sánchez, Julieta Schneider, Niels Suitner, and Ulf Riebesell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-417, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-417, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is being assessed for its potential to absorb atmospheric CO2 and store it for a long time. OAE still needs comprehensive assessment of its safety and effectiveness. We studied an idealised OAE application in a natural low nutrient ecosystem over one month. Our results showed that biogeochemical functioning remained mostly stable, but that the long-term capability for storing carbon may be limited at high alkalinity concentration.
Takamitsu Ito, Hernan E. Garcia, Zhankun Wang, Shoshiro Minobe, Matthew C. Long, Just Cebrian, James Reagan, Tim Boyer, Christopher Paver, Courtney Bouchard, Yohei Takano, Seth Bushinsky, Ahron Cervania, and Curtis A. Deutsch
Biogeosciences, 21, 747–759, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-747-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-747-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to estimate how much oceanic oxygen has been lost and its uncertainties. One major source of uncertainty comes from the statistical gap-filling methods. Outputs from Earth system models are used to generate synthetic observations where oxygen data are extracted from the model output at the location and time of historical oceanographic cruises. Reconstructed oxygen trend is approximately two-thirds of the true trend.
Robert W. Izett, Katja Fennel, Adam C. Stoer, and David P. Nicholson
Biogeosciences, 21, 13–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-13-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-13-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides an overview of the capacity to expand the global coverage of marine primary production estimates using autonomous ocean-going instruments, called Biogeochemical-Argo floats. We review existing approaches to quantifying primary production using floats, provide examples of the current implementation of the methods, and offer insights into how they can be better exploited. This paper is timely, given the ongoing expansion of the Biogeochemical-Argo array.
Qian Liu, Yingjie Liu, and Xiaofeng Li
Biogeosciences, 20, 4857–4874, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4857-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the Southern Ocean, abundant eddies behave opposite to our expectations. That is, anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddies are cold (warm). By investigating the variations of physical and biochemical parameters in eddies, we find that abnormal eddies have unique and significant effects on modulating the parameters. This study fills a gap in understanding the effects of abnormal eddies on physical and biochemical parameters in the Southern Ocean.
Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, Patrick Marsaleix, Karline Soetaert, Marine Fourrier, Laurent Coppola, Dominique Lefèvre, Franck Touratier, Catherine Goyet, Véronique Guglielmi, Fayçal Kessouri, Pierre Testor, and Xavier Durrieu de Madron
Biogeosciences, 20, 4683–4710, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4683-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4683-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Deep convection plays a key role in the circulation, thermodynamics, and biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, considered to be a hotspot of biodiversity and climate change. In this study, we investigate the seasonal and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the deep-convection area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.
Daniela König and Alessandro Tagliabue
Biogeosciences, 20, 4197–4212, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using model simulations, we show that natural and anthropogenic changes in the global climate leave a distinct fingerprint in the isotopic signatures of iron in the surface ocean. We find that these climate effects on iron isotopes are often caused by the redistribution of iron from different external sources to the ocean, due to changes in ocean currents, and by changes in algal growth, which take up iron. Thus, isotopes may help detect climate-induced changes in iron supply and algal uptake.
Chloé Baumas, Robin Fuchs, Marc Garel, Jean-Christophe Poggiale, Laurent Memery, Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne, and Christian Tamburini
Biogeosciences, 20, 4165–4182, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4165-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4165-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Through the sink of particles in the ocean, carbon (C) is exported and sequestered when reaching 1000 m. Attempts to quantify C exported vs. C consumed by heterotrophs have increased. Yet most of the conducted estimations have led to C demands several times higher than C export. The choice of parameters greatly impacts the results. As theses parameters are overlooked, non-accurate values are often used. In this study we show that C budgets can be well balanced when using appropriate values.
Anna Belcher, Sian F. Henley, Katharine Hendry, Marianne Wootton, Lisa Friberg, Ursula Dallman, Tong Wang, Christopher Coath, and Clara Manno
Biogeosciences, 20, 3573–3591, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3573-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3573-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans play a crucial role in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide, particularly the Southern Ocean. The biological pumping of carbon from the surface to the deep ocean is key to this. Using sediment trap samples from the Scotia Sea, we examine biogeochemical fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and biogenic silica and their stable isotope compositions. We find phytoplankton community structure and physically mediated processes are important controls on particulate fluxes to the deep ocean.
Asmita Singh, Susanne Fietz, Sandy J. Thomalla, Nicolas Sanchez, Murat V. Ardelan, Sébastien Moreau, Hanna M. Kauko, Agneta Fransson, Melissa Chierici, Saumik Samanta, Thato N. Mtshali, Alakendra N. Roychoudhury, and Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh
Biogeosciences, 20, 3073–3091, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3073-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3073-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the scarcity of iron in the Southern Ocean, seasonal blooms occur due to changes in nutrient and light availability. Surprisingly, during an autumn bloom in the Antarctic sea-ice zone, the results from incubation experiments showed no significant photophysiological response of phytoplankton to iron addition. This suggests that ambient iron concentrations were sufficient, challenging the notion of iron deficiency in the Southern Ocean through extended iron-replete post-bloom conditions.
Benoît Pasquier, Mark Holzer, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Richard J. Matear, Nathaniel L. Bindoff, and François W. Primeau
Biogeosciences, 20, 2985–3009, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling the ocean's carbon and oxygen cycles accurately is challenging. Parameter optimization improves the fit to observed tracers but can introduce artifacts in the biological pump. Organic-matter production and subsurface remineralization rates adjust to compensate for circulation biases, changing the pathways and timescales with which nutrients return to the surface. Circulation biases can thus strongly alter the system’s response to ecological change, even when parameters are optimized.
Priyanka Banerjee
Biogeosciences, 20, 2613–2643, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2613-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2613-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that atmospheric deposition is the most important source of iron to the upper northern Indian Ocean for phytoplankton growth. This is followed by iron from continental-shelf sediment. Phytoplankton increase following iron addition is possible only with high background levels of nitrate. Vertical mixing is the most important physical process supplying iron to the upper ocean in this region throughout the year. The importance of ocean currents in supplying iron varies seasonally.
Iris Kriest, Julia Getzlaff, Angela Landolfi, Volkmar Sauerland, Markus Schartau, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 20, 2645–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2645-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2645-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Global biogeochemical ocean models are often subjectively assessed and tuned against observations. We applied different strategies to calibrate a global model against observations. Although the calibrated models show similar tracer distributions at the surface, they differ in global biogeochemical fluxes, especially in global particle flux. Simulated global volume of oxygen minimum zones varies strongly with calibration strategy and over time, rendering its temporal extrapolation difficult.
John C. Tracey, Andrew R. Babbin, Elizabeth Wallace, Xin Sun, Katherine L. DuRussel, Claudia Frey, Donald E. Martocello III, Tyler Tamasi, Sergey Oleynik, and Bess B. Ward
Biogeosciences, 20, 2499–2523, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2499-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen (N) is essential for life; thus, its availability plays a key role in determining marine productivity. Using incubations of seawater spiked with a rare form of N measurable on a mass spectrometer, we quantified microbial pathways that determine marine N availability. The results show that pathways that recycle N have higher rates than those that result in its loss from biomass and present new evidence for anaerobic nitrite oxidation, a process long thought to be strictly aerobic.
Amanda Gerotto, Hongrui Zhang, Renata Hanae Nagai, Heather M. Stoll, Rubens César Lopes Figueira, Chuanlian Liu, and Iván Hernández-Almeida
Biogeosciences, 20, 1725–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1725-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1725-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the analysis of the response of coccolithophores’ morphological attributes in a laboratory dissolution experiment and surface sediment samples from the South China Sea, we proposed that the thickness shape (ks) factor of fossil coccoliths together with the normalized ks variation, which is the ratio of the standard deviation of ks (σ) over the mean ks (σ/ks), is a robust and novel proxy to reconstruct past changes in deep ocean carbon chemistry.
Katherine E. Turner, Doug M. Smith, Anna Katavouta, and Richard G. Williams
Biogeosciences, 20, 1671–1690, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1671-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new method for reconstructing ocean carbon using climate models and temperature and salinity observations. To test this method, we reconstruct modelled carbon using synthetic observations consistent with current sampling programmes. Sensitivity tests show skill in reconstructing carbon trends and variability within the upper 2000 m. Our results indicate that this method can be used for a new global estimate for ocean carbon content.
Alexandre Mignot, Hervé Claustre, Gianpiero Cossarini, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Elodie Gutknecht, Julien Lamouroux, Paolo Lazzari, Coralie Perruche, Stefano Salon, Raphaëlle Sauzède, Vincent Taillandier, and Anna Teruzzi
Biogeosciences, 20, 1405–1422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical models of ocean biogeochemistry are becoming a major tool to detect and predict the impact of climate change on marine resources and monitor ocean health. Here, we demonstrate the use of the global array of BGC-Argo floats for the assessment of biogeochemical models. We first detail the handling of the BGC-Argo data set for model assessment purposes. We then present 23 assessment metrics to quantify the consistency of BGC model simulations with respect to BGC-Argo data.
Alban Planchat, Lester Kwiatkowski, Laurent Bopp, Olivier Torres, James R. Christian, Momme Butenschön, Tomas Lovato, Roland Séférian, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Olivier Aumont, Michio Watanabe, Akitomo Yamamoto, Andrew Yool, Tatiana Ilyina, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Kristen M. Krumhardt, Jörg Schwinger, Jerry Tjiputra, John P. Dunne, and Charles Stock
Biogeosciences, 20, 1195–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity is critical to the uptake of atmospheric carbon and acidification in surface waters. We review the representation of alkalinity and the associated calcium carbonate cycle in Earth system models. While many parameterizations remain present in the latest generation of models, there is a general improvement in the simulated alkalinity distribution. This improvement is related to an increase in the export of biotic calcium carbonate, which closer resembles observations.
Jérôme Pinti, Tim DeVries, Tommy Norin, Camila Serra-Pompei, Roland Proud, David A. Siegel, Thomas Kiørboe, Colleen M. Petrik, Ken H. Andersen, Andrew S. Brierley, and André W. Visser
Biogeosciences, 20, 997–1009, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-997-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-997-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Large numbers of marine organisms such as zooplankton and fish perform daily vertical migration between the surface (at night) and the depths (in the daytime). This fascinating migration is important for the carbon cycle, as these organisms actively bring carbon to depths where it is stored away from the atmosphere for a long time. Here, we quantify the contributions of different animals to this carbon drawdown and storage and show that fish are important to the biological carbon pump.
Alastair J. M. Lough, Alessandro Tagliabue, Clément Demasy, Joseph A. Resing, Travis Mellett, Neil J. Wyatt, and Maeve C. Lohan
Biogeosciences, 20, 405–420, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Iron is a key nutrient for ocean primary productivity. Hydrothermal vents are a source of iron to the oceans, but the size of this source is poorly understood. This study examines the variability in iron inputs between hydrothermal vents in different geological settings. The vents studied release different amounts of Fe, resulting in plumes with similar dissolved iron concentrations but different particulate concentrations. This will help to refine modelling of iron-limited ocean productivity.
Nicole M. Travis, Colette L. Kelly, Margaret R. Mulholland, and Karen L. Casciotti
Biogeosciences, 20, 325–347, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-325-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-325-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The primary nitrite maximum is a ubiquitous upper ocean feature where nitrite accumulates, but we still do not understand its formation and the co-occurring microbial processes involved. Using correlative methods and rates measurements, we found strong spatial patterns between environmental conditions and depths of the nitrite maxima, but not the maximum concentrations. Nitrification was the dominant source of nitrite, with occasional high nitrite production from phytoplankton near the coast.
Natacha Le Grix, Jakob Zscheischler, Keith B. Rodgers, Ryohei Yamaguchi, and Thomas L. Frölicher
Biogeosciences, 19, 5807–5835, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5807-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5807-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Compound events threaten marine ecosystems. Here, we investigate the potentially harmful combination of marine heatwaves with low phytoplankton productivity. Using satellite-based observations, we show that these compound events are frequent in the low latitudes. We then investigate the drivers of these compound events using Earth system models. The models share similar drivers in the low latitudes but disagree in the high latitudes due to divergent factors limiting phytoplankton production.
Abigale M. Wyatt, Laure Resplandy, and Adrian Marchetti
Biogeosciences, 19, 5689–5705, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5689-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5689-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Marine heat waves (MHWs) are a frequent event in the northeast Pacific, with a large impact on the region's ecosystems. Large phytoplankton in the North Pacific Transition Zone are greatly affected by decreased nutrients, with less of an impact in the Alaskan Gyre. For small phytoplankton, MHWs increase the spring small phytoplankton population in both regions thanks to reduced light limitation. In both zones, this results in a significant decrease in the ratio of large to small phytoplankton.
Margot C. F. Debyser, Laetitia Pichevin, Robyn E. Tuerena, Paul A. Dodd, Antonia Doncila, and Raja S. Ganeshram
Biogeosciences, 19, 5499–5520, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5499-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5499-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We focus on the exchange of key nutrients for algae production between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans through the Fram Strait. We show that the export of dissolved silicon here is controlled by the availability of nitrate which is influenced by denitrification on Arctic shelves. We suggest that any future changes in the river inputs of silica and changes in denitrification due to climate change will impact the amount of silicon exported, with impacts on Atlantic algal productivity and ecology.
Emily J. Zakem, Barbara Bayer, Wei Qin, Alyson E. Santoro, Yao Zhang, and Naomi M. Levine
Biogeosciences, 19, 5401–5418, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5401-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5401-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use a microbial ecosystem model to quantitatively explain the mechanisms controlling observed relative abundances and nitrification rates of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms in the ocean. We also estimate how much global carbon fixation can be associated with chemoautotrophic nitrification. Our results improve our understanding of the controls on nitrification, laying the groundwork for more accurate predictions in global climate models.
Cited articles
Aagaard, K. and Carmack, E. C.: The role of sea ice and other fresh water in
the Arctic circulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 94, 14485–14498,
1989.
Adjou, M.: Data inventory for cruise CCGS Amundsen 0903 (ArcticNet, GIPY14), available at: https://www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/data/inventories/0903/, last access: 10 August 2020.
Aumont, O., van Hulten, M., Roy-Barman, M., Dutay, J.-C., Éthé, C., and Gehlen, M.: Variable reactivity of particulate organic matter in a global ocean biogeochemical model, Biogeosciences, 14, 2321–2341, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2321-2017, 2017.
Baars, O. and Croot, P. L.: Dissolved cobalt speciation and reactivity in
the eastern tropical North Atlantic, Mar. Chem., 173, 310–319,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2014.10.006, 2015.
Bauch, D., Erlenkeuser, H., and Andersen, N.: Water mass processes on Arctic
shelves as revealed from δ18O of H2O, Global Planet. Change,
48, 165–174, 2005.
Bertrand, E. M., Saito, M. A., Rose, J. M., Riesselman, C. R., Lohan, M. C.,
Noble, A. E., Lee, P. A., and DiTullio, G. R.: Vitamin B12 and iron
colimitation of phytoplankton growth in the Ross Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr.,
52, 1079–1093, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.3.1079, 2007.
Bertrand, E. M., Allen, A. E., Dupont, C. L., Norden-Krichmar, T. M., Bai,
J., Valas, R. E., and Saito, M. A.: Influence of cobalamin scarcity on diatom
molecular physiology and identification of a cobalamin acquisition protein,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, E1762–E1771, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1201731109,
2012.
Bertrand, E. M., McCrow, J. P., Moustafa, A., Zheng, H., McQuaid, J. B.,
Delmont, T. O., Post, A. F., Sipler, R. E., Spackeen, J. L., and Xu, K.:
Phytoplankton–bacterial interactions mediate micronutrient colimitation at
the coastal Antarctic sea ice edge, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112,
9938–9943, 2015.
Black, E. E.: An investigation of basin-scale controls on upper ocean export and remineralization, Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018.
Bown, J., Boye, M., Baker, A., Duvieilbourg, E., Lacan, F., Le Moigne, F.,
Planchon, F., Speich, S., and Nelson, D. M.: The biogeochemical cycle of
dissolved cobalt in the Atlantic and the Southern Ocean south off the coast
of South Africa, Mar. Chem., 126, 193–206, 2011.
Browning, T. J., Achterberg, E. P., Rapp, I., Engel, A., Bertrand, E. M.,
Tagliabue, A., and Moore, C. M.: Nutrient co-limitation at the boundary of an
oceanic gyre, Nature, 551, 242–246, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24063, 2017.
Bruland, K. W., Rue, E. L., and Smith, G. J.: Iron and macronutrients in
California coastal upwelling regimes: Implications for diatom blooms,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 1661–1674, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2001.46.7.1661, 2001.
Bundy, R. M., Abdulla, H. A. N. N., Hatcher, P. G., Biller, D. V., Buck, K.
N., and Barbeau, K. A.: Iron-binding ligands and humic substances in the San
Francisco Bay estuary and estuarine-influenced shelf regions of coastal
California, Mar. Chem., 173, 183–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2014.11.005,
2015.
Carmack, E. C., Macdonald, R. W., Perkin, R. G., McLaughlin, F. A., and
Pearson, R. J.: Evidence for warming of Atlantic water in the southern
Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean: Results from the Larsen-93 expedition,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1061–1064, 1995.
Charette, M. A., Kipp, L. E., Jensen, L. T., Dabrowski, J. S., Whitmore, L. M., Fitzsimmons, J. N., Williford, T., Ulfsbo, A., Jones, E., Bundy, R. M., and Vivancos, S. M.: The Transpolar Drift as a Source of Riverine and Shelf‐Derived Trace Elements to the Central Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015920, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015920, 2020.
Chase, Z., Strutton, P. G., and Hales, B.: Iron links river runoff and shelf
width to phytoplankton biomass along the US West Coast, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 34, L04607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028069, 2007.
Colombo, M., Jackson, S. L., Cullen, J. T., and Orians, K. J.: Dissolved iron
and manganese in the Canadian Arctic Ocean: On the biogeochemical processes
controlling their distributions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 277,
150–174, 2020.
Cooper, L. W., Whitledge, T. E., Grebmeier, J. M., and Weingartner, T.: The
nutrient, salinity, and stable oxygen isotope composition of Bering and
Chukchi Seas waters in and near the Bering Strait, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
102, 12563–12573, 1997.
Cooper, L. W., Benner, R., McClelland, J. W., Peterson, B. J., Holmes, R.
M., Raymond, P. A., Hansell, D. A., Grebmeier, J. M., and Codispoti, L. A.:
Linkages among runoff, dissolved organic carbon, and the stable oxygen
isotope composition of seawater and other water mass indicators in the
Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 110, G02013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000031, 2005.
Cottrell, M. T. and Kirchman, D. L.: Photoheterotrophic microbes in the
Arctic Ocean in summer and winter, Appl. Environ. Microb., 75,
4958–4966, 2009.
Cowen, J. P. and Bruland, K. W.: Metal deposits associated with bacteria:
implications for Fe and Mn marine biogeochemistry, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. A, 32, 253–272, 1985.
Cutter, G. A. and Bruland, K. W.: Rapid and noncontaminating sampling system
for trace elements in global ocean surveys, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth.,
10, 425–436, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2012.10.425, 2012.
Del Vecchio, R. and Blough, N. V: On the origin of the optical properties of
humic substances, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 3885–3891, 2004.
Doxaran, D., Devred, E., and Babin, M.: A 50 % increase in the mass of terrestrial particles delivered by the Mackenzie River into the Beaufort Sea (Canadian Arctic Ocean) over the last 10 years, Biogeosciences, 12, 3551–3565, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3551-2015, 2015.
Doxey, A. C., Kurtz, D. A., Lynch, M. D. J., Sauder, L. A., and Neufeld, J.
D.: Aquatic metagenomes implicate Thaumarchaeota in global cobalamin
production, ISME J., 9, 461–471, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.142, 2015.
Drake, T. W., Tank, S. E., Zhulidov, A. V, Holmes, R. M., Gurtovaya, T., and
Spencer, R. G. M.: Increasing alkalinity export from large Russian Arctic
rivers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 8302–8308, 2018.
Dulaquais, G., Boye, M., Middag, R., Owens, S., Puigcorbé, V.,
Buesseler, K. O., Masqué, P., de Baar, H. J. W., and Carton, X.:
Contrasting biochemical cycles of cobalt in the surface western Atlantic
ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 1387–1412,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004903, 2014a.
Dulaquais, G., Boye, M., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., and Carton, X.: Physical and remineralization processes govern the cobalt distribution in the deep western Atlantic Ocean, Biogeosciences, 11, 1561–1580, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1561-2014, 2014b.
Dulaquais, G., Planquette, H., L'Helguen, S., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., and Boye,
M.: The biogeochemistry of cobalt in the Mediterranean Sea, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 31, 377–399, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005478, 2017.
Gascard, J., Festy, J., le Goff, H., Weber, M., Bruemmer, B., Offermann, M.,
Doble, M., Wadhams, P., Forsberg, R., and Hanson, S.: Exploring Arctic
transpolar drift during dramatic sea ice retreat, EOS T. Am. Geophys.
Un., 89, 21–22, 2008.
Hawco, N. J. and Saito, M. A.: Competitive inhibition of cobalt uptake by
zinc and manganese in a pacific Prochlorococcus strain: Insights into metal
homeostasis in a streamlined oligotrophic cyanobacterium, Limnol. Oceanogr.,
63, 2229–2249, 2018.
Hawco, N. J., Ohnemus, D. C., Resing, J. A., Twining, B. S., and Saito, M. A.: A dissolved cobalt plume in the oxygen minimum zone of the eastern tropical South Pacific, Biogeosciences, 13, 5697–5717, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5697-2016, 2016.
Hawco, N. J., Lam, P. J., Lee, J. M., Ohnemus, D. C., Noble, A. E., Wyatt,
N. J., Lohan, M. C., and Saito, M. A.: Cobalt scavenging in the mesopelagic
ocean and its influence on global mass balance: Synthesizing water column
and sedimentary fluxes, Mar. Chem., 201, 151–166,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2017.09.001, 2018.
Hawco, N. J., McIlvin, M. M., Bundy, R. M., Tagliabue, A., Goepfert, T. J.,
Moran, D. M., Valentin-Alvarado, L., DiTullio, G. R., and Saito, M. A.:
Minimal cobalt metabolism in the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 117, 15740–15747, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001393117, 2020.
Heal, K.: The Power and Promise of Direct Measurements of Metabolites in Marine Systems, Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 2018.
Heal, K. R., Qin, W., Ribalet, F., Bertagnolli, A. D., Coyote-Maestas, W.,
Hmelo, L. R., Moffett, J. W., Devol, A. H., Armbrust, E. V., and Stahl, D.
A.: Two distinct pools of B12 analogs reveal community interdependencies in
the ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 364–369, 2017.
Holmes, R. M., McClelland, J. W., Tank, S. E., Spencer, R. G., and
Shiklomanov, A. I.: Arctic Great Rivers Observatory Water Quality Dataset, available at: https://www.arcticgreatrivers.org/data (last access: 30 June 2020), 2018.
Jensen, L., Wyatt, N., Twining, B., Rauschenberg, S., Landing, W., Sherrell,
R., and Fitzsimmons, J.: Biogeochemical cycling of dissolved zinc in the
Western Arctic (Arctic GEOTRACES GN01), Global Biogeochem. Cy., 33,
343–369, 2019.
Johannessen, O. M., Bengtsson, L., Miles, M. W., Kuzmina, S. I., Semenov, V.
A., Alekseev, G. V, Nagurnyi, A. P., Zakharov, V. F., Bobylev, L. P., and
Pettersson, L. H.: Arctic climate change: observed and modelled temperature
and sea-ice variability, Tellus A, 56, 328–341,
2004.
Johnson, K. S., Berelson, W. M., Coale, K. H., Coley, T. L., Elrod, V. A.,
Fairey, W. R., Iams, H. D., Kilgore, T. E., and Nowicki, J. L.: Mangense flux
from continental-margin sediments in a transect through the oxygen minimum,
Science, 257, 1242–1245, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.257.5074.1242,
1992.
Jorgenson, M. T., Shur, Y. L., and Pullman, E. R.: Abrupt increase in
permafrost degradation in Arctic Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024960, 2006.
Kellogg, M. M., McIlvin, M. R., Vedamati, J., Twining, B. S., Moffett, J.
W., Marchetti, A., Moran, D. M., and Saito, M. A.: Efficient zinc/cobalt
inter-replacement in northeast Pacific diatoms and relationship to high
surface dissolved Co : Zn ratios, Limnol. Oceanogr., https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11471, online first, 2020.
Kipp, L. E., Charette, M. A., Moore, W. S., Henderson, P. B., and Rigor, I.
G.: Increased fluxes of shelf-derived materials to the central Arctic Ocean,
Sci. Adv., 4, eaao1302, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao1302, 2018.
Klunder, M. B., Bauch, D., Laan, P., de Baar, H. J. W., van Heuven, S., and
Ober, S.: Dissolved iron in the Arctic shelf seas and surface waters of the
central Arctic Ocean: Impact of Arctic river water and ice-melt, J. Geophys.
Res., 117, C01027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jc007133, 2012.
Landing, W. M., Cutter, G., and Kadko, D. C.: Bottle data from the GEOTRACES Clean Carousel sampling system (GTC) on the Arctic Section cruise (HLY1502) from August to October 2015 (US GEOTRACES Arctic project), Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO), available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/project/638812 (last access: 27 September 2020), 2019.
Lane, T. W. and Morel, F. M. M.: Regulation of carbonic anhydrase expression
by zinc, cobalt, and carbon dioxide in the marine diatom Thalassiosira
weissflogii, Plant Physiol., 123, 345–352, 2000.
Le Bras, I. A., Yashayaev, I., and Toole, J. M.: Tracking Labrador Sea water
property signals along the deep western boundary current, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 5348–5366, 2017.
Lee, J.-M., Heller, M. I., and Lam, P. J.: Size distribution of particulate
trace elements in the US GEOTRACES Eastern Pacific Zonal Transect (GP16),
Mar. Chem., 201, 108–123, 2018.
Lionheart, R.: Exploring the ocean microbiome: quantified cobalamin
production in pelagic bacteria using liquid chromatography and mass
spectrometry, Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 2017.
Marsay, C. M., Aguilar-Islas, A., Fitzsimmons, J. N., Hatta, M., Jensen, L.
T., John, S. G., Kadko, D., Landing, W. M., Lanning, N. T., Morton, P. L.,
Pasqualini, A., Rauschenberg, S., Sherrell, R. M., Shiller, A. M., Twining,
B. S., Whitmore, L. M., Zhang, R., and Buck, C. S.: Dissolved and
particulate trace elements in late summer Arctic melt ponds, Mar. Chem.,
204, 70–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.06.002, 2018.
Martin, J. H., Gordon, R. M., Fitzwater, S., and Broenkow, W. W.: VERTEX:
phytoplankton/iron studies in the Gulf of Alaska, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. A, 36, 649–680, 1989.
März, C., Stratmann, A., Matthiessen, J., Meinhardt, A. K., Eckert, S.,
Schnetger, B., Vogt, C., Stein, R., and Brumsack, H. J.: Manganese-rich brown
layers in Arctic Ocean sediments: Composition, formation mechanisms, and
diagenetic overprint, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 75, 7668–7687,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.09.046, 2011.
McManus, J., Berelson, W. M., Severmann, S., Johnson, K. S., Hammond, D. E.,
Roy, M., and Coale, K. H.: Benthic manganese fluxes along the
Oregon-California continental shelf and slope, Cont. Shelf Res., 43, 71–85,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.04.016, 2012.
Middag, R., De Baar, H. J. W., Laan, P., and Klunder, M. B.: Fluvial and
hydrothermal input of manganese into the Arctic Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim.
Ac., 75, 2393–2408, 2011.
Moffett, J. W. and Ho, J.: Oxidation of cobalt and manganese in seawater via
a common microbially catalyzed pathway, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 60,
3415–3424, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00176-7, 1996.
Moore, C. M., Mills, M. M., Arrigo, K. R., Berman-Frank, I., Bopp, L., Boyd,
P. W., Galbraith, E. D., Geider, R. J., Guieu, C., Jaccard, S. L., Jickells,
T. D., La Roche, J., Lenton, T. M., Mahowald, N. M., Marañón, E.,
Marinov, I., Moore, J. K., Nakatsuka, T., Oschlies, A., Saito, M. A.,
Thingstad, T. F., Tsuda, A., Ulloa, O., Maranon, E., Marinov, I., Moore, J.
K., Nakatsuka, T., Oschlies, A., Saito, M. A., Thingstad, T. F., Tsuda, A.,
and Ulloa, O.: Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation, Nat.
Geosci., 6, 701–710, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1765, 2013.
Myers, P. G.: Impact of freshwater from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago on Labrador Sea Water formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L06605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022082, 2005.
Newton, R., Schlosser, P., Mortlock, R., Swift, J., and MacDonald, R.:
Canadian Basin freshwater sources and changes: Results from the 2005 Arctic
Ocean Section, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 2133–2154, 2013.
Nixon, R. L., Jackson, S. L., Cullen, J. T., and Ross, A. R. S.: Distribution
of copper-complexing ligands in Canadian Arctic waters as determined by
immobilized copper (II)-ion affinity chromatography, Mar. Chem., 215,
103673, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2019.103673, 2019.
Noble, A. E.: Influences on the oceanic biogeochemical cycling of the
hybrid-type metals, cobalt, iron, and manganese, Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 296 pp., 2012.
Noble, A. E., Saito, M. A., Maiti, K., and Benitez-Nelson, C. R.: Cobalt,
manganese, and iron near the Hawaiian Islands: A potential concentrating
mechanism for cobalt within a cyclonic eddy and implications for the
hybrid-type trace metals, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II,
55, 1473–1490, 2008.
Noble, A. E., Lamborg, C. H., Ohnemus, D. C., Lam, P. J., Goepfert, T. J.,
Measures, C. I., Frame, C. H., Casciotti, K. L., DiTullio, G. R., Jennings,
J., and Saito, M. A.: Basin-scale inputs of cobalt, iron, and manganese from
the Benguela-Angola front to the South Atlantic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr.,
57, 989–1010, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2012.57.4.0989, 2012.
Noble, A. E., Ohnemus, D. C., Hawco, N. J., Lam, P. J., and Saito, M. A.: Coastal sources, sinks and strong organic complexation of dissolved cobalt within the US North Atlantic GEOTRACES transect GA03, Biogeosciences, 14, 2715–2739, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2715-2017, 2017.
Ohnemus, D. C., Auro, M. E., Sherrell, R. M., Lagerström, M., Morton, P. L., Twining, B. S., Rauschenberg, S., and Lam, P. J.: Laboratory intercomparison of marine particulate digestions including Piranha: a novel chemical method for dissolution of polyethersulfone filters, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 12, 530–547, 2014.
Panzeca, C., Beck, A. J., Leblanc, K., Taylor, G. T., Hutchins, D. A., and
Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A.: Potential cobalt limitation of vitamin B12 synthesis
in the North Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB2029, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003124, 2008.
Resing, J. A. and Mottl, M. J.: Determination of manganese in seawater using
flow injection analysis with on-line preconcentration and spectrophotometric
detection, Anal. Chem., 64, 2682–2687, 1992.
Saito, M. A. and Moffett, J. W.: Complexation of cobalt by natural organic
ligands in the Sargasso Sea as determined by a new high-sensitivity
electrochemical cobalt speciation method suitable for open ocean work, Mar.
Chem., 75, 49–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(01)00025-1, 2001.
Saito, M. A. and Rauch, S.: Dataset: GN01 Dissolved and Labile Cobalt, available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/722472, last access: 25 August 2020.
Saito, M. A., Moffett, J. W., Chisholm, S. W., and Waterbury, J. B.: Cobalt
limitation and uptake in Prochlorococcus, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47,
1629–1636, 2002.
Saito, M. A., Moffett, J. W., and DiTullio, G. R.: Cobalt and nickel in the
Peru upwelling region: A major flux of labile cobalt utilized as a
micronutrient, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, 1–14,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002216, 2004.
Saito, M. A., Rocap, G., and Moffett, J. W.: Production of cobalt binding
ligands in a Synechococcus feature at the Costa Rica upwelling dome, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 50, 279–290, 2005.
Saito, M. A., Goepfert, T. J., Noble, A. E., Bertrand, E. M., Sedwick, P. N., and DiTullio, G. R.: A seasonal study of dissolved cobalt in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: micronutrient behavior, absence of scavenging, and relationships with Zn, Cd, and P, Biogeosciences, 7, 4059–4082, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-4059-2010, 2010.
Saito, M. A., Noble, A. E., Hawco, N., Twining, B. S., Ohnemus, D. C., John, S. G., Lam, P., Conway, T. M., Johnson, R., Moran, D., and McIlvin, M.: The acceleration of dissolved cobalt's ecological stoichiometry due to biological uptake, remineralization, and scavenging in the Atlantic Ocean, Biogeosciences, 14, 4637–4662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4637-2017, 2017.
Schlitzer, R., Anderson, R. F., Dodas, E. M., Lohan, M., Geibert, W.,
Tagliabue, A., Bowie, A., Jeandel, C., Maldonado, M. T., Landing, W. M., and
others: The GEOTRACES intermediate data product 2017, Chem. Geol., 493,
210–223, 2018.
Screen, J. A. and Simmonds, I.: The central role of diminishing sea ice in
recent Arctic temperature amplification, Nature, 464, 1334, 2010.
Serreze, M. C. and Barry, R. G.: Processes and impacts of Arctic
amplification: A research synthesis, Global Planet. Change, 77, 85–96,
2011.
Shelley, R. U., Sedwick, P. N., Bibby, T. S., Cabedo-Sanz, P., Church, T.
M., Johnson, R. J., Macey, A. I., Marsay, C. M., Sholkovitz, E. R., and
Ussher, S. J.: Controls on dissolved cobalt in surface waters of the
Sargasso Sea: Comparisons with iron and aluminum, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
26, GB2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004155, 2012.
Slagter, H. A., Reader, H. E., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., van der Loeff, M. R.,
de Baar, H. J. W., and Gerringa, L. J. A.: Organic Fe speciation in the
Eurasian Basins of the Arctic Ocean and its relation to terrestrial DOM,
Mar. Chem., 197, 11–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2017.10.005, 2017.
Slagter, H. A., Laglera, L. M., Sukekava, C., and Gerringa, L. J. A.:
Fe-binding organic ligands in the humic-rich TransPolar Drift in the surface
Arctic Ocean using multiple voltammetric methods, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
124, 1491–1508, 2019.
Steele, M. and Boyd, T.: Retreat of the cold halocline layer in the Arctic
Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 103, 10419–10435, 1998.
Steele, M., Morison, J., Ermold, W., Rigor, I., Ortmeyer, M., and Shimada,
K.: Circulation of summer Pacific halocline water in the Arctic Ocean, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 109, C02027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002009, 2004.
Stroeve, J. C., Serreze, M. C., Holland, M. M., Kay, J. E., Malanik, J., and
Barrett, A. P.: The Arctic's rapidly shrinking sea ice cover: a research
synthesis, Climatic Change, 110, 1005–1027, 2012.
Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A.: Effect of sunlight on redox cycles of
manganese in the southwestern Sargasso Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. A., 35, 1297–1317, 1988.
Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A.: Cobalt and zinc interreplacement in marine
phytoplankton: biological and geochemical implications, Limnol. Oceanogr.,
40, 1404–1417, 1995.
Swift, J. H., Takahashi, T., and Livingston, H. D.: The contribution of the
Greenland and Barents seas to the deep water of the Arctic Ocean, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 88, 5981–5986, 1983.
Talley, L. D.: Freshwater transport estimates and the global overturning circulation: Shallow, deep and throughflow components, Prog. Oceanogr., 78, 257–303, 2008.
Tagliabue, A., Hawco, N. J., Bundy, R. M., Landing, W. M., Milne, A.,
Morton, P. L., and Saito, M. A.: The role of external inputs and internal
cycling in shaping the global ocean cobalt distribution: insights from the
first cobalt biogeochemical model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 32, 1–23,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005830, 2018.
Tank, S. E., Striegl, R. G., McClelland, J. W., and Kokelj, S. V:
Multi-decadal increases in dissolved organic carbon and alkalinity flux from
the Mackenzie drainage basin to the Arctic Ocean, Environ. Res. Lett.,
11, 54015, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054015, 2016.
Tebo, B. M., Bargar, J. R., Clement, B. G., Dick, G. J., Murray, K. J.,
Parker, D., Verity, R., and Webb, S. M.: Biogenic manganese oxides:
properties and mechanisms of formation, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sc., 32,
287–328, 2004.
Thuróczy, C.-E., Boye, M., and Losno, R.: Dissolution of cobalt and zinc from natural and anthropogenic dusts in seawater, Biogeosciences, 7, 1927–1936, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1927-2010, 2010.
Tonnard, M., Planquette, H., Bowie, A. R., van der Merwe, P., Gallinari, M., Desprez de Gésincourt, F., Germain, Y., Gourain, A., Benetti, M., Reverdin, G., Tréguer, P., Boutorh, J., Cheize, M., Lacan, F., Menzel Barraqueta, J.-L., Pereira-Contreira, L., Shelley, R., Lherminier, P., and Sarthou, G.: Dissolved iron in the North Atlantic Ocean and Labrador Sea along the GEOVIDE section (GEOTRACES section GA01), Biogeosciences, 17, 917–943, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-917-2020, 2020.
Toohey, R. C., Herman-Mercer, N. M., Schuster, P. F., Mutter, E. A., and
Koch, J. C.: Multidecadal increases in the Yukon River Basin of chemical
fluxes as indicators of changing flowpaths, groundwater, and permafrost,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 12–120, 2016.
Tovar-Sánchez, A., Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S. A., and Flegal, A. R.:
Temporal and spatial variations in the biogeochemical cycling of cobalt in
two urban estuaries: Hudson River Estuary and San Francisco Bay, Estuar.
Coast. Shelf Sci., 60, 717–728, 2004.
Twining, B. S., Rauschenberg, S., Morton, P. L., Ohnemus, D. C., and Lam, P.
J.: Comparison of particulate trace element concentrations in the North
Atlantic Ocean as determined with discrete bottle sampling and in situ
pumping, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 116, 273–282,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.11.005, 2015.
Twining, B. S., Morton, P. L., and Salters, V. J.: Trace element
concentrations (labile and total measurements) in particles collected with
GO-Flo bottles and analyzed with ICP-MS from the US GEOTRACES Arctic cruise
(HLY1502; GNo1) from August to October 2015, Biol. Chem. Oceanogr. Data
Manag. Off., https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.771474.2, 2019.
van der Loeff, M., Kipp, L., Charette, M. A., Moore, W. S., Black, E.,
Stimac, I., Charkin, A., Bauch, D., Valk, O., Karcher, M., Krumpen, T.,
Casacuberta, N.,
Smethie, W., and
Rember, R.: Radium
isotopes across the Arctic Ocean show time scales of water mass ventilation
and increasing shelf inputs, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 4853–4873,
2018.
Waleron, M., Waleron, K., Vincent, W. F., and Wilmotte, A.: Allochthonous
inputs of riverine picocyanobacteria to coastal waters in the Arctic Ocean,
FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 59, 356–365, 2007.
Wheeler, P. A., Watkins, J. M., and Hansing, R. L.: Nutrients, organic carbon
and organic nitrogen in the upper water column of the Arctic Ocean:
implications for the sources of dissolved organic carbon, Deep-Sea Res. Pt.
II, 44, 1571–1592, 1997.
Yang, R. J. and Van Den Berg, C. M. G.: Metal Complexation by Humic
Substances in Seawater, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 7192–7197,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es900173w, 2009.
Yee, D. and Morel, F. M. M.: In vivo substitution of zinc by cobalt in
carbonic anhydrase of a marine diatom, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 573–577,
1996.
Zakhia, F., Jungblut, A.-D., Taton, A., Vincent, W. F., and Wilmotte, A.:
Cyanobacteria in cold ecosystems, in: Psychrophiles: from biodiversity to
biotechnology, edited by: Margesin, R., Schinner, F., Marx, J. C., and Gerday, C., 121–135, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74335-4_8, 2008.
Zhang, H., Van Den Berg, C. M. G., and Wollast, R.: The determination of
interactions of cobalt (II) with organic compounds in seawater using
cathodic stripping voltammetry, Mar. Chem., 28, 285–300, 1990.
Zhang, Y., Rodionov, D. A., Gelfand, M. S., and Gladyshev, V. N.: Comparative
genomic analyses of nickel, cobalt and vitamin B12 utilization, BMC
Genomics, 10, 78, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-10-78, 2009.
Short summary
Cobalt (Co) is an essential nutrient for ocean microbes and is scarce in most areas of the ocean. This study measured Co concentrations in the Arctic Ocean for the first time and found that Co levels are extremely high in the surface waters of the Canadian Arctic. Although the Co primarily originates from the shelf, the high concentrations persist throughout the central Arctic. Co in the Arctic appears to be increasing over time and might be a source of Co to the North Atlantic.
Cobalt (Co) is an essential nutrient for ocean microbes and is scarce in most areas of the...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint