Articles | Volume 10, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3421-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3421-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
27 May 2013
Research article |
| 27 May 2013
Coral Patch seamount (NE Atlantic) – a sedimentological and megafaunal reconnaissance based on video and hydroacoustic surveys
C. Wienberg
Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
P. Wintersteller
Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
L. Beuck
Senckenberg am Meer, Marine Research Department, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
D. Hebbeln
Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Related authors
Luis Greiffenhagen, Jürgen Titschack, Claudia Wienberg, Haozhuang Wang, and Dierk Hebbeln
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2532, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2532, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cold-water coral mounds are large structures on the seabed that are built by corals over thousands of years. They are regarded as carbonate sinks, with a potentially important role in the marine carbon cycle, but more quantitative studies are needed. Using sediment cores, we calculate the amount of carbon that has been stored in two mounds over the last 400 thousand years. We provide the first numbers and show that up to 19 times more carbon is accumulated on mounds than on the common seafloor.
Ulrike Hanz, Claudia Wienberg, Dierk Hebbeln, Gerard Duineveld, Marc Lavaleye, Katriina Juva, Wolf-Christian Dullo, André Freiwald, Leonardo Tamborrino, Gert-Jan Reichart, Sascha Flögel, and Furu Mienis
Biogeosciences, 16, 4337–4356, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4337-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4337-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Along the Namibian and Angolan margins, low oxygen conditions do not meet environmental ranges for cold–water corals and hence are expected to be unsuitable habitats. Environmental conditions show that tidal movements deliver water with more oxygen and high–quality organic matter, suggesting that corals compensate unfavorable conditions with availability of food. With the expected expansion of oxygen minimum zones in the future, this study provides an example how ecosystems cope with extremes.
Quentin Dubois-Dauphin, Paolo Montagna, Giuseppe Siani, Eric Douville, Claudia Wienberg, Dierk Hebbeln, Zhifei Liu, Nejib Kallel, Arnaud Dapoigny, Marie Revel, Edwige Pons-Branchu, Marco Taviani, and Christophe Colin
Clim. Past, 13, 17–37, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-17-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-17-2017, 2017
D. Hebbeln, C. Wienberg, P. Wintersteller, A. Freiwald, M. Becker, L. Beuck, C. Dullo, G. P. Eberli, S. Glogowski, L. Matos, N. Forster, H. Reyes-Bonilla, and M. Taviani
Biogeosciences, 11, 1799–1815, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1799-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1799-2014, 2014
T. Morato, K. Ø. Kvile, G. H. Taranto, F. Tempera, B. E. Narayanaswamy, D. Hebbeln, G. M. Menezes, C. Wienberg, R. S. Santos, and T. J. Pitcher
Biogeosciences, 10, 3039–3054, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3039-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3039-2013, 2013
Luis Greiffenhagen, Jürgen Titschack, Claudia Wienberg, Haozhuang Wang, and Dierk Hebbeln
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2532, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2532, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cold-water coral mounds are large structures on the seabed that are built by corals over thousands of years. They are regarded as carbonate sinks, with a potentially important role in the marine carbon cycle, but more quantitative studies are needed. Using sediment cores, we calculate the amount of carbon that has been stored in two mounds over the last 400 thousand years. We provide the first numbers and show that up to 19 times more carbon is accumulated on mounds than on the common seafloor.
Ulrike Hanz, Claudia Wienberg, Dierk Hebbeln, Gerard Duineveld, Marc Lavaleye, Katriina Juva, Wolf-Christian Dullo, André Freiwald, Leonardo Tamborrino, Gert-Jan Reichart, Sascha Flögel, and Furu Mienis
Biogeosciences, 16, 4337–4356, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4337-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4337-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Along the Namibian and Angolan margins, low oxygen conditions do not meet environmental ranges for cold–water corals and hence are expected to be unsuitable habitats. Environmental conditions show that tidal movements deliver water with more oxygen and high–quality organic matter, suggesting that corals compensate unfavorable conditions with availability of food. With the expected expansion of oxygen minimum zones in the future, this study provides an example how ecosystems cope with extremes.
Nicolai Schleinkofer, Jacek Raddatz, André Freiwald, David Evans, Lydia Beuck, Andres Rüggeberg, and Volker Liebetrau
Biogeosciences, 16, 3565–3582, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3565-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3565-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we tried to correlate Na / Ca ratios from cold-water corals with environmental parameters such as salinity, temperature and pH. We do not observe a correlation between Na / Ca ratios and seawater salinity, but we do observe a strong correlation with temperature. Na / Ca data from warm-water corals (Porites spp.) and bivalves (Mytilus edulis) support this correlation, indicating that similar controls on the incorporation of sodium exist in these aragonitic organisms.
Martin Bartels, Jürgen Titschack, Kirsten Fahl, Rüdiger Stein, Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz, Claude Hillaire-Marcel, and Dierk Hebbeln
Clim. Past, 13, 1717–1749, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1717-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1717-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Multi-proxy analyses (i.a., benthic foraminiferal assemblages and sedimentary properties) of a marine record from Woodfjorden at the northern Svalbard margin (Norwegian Arctic) illustrate a significant contribution of relatively warm Atlantic water to the destabilization of tidewater glaciers, especially during the deglaciation and early Holocene (until ~ 7800 years ago), whereas its influence on glacier activity has been fading during the last 2 millennia, enabling glacier readvances.
Quentin Dubois-Dauphin, Paolo Montagna, Giuseppe Siani, Eric Douville, Claudia Wienberg, Dierk Hebbeln, Zhifei Liu, Nejib Kallel, Arnaud Dapoigny, Marie Revel, Edwige Pons-Branchu, Marco Taviani, and Christophe Colin
Clim. Past, 13, 17–37, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-17-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-17-2017, 2017
S. Mau, T. Gentz, J.-H. Körber, M. E. Torres, M. Römer, H. Sahling, P. Wintersteller, R. Martinez, M. Schlüter, and E. Helmke
Biogeosciences, 12, 5261–5276, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5261-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5261-2015, 2015
D. Hebbeln, C. Wienberg, P. Wintersteller, A. Freiwald, M. Becker, L. Beuck, C. Dullo, G. P. Eberli, S. Glogowski, L. Matos, N. Forster, H. Reyes-Bonilla, and M. Taviani
Biogeosciences, 11, 1799–1815, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1799-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1799-2014, 2014
T. Morato, K. Ø. Kvile, G. H. Taranto, F. Tempera, B. E. Narayanaswamy, D. Hebbeln, G. M. Menezes, C. Wienberg, R. S. Santos, and T. J. Pitcher
Biogeosciences, 10, 3039–3054, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3039-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3039-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function: Marine
Including the invisible: deep depth-integrated chlorophyll estimates from remote sensing may assist in identifying biologically important areas in oligotrophic coastal margins
Growth response of Emiliania huxleyi to ocean alkalinity enhancement
Phytoplankton adaptation to steady or changing environments affects marine ecosystem functioning
Characterizing regional oceanography and bottom environmental conditions at two contrasting sponge grounds on the northern Labrador Shelf
Seasonal foraging behavior of Weddell seals in relation to oceanographic environmental conditions in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Multifactorial effects of warming, low irradiance, and low salinity on Arctic kelps
Ideas and perspectives: How sediment archives can improve model projections of marine ecosystem change
Early life stages of fish under ocean alkalinity enhancement in coastal plankton communities
Planktonic foraminifera assemblage composition and flux dynamics inferred from an annual sediment trap record in the central Mediterranean Sea
Reefal ostracod assemblages from the Zanzibar Archipelago (Tanzania)
Composite calcite and opal test in Foraminifera (Rhizaria)
Influence of oxygen minimum zone on macrobenthic community structure in the northern Benguela Upwelling System: a macro-nematode perspective
Simulated terrestrial runoff shifts the metabolic balance of a coastal Mediterranean plankton community towards heterotrophy
Contrasting carbon cycling in the benthic food webs between a river-fed, high-energy canyon and an upper continental slope
A critical trade-off between nitrogen quota and growth allows Coccolithus braarudii life cycle phases to exploit varying environment
Structural complexity and benthic metabolism: resolving the links between carbon cycling and biodiversity in restored seagrass meadows
Biological response of eelgrass epifauna, Taylor’s sea hare (Phyllaplysia taylori) and eelgrass isopod (Idotea resecata), to elevated ocean alkalinity
Building your own mountain: the effects, limits, and drawbacks of cold-water coral ecosystem engineering
Phytoplankton response to increased nickel in the context of ocean alkalinity enhancement
Diversity and density relationships between lebensspuren and tracemaking organisms: a study case from abyssal northwest Pacific
Technical note: An autonomous flow-through salinity and temperature perturbation mesocosm system for multi-stressor experiments
Reviews and syntheses: The clam before the storm – a meta-analysis showing the effect of combined climate change stressors on bivalves
A step towards measuring connectivity in the deep sea: elemental fingerprints of mollusk larval shells discriminate hydrothermal vent sites
Spawner weight and ocean temperature drive Allee effect dynamics in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua: inherent and emergent density regulation
Bacterioplankton dark CO2 fixation in oligotrophic waters
The bottom mixed layer depth as an indicator of subsurface Chlorophyll a distribution
Ideas and perspectives: The fluctuating nature of oxygen shapes the ecology of aquatic habitats and their biogeochemical cycles – the aquatic oxyscape
Impact of deoxygenation and warming on global marine species in the 21st century
Ecological divergence of a mesocosm in an eastern boundary upwelling system assessed with multi-marker environmental DNA metabarcoding
Unique benthic foraminiferal communities (stained) in diverse environments of sub-Antarctic fjords, South Georgia
Upwelled plankton community modulates surface bloom succession and nutrient availability in a natural plankton assemblage
First phytoplankton community assessment of the Kong Håkon VII Hav, Southern Ocean, during austral autumn
Early life stages of a Mediterranean coral are vulnerable to ocean warming and acidification
Mediterranean seagrasses as carbon sinks: methodological and regional differences
Contrasting vertical distributions of recent planktic foraminifera off Indonesia during the southeast monsoon: implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions
The onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the coastal North Sea supports the Disturbance Recovery Hypothesis
Species richness and functional attributes of fish assemblages across a large-scale salinity gradient in shallow coastal areas
Modeling the growth and sporulation dynamics of the macroalga Ulva in mixed-age populations in cultivation and the formation of green tides
Spatial changes in community composition and food web structure of mesozooplankton across the Adriatic basin (Mediterranean Sea)
Predicting mangrove forest dynamics across a soil salinity gradient using an individual-based vegetation model linked with plant hydraulics
Will daytime community calcification reflect reef accretion on future, degraded coral reefs?
Modeling polar marine ecosystem functions guided by bacterial physiological and taxonomic traits
Quantifying functional consequences of habitat degradation on a Caribbean coral reef
Enhanced chlorophyll-a concentration in the wake of Sable Island, eastern Canada, revealed by two decades of satellite observations: a response to grey seal population dynamics?
Population dynamics and reproduction strategies of planktonic foraminifera in the open ocean
The Bouraké semi-enclosed lagoon (New Caledonia) – a natural laboratory to study the lifelong adaptation of a coral reef ecosystem to extreme environmental conditions
Atypical, high-diversity assemblages of foraminifera in a mangrove estuary in northern Brazil
Permanent ectoplasmic structures in deep-sea Cibicides and Cibicidoides taxa – long-term observations at in situ pressure
Ideas and perspectives: Ushering the Indian Ocean into the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (UNDOSSD) through marine ecosystem research and operational services – an early career's take
Persistent effects of sand extraction on habitats and associated benthic communities in the German Bight
Renée P. Schoeman, Christine Erbe, and Robert D. McCauley
Biogeosciences, 22, 959–974, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-959-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-959-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Marine habitat models do not include deep chlorophyll maxima, which may support higher trophic level foraging in (meso-)oligotrophic habitats. We used ocean glider data to show that chlorophyll maxima form off Western Australia in September–April. At least 50 % were biomass maxima, likely supporting local krill growing sufficiently for whale consumption. We suggest including deep chlorophyll maxima in marine habitat models as deep depth-integrated estimates from satellite-derived surface values.
Giulia Faucher, Mathias Haunost, Allanah Joy Paul, Anne Ulrike Christiane Tietz, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 22, 405–415, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-405-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-405-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is being evaluated for its capacity to absorb atmospheric CO2 in the ocean and store it long term to mitigate climate change. As researchers plan for field tests to gain insights into OAE, sharing knowledge on its environmental impact on marine ecosystems is urgent. Our study examined NaOH-induced OAE in Emiliania huxleyi, a key coccolithophore species, and found that the added total alkalinity (ΔTA) should stay below 600 µmol kg⁻¹ to avoid negative impacts.
Isabell Hochfeld and Jana Hinners
Biogeosciences, 21, 5591–5611, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5591-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5591-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ecosystem models disagree on future changes in marine ecosystem functioning. We suspect that the lack of phytoplankton adaptation represents a major uncertainty factor, given the key role that phytoplankton play in marine ecosystems. Using an evolutionary ecosystem model, we found that phytoplankton adaptation can notably change simulated ecosystem dynamics. Future models should include phytoplankton adaptation; otherwise they can systematically overestimate future ecosystem-level changes.
Evert de Froe, Igor Yashayaev, Christian Mohn, Johanne Vad, Furu Mienis, Gerard Duineveld, Ellen Kenchington, Erica Head, Steve W. Ross, Sabena Blackbird, George A. Wolff, J. Murray Roberts, Barry MacDonald, Graham Tulloch, and Dick van Oevelen
Biogeosciences, 21, 5407–5433, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5407-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5407-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Deep-sea sponge grounds are distributed globally and are considered hotspots of biological diversity and biogeochemical cycling. To date, little is known about the environmental constraints that control where deep-sea sponge grounds occur and what conditions favour high sponge biomass. Here, we characterize oceanographic conditions at two contrasting sponge grounds. Our results imply that sponges and associated fauna benefit from strong tidal currents and favourable regional ocean currents.
Hyunjae Chung, Jikang Park, Mijin Park, Yejin Kim, Unyoung Chun, Sukyoung Yun, Won Sang Lee, Hyun A. Choi, Ji Sung Na, Seung-Tae Yoon, and Won Young Lee
Biogeosciences, 21, 5199–5217, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5199-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5199-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how marine animals adapt to variations in marine environmental conditions is paramount. In this paper, we investigated the influence of changes in seawater and light conditions on the seasonal foraging behavior of Weddell seals in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Our findings could serve as a baseline and establish a foundational understanding for future research, particularly concerning the impact of marine environmental changes on the ecosystem of the Ross Sea Marine Protected Area.
Anaïs Lebrun, Cale A. Miller, Marc Meynadier, Steeve Comeau, Pierre Urrutti, Samir Alliouane, Robert Schlegel, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, and Frédéric Gazeau
Biogeosciences, 21, 4605–4620, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4605-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4605-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We tested the effects of warming, low salinity, and low irradiance on Arctic kelps. We show that growth rates were similar across species and treatments. Alaria esculenta is adapted to low-light conditions. Saccharina latissima exhibited nitrogen limitation, suggesting coastal erosion and permafrost thawing could be beneficial. Laminaria digitata did not respond to the treatments. Gene expression of Hedophyllum nigripes and S. latissima indicated acclimation to the experimental treatments.
Isabell Hochfeld, Ben A. Ward, Anke Kremp, Juliane Romahn, Alexandra Schmidt, Miklós Bálint, Lutz Becks, Jérôme Kaiser, Helge W. Arz, Sarah Bolius, Laura S. Epp, Markus Pfenninger, Christopher A. Klausmeier, Elena Litchman, and Jana Hinners
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3297, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3297, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Marine ecosystem models (MEMs) are valuable for assessing the threats of global warming to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, but their predictions vary widely. We argue that MEMs should consider evolutionary processes and undergo independent validation. Here, we present a novel framework for MEM development using validation data from sediment archives, which map long-term environmental and evolutionary change. Our approach is a crucial step towards improving the predictive power of MEMs.
Silvan Urs Goldenberg, Ulf Riebesell, Daniel Brüggemann, Gregor Börner, Michael Sswat, Arild Folkvord, Maria Couret, Synne Spjelkavik, Nicolás Sánchez, Cornelia Jaspers, and Marta Moyano
Biogeosciences, 21, 4521–4532, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4521-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4521-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is being evaluated as a carbon dioxide removal technology for climate change mitigation. With an experiment on species communities, we show that larval and juvenile fish can be resilient to the resulting perturbation of seawater. Fish may hence recruit successfully and continue to support fisheries' production in regions of OAE. Our findings help to establish an environmentally safe operating space for this ocean-based solution.
Thibauld M. Béjard, Andrés S. Rigual-Hernández, Javier P. Tarruella, José-Abel Flores, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, Irene Llamas-Cano, and Francisco J. Sierro
Biogeosciences, 21, 4051–4076, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean Sea is regarded as a climate change hotspot. Documenting the population of planktonic foraminifera is crucial. In the Sicily Channel, fluxes are higher during winter and positively linked with chlorophyll a concentration and cool temperatures. A comparison with other Mediterranean sites shows the transitional aspect of the studied zone. Finally, modern populations significantly differ from those in the sediment, highlighting a possible effect of environmental change.
Skye Yunshu Tian, Martin Langer, Moriaki Yasuhara, and Chih-Lin Wei
Biogeosciences, 21, 3523–3536, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3523-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3523-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Through the first large-scale study of meiobenthic ostracods from the diverse and productive reef ecosystem in the Zanzibar Archipelago, Tanzania, we found that the diversity and composition of ostracod assemblages as controlled by benthic habitats and human impacts were indicative of overall reef health, and we highlighted the usefulness of ostracods as a model proxy to monitor and understand the degradation of reef ecosystems from the coral-dominated phase to the algae-dominated phase.
Julien Richirt, Satoshi Okada, Yoshiyuki Ishitani, Katsuyuki Uematsu, Akihiro Tame, Kaya Oda, Noriyuki Isobe, Toyoho Ishimura, Masashi Tsuchiya, and Hidetaka Nomaki
Biogeosciences, 21, 3271–3288, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3271-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3271-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We report the first benthic foraminifera with a composite test (i.e. shell) made of opal, which coats the inner part of the calcitic layer. Using comprehensive techniques, we describe the morphology and the composition of this novel opal layer and provide evidence that the opal is precipitated by the foraminifera itself. We explore the potential precipitation process and function(s) of this composite test and further discuss the possible implications for palaeoceanographic reconstructions.
Said Mohamed Hashim, Beth Wangui Waweru, and Agnes Muthumbi
Biogeosciences, 21, 2995–3006, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2995-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2995-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study investigates the impact of decreasing oxygen in the ocean on macrofaunal communities using the BUS as an example. It identifies distinct shifts in community composition and feeding guilds across oxygen zones, with nematodes dominating dysoxic areas. These findings underscore the complex responses of benthic organisms to oxygen gradients, crucial for understanding ecosystem dynamics in hypoxic environments and their implications for marine biodiversity and sustainability.
Tanguy Soulié, Francesca Vidussi, Justine Courboulès, Marie Heydon, Sébastien Mas, Florian Voron, Carolina Cantoni, Fabien Joux, and Behzad Mostajir
Biogeosciences, 21, 1887–1902, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1887-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1887-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Due to climate change, it is projected that extreme rainfall events, which bring terrestrial matter into coastal seas, will occur more frequently in the Mediterranean region. To test the effects of runoffs of terrestrial matter on plankton communities from Mediterranean coastal waters, an in situ mesocosm experiment was conducted. The simulated runoff affected key processes mediated by plankton, such as primary production and respiration, suggesting major consequences of such events.
Chueh-Chen Tung, Yu-Shih Lin, Jian-Xiang Liao, Tzu-Hsuan Tu, James T. Liu, Li-Hung Lin, Pei-Ling Wang, and Chih-Lin Wei
Biogeosciences, 21, 1729–1756, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1729-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1729-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study contrasts seabed food webs between a river-fed, high-energy canyon and the nearby slope. We show higher organic carbon (OC) flows through the canyon than the slope. Bacteria dominated the canyon, while seabed fauna contributed more to the slope food web. Due to frequent perturbation, the canyon had a lower faunal stock and OC recycling. Only 4 % of the seabed OC flux enters the canyon food web, suggesting a significant role of the river-fed canyon in transporting OC to the deep sea.
Joost de Vries, Fanny Monteiro, Gerald Langer, Colin Brownlee, and Glen Wheeler
Biogeosciences, 21, 1707–1727, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1707-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1707-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Calcifying phytoplankton (coccolithophores) utilize a life cycle in which they can grow and divide into two different phases. These two phases (HET and HOL) vary in terms of their physiology and distributions, with many unknowns about what the key differences are. Using a combination of lab experiments and model simulations, we find that nutrient storage is a critical difference between the two phases and that this difference allows them to inhabit different nitrogen input regimes.
Theodor Kindeberg, Karl Michael Attard, Jana Hüller, Julia Müller, Cintia Organo Quintana, and Eduardo Infantes
Biogeosciences, 21, 1685–1705, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1685-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1685-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Seagrass meadows are hotspots for biodiversity and productivity, and planting seagrass is proposed as a tool for mitigating biodiversity loss and climate change. We assessed seagrass planted in different years and found that benthic oxygen and carbon fluxes increased as the seabed developed from bare sediments to a mature seagrass meadow. This increase was partly linked to the diversity of colonizing algae which increased the light-use efficiency of the seagrass meadow community.
Kristin Jones, Lenaïg Hemery, Nicholas Ward, Peter Regier, Mallory Ringham, and Matthew Eisaman
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-972, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-972, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a marine carbon dioxide removal method that aims to mitigate the effects of climate change. This method causes localized increases in ocean pH, but the biological impacts of such changes are not well known. Our study investigated the response of two nearshore invertebrate species to increased pH and found the sea hare to be sensitive to pH changes, while the isopod was more resilient. Understanding interactions with biology is important as this field expands.
Anna-Selma van der Kaaden, Sandra R. Maier, Siluo Chen, Laurence H. De Clippele, Evert de Froe, Theo Gerkema, Johan van de Koppel, Furu Mienis, Christian Mohn, Max Rietkerk, Karline Soetaert, and Dick van Oevelen
Biogeosciences, 21, 973–992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-973-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-973-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Combining hydrodynamic simulations and annotated videos, we separated which hydrodynamic variables that determine reef cover are engineered by cold-water corals and which are not. Around coral mounds, hydrodynamic zones seem to create a typical reef zonation, restricting corals from moving deeper (the expected response to climate warming). But non-engineered downward velocities in winter (e.g. deep winter mixing) seem more important for coral reef growth than coral engineering.
Xiaoke Xin, Giulia Faucher, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 21, 761–772, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-761-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-761-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a promising approach to remove CO2 by accelerating natural rock weathering. However, some of the alkaline substances contain trace metals which could be toxic to marine life. By exposing three representative phytoplankton species to Ni released from alkaline materials, we observed varying responses of phytoplankton to nickel concentrations, suggesting caution should be taken and toxic thresholds should be avoided in OAE with Ni-rich materials.
Olmo Miguez-Salas, Angelika Brandt, Henry Knauber, and Torben Riehl
Biogeosciences, 21, 641–655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-641-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-641-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the deep sea, the interaction between benthic fauna (tracemakers) and substrate can be preserved as traces (i.e. lebensspuren), which are common features of seafloor landscapes, rendering them promising proxies for inferring biodiversity from marine images. No general correlation was observed between traces and benthic fauna. However, a local correlation was observed between specific stations depending on unknown tracemakers, tracemaker behaviour, and lebensspuren morphotypes.
Cale A. Miller, Pierre Urrutti, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Steeve Comeau, Anaïs Lebrun, Samir Alliouane, Robert W. Schlegel, and Frédéric Gazeau
Biogeosciences, 21, 315–333, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-315-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-315-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work describes an experimental system that can replicate and manipulate environmental conditions in marine or aquatic systems. Here, we show how the temperature and salinity of seawater delivered from a fjord is manipulated to experimental tanks on land. By constantly monitoring temperature and salinity in each tank via a computer program, the system continuously adjusts automated flow valves to ensure the seawater in each tank matches the targeted experimental conditions.
Rachel A. Kruft Welton, George Hoppit, Daniela N. Schmidt, James D. Witts, and Benjamin C. Moon
Biogeosciences, 21, 223–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-223-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-223-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a meta-analysis of known experimental literature examining how marine bivalve growth rates respond to climate change. Growth is usually negatively impacted by climate change. Bivalve eggs/larva are generally more vulnerable than either juveniles or adults. Available data on the bivalve response to climate stressors are biased towards early growth stages (commercially important in the Global North), and many families have only single experiments examining climate change impacts.
Vincent Mouchi, Christophe Pecheyran, Fanny Claverie, Cécile Cathalot, Marjolaine Matabos, Yoan Germain, Olivier Rouxel, Didier Jollivet, Thomas Broquet, and Thierry Comtet
Biogeosciences, 21, 145–160, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-145-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-145-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of deep-sea mining will depend critically on the ability of larval dispersal of hydrothermal mollusks to connect and replenish natural populations. However, assessing connectivity is extremely challenging, especially in the deep sea. Here, we investigate the potential of using the chemical composition of larval shells to discriminate larval origins between multiple hydrothermal sites in the southwest Pacific. Our results confirm that this method can be applied with high accuracy.
Anna-Marie Winter, Nadezda Vasilyeva, and Artem Vladimirov
Biogeosciences, 20, 3683–3716, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3683-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3683-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
There is an increasing number of fish in poor state, and many do not recover, even when fishing pressure is ceased. An Allee effect can hinder population recovery because it suppresses the fish's productivity at low abundance. With a model fitted to 17 Atlantic cod stocks, we find that ocean warming and fishing can cause an Allee effect. If present, the Allee effect hinders fish recovery. This shows that Allee effects are dynamic, not uncommon, and calls for precautionary management measures.
Afrah Alothman, Daffne López-Sandoval, Carlos M. Duarte, and Susana Agustí
Biogeosciences, 20, 3613–3624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3613-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3613-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates bacterial dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) fixation in the Red Sea, an oligotrophic ecosystem, using stable-isotope labeling and spectroscopy. The research reveals that bacterial DIC fixation significantly contributes to total DIC fixation, in the surface and deep water. The study demonstrates that as primary production decreases, the role of bacterial DIC fixation increases, emphasizing its importance with photosynthesis in estimating oceanic carbon dioxide production.
Arianna Zampollo, Thomas Cornulier, Rory O'Hara Murray, Jacqueline Fiona Tweddle, James Dunning, and Beth E. Scott
Biogeosciences, 20, 3593–3611, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3593-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3593-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper highlights the use of the bottom mixed layer depth (BMLD: depth between the end of the pycnocline and the mixed layer below) to investigate subsurface Chlorophyll a (a proxy of primary production) in temperate stratified shelf waters. The strict correlation between subsurface Chl a and BMLD becomes relevant in shelf-productive waters where multiple stressors (e.g. offshore infrastructure) will change the stratification--mixing balance and related carbon fluxes.
Marco Fusi, Sylvain Rigaud, Giovanna Guadagnin, Alberto Barausse, Ramona Marasco, Daniele Daffonchio, Julie Régis, Louison Huchet, Capucine Camin, Laura Pettit, Cristina Vina-Herbon, and Folco Giomi
Biogeosciences, 20, 3509–3521, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3509-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3509-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen availability in marine water and freshwater is very variable at daily and seasonal scales. The dynamic nature of oxygen fluctuations has important consequences for animal and microbe physiology and ecology, yet it is not fully understood. In this paper, we showed the heterogeneous nature of the aquatic oxygen landscape, which we defined here as the
oxyscape, and we addressed the importance of considering the oxyscape in the modelling and managing of aquatic ecosystems.
Anne L. Morée, Tayler M. Clarke, William W. L. Cheung, and Thomas L. Frölicher
Biogeosciences, 20, 2425–2454, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean temperature and oxygen shape marine habitats together with species’ characteristics. We calculated the impacts of projected 21st-century warming and oxygen loss on the contemporary habitat volume of 47 marine species and described the drivers of these impacts. Most species lose less than 5 % of their habitat at 2 °C of global warming, but some species incur losses 2–3 times greater than that. We also calculate which species may be most vulnerable to climate change and why this is the case.
Markus A. Min, David M. Needham, Sebastian Sudek, Nathan Kobun Truelove, Kathleen J. Pitz, Gabriela M. Chavez, Camille Poirier, Bente Gardeler, Elisabeth von der Esch, Andrea Ludwig, Ulf Riebesell, Alexandra Z. Worden, and Francisco P. Chavez
Biogeosciences, 20, 1277–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1277-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1277-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Emerging molecular methods provide new ways of understanding how marine communities respond to changes in ocean conditions. Here, environmental DNA was used to track the temporal evolution of biological communities in the Peruvian coastal upwelling system and in an adjacent enclosure where upwelling was simulated. We found that the two communities quickly diverged, with the open ocean being one found during upwelling and the enclosure evolving to one found under stratified conditions.
Wojciech Majewski, Witold Szczuciński, and Andrew J. Gooday
Biogeosciences, 20, 523–544, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-523-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-523-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied foraminifera living in the fjords of South Georgia, a sub-Antarctic island sensitive to climate change. As conditions in water and on the seafloor vary, different associations of these microorganisms dominate far inside, in the middle, and near fjord openings. Assemblages in inner and middle parts of fjords are specific to South Georgia, but they may become widespread with anticipated warming. These results are important for interpretating fossil records and monitoring future change.
Allanah Joy Paul, Lennart Thomas Bach, Javier Arístegui, Elisabeth von der Esch, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Jonna Piiparinen, Laura Ramajo, Kristian Spilling, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 19, 5911–5926, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how different deep water chemistry and biology modulate the response of surface phytoplankton communities to upwelling in the Peruvian coastal zone. Our results show that the most influential drivers were the ratio of inorganic nutrients (N : P) and the microbial community present in upwelling source water. These led to unexpected and variable development in the phytoplankton assemblage that could not be predicted by the amount of inorganic nutrients alone.
Hanna M. Kauko, Philipp Assmy, Ilka Peeken, Magdalena Różańska-Pluta, Józef M. Wiktor, Gunnar Bratbak, Asmita Singh, Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh, and Sebastien Moreau
Biogeosciences, 19, 5449–5482, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This article studies phytoplankton (microscopic
plantsin the ocean capable of photosynthesis) in Kong Håkon VII Hav in the Southern Ocean. Different species play different roles in the ecosystem, and it is therefore important to assess the species composition. We observed that phytoplankton blooms in this area are formed by large diatoms with strong silica armors, which can lead to high silica (and sometimes carbon) export to depth and be important prey for krill.
Chloe Carbonne, Steeve Comeau, Phoebe T. W. Chan, Keyla Plichon, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, and Núria Teixidó
Biogeosciences, 19, 4767–4777, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4767-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4767-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, our study highlights the synergistic effects of a 9-month warming and acidification combined stress on the early life stages of a Mediterranean azooxanthellate coral, Astroides calycularis. Our results predict a decrease in dispersion, settlement, post-settlement linear extention, budding and survival under future global change and that larvae and recruits of A. calycularis are stages of interest for this Mediterranean coral resistance, resilience and conservation.
Iris E. Hendriks, Anna Escolano-Moltó, Susana Flecha, Raquel Vaquer-Sunyer, Marlene Wesselmann, and Núria Marbà
Biogeosciences, 19, 4619–4637, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4619-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4619-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Seagrasses are marine plants with the capacity to act as carbon sinks due to their high primary productivity, using carbon for growth. This capacity can play a key role in climate change mitigation. We compiled and published data showing that two Mediterranean seagrass species have different metabolic rates, while the study method influences the rates of the measurements. Most communities act as carbon sinks, while the western basin might be more productive than the eastern Mediterranean.
Raúl Tapia, Sze Ling Ho, Hui-Yu Wang, Jeroen Groeneveld, and Mahyar Mohtadi
Biogeosciences, 19, 3185–3208, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3185-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3185-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We report census counts of planktic foraminifera in depth-stratified plankton net samples off Indonesia. Our results show that the vertical distribution of foraminifera species routinely used in paleoceanographic reconstructions varies in hydrographically distinct regions, likely in response to food availability. Consequently, the thermal gradient based on mixed layer and thermocline dwellers also differs for these regions, suggesting potential implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions.
Ricardo González-Gil, Neil S. Banas, Eileen Bresnan, and Michael R. Heath
Biogeosciences, 19, 2417–2426, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2417-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2417-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In oceanic waters, the accumulation of phytoplankton biomass in winter, when light still limits growth, is attributed to a decrease in grazing as the mixed layer deepens. However, in coastal areas, it is not clear whether winter biomass can accumulate without this deepening. Using 21 years of weekly data, we found that in the Scottish coastal North Sea, the seasonal increase in light availability triggers the accumulation of phytoplankton biomass in winter, when light limitation is strongest.
Birgit Koehler, Mårten Erlandsson, Martin Karlsson, and Lena Bergström
Biogeosciences, 19, 2295–2312, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2295-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2295-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding species richness patterns remains a challenge for biodiversity management. We estimated fish species richness over a coastal salinity gradient (3–32) with a method that allowed comparing data from various sources. Species richness was 3-fold higher at high vs. low salinity, and salinity influenced species’ habitat preference, mobility and feeding type. If climate change causes upper-layer freshening of the Baltic Sea, further shifts along the identified patterns may be expected.
Uri Obolski, Thomas Wichard, Alvaro Israel, Alexander Golberg, and Alexander Liberzon
Biogeosciences, 19, 2263–2271, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2263-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2263-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The algal genus Ulva plays a major role in coastal ecosystems worldwide and is a promising prospect as an seagriculture crop. A substantial hindrance to cultivating Ulva arises from sudden sporulation, leading to biomass loss. This process is not yet well understood. Here, we characterize the dynamics of Ulva growth, considering the potential impact of sporulation inhibitors, using a mathematical model. Our findings are an essential step towards understanding the dynamics of Ulva growth.
Emanuela Fanelli, Samuele Menicucci, Sara Malavolti, Andrea De Felice, and Iole Leonori
Biogeosciences, 19, 1833–1851, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1833-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1833-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Zooplankton play a key role in marine ecosystems, forming the base of the marine food web and a link between primary producers and higher-order consumers, such as fish. This aspect is crucial in the Adriatic basin, one of the most productive and overexploited areas of the Mediterranean Sea. A better understanding of community and food web structure and their response to water mass changes is essential under a global warming scenario, as zooplankton are sensitive to climate change.
Masaya Yoshikai, Takashi Nakamura, Rempei Suwa, Sahadev Sharma, Rene Rollon, Jun Yasuoka, Ryohei Egawa, and Kazuo Nadaoka
Biogeosciences, 19, 1813–1832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1813-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1813-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a new individual-based vegetation model to investigate salinity control on mangrove productivity. The model incorporates plant hydraulics and tree competition and predicts unique and complex patterns of mangrove forest structures that vary across soil salinity gradients. The presented model does not hold an empirical expression of salinity influence on productivity and thus may provide a better understanding of mangrove forest dynamics in future climate change.
Coulson A. Lantz, William Leggat, Jessica L. Bergman, Alexander Fordyce, Charlotte Page, Thomas Mesaglio, and Tracy D. Ainsworth
Biogeosciences, 19, 891–906, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-891-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-891-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Coral bleaching events continue to drive the degradation of coral reefs worldwide. In this study we measured rates of daytime coral reef community calcification and photosynthesis during a reef-wide bleaching event. Despite a measured decline in coral health across several taxa, there was no change in overall daytime community calcification and photosynthesis. These findings highlight potential limitations of these community-level metrics to reflect actual changes in coral health.
Hyewon Heather Kim, Jeff S. Bowman, Ya-Wei Luo, Hugh W. Ducklow, Oscar M. Schofield, Deborah K. Steinberg, and Scott C. Doney
Biogeosciences, 19, 117–136, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-117-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-117-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Heterotrophic marine bacteria are tiny organisms responsible for taking up organic matter in the ocean. Using a modeling approach, this study shows that characteristics (taxonomy and physiology) of bacteria are associated with a subset of ecological processes in the coastal West Antarctic Peninsula region, a system susceptible to global climate change. This study also suggests that bacteria will become more active, in particular large-sized cells, in response to changing climates in the region.
Alice E. Webb, Didier M. de Bakker, Karline Soetaert, Tamara da Costa, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, Fleur C. van Duyl, Gert-Jan Reichart, and Lennart J. de Nooijer
Biogeosciences, 18, 6501–6516, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6501-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6501-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The biogeochemical behaviour of shallow reef communities is quantified to better understand the impact of habitat degradation and species composition shifts on reef functioning. The reef communities investigated barely support reef functions that are usually ascribed to conventional coral reefs, and the overall biogeochemical behaviour is found to be similar regardless of substrate type. This suggests a decrease in functional diversity which may therefore limit services provided by this reef.
Emmanuel Devred, Andrea Hilborn, and Cornelia Elizabeth den Heyer
Biogeosciences, 18, 6115–6132, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6115-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6115-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A theoretical model of grey seal seasonal abundance on Sable Island (SI) coupled with chlorophyll-a concentration [chl-a] measured by satellite revealed the impact of seal nitrogen fertilization on the surrounding waters of SI, Canada. The increase in seals from about 100 000 in 2003 to about 360 000 in 2018 during the breeding season is consistent with an increase in [chl-a] leeward of SI. The increase in seal abundance explains 8 % of the [chl-a] increase.
Julie Meilland, Michael Siccha, Maike Kaffenberger, Jelle Bijma, and Michal Kucera
Biogeosciences, 18, 5789–5809, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5789-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5789-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Planktonic foraminifera population dynamics has long been assumed to be controlled by synchronous reproduction and ontogenetic vertical migration (OVM). Due to contradictory observations, this concept became controversial. We here test it in the Atlantic ocean for four species of foraminifera representing the main clades. Our observations support the existence of synchronised reproduction and OVM but show that more than half of the population does not follow the canonical trajectory.
Federica Maggioni, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Jérome Aucan, Carlo Cerrano, Barbara Calcinai, Claude Payri, Francesca Benzoni, Yves Letourneur, and Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa
Biogeosciences, 18, 5117–5140, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5117-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5117-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on current experimental evidence, climate change will affect up to 90 % of coral reefs worldwide. The originality of this study arises from our recent discovery of an exceptional study site where environmental conditions (temperature, pH, and oxygen) are even worse than those forecasted for the future.
While these conditions are generally recognized as unfavorable for marine life, we found a rich and abundant coral reef thriving under such extreme environmental conditions.
Nisan Sariaslan and Martin R. Langer
Biogeosciences, 18, 4073–4090, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4073-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4073-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Analyses of foraminiferal assemblages from the Mamanguape mangrove estuary (northern Brazil) revealed highly diverse, species-rich, and structurally complex biotas. The atypical fauna resembles shallow-water offshore assemblages and are interpreted to be the result of highly saline ocean waters penetrating deep into the estuary. The findings contrast with previous studies, have implications for the fossil record, and provide novel perspectives for reconstructing mangrove environments.
Jutta E. Wollenburg, Jelle Bijma, Charlotte Cremer, Ulf Bickmeyer, and Zora Mila Colomba Zittier
Biogeosciences, 18, 3903–3915, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3903-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3903-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cultured at in situ high-pressure conditions Cibicides and Cibicidoides taxa develop lasting ectoplasmic structures that cannot be retracted or resorbed. An ectoplasmic envelope surrounds their test and may protect the shell, e.g. versus carbonate aggressive bottom water conditions. Ectoplasmic roots likely anchor the specimens in areas of strong bottom water currents, trees enable them to elevate themselves above ground, and twigs stabilize and guide the retractable pseudopodial network.
Kumar Nimit
Biogeosciences, 18, 3631–3635, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3631-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3631-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Indian Ocean Rim hosts many of the underdeveloped and emerging economies that depend on ocean resources for the livelihood of millions. Operational ocean information services cater to the requirements of resource managers and end-users to efficiently harness resources, mitigate threats and ensure safety. This paper outlines existing tools and explores the ongoing research that has the potential to convert the findings into operational services in the near- to midterm.
Finn Mielck, Rune Michaelis, H. Christian Hass, Sarah Hertel, Caroline Ganal, and Werner Armonies
Biogeosciences, 18, 3565–3577, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3565-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Marine sand mining is becoming more and more important to nourish fragile coastlines that face global change. We investigated the largest sand extraction site in the German Bight. The study reveals that after more than 35 years of mining, the excavation pits are still detectable on the seafloor while the sediment composition has largely changed. The organic communities living in and on the seafloor were strongly decimated, and no recovery is observable towards previous conditions.
Cited articles
Adkins, J. F., Henderson, G. M., Wang, S.-L., O'Shea, S., and Mokadem, F.: Growth rates of the deep-sea scleractinia Desmophyllum cristagalli and Enallopsammia rostrata, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 227, 481–490, 2004.
Althaus, F., Williams, A., Schlacher, T. A., Kloser, R. J., Green, M. A., Barker, B. A., Bax, N. J., Brodie, P., and Schlacher-Hoenlinger, M. A.: Impacts of bottom trawling on deep-coral ecosystems of seamounts are long-lasting, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 397, 279–294, 2009.
Auster, P. J., Moore, J., Heinonen, K. B., and Watling, L.: A habitat classification scheme for seamount landscapes: assessing the functional role of deep-water corals as fish habitat, in: Cold-water Corals and Ecosystems, edited by: Freiwald, A. and Roberts, J. M., Springer, Heidelberg, 761–769, 2005.
Bartsch, I.: Notes on ophiurids from the Great Meteor Seamount (Northeastern Atlantic) (Echinodermata, Ophiuridea), Spixiana, 31, 233–239, 2008.
Beckmann, A. and Mohn, C.: The upper ocean circulation at Great meteor Seamount. Part II: Retention potential of the seamount-induced circulation, Ocean Dynam., 52, 194–204, 2002.
Behrenfeld, M. J., Boss, E., Siegel, D. A., and Shea, D. M.: Carbon-based ocean productivity and phytoplankton physiology from space, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB1006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002299, 2005.
Bergstad, O. A., Falkenhaug, T., Astthorsson, O. S., Byrkjedal, I., Gebruk, A. V., Piatkowski, U., Priede, I. G., Santos, R. S., Vecchione, M., Lorance, P., and Gordon, J. D. M.: Towards improved understanding of the diversity and abundance patterns of the mid-ocean ridge macro- and megafauna, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 1–5, 2008.
Blondel, P.: Seabed classification of ocean margins, in: Ocean Margin Systems, edited by: Wefer, G., Billet, D., Hebbeln, D., Jorgensen, B. B., Schlüter, M., and van Weering, T. C. E., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 125–141, 2002.
Blondel, P. and Gómez Sichi, O.: Textural analyses of multibeam sonar imagery from Stanton Banks, Northern Ireland continental shelf, Appl. Acoust., 70, 1288–1297, 2009.
Blondel, P. and Murton, B. J.: Handbook of seafloor sonar imagery, Praxis-Wiley & Son, 314 pp., 1997.
Brown, C. J. and Blondel, P.: Developments in the application of multibeam sonar backscatter for seafloor habitat mapping, Appl. Acoust., 70, 1242–1247, 2009.
Buchanan, J. Y.: On Oceanic Shoals discovered in the S. S. Dacia in October 1883, P. Roy. Soc. Edinb., 13, 428–443, 1885.
Buforn, E., Udias, A., and Colombas, M. A.: Seismicity, source mechanism and tectonics of the Azores-Gibraltar plate boundary, Geophysics, 152, 89–118, 1988.
Carlier, A., Le Guilloux, E., Olu-Le Roy, K., Sarrazin, J., Mastrototaro, F., Taviani, M., and Clavier, J.: Trophic relationships in a deep Mediterranean cold-water coral bank (Santa Maria di Leuca, Ionian Sea), Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 397, 125–137, 2009.
Cartes, J. E., Huguet, C., Parra, S., and Sanchez, F.: Trophic relationships in deep-water decapods of Le Danois bank (Cantabrian Sea, NE Atlantic): Trends related with depth and seasonal changes in food quality and availability, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 54, 1091–1110, 2007a.
Cartes, J. E., Serrano, A., Velasco, F., Parra, S., and Sánchez, F.: Community structure and dynamics of deep-water decapod assemblages from Le Danois Bank (Cantabrian Sea, NE Atlantic): Influence of environmental variables and food availability, Prog. Oceanogr., 75, 797–816, 2007b.
Chapman, D. C. and Haidvogel, D. B.: Formation of Taylor caps over a tall isolated seamount in a stratified ocean, Geophys. Astro. Fluid, 64, 31–65, 1992.
Christiansen, B. and Wolff, G.: The oceanography, biogeochemistry and ecology of two NE Atlantic seamounts: The OASIS project, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 2579–2581, 2009.
Clark, M. R. and Rowden, A. A.: Effect of deepwater trawling on the macroinvertebrate assemblages of seamounts on the Chatham Rise, New Zealand, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56, 1540–1554, 2009.
Clark, M. R., Tittensor, D., Rogers, A. D., Brewin, P., Schlacher, T. A., Rowden, A. A., Stocks, K., and Consalvey, M.: Seamount, deep-sea corals and fisheries: vulnerability of deep-sea corals to fishing on seamounts beyond areas of national jurisdication, UNEP-WCMC, Biodiversity Series No. 25, Cambridge, UK, 80 pp., 2006.
Clark, M. R., Vinnichenko, V. I., Gordon, J. D. M., Beck-Bulat, G. Z., Kukharev, N. N., and Kakora, A. F.: Large-scale distant-water trawl fisheries on seamounts, in: Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation, edited by: Pitcher, T. J., Morato, T., Hart, P. J. B., Clark, M. R., Haggan, N., and Santos, R. S., Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, 363–401, 2007.
Clark, M. R., Rowden, A. A., Schlacher, T., Williams, A., Consalvey, M., Stocks, K. I., Rogers, A. D., O'Hara, T. D., White, M., Shank, T. M., and Hall-Spencer, J. M.: The ecology of seamounts: Structure, function, and human impacts, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, 253–278, 2010.
Coiras, E., Lo Iacono, C., Gràcia, E., and Danobeitia, J.: Automatic segmentation of multi-beam data for predictive habitat mapping of benthic habitats on the Chella Seamount (north-eastern Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean), IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 4, 809–813, 2011.
D'Oriano, F., Angeletti, L., Capotondi, L., Laurenzi, M. A., López Correa, M., Taviani, M., Torelli, L., Trua, T., Vigliotti, L., and Zitellini, N.: Coral Patch and Ormonde seamounts as a product of the Madeira hotspot, Eastern Atlantic Ocean, Terra Nova, 22, 494–500, 2010.
Davies, A. J., Wisshak, M., Orr, J. C., and Roberts, J. M.: Predicting suitable habitat for the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 55, 1048–1062, 2008.
Davies, A. J., Duineveld, G., Lavaleye, M., Bergman, M. J., van Haren, H., and Roberts, J. M.: Downwelling and deep-water bottom currents as food supply mechanisms to the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) at the Mingulay Reef Complex, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 620–629, 2009.
Dodds, L. A., Roberts, J. M., Taylor, A. C., and Marubini, F.: Metabolic tolerance of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) to temperature and dissolved oxgen change, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 349, 205–214, 2007.
Dodds, L. A., Black, K. D., Orr, H., and Roberts, J. M.: Lipid biomarkers reveal geographical differences in food supply to the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia), Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 397, 113–124, 2009.
Duineveld, G. C. A., Lavleye, M. S. S., and Berghuis, E. M.: Particle flux and food supply to a seamount cold-water coral community (Galicia Bank, NW Spain), Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 277, 13–23, 2004.
Duineveld, G. C. A., Lavaleye, M. S. S., Bergman, M. J. N., De Stigter, H., and Mienis, F.: Trophic structure of a cold-water coral mound community (Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic) in relation to the near-bottom particle supply and current regime, B. Mar. Sci., 81, 449–467, 2007.
Dullo, W.-C., Flögel, S., and Rüggeberg, A.: Cold-water coral growth in relation to the hydrography of the Celtic and Nordic European continental margin, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 371, 165–176, 2008.
Erdey-Heydorn, M. D.: An ArcGIS seabed characterization toolbox developed for investigating benthic habitats, Mar. Geod., 31, 318–358, 2008.
Etnoyer, P. J., Wood, J., and Shirley, T. C.: How large is the seamount biome?, Oceanography, 23, 206–209, 2010.
FGDC-CMECS: Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (FGDC-STD-018-2012), Federal Geographic Data Committee, 343 pp., 2012.
Fonseca, L. and Mayer, L.: Remote estimation of surficial seafloor properties through the application angular range analysis to multibeam sonar data, Mar. Geophys. Res., 28, 119–126, 2007.
Fonseca, L., Brown, C. J., Calder, B., Mayer, L., and Rzhanov, Y.: Angular range analysis of acoustic themes from Stanton Banks Ireland: A link between visual interpretation and multibeam echosounder angular signatures, Appl. Acoust., 70, 1298–1304, 2009.
Freiwald, A., Fosså, J. H., Grehan, A., Koslow, T., and Roberts, J. M.: Cold-water Coral Reefs, Biodiversity Series 22, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, 84 pp., 2004.
Gage, J. D., Roberts, J. M., Hartley, J. P., and Humphery, J. D.: Potential impacts of deep-sea trawling on the benthic ecosystem along the northern European continental margin: a review, Am. Fish. S. S., 41, 503–517, 2005.
Geldmacher, J. and Hoernle, K.: The 72 Ma geochemical evolution of the Madeira Hotspot (eastern North Atlantic); recycling of Paleozoic ($\le $500 Ma) oceanic lithosphere, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 183, 73–92, 2000.
Genin, A.: Bio-physical coupling in the formation of zooplankton and fish aggregations over abrupt topographies, J. Marine Syst., 50, 3–20, 2004.
Genin, A., Dayton, P. K., Lonsdale, P. F., and Spiess, F. N.: Corals on seamount peaks provide evidence of current acceleration over deep-sea topography, Nature, 322, 59–61, 1986.
Gofas, S.: Rissoidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the northeast Atlantic seamounts, J. Nat. Hist., 41, 779–885, 2007.
González-Pola, C., Díaz del Río, G., Ruiz-Villarreal, M., Sánchez, R. F., and Mohn, C.: Circulation patterns at Le Danois Bank, an elongated shelf-adjacent seamount in the Bay of Biscay, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 60, 7–21, 2012.
Greene, H. G., Yoklavich, M. M., Starr, R. M., O'Connell, V. M., Wakefield, W. W., Sullivan, D. E., McRea, J. E., and Cailliet, G. M.: A classification scheme for deep seafloor habitats, Oceanol. Acta, 22, 663–678, 1999.
Grigg, R. W., Malahoff, A., Chave, E. H., and Landahl, J.: Seamount benthic ecology and potential environmental impact from manganese crust mining in Hawaii, in: Seamounts, Islands, and Atolls, edited by: Keating, B. H., Fryer, P., Batiza, R., and Boehlert, G. W., American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 379–390, 1987.
Guinan, J., Grehan, A., Dolan, M. F. J., and Brown, C. N.: Quantifying relationships between video observations of cold-water coral cover and seafloor features in Rockall Trough, west of Ireland, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 375, 125–138, 2009.
Guisan, A. and Zimmermann, N. E.: Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology, Ecol. Model., 135, 147–186, 2000.
Halbach, P., Maggiulli, M., Kuhn, T., Halbach, M., Schulz, A., and Szemeitat, A.: Second annual report of the MARFLUX Project "Biogeochemical fluxes in the Ocean-sediment environment" (MAST 0022-C), Free University of Berlin, Berlin, 27 pp., 1992.
Hamilton, L. J.: Acoustic seabed segmentation for echosounders through direct statistical clustering of seabed echoes, Cont. Shelf Res., 31, 2000–2011, 2011.
Hatzky, J.: Physiography of the Ampère Seamount in the Horseshoe Seamount chain off Gibraltar, in: Sound Images of the Ocean in Research and Monitoring, edited by: Wille, P. C., Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, 131–132, 2005.
Hebbeln, D., Wienberg, C., Beuck, L., Boom, L., Cunha, M., Dimmler, W., Eisele M., El Frihmat, Y., Fink, H. G., Groenewegen, R., Löffler, S., López, N., Lutz, M., Meyer-Schack, B. and Nowald, N.: Report and preliminary results of RV PELAGIA Cruise 64PE284 "Cold-Water Corals in the Gulf of Cádiz and on Coral Patch Seamount (NE Atlantic)", Portimao-Portimao, 18 February-9 March 2008, University of Bremen, Germany, 90 pp., 2008.
Jackson, D. R., Winebrenner, D. P., and Ishimaru, A.: Application of the composite roughness model to high-frequency bottom backscatter, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 79, 1410–1422, 1986.
Kaufmann, M.: Der Einfluss von Seamounts auf die klein- und mesoskalige Verteilung des Phytoplanktons im zentralen, subtropischen Nordostatlantik, Ph.D., Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany, 2005.
Kiriakoulakis, K., Harper, E., and Wolff, G. A.: Lipids and nitrogen isotopes of two deep-water corals from the North-East Atlantic: initial results and implications for their nutrition, in: Cold-water Corals and Ecosystems, edited by: Freiwald, A. and Roberts, J. M., Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, 715–729, 2005.
Kitchingman, A. and Lai, S.: Inferences of potential seamount locations from mid-resolution bathymetric data, in: Seamounts: Biodiversity and Fisheries, edited by: Morato, T. and Pauly, D., Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 7–12, 2004.
Koslow, J. A.: Seamounts and the ecology of deep-Sea fisheries, Am. Scientist, 85, 168–176, 1997.
Koslow, J. A., Boehlert, G. W., Gordon, J. D. M., Haedrich, R. L., Lorance, P., and Parin, N.: Continental slope and deep-sea fisheries: implications for a fragile ecosystem, J. Mar. Sci., 57, 548–557, 2000.
Koslow, J. A., Gowlett-Holmes, K., Lowry, J. K., O'Hara, T., Poore, G. C. B., and Williams, A.: Seamount benthic macrofauna off southern Tasmania: community structure and impacts of trawling, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 213, 111–125, 2001.
Kostylev, V. E., Todd, B. J., Fader, G. B. J., Courtney, R. C., Cameron, G. D. M., and Pickrill, R. A.: Benthic habitat mapping on the Scotian shelf based on multibeam bathymetry, surficial geology and sea floor photographs, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 219, 121–137, 2001.
Lundblad, E., Wright, D. J., Miller, J., Larkin, E. M., Rinehart, R. W., Battista, T., Anderson, S. M., Naar, D. F., and Donahue, B. T.: A benthic terrain classification scheme for American Samoa, Mar. Geod., 29, 89–111, 2006.
Lurton, X.: An Introduction to Underwater Acoustics: Principles and Applications, Springer, Chichester, 347 pp., 2002.
Martin, B. and Christiansen, B.: Distribution of zooplankton biomass at three seamounts in the NE Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 2671–2682, 2009.
McClain, C. R.: Seamounts: identity crisis or split personality?, J. Biogeogr., 34, 2001–2008, 2007.
Menard, H. W.: Marine Geology of the Pacific, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964.
Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V., and Southward, A. J.: Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts, KMK Scientific Press Ltd., Moscow, 2006.
Micallef, A., Le Bas, T. P., Huvenne, V. A. I., Blondel, P., Hühnerbach, V., and Deidun, A.: A multi-method approach for benthic habitat mapping of shallow coastal areas with high-resolution multibeam data, Cont. Shelf Res., 39–40, 14–26, 2012.
Morato, T. and Pauly, D.: Seamounts: Biodiversity and fisheries, Fisheries Centre Research Reports, Vol. 12, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada, 78 pp., 2004.
Morato, T., Cheung, W. W. L., and Pitcher, T. J.: Vulnerability of seamount fish to fishing: fuzzy analysis of life-history attributes, J. Fish Biol., 68, 209–221, 2006.
Morato, T., Bulman, C., and Pitcher, T. J.: Modelled effects of primary and secondary production enhancement by seamounts on local fish stocks, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 2713–2719, 2009.
Morato, T., Hoyle, S. D., Allain, V., and Nicol, S. J.: Seamounts are hotspots of pelagic biodiversity in the open ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 9707–9711, 2010.
Morato, T., Kvile, K. Ø., Taranto, G. H., Tempera, F., Narayanaswamy, B. E., Hebbeln, D., Menezes, G. M., Wienberg, C., Santos, R. S., and Pitcher, T. J.: Seamount physiography and biology in the north-east Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 10, 3039–3054, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3039-2013, 2013.
Moskalenko, V. N. and Kogan, L. I.: Sedimentary cover structure in the eastern Azores-Gibraltar zone (the Horseshoe Basin), Geotectonics, 28, 334–343, 1995.
Mulhearn, P. J.: Modelling acoustic backscatter from near-normal incidence echo sounders – Sensitivity analysis of the Jackson model, DSTO, Maritime Operations Division, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia, 35 pp., 2000.
O'Hara, T. D., Rowden, A. A., and Williams, A.: Cold-water coral habitats on seamounts: Do they have a specialist fauna?, Divers. Distrib., 14, 925–934, 2008.
Orejas, C., Ferrier-Pagès, C., Reynaud, S., Gori, A., Beraud, E., Tsounis, G., Allemand, D., and Gili, J. M.: Long-term growth rates of four Mediterranean cold-water coral species maintained in aquaria, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 429, 57–65, 2011.
Pickrill, R. A. and Tood, B. J.: The multiple roles of acoustic mapping in integrated ocean management, Canadian Atlantic continental margin, Ocean Coast. Manage., 46, 601–614, 2003.
Pitcher, T. J., Morato, T., Hart, P. J. B., Clark, M. R., Haggan, N., and Santos, R. S.: Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation, Blackwell Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series, Vol. 12, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 527 pp., 2007.
Pitcher, T. J., Clark, M. R., Morato, T., and Watson, R.: Seamount fisheries: Do they have a future?, Oceanography, 23, 134–144, 2010.
Pourtalès de, L. F.: Reports on the dredging operations of the U.S. Coast Survey Steamer "Blake." Corals and crinoids, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 5, 213–216, pl. 2., 1878.
Probert, P. K., McKnight, D. G., and Grove, S. L.: Benthic invertebrate bycatch from a deep-water trawl fishery, Chatham Rise, New Zealand, Aquat. Conserv., 7, 27-40, 1997.
Richer de Forges, B., Koslow, J. A., and Poore, G. C. B.: Diversity and endemism of the benthic seamount fauna in the southwest Pacific, Nature, 405, 944–947, 2000.
Roark, E. B., Guilderson, T. P., Dunbar, R. B., and Ingram, B. L.: Radiocarbon-based ages and growth rates of Hawaiian deep-sea corals, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 327, 1–14, 2006.
Roberts, J. M., Brown, C. J., Long, D., and Bates, C. R.: Acoustic mapping using a multibeam echosounder reveals cold-water coral reefs and surrounding habitats, Coral Reefs, 24, 654–669, 2005.
Roberts, J. M., Wheeler, A. J., and Freiwald, A.: Reefs of the deep: The biology and geology of cold-water coral ecosystems, Science, 312, 543–547, 2006.
Rogers, A. D.: The biology of seamounts, Adv. Mar. Biol., 30, 305–350, 1994.
Rogers, A. D., Baco, A., Griffiths, H., Hart, T., and Hall-Spencer, J. M.: Corals on seamounts, in: Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation, edited by: Pitcher, T. J., Morato, T., Hart, P. J. B., Clark, M. R., Haggan, N., and Santos, R. S., Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 141-169, 2007.
Rowden, A. A., Dower, J. F., Schlacher, T. A., Consalvey, M., and Clark, M. R.: Paradigms in seamount ecology: fact, fiction and future, Mar. Ecol., 31, 226–241, 2010.
Samadi, S., Bottan, L., Macpherson, E., Richer de Forges, B., and Boisselier, M.-C.: Seamount endemism questioned by the geographical distribution and population genetic structure of marine invertebrates, Mar. Biol., 149, 1463–1475, 2006.
Sánchez, F., Serrano, A., Parra, S., Ballesteros, M., and Cartes, J. E.: Habitat characteristics as determinant of the structure and spatial distribution of epibenthic and demersal communities of Le Danois Bank (Cantabrian Sea, N. Spain), J. Marine Syst., 72, 64–86, 2008.
Schlacher, T. A., Williams, A., Althaus, F., and Schlacher-Hoenlinger, M. A.: High-resolution seabed imagery as a tool for biodiversity conservation planning on continental margins, Mar. Ecol., 31, 200–221, 2010.
Sissenwine, M. P. and Mace, P. M.: Can deep water fisheries be managed sustainably?, Report and Documentation of the Expert Consultation on Deep-Sea fisheries in the High Seas, FAO Fish., 836, 61–111, 2007.
Sorbe, J. C.: Deep-sea macrofaunal assemblages within the benthic boundary layer of the Cap-Ferret Canyon (Bay of Biscay, NE Atlantic ), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 46, 2309–2329, 1999.
Staudigel, H., Koppers, A. A. P., Lavelle, J. W., Pitcher, T. J., and Shank, T. M.: Defining the word "seamount", Oceanography, 23, 20-21, 2010.
Stocks, K.: Seamount invertebrates: composition and vulnerability to fishing, in: Seamounts: biodiversity and fisheries, edited by: Morato, T., and Pauly, D., Fisheries Centre Research Reports, Vol. 12, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 17–24, 2004.
Stramma, L.: Current systems in the Atlantic Ocean, in: Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, edited by: Steele, J. H., Thorpe, S. A., and Turekian, K. K., Academic Press, London, 589–598, 2001.
Surugiu, V., Dauvin, J.-C., Gillet, P., and Ruellet, T.: Can seamounts provide a good habitat for polychaete annelids? Example of the northeastern Atlantic seamounts, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 55, 1515–1531, 2008.
Tseytlin, V. B.: Energetics of fish populations inhabiting seamounts, Oceanography, 25, 237-239, 1985.
van Aken, H. M.: The hydrography of the mid-latitude Northeast Atlantic Ocean II: the intermediate water masses, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 47, 789–824, 2000.
van Oevelen, D., Duineveld, G., Lavaleye, M., Mienis, F., Soetaert, K., and Heip, C. H. R.: The cold-water coral community as a hot spot for carbon cycling on continental margins: A food-web analysis from Rockall Bank (northeast Atlantic), Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 1829–1844, 2009.
van Rein, H., Brown, C. J., Quinn, R., Breen, J., and Schoeman, D.: An evaluation of acoustic seabed classification techniques for marine biotope monitoring over broad-scales (> 1 km$^{2})$ and meso-scales (10 m2–1 km$^{2})$, Estuar. Coast Shelf S., 93, 336–349, 2011.
von Rad, U.: Great Meteor and Josephine Seamounts (eastern North Atlantic): Composition and origin of bioclastic sands, carbonate and pyroclastic rocks, "Meteor"– Forschungsergebnisse, 19, 1–61, 1974.
Wessel, P., Sandwell, D. T., and Kim, S.-S.: The global seamount census, Oceanography, 23, 24–33, 2010.
White, J., Jegat, V., Van Lancker, V., Deleu, S., and Vanstaen, K.: Multibeam echo Sounders, in: Review of Standards and Protocols for Seabed Habitat Mapping. Mapping European Seabed Habitats (MESH), edited by: Coggan, R., Populus, J., White, J., Sheehan, K., Fitzpatrick, F., and Piel, S., Peterborough, UK, 53–72, 2007.
White, M., Mohn, C., de Stigter, H., and Mottram, G.: Deep-water coral development as a function of hydrodynamics and surface productivity around the submarine banks of the Rockall Trough, NE Atlantic, in: Cold-water Corals and Ecosystems, edited by: Freiwald, A., and Roberts, J. M., Springer, Heidelberg, 503–514, 2005.
White, M., Bashmachnikov, I., Aristegui, J., and Martins, A.: Physical processes and seamount productivity, in: Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries & Conservation, edited by: Pitcher, T. J., Morato, T., Hart, P. J. B., Clark, M. R., Haggan, N., and Santos, R. S., Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, 65-84, 2007.
Wienberg, C., Beuck, L., Heidkamp, S., Hebbeln, D., Freiwald, A., Pfannkuche, O., and Monteys, X.: Franken Mound – facies and biocoenosis mapping of a newly-discovered "carbonate mound" at the West Rockall Bank, NE-Atlantic, Facies, 54, 1–24, 2008.
Wienberg, C., Hebbeln, D., Fink, H. G., Mienis, F., Dorschel, B., Vertino, A., López Correa, M., and Freiwald, A.: Scleractinian cold-water corals in the Gulf of Cádiz – first clues about their spatial and temporal distribution, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56, 1873–1893, 2009.
Williams, A., Schlacher, T. A., Rowden, A. A., Althaus, F., Clark, M. R., Bowden, D. A., Stewart, R., Bax, N. J., Consalvey, M., and Kloser, R. J.: Seamount megabenthic assemblages fail to recover from trawling impacts, Mar. Ecol., 31, 183–199, 2010.
Wilson, R. R. and Kaufmann, R. S.: Seamount biota and biogeography, in: Seamounts, Islands, and Atolls, edited by: Keating, B. H., Fryer, P., Batiza, R., and Boehlert, G. W., American Geophysical Union, 355–378, 1987.
Wright, D. J., Lundblad, E. R., Larkin, E. M., Rinehart, R. W., Murphy, J., Cary-Kothera, L., and Draganov, K.: ArcGIS Benthic Terrain Modeler, Corvallis, Oregon, Oregon State University, Davey Jones Locker Seafloor Mapping/Marine GIS Laboratory and NOAA Coastal Services Center. Accessible online at: http://maps.csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/btm, 2005.
Yesson, C., Clark, M. R., Taylor, M. L., and Rogers, A. D.: The global distribution of seamounts based on 30 arc seconds bathymetry data, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 58, 442–453, 2011.
Zitellini, N., Gràcia, E., Matias, L., Terrinha, P., Abreu, M. A., DeAlteriis, G., Henriet, J. P., Dañobeitia, J. J., Masson, D. G., Mulder, T., Ramella, R., Somoza, L., and Diez, S.: The quest for the Africa-Eurasia plate boundary west of the Strait of Gibraltar, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 280, 13–50, 2009.
Special issue
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint