Articles | Volume 17, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-163-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-163-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
16 Jan 2020
Research article |
| 16 Jan 2020
| 16 Jan 2020
A meta-analysis of microcosm experiments shows that dimethyl sulfide (DMS) production in polar waters is insensitive to ocean acidification
Frances E. Hopkins
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
Philip D. Nightingale
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
John A. Stephens
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
C. Mark Moore
Ocean and
Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton,
Southampton, UK
Sophie Richier
Ocean and
Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton,
Southampton, UK
Gemma L. Cripps
Ocean and
Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton,
Southampton, UK
Stephen D. Archer
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Maine,
USA
Related authors
Daniel P. Phillips, Frances E. Hopkins, Thomas G. Bell, Peter S. Liss, Philip D. Nightingale, Claire E. Reeves, Charel Wohl, and Mingxi Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10111–10132, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10111-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10111-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first measurements of the rate of transfer (flux) of three gases between the atmosphere and the ocean, using a direct flux measurement technique, at a coastal site. We show greater atmospheric loss of acetone and acetaldehyde into the ocean than estimated by global models for the open water; importantly, the acetaldehyde transfer direction is opposite to the model estimates. Measured dimethylsulfide fluxes agreed with a recent model. Isoprene fluxes were too weak to be measured.
Richard P. Sims, Ute Schuster, Andrew J. Watson, Ming Xi Yang, Frances E. Hopkins, John Stephens, and Thomas G. Bell
Ocean Sci., 13, 649–660, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-649-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-649-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a near-surface ocean profiler (NSOP) that is deployed from a research vessel. The NSOP is used to sample the top 10 m of the ocean and pumps water back to the research ship for scientific analyses such as for trace gases. The precision in the depth of the seawater collection improves upon previous methods. The NSOP has been used to observe vertical gradients in the upper 5 m for temperature, carbon dioxide and dimethylsulfide.
Alison L. Webb, Emma Leedham-Elvidge, Claire Hughes, Frances E. Hopkins, Gill Malin, Lennart T. Bach, Kai Schulz, Kate Crawfurd, Corina P. D. Brussaard, Annegret Stuhr, Ulf Riebesell, and Peter S. Liss
Biogeosciences, 13, 4595–4613, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4595-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4595-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents concentrations of several trace gases produced by the Baltic Sea phytoplankton community during a mesocosm experiment with five different CO2 levels. Average concentrations of dimethylsulphide were lower in the highest CO2 mesocosms over a 6-week period, corresponding to previous mesocosm experiment results. No dimethylsulfoniopropionate was detected due to a methodological issue. Concentrations of iodine- and bromine-containing halocarbons were unaffected by increasing CO2.
Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Joaquín Ortiz, Stephen D. Archer, Andrea Ludwig, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 21, 2859–2876, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our planet is facing a climate crisis. Scientists are working on innovative solutions that will aid in capturing the hard to abate emissions before it is too late. Exciting research reveals that ocean alkalinity enhancement, a key climate change mitigation strategy, does not harm phytoplankton, the cornerstone of marine ecosystems. Through meticulous study, we may have uncovered a positive relationship: up to a specific limit, enhancing ocean alkalinity boosts photosynthesis by certain species.
Librada Ramírez, Leonardo J. Pozzo-Pirotta, Aja Trebec, Víctor Manzanares-Vázquez, José L. Díez, Javier Arístegui, Ulf Riebesell, Stephen D. Archer, and María Segovia
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-847, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-847, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the potential effects of increasing ocean alkalinity on a natural plankton community in subtropical waters of the Atlantic near Gran Canaria, Spain. Alkalinity is the capacity of water to resist acidification and plankton are usually microscopic plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton), often less than 2,5 cm in length. This study suggests that increasing ocean alkalinity did not have a significant negative impact on the studied plankton community.
Daniel P. Phillips, Frances E. Hopkins, Thomas G. Bell, Peter S. Liss, Philip D. Nightingale, Claire E. Reeves, Charel Wohl, and Mingxi Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10111–10132, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10111-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10111-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first measurements of the rate of transfer (flux) of three gases between the atmosphere and the ocean, using a direct flux measurement technique, at a coastal site. We show greater atmospheric loss of acetone and acetaldehyde into the ocean than estimated by global models for the open water; importantly, the acetaldehyde transfer direction is opposite to the model estimates. Measured dimethylsulfide fluxes agreed with a recent model. Isoprene fluxes were too weak to be measured.
Angela A. Bahamondes Dominguez, Anna E. Hickman, Robert Marsh, and C. Mark Moore
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4019–4040, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4019-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4019-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The central Celtic Sea has previously been studied with a 1-D model called S2P3, showing discrepancies between observations and the model results due to poor representation of some processes. Therefore, the S2P3 model was developed to include zooplankton and phytoplankton cells' adaptation to changes in irradiance. Results demonstrate that better agreement with biological observations can be achieved when the model includes these processes and is adequately constrained.
Hannah K. Donald, Gavin L. Foster, Nico Fröhberg, George E. A. Swann, Alex J. Poulton, C. Mark Moore, and Matthew P. Humphreys
Biogeosciences, 17, 2825–2837, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2825-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2825-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The boron isotope pH proxy is increasingly being used to reconstruct ocean pH in the past. Here we detail a novel analytical methodology for measuring the boron isotopic composition (δ11B) of diatom opal and apply this to the study of the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii grown in culture over a range of pH. To our knowledge this is the first study of its kind and provides unique insights into the way in which diatoms incorporate boron and their potential as archives of palaeoclimate records.
Charel Wohl, Ian Brown, Vassilis Kitidis, Anna E. Jones, William T. Sturges, Philip D. Nightingale, and Mingxi Yang
Biogeosciences, 17, 2593–2619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans represent a poorly understood source of organic carbon to the atmosphere. In this paper, we present ship-based measurements of specific compounds in ambient air and seawater of the Southern Ocean. We present fluxes of these gases between air and sea at very high resolution. The data also contain evidence for day and night variations in some of these compounds. These measurements can be used to better understand the role of the Southern Ocean in the cycling of these compounds.
Pieter Demuynck, Toby Tyrrell, Alberto Naveira Garabato, Mark Christopher Moore, and Adrian Peter Martin
Biogeosciences, 17, 2289–2314, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2289-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2289-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The availability of macronutrients N and Si is of key importance to sustain life in the Southern Ocean. N and Si are available in abundance at the southern boundary of the Southern Ocean due to constant supply from the deep ocean. In the more northern regions of the Southern Ocean, a decline in macronutrient concentration is noticed, especially strong for Si rather than N. This paper uses a simplified biogeochemical model to investigate processes responsible for this decline in concentration.
Thomas Holding, Ian G. Ashton, Jamie D. Shutler, Peter E. Land, Philip D. Nightingale, Andrew P. Rees, Ian Brown, Jean-Francois Piolle, Annette Kock, Hermann W. Bange, David K. Woolf, Lonneke Goddijn-Murphy, Ryan Pereira, Frederic Paul, Fanny Girard-Ardhuin, Bertrand Chapron, Gregor Rehder, Fabrice Ardhuin, and Craig J. Donlon
Ocean Sci., 15, 1707–1728, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1707-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1707-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
FluxEngine is an open-source software toolbox designed to allow for the easy and accurate calculation of air–sea gas fluxes. This article describes new functionality and capabilities, which include the ability to calculate fluxes for nitrous oxide and methane, optimisation for running FluxEngine on a stand-alone desktop computer, and extensive new features to support the in situ measurement community. Four research case studies are used to demonstrate these new features.
Charel Wohl, David Capelle, Anna Jones, William T. Sturges, Philip D. Nightingale, Brent G. T. Else, and Mingxi Yang
Ocean Sci., 15, 925–940, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-925-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-925-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present a gas equilibrator that can be used to equilibrate gases continuously or in discrete samples from seawater into a carrier gas. The headspace is analysed by a commercially available proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer. This allows for the measurement of a broad range of dissolved gases up to a very high solubility in seawater. The main advantage of this equilibrator is its unique design and ease of reproducibility.
Mingxi Yang, Thomas G. Bell, Ian J. Brown, James R. Fishwick, Vassilis Kitidis, Philip D. Nightingale, Andrew P. Rees, and Timothy J. Smyth
Biogeosciences, 16, 961–978, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the emissions and uptake of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane from the coastal seas of the UK over 1 year using the state-of-the-art eddy covariance technique. Our measurements show how these air–sea fluxes vary twice a day (tidal), diurnally (circadian) and seasonally. We also estimate the air–sea gas transfer velocity, which is essential for modelling and predicting coastal air-sea exchange.
Stephanie L. Sargeant, J. Colin Murrell, Philip D. Nightingale, and Joanna L. Dixon
Biogeosciences, 15, 5155–5167, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5155-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5155-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Methanol is a climate-active gas and the most abundant oxygenated volatile organic compound in the atmosphere and seawater. This study uniquely combines methanol tracer uptake experiments with 16S rRNA pyrosequencing to show basin-wide microbial methanol uptake throughout the top 200 m of the Atlantic Ocean. These rates showed a positive correlation with the numbers of SAR11 16S rRNA gene sequences, suggesting these numerous bacteria are important sinks for methanol in seawater.
Richard P. Sims, Ute Schuster, Andrew J. Watson, Ming Xi Yang, Frances E. Hopkins, John Stephens, and Thomas G. Bell
Ocean Sci., 13, 649–660, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-649-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-649-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a near-surface ocean profiler (NSOP) that is deployed from a research vessel. The NSOP is used to sample the top 10 m of the ocean and pumps water back to the research ship for scientific analyses such as for trace gases. The precision in the depth of the seawater collection improves upon previous methods. The NSOP has been used to observe vertical gradients in the upper 5 m for temperature, carbon dioxide and dimethylsulfide.
Alison L. Webb, Emma Leedham-Elvidge, Claire Hughes, Frances E. Hopkins, Gill Malin, Lennart T. Bach, Kai Schulz, Kate Crawfurd, Corina P. D. Brussaard, Annegret Stuhr, Ulf Riebesell, and Peter S. Liss
Biogeosciences, 13, 4595–4613, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4595-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4595-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents concentrations of several trace gases produced by the Baltic Sea phytoplankton community during a mesocosm experiment with five different CO2 levels. Average concentrations of dimethylsulphide were lower in the highest CO2 mesocosms over a 6-week period, corresponding to previous mesocosm experiment results. No dimethylsulfoniopropionate was detected due to a methodological issue. Concentrations of iodine- and bromine-containing halocarbons were unaffected by increasing CO2.
Mingxi Yang, Thomas G. Bell, Frances E. Hopkins, Vassilis Kitidis, Pierre W. Cazenave, Philip D. Nightingale, Margaret J. Yelland, Robin W. Pascal, John Prytherch, Ian M. Brooks, and Timothy J. Smyth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5745–5761, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5745-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5745-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal seas are sources of methane in the atmosphere and can fluctuate from emitting to absorbing carbon dioxide. Direct air–sea transport measurements of these two greenhouse gases in near shore regions remain scarce. From a recently established coastal atmospheric station on the south-west coast of the UK, we observed that the oceanic absorption of carbon dioxide peaked during the phytoplankton bloom, while methane emission varied with the tidal cycle, likely due to an estuary influence.
F. E. Hopkins and S. D. Archer
Biogeosciences, 11, 4925–4940, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4925-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4925-2014, 2014
M. Yang, R. Beale, P. Liss, M. Johnson, B. Blomquist, and P. Nightingale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7499–7517, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7499-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7499-2014, 2014
F. Ziska, B. Quack, K. Abrahamsson, S. D. Archer, E. Atlas, T. Bell, J. H. Butler, L. J. Carpenter, C. E. Jones, N. R. P. Harris, H. Hepach, K. G. Heumann, C. Hughes, J. Kuss, K. Krüger, P. Liss, R. M. Moore, A. Orlikowska, S. Raimund, C. E. Reeves, W. Reifenhäuser, A. D. Robinson, C. Schall, T. Tanhua, S. Tegtmeier, S. Turner, L. Wang, D. Wallace, J. Williams, H. Yamamoto, S. Yvon-Lewis, and Y. Yokouchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8915–8934, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013, 2013
F. E. Hopkins, S. A. Kimmance, J. A. Stephens, R. G. J. Bellerby, C. P. D. Brussaard, J. Czerny, K. G. Schulz, and S. D. Archer
Biogeosciences, 10, 2331–2345, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2331-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2331-2013, 2013
S. D. Archer, S. A. Kimmance, J. A. Stephens, F. E. Hopkins, R. G. J. Bellerby, K. G. Schulz, J. Piontek, and A. Engel
Biogeosciences, 10, 1893–1908, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1893-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1893-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Earth System Science/Response to Global Change: Climate Change
Responses of field-grown maize to different soil types, water regimes, and contrasting vapor pressure deficit
Effect of the 2022 summer drought across forest types in Europe
Effect of terrestrial nutrient limitation on the estimation of the remaining carbon budget
Projected changes in forest fire season, the number of fires, and burnt area in Fennoscandia by 2100
New ozone–nitrogen model shows early senescence onset is the primary cause of ozone-induced reduction in grain quality of wheat
Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios
Variations of polyphenols and carbohydrates of Emiliania huxleyi grown under simulated ocean acidification conditions
Modelling the nutritional implications of ozone on wheat protein and amino acids
Global and regional hydrological impacts of global forest expansion
The biological and preformed carbon pumps in perpetually slower and warmer oceans
The Effectiveness of Agricultural Carbon Dioxide Removal using the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model
Toward more robust NPP projections in the North Atlantic Ocean
The Southern Ocean as the climate's freight train – driving ongoing global warming under zero-emission scenarios with ACCESS-ESM1.5
Review and syntheses: Ocean alkalinity enhancement and carbon dioxide removal through coastal enhanced silicate weathering with olivine
Mapping the future afforestation distribution of China constrained by a national afforestation plan and climate change
Southern Ocean phytoplankton under climate change: a shifting balance of bottom-up and top-down control
Coherency and time lag analyses between MODIS vegetation indices and climate across forests and grasslands in the European temperate zone
Direct foliar phosphorus uptake from wildfire ash
Unifying framework for assessing sensitivity for marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement identifies winners, losers and biological thresholds – importance of caution with precautionary principle
The effect of forest cover changes on the regional climate conditions in Europe during the period 1986–2015
Carbon cycle feedbacks in an idealized simulation and a scenario simulation of negative emissions in CMIP6 Earth system models
Divergent responses of evergreen needle-leaf forests in Europe to the 2020 warm winter
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the increase in ocean acidity extremes in the northeastern Pacific
Particle fluxes by subtropical pelagic communities under ocean alkalinity enhancement
Anthropogenic climate change drives non-stationary phytoplankton internal variability
The response of wildfire regimes to Last Glacial Maximum carbon dioxide and climate
Simulated responses of soil carbon to climate change in CMIP6 Earth system models: the role of false priming
Alkalinity biases in CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for simulated CO2 drawdown via artificial alkalinity enhancement
Experiments of the efficacy of tree ring blue intensity as a climate proxy in central and western China
Burned area and carbon emissions across northwestern boreal North America from 2001–2019
Quantifying land carbon cycle feedbacks under negative CO2 emissions
The potential of an increased deciduous forest fraction to mitigate the effects of heat extremes in Europe
Ideas and perspectives: Alleviation of functional limitations by soil organisms is key to climate feedbacks from arctic soils
A comparison of the climate and carbon cycle effects of carbon removal by afforestation and an equivalent reduction in fossil fuel emissions
Stability of alkalinity in ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) approaches – consequences for durability of CO2 storage
Ideas and perspectives: Land–ocean connectivity through groundwater
Bioclimatic change as a function of global warming from CMIP6 climate projections
Reconciling different approaches to quantifying land surface temperature impacts of afforestation using satellite observations
Drivers of intermodel uncertainty in land carbon sink projections
Reviews and syntheses: A framework to observe, understand and project ecosystem response to environmental change in the East Antarctic Southern Ocean
Acidification impacts and acclimation potential of Caribbean benthic foraminifera assemblages in naturally discharging low-pH water
Monitoring vegetation condition using microwave remote sensing: the standardized vegetation optical depth index (SVODI)
Evaluation of soil carbon simulation in CMIP6 Earth system models
Diazotrophy as a key driver of the response of marine net primary productivity to climate change
Impact of negative and positive CO2 emissions on global warming metrics using an ensemble of Earth system model simulations
Acidification, deoxygenation, and nutrient and biomass declines in a warming Mediterranean Sea
Ocean alkalinity enhancement – avoiding runaway CaCO3 precipitation during quick and hydrated lime dissolution
Assessment of the impacts of biological nitrogen fixation structural uncertainty in CMIP6 earth system models
Soil carbon loss in warmed subarctic grasslands is rapid and restricted to topsoil
The European forest carbon budget under future climate conditions and current management practices
Thuy Huu Nguyen, Thomas Gaiser, Jan Vanderborght, Andrea Schnepf, Felix Bauer, Anja Klotzsche, Lena Lärm, Hubert Hüging, and Frank Ewert
Biogeosciences, 21, 5495–5515, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Leaf water potential was at certain thresholds, depending on soil type, water treatment, and weather conditions. In rainfed plots, the lower water availability in the stony soil resulted in fewer roots with a higher root tissue conductance than the silty soil. In the silty soil, higher stress in the rainfed soil led to more roots with a lower root tissue conductance than in the irrigated plot. Crop responses to water stress can be opposite, depending on soil water conditions that are compared.
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Jingfeng Xiao, Xing Li, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 5481–5494, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5481-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5481-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 2022, Europe's forests faced unprecedented dry conditions. Our study aimed to understand how different forest types respond to extreme drought. Using meteorological data and satellite imagery, we compared 2022 with two previous extreme years, 2003 and 2018. Despite less severe drought in 2022, forests showed a 30 % greater decline in photosynthesis compared to 2018 and 60 % more than 2003. This suggests an alarming level of vulnerability of forests across Europe to more frequent droughts.
Makcim L. De Sisto and Andrew H. MacDougall
Biogeosciences, 21, 4853–4873, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4853-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4853-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The remaining carbon budget (RCB) represents the allowable future CO2 emissions before a temperature target is reached. Understanding the uncertainty in the RCB is critical for effective climate regulation and policy-making. One major source of uncertainty is the representation of the carbon cycle in Earth system models. We assessed how nutrient limitation affects the estimation of the RCB. We found a reduction in the estimated RCB when nutrient limitation is taken into account.
Outi Kinnunen, Leif Backman, Juha Aalto, Tuula Aalto, and Tiina Markkanen
Biogeosciences, 21, 4739–4763, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4739-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4739-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is expected to increase the risk of forest fires. Ecosystem process model simulations are used to project changes in fire occurrence in Fennoscandia under six climate projections. The findings suggest a longer fire season, more fires, and an increase in burnt area towards the end of the century.
Jo Cook, Clare Brewster, Felicity Hayes, Nathan Booth, Sam Bland, Pritha Pande, Samarthia Thankappan, Håkan Pleijel, and Lisa Emberson
Biogeosciences, 21, 4809–4835, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
At ground level, the air pollutant ozone (O3) damages wheat yield and quality. We modified the DO3SE-Crop model to simulate O3 effects on wheat quality and identified onset of leaf death as the key process affecting wheat quality upon O3 exposure. This aligns with expectations, as the onset of leaf death aids nutrient transfer from leaves to grains. Breeders should prioritize wheat varieties resistant to protein loss from delayed leaf death, to maintain yield and quality under O3 exposure.
Niels Suitner, Giulia Faucher, Carl Lim, Julieta Schneider, Charly A. Moras, Ulf Riebesell, and Jens Hartmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 4587–4604, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Recent studies described the precipitation of carbonates as a result of alkalinity enhancement in seawater, which could adversely affect the carbon sequestration potential of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) approaches. By conducting experiments in natural seawater, this study observed uniform patterns during the triggered runaway carbonate precipitation, which allow the prediction of safe and efficient local application levels of OAE scenarios.
Milagros Rico, Paula Santiago-Díaz, Guillermo Samperio-Ramos, Melchor González-Dávila, and Juana Magdalena Santana-Casiano
Biogeosciences, 21, 4381–4394, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in pH generate stress conditions, either because high pH drastically decreases the availability of trace metals such as Fe(II), a restrictive element for primary productivity, or because reactive oxygen species are increased with low pH. The metabolic functions and composition of microalgae can be affected. These modifications in metabolites are potential factors leading to readjustments in phytoplankton community structure and diversity and possible alteration in marine ecosystems.
Jo Cook, Durgesh Singh Yadav, Felicity Hayes, Nathan Booth, Sam Bland, Pritha Pande, Samarthia Thankappan, and Lisa Emberson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2968, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2968, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) pollution reduces wheat yields and quality in India, affecting amino acids essential for nutrition, like lysine and methionine. Here, we improve the DO3SE-CropN model to simulate wheat’s protective processes against O3 and their impact on protein and amino acid concentrations. While the model captures O3-induced yield losses, it underestimates amino acid reductions. Further research is needed to refine the model, enabling future risk assessments of O3's impact on yields and nutrition.
James A. King, James Weber, Peter Lawrence, Stephanie Roe, Abigail L. S. Swann, and Maria Val Martin
Biogeosciences, 21, 3883–3902, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tackling climate change by adding, restoring, or enhancing forests is gaining global support. However, it is important to investigate the broader implications of this. We used a computer model of the Earth to investigate a future where tree cover expanded as much as possible. We found that some tropical areas were cooler because of trees pumping water into the atmosphere, but this also led to soil and rivers drying. This is important because it might be harder to maintain forests as a result.
Benoît Pasquier, Mark Holzer, and Matthew A. Chamberlain
Biogeosciences, 21, 3373–3400, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3373-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3373-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
How do perpetually slower and warmer oceans sequester carbon? Compared to the preindustrial state, we find that biological productivity declines despite warming-stimulated growth because of a lower nutrient supply from depth. This throttles the biological carbon pump, which still sequesters more carbon because it takes longer to return to the surface. The deep ocean is isolated from the surface, allowing more carbon from the atmosphere to pass through the ocean without contributing to biology.
Rebecca Chloe Evans and H. Damon Matthews
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1810, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1810, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To mitigate our impact on the climate, research suggests that we will need to both drastically reduce emissions and perform carbon dioxide removal (CDR). We simulated future climates under three emissions scenarios, in which we removed some carbon from the air and put it into agricultural soil at varying rates. We found that agricultural CDR is much more effective at reducing global temperatures if done in a low emissions scenario and at a high rate, and it becomes less effective with time.
Stéphane Doléac, Marina Lévy, Roy El Hourany, and Laurent Bopp
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1820, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1820, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton net primary production (NPP) is influenced by many processes, and their representation varies across Earth-system models. This leads to differing projections for NPP's future under climate change, especially in the North Atlantic. To address this, we identified and assessed the processes controlling NPP in each model. This assessment helped us select the most reliable models, significantly improving NPP projections in the region.
Matthew A. Chamberlain, Tilo Ziehn, and Rachel M. Law
Biogeosciences, 21, 3053–3073, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3053-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3053-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores the climate processes that drive increasing global average temperatures in zero-emission commitment (ZEC) simulations despite decreasing atmospheric CO2. ACCESS-ESM1.5 shows the Southern Ocean to continue to warm locally in all ZEC simulations. In ZEC simulations that start after the emission of more than 1000 Pg of carbon, the influence of the Southern Ocean increases the global temperature.
Luna J. J. Geerts, Astrid Hylén, and Filip J. R. Meysman
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1824, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1824, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal enhanced silicate weathering (CESW) with olivine is a promising method for capturing CO2 from the atmosphere, yet studies in field conditions are lacking. We bridge the gap between theoretical studies and the real-world environment by estimating the predictability of CESW parameters and identifying aspects to consider when applying CESW. A major source of uncertainty is the lack of experimental studies with sediment, which can heavily influence the speed and efficiency of CO2 drawdown.
Shuaifeng Song, Xuezhen Zhang, and Xiaodong Yan
Biogeosciences, 21, 2839–2858, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2839-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2839-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We mapped the distribution of future potential afforestation regions based on future high-resolution climate data and climate–vegetation models. After considering the national afforestation policy and climate change, we found that the future potential afforestation region was mainly located around and to the east of the Hu Line. This study provides a dataset for exploring the effects of future afforestation.
Tianfei Xue, Jens Terhaar, A. E. Friederike Prowe, Thomas L. Frölicher, Andreas Oschlies, and Ivy Frenger
Biogeosciences, 21, 2473–2491, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2473-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2473-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton play a crucial role in marine ecosystems. However, climate change's impact on phytoplankton biomass remains uncertain, particularly in the Southern Ocean. In this region, phytoplankton biomass within the water column is likely to remain stable in response to climate change, as supported by models. This stability arises from a shallower mixed layer, favoring phytoplankton growth but also increasing zooplankton grazing due to phytoplankton concentration near the surface.
Kinga Kulesza and Agata Hościło
Biogeosciences, 21, 2509–2527, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present coherence and time lags in spectral response of three vegetation types in the European temperate zone to the influencing meteorological factors and teleconnection indices for the period 2002–2022. Vegetation condition in broadleaved forest, coniferous forest and pastures was measured with MODIS NDVI and EVI, and the coherence between NDVI and EVI and meteorological elements was described using the methods of wavelet coherence and Pearson’s linear correlation with time lag.
Anton Lokshin, Daniel Palchan, and Avner Gross
Biogeosciences, 21, 2355–2365, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2355-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2355-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ash particles from wildfires are rich in phosphorus (P), a crucial nutrient that constitutes a limiting factor in 43 % of the world's land ecosystems. We hypothesize that wildfire ash could directly contribute to plant nutrition. We find that fire ash application boosts the growth of plants, but the only way plants can uptake P from fire ash is through the foliar uptake pathway and not through the roots. The fertilization impact of fire ash was also maintained under elevated levels of CO2.
Nina Bednaršek, Greg Pelletier, Hanna van de Mortel, Marisol García-Reyes, Richard Feely, and Andrew Dickson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-947, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-947, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The environmental impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) are unknown. A conceptual framework was developed showing 40 % of species to respond positively, 20 % negatively and 40 % with neutral response upon alkalinity addition. Biological thresholds were found between 10 to 500 µmol/kg NaOH addition, emphasizing lab experiments to be conducted at lower dosages. A precautionary approach is warranted to avoid potential risks.
Marcus Breil, Vanessa K. M. Schneider, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Biogeosciences, 21, 811–824, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The general impact of afforestation on the regional climate conditions in Europe during the period 1986–2015 is investigated. For this purpose, a regional climate model simulation is performed, in which afforestation during this period is considered, and results are compared to a simulation in which this is not the case. Results show that afforestation had discernible impacts on the climate change signal in Europe, which may have mitigated the local warming trend, especially in summer in Europe.
Ali Asaadi, Jörg Schwinger, Hanna Lee, Jerry Tjiputra, Vivek Arora, Roland Séférian, Spencer Liddicoat, Tomohiro Hajima, Yeray Santana-Falcón, and Chris D. Jones
Biogeosciences, 21, 411–435, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-411-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-411-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon cycle feedback metrics are employed to assess phases of positive and negative CO2 emissions. When emissions become negative, we find that the model disagreement in feedback metrics increases more strongly than expected from the assumption that the uncertainties accumulate linearly with time. The geographical patterns of such metrics over land highlight that differences in response between tropical/subtropical and temperate/boreal ecosystems are a major source of model disagreement.
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Lukas Hörtnagl, Luana Krebs, Nicola Arriga, Mirco Migliavacca, Marilyn Roland, Bert Gielen, Leonardo Montagnani, Enrico Tomelleri, Ladislav Šigut, Matthias Peichl, Peng Zhao, Marius Schmidt, Thomas Grünwald, Mika Korkiakoski, Annalea Lohila, and Nina Buchmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2964, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2964, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Effect of winter warming on forest CO2 fluxes has rarely been investigated. We tested the effect of the warm winter in 2020 on the forest CO2 fluxes across 14 sites in Europe and found that in colder sites net ecosystem productivity (NEP) declined during the warm winter, while in the warmer sites NEP increased. Warming leads to increased respiration fluxes but if not translated into a direct warming of the soil might not enhance productivity, if the soil within the rooting zone remains frozen.
Flora Desmet, Matthias Münnich, and Nicolas Gruber
Biogeosciences, 20, 5151–5175, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5151-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5151-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean acidity extremes in the upper 250 m depth of the northeastern Pacific rapidly increase with atmospheric CO2 rise, which is worrisome for marine organisms that rapidly experience pH levels outside their local environmental conditions. Presented research shows the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in this increase between regions and depths. In particular, the subsurface increase is substantially slowed down by the presence of mesoscale eddies, often not resolved in Earth system models.
Philipp Suessle, Jan Taucher, Silvan Goldenberg, Moritz Baumann, Kristian Spilling, Andrea Noche-Ferreira, Mari Vanharanta, and Ulf Riebesell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2800, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2800, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a negative emission technology which may alter marine communities and the particle export they drive. Here, impacts of carbonate-based OAE on the flux and attenuation of sinking particles in an oligotrophic plankton community are presented. Whilst biological parameters remained unaffected, abiotic carbonate precipitation occurred. Among counteracting OAE’s efficiency, it influenced mineral ballasting and particle sinking velocities, requiring monitoring.
Geneviève W. Elsworth, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Kristen M. Krumhardt, Thomas M. Marchitto, and Sarah Schlunegger
Biogeosciences, 20, 4477–4490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic climate change will influence marine phytoplankton over the coming century. Here, we quantify the influence of anthropogenic climate change on marine phytoplankton internal variability using an Earth system model ensemble and identify a decline in global phytoplankton biomass variance with warming. Our results suggest that climate mitigation efforts that account for marine phytoplankton changes should also consider changes in phytoplankton variance driven by anthropogenic warming.
Olivia Haas, Iain Colin Prentice, and Sandy P. Harrison
Biogeosciences, 20, 3981–3995, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3981-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3981-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the impact of CO2 and climate on global patterns of burnt area, fire size, and intensity under Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) conditions using three climate scenarios. Climate change alone did not produce the observed LGM reduction in burnt area, but low CO2 did through reducing vegetation productivity. Fire intensity was sensitive to CO2 but strongly affected by changes in atmospheric dryness. Low CO2 caused smaller fires; climate had the opposite effect except in the driest scenario.
Rebecca M. Varney, Sarah E. Chadburn, Eleanor J. Burke, Simon Jones, Andy J. Wiltshire, and Peter M. Cox
Biogeosciences, 20, 3767–3790, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3767-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3767-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates soil carbon projections during the 21st century in CMIP6 Earth system models. In general, we find a reduced spread of changes in global soil carbon in CMIP6 compared to the previous CMIP5 generation. The reduced CMIP6 spread arises from an emergent relationship between soil carbon changes due to change in plant productivity and soil carbon changes due to changes in turnover time. We show that this relationship is consistent with false priming under transient climate change.
Claudia Hinrichs, Peter Köhler, Christoph Völker, and Judith Hauck
Biogeosciences, 20, 3717–3735, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3717-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3717-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the alkalinity distribution in 14 climate models and found that most models underestimate alkalinity at the surface and overestimate it in the deeper ocean. It highlights the need for better understanding and quantification of processes driving alkalinity distribution and calcium carbonate dissolution and the importance of accounting for biases in model results when evaluating potential ocean alkalinity enhancement experiments.
Yonghong Zheng, Huanfeng Shen, Rory Abernethy, and Rob Wilson
Biogeosciences, 20, 3481–3490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3481-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3481-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Investigations in central and western China show that tree ring inverted latewood intensity expresses a strong positive relationship with growing-season temperatures, indicating exciting potential for regions south of 30° N that are traditionally not targeted for temperature reconstructions. Earlywood BI also shows good potential to reconstruct hydroclimate parameters in some humid areas and will enhance ring-width-based hydroclimate reconstructions in the future.
Stefano Potter, Sol Cooperdock, Sander Veraverbeke, Xanthe Walker, Michelle C. Mack, Scott J. Goetz, Jennifer Baltzer, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, Arden Burrell, Catherine Dieleman, Nancy French, Stijn Hantson, Elizabeth E. Hoy, Liza Jenkins, Jill F. Johnstone, Evan S. Kane, Susan M. Natali, James T. Randerson, Merritt R. Turetsky, Ellen Whitman, Elizabeth Wiggins, and Brendan M. Rogers
Biogeosciences, 20, 2785–2804, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2785-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2785-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we developed a new burned-area detection algorithm between 2001–2019 across Alaska and Canada at 500 m resolution. We estimate 2.37 Mha burned annually between 2001–2019 over the domain, emitting 79.3 Tg C per year, with a mean combustion rate of 3.13 kg C m−2. We found larger-fire years were generally associated with greater mean combustion. The burned-area and combustion datasets described here can be used for local- to continental-scale applications of boreal fire science.
V. Rachel Chimuka, Claude-Michel Nzotungicimpaye, and Kirsten Zickfeld
Biogeosciences, 20, 2283–2299, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2283-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2283-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new method to quantify carbon cycle feedbacks under negative CO2 emissions. Our method isolates the lagged carbon cycle response to preceding positive emissions from the response to negative emissions. Our findings suggest that feedback parameters calculated with the novel approach are larger than those calculated with the conventional approach whereby carbon cycle inertia is not corrected for, with implications for the effectiveness of carbon dioxide removal in reducing CO2 levels.
Marcus Breil, Annabell Weber, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Biogeosciences, 20, 2237–2250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2237-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2237-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A promising strategy for mitigating burdens of heat extremes in Europe is to replace dark coniferous forests with brighter deciduous forests. The consequence of this would be reduced absorption of solar radiation, which should reduce the intensities of heat periods. In this study, we show that deciduous forests have a certain cooling effect on heat period intensities in Europe. However, the magnitude of the temperature reduction is quite small.
Gesche Blume-Werry, Jonatan Klaminder, Eveline J. Krab, and Sylvain Monteux
Biogeosciences, 20, 1979–1990, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1979-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1979-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Northern soils store a lot of carbon. Most research has focused on how this carbon storage is regulated by cold temperatures. However, it is soil organisms, from minute bacteria to large earthworms, that decompose the organic material. Novel soil organisms from further south could increase decomposition rates more than climate change does and lead to carbon losses. We therefore advocate for including soil organisms when predicting the fate of soil functions in warming northern ecosystems.
Koramanghat Unnikrishnan Jayakrishnan and Govindasamy Bala
Biogeosciences, 20, 1863–1877, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1863-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1863-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Afforestation and reducing fossil fuel emissions are two important mitigation strategies to reduce the amount of global warming. Our work shows that reducing fossil fuel emissions is relatively more effective than afforestation for the same amount of carbon removed from the atmosphere. However, understanding of the processes that govern the biophysical effects of afforestation should be improved before considering our results for climate policy.
Jens Hartmann, Niels Suitner, Carl Lim, Julieta Schneider, Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Phil Renforth, Jan Taucher, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 781–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
CO2 can be stored in the ocean via increasing alkalinity of ocean water. Alkalinity can be created via dissolution of alkaline materials, like limestone or soda. Presented research studies boundaries for increasing alkalinity in seawater. The best way to increase alkalinity was found using an equilibrated solution, for example as produced from reactors. Adding particles for dissolution into seawater on the other hand produces the risk of losing alkalinity and degassing of CO2 to the atmosphere.
Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Amir Haroon, Hermann W. Bange, Ercan Erkul, Marion Jegen, Nils Moosdorf, Jens Schneider von Deimling, Christian Berndt, Michael Ernst Böttcher, Jasper Hoffmann, Volker Liebetrau, Ulf Mallast, Gudrun Massmann, Aaron Micallef, Holly A. Michael, Hendrik Paasche, Wolfgang Rabbel, Isaac Santos, Jan Scholten, Katrin Schwalenberg, Beata Szymczycha, Ariel T. Thomas, Joonas J. Virtasalo, Hannelore Waska, and Bradley A. Weymer
Biogeosciences, 20, 647–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater flows at the land–ocean transition and the extent of freshened groundwater below the seafloor are increasingly relevant in marine sciences, both because they are a highly uncertain term of biogeochemical budgets and due to the emerging interest in the latter as a resource. Here, we discuss our perspectives on future research directions to better understand land–ocean connectivity through groundwater and its potential responses to natural and human-induced environmental changes.
Morgan Sparey, Peter Cox, and Mark S. Williamson
Biogeosciences, 20, 451–488, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-451-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-451-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate climate models are vital for mitigating climate change; however, projections often disagree. Using Köppen–Geiger bioclimate classifications we show that CMIP6 climate models agree well on the fraction of global land surface that will change classification per degree of global warming. We find that 13 % of land will change climate per degree of warming from 1 to 3 K; thus, stabilising warming at 1.5 rather than 2 K would save over 7.5 million square kilometres from bioclimatic change.
Huanhuan Wang, Chao Yue, and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Biogeosciences, 20, 75–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-75-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-75-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provided a synthesis of three influential methods to quantify afforestation impact on surface temperature. Results showed that actual effect following afforestation was highly dependent on afforestation fraction. When full afforestation is assumed, the actual effect approaches the potential effect. We provided evidence the afforestation faction is a key factor in reconciling different methods and emphasized that it should be considered for surface cooling impacts in policy evaluation.
Ryan S. Padrón, Lukas Gudmundsson, Laibao Liu, Vincent Humphrey, and Sonia I. Seneviratne
Biogeosciences, 19, 5435–5448, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5435-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5435-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The answer to how much carbon land ecosystems are projected to remove from the atmosphere until 2100 is different for each Earth system model. We find that differences across models are primarily explained by the annual land carbon sink dependence on temperature and soil moisture, followed by the dependence on CO2 air concentration, and by average climate conditions. Our insights on why each model projects a relatively high or low land carbon sink can help to reduce the underlying uncertainty.
Julian Gutt, Stefanie Arndt, David Keith Alan Barnes, Horst Bornemann, Thomas Brey, Olaf Eisen, Hauke Flores, Huw Griffiths, Christian Haas, Stefan Hain, Tore Hattermann, Christoph Held, Mario Hoppema, Enrique Isla, Markus Janout, Céline Le Bohec, Heike Link, Felix Christopher Mark, Sebastien Moreau, Scarlett Trimborn, Ilse van Opzeeland, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Fokje Schaafsma, Katharina Teschke, Sandra Tippenhauer, Anton Van de Putte, Mia Wege, Daniel Zitterbart, and Dieter Piepenburg
Biogeosciences, 19, 5313–5342, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5313-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5313-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term ecological observations are key to assess, understand and predict impacts of environmental change on biotas. We present a multidisciplinary framework for such largely lacking investigations in the East Antarctic Southern Ocean, combined with case studies, experimental and modelling work. As climate change is still minor here but is projected to start soon, the timely implementation of this framework provides the unique opportunity to document its ecological impacts from the very onset.
Daniel François, Adina Paytan, Olga Maria Oliveira de Araújo, Ricardo Tadeu Lopes, and Cátia Fernandes Barbosa
Biogeosciences, 19, 5269–5285, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5269-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5269-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our analysis revealed that under the two most conservative acidification projections foraminifera assemblages did not display considerable changes. However, a significant decrease in species richness was observed when pH decreases to 7.7 pH units, indicating adverse effects under high-acidification scenarios. A micro-CT analysis revealed that calcified tests of Archaias angulatus were of lower density in low pH, suggesting no acclimation capacity for this species.
Leander Moesinger, Ruxandra-Maria Zotta, Robin van der Schalie, Tracy Scanlon, Richard de Jeu, and Wouter Dorigo
Biogeosciences, 19, 5107–5123, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The standardized vegetation optical depth index (SVODI) can be used to monitor the vegetation condition, such as whether the vegetation is unusually dry or wet. SVODI has global coverage, spans the past 3 decades and is derived from multiple spaceborne passive microwave sensors of that period. SVODI is based on a new probabilistic merging method that allows the merging of normally distributed data even if the data are not gap-free.
Rebecca M. Varney, Sarah E. Chadburn, Eleanor J. Burke, and Peter M. Cox
Biogeosciences, 19, 4671–4704, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4671-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4671-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil carbon is the Earth’s largest terrestrial carbon store, and the response to climate change represents one of the key uncertainties in obtaining accurate global carbon budgets required to successfully militate against climate change. The ability of climate models to simulate present-day soil carbon is therefore vital. This study assesses soil carbon simulation in the latest ensemble of models which allows key areas for future model development to be identified.
Laurent Bopp, Olivier Aumont, Lester Kwiatkowski, Corentin Clerc, Léonard Dupont, Christian Ethé, Thomas Gorgues, Roland Séférian, and Alessandro Tagliabue
Biogeosciences, 19, 4267–4285, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4267-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4267-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of anthropogenic climate change on the biological production of phytoplankton in the ocean is a cause for concern because its evolution could affect the response of marine ecosystems to climate change. Here, we identify biological N fixation and its response to future climate change as a key process in shaping the future evolution of marine phytoplankton production. Our results show that further study of how this nitrogen fixation responds to environmental change is essential.
Negar Vakilifard, Richard G. Williams, Philip B. Holden, Katherine Turner, Neil R. Edwards, and David J. Beerling
Biogeosciences, 19, 4249–4265, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4249-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4249-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To remain within the Paris climate agreement, there is an increasing need to develop and implement carbon capture and sequestration techniques. The global climate benefits of implementing negative emission technologies over the next century are assessed using an Earth system model covering a wide range of plausible climate states. In some model realisations, there is continued warming after emissions cease. This continued warming is avoided if negative emissions are incorporated.
Marco Reale, Gianpiero Cossarini, Paolo Lazzari, Tomas Lovato, Giorgio Bolzon, Simona Masina, Cosimo Solidoro, and Stefano Salon
Biogeosciences, 19, 4035–4065, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Future projections under the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 emission scenarios of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry at the end of the 21st century show different levels of decline in nutrients, oxygen and biomasses and an acidification of the water column. The signal intensity is stronger under RCP8.5 and in the eastern Mediterranean. Under RCP4.5, after the second half of the 21st century, biogeochemical variables show a recovery of the values observed at the beginning of the investigated period.
Charly A. Moras, Lennart T. Bach, Tyler Cyronak, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, and Kai G. Schulz
Biogeosciences, 19, 3537–3557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3537-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3537-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research presents the first laboratory results of quick and hydrated lime dissolution in natural seawater. These two minerals are of great interest for ocean alkalinity enhancement, a strategy aiming to decrease atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Following the dissolution of these minerals, we identified several hurdles and presented ways to avoid them or completely negate them. Finally, we proceeded to various simulations in today’s oceans to implement the strategy at its highest potential.
Taraka Davies-Barnard, Sönke Zaehle, and Pierre Friedlingstein
Biogeosciences, 19, 3491–3503, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3491-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biological nitrogen fixation is the largest natural input of new nitrogen onto land. Earth system models mainly represent global total terrestrial biological nitrogen fixation within observational uncertainties but overestimate tropical fixation. The model range of increase in biological nitrogen fixation in the SSP3-7.0 scenario is 3 % to 87 %. While biological nitrogen fixation is a key source of new nitrogen, its predictive power for net primary productivity in models is limited.
Niel Verbrigghe, Niki I. W. Leblans, Bjarni D. Sigurdsson, Sara Vicca, Chao Fang, Lucia Fuchslueger, Jennifer L. Soong, James T. Weedon, Christopher Poeplau, Cristina Ariza-Carricondo, Michael Bahn, Bertrand Guenet, Per Gundersen, Gunnhildur E. Gunnarsdóttir, Thomas Kätterer, Zhanfeng Liu, Marja Maljanen, Sara Marañón-Jiménez, Kathiravan Meeran, Edda S. Oddsdóttir, Ivika Ostonen, Josep Peñuelas, Andreas Richter, Jordi Sardans, Páll Sigurðsson, Margaret S. Torn, Peter M. Van Bodegom, Erik Verbruggen, Tom W. N. Walker, Håkan Wallander, and Ivan A. Janssens
Biogeosciences, 19, 3381–3393, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3381-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3381-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In subarctic grassland on a geothermal warming gradient, we found large reductions in topsoil carbon stocks, with carbon stocks linearly declining with warming intensity. Most importantly, however, we observed that soil carbon stocks stabilised within 5 years of warming and remained unaffected by warming thereafter, even after > 50 years of warming. Moreover, in contrast to the large topsoil carbon losses, subsoil carbon stocks remained unaffected after > 50 years of soil warming.
Roberto Pilli, Ramdane Alkama, Alessandro Cescatti, Werner A. Kurz, and Giacomo Grassi
Biogeosciences, 19, 3263–3284, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3263-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3263-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To become carbon neutral by 2050, the European Union (EU27) forest C sink should increase to −450 Mt CO2 yr-1. Our study highlights that under current management practices (i.e. excluding any policy scenario) the forest C sink of the EU27 member states and the UK may decrease to about −250 Mt CO2eq yr-1 in 2050. The expected impacts of future climate change, however, add a considerable uncertainty, potentially nearly doubling or halving the sink associated with forest management.
Cited articles
Archer, S. D., Kimmance, S. A., Stephens, J. A., Hopkins, F. E., Bellerby, R. G. J., Schulz, K. G., Piontek, J., and Engel, A.: Contrasting responses of DMS and DMSP to ocean acidification in Arctic waters, Biogeosciences, 10, 1893–1908, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1893-2013, 2013.
Avgoustidi, V., Nightingale, P. D., Joint, I. R., Steinke, M., Turner, S.
M., Hopkins, F. E., and Liss, P. S.: Decreased marine dimethyl sulfide
production under elevated CO2 levels in mesocosm and in vitro studies,
Environ. Chem., 9, 399–404, 2012.
Bach, L. T., Boxhammer, T., Larsen, A., Hildebrandt, N., Schulz, K. G., and
Riebesell, U.: Influence of plankton community structure on the sinking
velocity of marine aggregates, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 30, 1145–1165, 2016.
Bach, L. T., Alvarez-Fernandez, S., Hornick, T., Stuhr, A., and Riebesell,
U.: Simulated ocean acidification reveals winners and losers in coastal
phytoplankton, PloS one, 12, e0188198, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188198, 2017.
Bigg, E. K. and Leck, C.: Properties of the aerosol over the central Arctic
Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 32101–32109, 2001.
Brussaard, C. P. D., Noordeloos, A. A. M., Witte, H., Collenteur, M. C. J., Schulz, K., Ludwig, A., and Riebesell, U.: Arctic microbial community dynamics influenced by elevated CO2 levels, Biogeosciences, 10, 719–731, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-719-2013, 2013.
Carpenter, L. J., Archer, S. D., and Beale, R.: Ocean-atmosphere trace gas
exchange, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6473–6506, 2012.
Chang, R. Y. W., Sjostedt, S. J., Pierce, J. R., Papakyriakou, T. N.,
Scarratt, M. G., Michaud, S., Levasseur, M., Leaitch, W. R., and Abbatt, J.
P.: Relating atmospheric and oceanic DMS levels to particle nucleation
events in the Canadian Arctic, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
116, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015926, 2011.
Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M. O., and Warren, S. G.: Oceanic
phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326,
655–661, 1987.
Chen, T. and Jang, M.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from
photooxidation of a mixture of dimethyl sulfide and isoprene, Atmos.
Environ., 46, 271–278, 2012.
Coello-Camba, A., Agustí, S., Holding, J., Arrieta, J. M., and Duarte,
C. M.: Interactive effect of temperature and CO2 increase in Arctic
phytoplankton, Front. Marine Sci., 1, 49, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2014.00049, 2014.
Crawfurd, K. J., Alvarez-Fernandez, S., Mojica, K. D. A., Riebesell, U., and Brussaard, C. P. D.: Alterations in microbial community composition with increasing fCO2: a mesocosm study in the eastern Baltic Sea, Biogeosciences, 14, 3831–3849, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3831-2017, 2017.
Davidson, A. T., McKinlay, J., Westwood, K., Thompson, P., van den Enden,
R., de Salas, M., Wright, S., Johnson, R., and Berry, K.: Enhanced CO2
concentrations change the structure of Antarctic marine microbial
communities, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 552, 93–113, 2016.
del Valle, D. A., Kieber, D. J., Toole, D. A., Bisgrove, J., and Kiene, R.
P.: Dissolved DMSO production via biological and photochemical oxidation of
dissolved DMS in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56, 166–177,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.09.005, 2009.
Egleston, E. S., Sabine, C. L., and Morel, F. M. M.: Revelle revisited: Buffer factors that quantify the response of ocean chemistry to changes in DIC and alkalinity, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 24, GB1002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003407, 2010.
Engel, A., Zondervan, I., Aerts, K., Beaufort, L., Benthien, A., Chou, L.,
Delille, B., Gattuso, J.-P., Harlay, J., Heeman, C., Hoffman, L., Jacquet,
S., Nejstgaard, J., Pizay, M.-D., Rochelle-Newall, E., Schneider, U.,
Terbrueggen, A., and Riebesell, U.: Testing the direct effect of CO2
concentrations on a bloom of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi in mesocosm experiments,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 493–507, 2005.
Engel, A., Schulz, K. G., Riebesell, U., Bellerby, R., Delille, B., and Schartau, M.: Effects of CO2 on particle size distribution and phytoplankton abundance during a mesocosm bloom experiment (PeECE II), Biogeosciences, 5, 509–521, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-509-2008, 2008.
Eppley, R. W.: Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea, Fish. Bull.,
70, 1063–1085, 1972.
Fassbender, A. J., Sabine, C. L., and Feifel, K. M.: Consideration of
coastal carbonate chemistry in understanding biological calcification,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 4467–4476, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl068860, 2016.
Flynn, K. J., Blackford, J. C., Baird, M. E., Raven, J. A., Clark, D. R.,
Beardall, J., Brownlee, C., Fabian, H., and Wheeler, G. L.: Changes in pH at
the exterior surface of plankton with ocean acidification, Nat. Clim.
Change, 2, 510–513, 2012.
Gabric, A. J., Qu, B., Matrai, P. A., Murphy, C., Lu, H., Lin, D. R., Qian,
F., and Zhao, M.: Investigating the coupling between phytoplankton biomass,
aerosol optical depth and sea-ice cover in the Greenland Sea, Dynam.
Atmos. Oceans, 66, 94–109,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2014.03.001, 2014.
Galindo, V., Levasseur, M., Mundy, C. J., Gosselin, M., Scarratt, M.,
Papakyriakou, T., Stefels, J., Gale, M. A., Tremblay, J.-É., and
Lizotte, M.: Contrasted sensitivity of DMSP production to high light
exposure in two Arctic under-ice blooms, J. Exp. Mar.
Biol. Ecol., 475, 38–48,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2015.11.009, 2016.
Gattuso, J.-P., Lee, K., Rost, B., and Schulz, K.: Approaches and tools to
manipulate the carbonate chemistry, in: Guide to Best Practices for Ocean
Acidification Research and Data Reporting, edited by: Riebesell, U., Fabry,
V. J., Hansson, L., and Gattuso, J. P., Pulblications Office of the European
Union, Luxembourg, 263, 2010.
Gattuso, J.-P., Magnan, A., Bille, R., Cheung, W., Howes, E., Joos, F.,
Allemand, D., Bopp, L., Cooley, S., and Eakin, C.: Contrasting futures for
ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios,
Science, 349, aac4722, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4722, 2015.
Hagens, M. and Middelburg, J. J.: Attributing seasonal pH variability in
surface ocean waters to governing factors, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
12528–12537, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071719, 2016.
Hauri, C., Friedrich, T., and Timmermann, A.: Abrupt onset and prolongation
of aragonite undersaturation events in the Southern Ocean, Nat. Clim.
Change, 6, 172–176, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2844,
2016.
Holding, J. M., Duarte, C. M., Sanz-Martin, M., Mesa, E., Arrieta, J. M.,
Chierici, M., Hendriks, I. E., Garcia-Corral, L. S., Regaudie-de-Gioux, A.,
Delgado, A., Reigstad, M., Wassmann, P., and Agusti, S.: Temperature
dependence of CO2-enhanced primary production in the European Arctic
Ocean, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 1079, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2768, 2015.
Hönisch, B., Ridgwell, A., Schmidt, D. N., Thomas, E., Gibbs, S. J.,
Sluijs, A., Zeebe, R., Kump, L., Martindale, R. C., Greene, S. E.,
Kiessling, W., Ries, J., Zachos, J. C., Royer, D. L., Barker, S., Marchitto,
T. M., Moyer, R., Pelejero, C., Ziveri, P., Foster, G. L., and Williams, B.:
The Geological Record of Ocean Acidification, Science, 335, 1058–1063,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1208277, 2012.
Hopkins, F. E. and Archer, S. D.: Consistent increase in dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in response to high CO2 in five shipboard bioassays from contrasting NW European waters, Biogeosciences, 11, 4925–4940, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4925-2014, 2014.
Hopkins, F. E., Turner, S. M., Nightingale, P. D., Steinke, M., Bakker, D.,
and Liss, P. S.: Ocean acidification and marine trace gas emissions,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 760–765, 2010.
Hoppe, C. J., Schuback, N., Semeniuk, D. M., Maldonado, M. T., and Rost, B.:
Functional Redundancy Facilitates Resilience of Subarctic Phytoplankton
Assemblages toward Ocean Acidification and High Irradiance, Front.
Marine Sci., 4, 229, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00229, 2017.
Hoppe, C. J. M., Hassler, C. S., Payne, C. D., Tortell, P. D., Rost, B., and
Trimborn, S.: Iron Limitation Modulates Ocean Acidification Effects on
Southern Ocean Phytoplankton Communities, PLOS ONE, 8, e79890,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079890, 2013.
Hoppe, C. J. M., Wolf, K. K. E., Schuback, N., Tortell, P. D., and Rost, B.:
Compensation of ocean acidification effects in Arctic phytoplankton
assemblages, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 529–533, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0142-9,
2018.
Hussherr, R., Levasseur, M., Lizotte, M., Tremblay, J.-É., Mol, J., Thomas, H., Gosselin, M., Starr, M., Miller, L. A., Jarniková, T., Schuback, N., and Mucci, A.: Impact of ocean acidification on Arctic phytoplankton blooms and dimethyl sulfide concentration under simulated ice-free and under-ice conditions, Biogeosciences, 14, 2407–2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, 2017.
Jarníková, T. and Tortell, P. D.: Towards a revised climatology of
summertime dimethylsulfide concentrations and sea–air fluxes in the
Southern Ocean, Environ. Chem., 13, 364–378,
https://doi.org/10.1071/EN14272, 2016.
Johnson, M. T. and Bell, T. G.: Coupling between dimethylsulfide emissions
and the ocean-atmosphere exchange of ammonia, Environ. Chem., 5, 259–267,
https://doi.org/10.1071/EN08030, 2008.
Kapsenberg, L., Kelley, A. L., Shaw, E. C., Martz, T. R., and Hofmann, G.
E.: Near-shore Antarctic pH variability has implications for the design of
ocean acidification experiments, Sci. Rep.-UK, 5, 9638,
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09638, 2015.
Kiene, R. P. and Slezak, D.: Low dissolved DMSP concentrations in seawater
revealed by small-volume gravity filtration and dialysis sampling, Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods, 4, 80–95, 2006.
Kim, J. M., Lee, K., Shin, K., Kang, J. H., Lee, H. W., Kim, M., Jang, P.
G., and Jang, M. C.: The effect of seawater CO2 concentration on growth of a
natural phytoplankton assemblage in a controlled mesocosm experiment,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 1629–1636, 2006.
Kim, J. M., Lee, K., Yang, E. J., Shin, K., Noh, J. H., Park, K. T., Hyun,
B., Jeong, H. J., Kim, J. H., Kim, K. Y., Kim, M., Kim, H. C., Jang, P. G.,
and Jang, M. C.: Enhanced Production of Oceanic Dimethylsulfide Resulting
from CO2-Induced Grazing Activity in a High CO2 World, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 8140–8143, https://doi.org/10.1021/es102028k, 2010.
Kitidis, V., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Litt, E., Brown, I., Cummings, D.,
Hartman, S., Hydes, D., Fishwick, J. R., Harris, C., and Martinez-Vicente,
V.: Seasonal dynamics of the carbonate system in the Western English
Channel, Cont. Shelf Res., 42, 30–40, 2012.
Korhonen, H., Carslaw, K. S., Spracklen, D. V., Mann, G. W., and Woodhouse,
M. T.: Influence of oceanic dimethyl sulfide emissions on cloud condensation
nuclei concentrations and seasonality over the remote Southern Hemisphere
oceans: A global model study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
113, D15204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009718, 2008a.
Korhonen, H., Carslaw, K. S., Spracklen, D. V., Ridley, D. A., and
Ström, J.: A global model study of processes controlling aerosol size
distributions in the Arctic spring and summer, J. Geophys.
Res., 113, D08211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009114, 2008b.
Lana, A., Bell, T. G., Simó, R., Vallina, S. M., Ballabrera-Poy, J.,
Kettle, A. J., Dachs, J., Bopp, L., Saltzman, E. S., Stefels, J., Johnson,
J. E., and Liss, P. S.: An updated climatology of surface dimethlysulfide
concentrations and emission fluxes in the global ocean, Global Biogeochem.
Cycles, 25, GB1004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003850, 2011.
Leaitch, W. R., Sharma, S., Huang, L., Toom-Sauntry, D., Chivulescu, A.,
Macdonald, A. M., von Salzen, K., Pierce, J. R., Bertram, A. K., and
Schroder, J. C.: Dimethyl sulfide control of the clean summertime Arctic
aerosol and cloud, Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 1, 000017, https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000017, 2013.
Leakey, R.: Effect of Ocean Acidification on Arctic Surface Ocean Biology,
Biogeochemistry and Climate, British Oceanographic Data Centre, Liverpool, UK, 2012.
Levasseur, M.: Impact of Arctic meltdown on the microbial cycling of
sulphur, Nat. Geosci., 6, 691–700, 2013.
Lewis, E. and Wallace, D. W. R.: Program Developed for CO2 System
Calculations, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1998.
McCoy, D. T., Burrows, S. M., Wood, R., Grosvenor, D. P., Elliott, S. M.,
Ma, P.-L., Rasch, P. J., and Hartmann, D. L.: Natural aerosols explain
seasonal and spatial patterns of Southern Ocean cloud albedo, Sci.
Adv., 1, e1500157, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500157, 2015.
McNeil, B. I. and Matear, R. J.: Southern Ocean acidification: A tipping
point at 450-ppm atmospheric CO2, P. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 105, 18860–18864, 2008.
Menzo, Z., Elliott, S., Hartin, C., Hoffman, F., and Wang, S.: Climate
change impacts on natural sulfur production: Ocean acidification and
community shifts, Atmosphere, 9, 167, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9050167, 2018.
Monier, A., Findlay, H. S., Charvet, S., and Lovejoy, C.: Late winter under
ice pelagic microbial communities in the high Arctic Ocean and the impact of
short-term exposure to elevated CO2 levels, Front. Microbiol.,
5, 490, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00490, 2014.
Orr, J. C., Fabry, V. J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Feely, R. A.,
Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., and Joos, F.: Anthropogenic ocean
acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying
organisms, Nature, 437, 681–686, 2005.
Park, K.-T., Lee, K., Shin, K., Yang, E. J., Hyun, B., Kim, J.-M., Noh, J.
H., Kim, M., Kong, B., Choi, D. H., Choi, S.-J., Jang, P.-G., and Jeong, H.
J.: Direct Linkage between Dimethyl Sulfide Production and Microzooplankton
Grazing, Resulting from Prey Composition Change under High Partial Pressure
of Carbon Dioxide Conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48,
4750–4756, https://doi.org/10.1021/es403351h, 2014.
Poulton, A. J., Daniels, C. J., Esposito, M., Humphreys, M. P., Mitchell,
E., Ribas-Ribas, M., Russell, B. C., Stinchcombe, M. C., Tynan, E., and
Richier, S.: Production of dissolved organic carbon by Arctic plankton
communities: Responses to elevated carbon dioxide and the availability of
light and nutrients, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 127, 60–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.01.002,
2016.
Raven, J., Caldeira, K., Elderfield, H., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Liss, P.,
Riebesell, U., Shepherd, J., Turley, C., and Watson, A.: Ocean acidification
due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, The Royal Society, Policy
Document 12/05, London, 2005.
Rempillo, O., Seguin, A. M., Norman, A. L., Scarratt, M., Michaud, S.,
Chang, R., Sjostedt, S., Abbatt, J., Else, B., and Papakyriakou, T.:
Dimethyl sulfide air-sea fluxes and biogenic sulfur as a source of new
aerosols in the Arctic fall, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
116, D00S04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016336, 2011.
Rérolle, V. M. C., Ribas-Ribas, M., Kitidis, V., Brown, I., Bakker, D. C. E., Lee, G. A., Shi, T., Mowlem, M. C., and Achterberg, E. P.: Controls on pH in surface waters of northwestern European shelf seas, Biogeosciences Discuss., 11, 943–974, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-943-2014, 2014.
Revelle, R. and Suess, H. E.: Carbon Dioxide Exchange Between Atmosphere
and Ocean and the Question of an Increase of Atmospheric CO2 during the Past
Decades, Tellus A, 9, 18–27, 1957.
Richier, S., Achterberg, E. P., Dumousseaud, C., Poulton, A. J., Suggett, D. J., Tyrrell, T., Zubkov, M. V., and Moore, C. M.: Phytoplankton responses and associated carbon cycling during shipboard carbonate chemistry manipulation experiments conducted around Northwest European shelf seas, Biogeosciences, 11, 4733–4752, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4733-2014, 2014.
Richier, S., Achterberg, E. P., Humphreys, M. P., Poulton, A. J., Suggett,
D. J., Tyrrell, T., and Moore, C. M.: Geographical CO2 sensitivity of
phytoplankton correlates with ocean buffer capacity, Global Change Biol.,
24, 4438–4452,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14324, 2018.
Riebesell, U., Czerny, J., von Bröckel, K., Boxhammer, T., Büdenbender, J., Deckelnick, M., Fischer, M., Hoffmann, D., Krug, S. A., Lentz, U., Ludwig, A., Muche, R., and Schulz, K. G.: Technical Note: A mobile sea-going mesocosm system – new opportunities for ocean change research, Biogeosciences, 10, 1835–1847, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1835-2013, 2013a.
Riebesell, U., Gattuso, J.-P., Thingstad, T. F., and Middelburg, J. J.: Preface: “Arctic ocean acidification: pelagic ecosystem and biogeochemicalresponses during a mesocosm study”,
Biogeosciences, 10, 5619–5626, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5619-2013, 2013b.
Rysgaard, S., Glud, R. N., Lennert, K., Cooper, M., Halden, N., Leakey, R. J. G., Hawthorne, F. C., and Barber, D.: Ikaite crystals in melting sea ice – implications for pCO2 and pH levels in Arctic surface waters, The Cryosphere, 6, 901–908, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-901-2012, 2012.
Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J.
L., Wanninkhof, R., Wong, C. S., Wallace, D. W. R., Tilbrook, B., Millero,
F. J., Peng, T.-H., Kozyr, A., Ono, T., and Rios, A. F.: The oceanic sink
for anthropogenic CO2, Science, 305, 367–371, 2004.
Schoemann, V., Becquevort, S., Stefels, J., Rousseau, V., and Lancelot, C.:
Phaeocystis blooms in the global ocean and their controlling mechanisms: a
review, J. Sea Res., 53, 43–66, 2005.
Schulz, K. G., Riebesell, U., Bellerby, R. G. J., Biswas, H., Meyerhöfer, M., Müller, M. N., Egge, J. K., Nejstgaard, J. C., Neill, C., Wohlers, J., and Zöllner, E.: Build-up and decline of organic matter during PeECE III, Biogeosciences, 5, 707–718, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-707-2008, 2008.
Schulz, K. G., Bellerby, R. G. J., Brussaard, C. P. D., Büdenbender, J., Czerny, J., Engel, A., Fischer, M., Koch-Klavsen, S., Krug, S. A., Lischka, S., Ludwig, A., Meyerhöfer, M., Nondal, G., Silyakova, A., Stuhr, A., and Riebesell, U.: Temporal biomass dynamics of an Arctic plankton bloom in response to increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, Biogeosciences, 10, 161–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-161-2013, 2013.
Schwinger, J., Tjiputra, J., Goris, N., Six, K. D., Kirkevåg, A., Seland, Ø., Heinze, C., and Ilyina, T.: Amplification of global warming through pH dependence of DMS production simulated with a fully coupled Earth system model, Biogeosciences, 14, 3633–3648, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3633-2017, 2017.
Sharma, S., Chan, E., Ishizawa, M., Toom-Sauntry, D., Gong, S., Li, S.,
Tarasick, D., Leaitch, W., Norman, A., and Quinn, P.: Influence of transport
and ocean ice extent on biogenic aerosol sulfur in the Arctic atmosphere,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D12209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017074, 2012.
Six, K. D., Kloster, S., Ilyina, T., Archer, S. D., Zhang, K., and
Maier-Reimer, E.: Global warming amplified by reduced sulphur fluxes as a
result of ocean acidification, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 975–978, 2013.
Stefels, J.: Physiological aspects of the production and conversion of DMSP
in marine algae and higher plants, J. Sea Res., 43, 183–197,
2000.
Stefels, J., Dacey, J. W., and Elzenga, J. T. M.: In vivo DMSP‐biosynthesis measurements using stable‐isotope incorporation and proton‐transfer‐reaction mass spectrometry (PTR‐MS), Limnol. Oceanogr.-Methods, 7, 595–611, 2009.
Steinacher, M., Joos, F., Frölicher, T. L., Plattner, G.-K., and Doney, S. C.: Imminent ocean acidification in the Arctic projected with the NCAR global coupled carbon cycle-climate model, Biogeosciences, 6, 515–533, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-515-2009, 2009.
Stillman, J. H. and Paganini, A. W.: Biochemical adaptation to ocean
acidification, J. Exp. Biol., 218, 1946–1955,
https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.115584, 2015.
Sunda, W., Kieber, D. J., Kiene, R. P., and Huntsman, S.: An antioxidant
function for DMSP and DMS in marine algae, Nature, 418, 317–320, 2002.
Tarling, G.: Sea Surface Ocean Acidification Consortium Cruise to the
Southern Ocean, British Oceanographic Data Centre, Liverpool, UK, 2013.
Thoisen, C., Riisgaard, K., Lundholm, N., Nielsen, T. G., and Hansen, P. J.:
Effect of acidification on an Arctic phytoplankton community from Disko Bay,
West Greenland, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 520, 21–34, 2015.
Thomas, D. N. and Dieckmann, G. S.: Antarctic Sea Ice – a Habitat for
Extremophiles, Science, 295, 641–644, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063391, 2002.
Thomson, P. G., Davidson, A. T., and Maher, L.: Increasing CO2 changes
community composition of pico- and nano-sized protists and prokaryotes at a
coastal Antarctic site, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 554, 51–69, 2016.
Tortell, P. D., Payne, C. D., Li, Y., Trimborn, S., Rost, B., Smith, W. O.,
Riesselman, C., Dunbar, R. B., Sedwick, P., and DiTullio, G. R.: CO2
sensitivity of Southern Ocean phytoplankton, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
35, L04605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032583, 2008.
Trimborn, S., Brenneis, T., Hoppe, C. J. M., Laglera, L. M., Norman, L.,
Santos-Echeandía, J., Völkner, C., Wolf-Gladrow, D., and Hassler,
C. S.: Iron sources alter the response of Southern Ocean phytoplankton to
ocean acidification, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 578, 35–50, 2017.
Tynan, E., Clarke, J. S., Humphreys, M. P., Ribas-Ribas, M., Esposito, M.,
Rérolle, V. M. C., Schlosser, C., Thorpe, S. E., Tyrrell, T., and
Achterberg, E. P.: Physical and biogeochemical controls on the variability
in surface pH and calcium carbonate saturation states in the Atlantic
sectors of the Arctic and Southern Oceans, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 127, 7–27,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.01.001, 2016.
Vogt, M., Steinke, M., Turner, S., Paulino, A., Meyerhöfer, M., Riebesell, U., LeQuéré, C., and Liss, P.: Dynamics of dimethylsulphoniopropionate and dimethylsulphide under different CO2 concentrations during a mesocosm experiment, Biogeosciences, 5, 407–419, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-407-2008, 2008.
von Glasow, R. and Crutzen, P. J.: Model study of multiphase DMS oxidation with a focus on halogens, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 589–608, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-589-2004, 2004.
Webb, A. L., Malin, G., Hopkins, F. E., Ho, K. L., Riebesell, U., Schulz, K.
G., Larsen, A., and Liss, P. S.: Ocean acidification has different effects
on the production of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate measured
in cultures of Emiliania huxleyi and a mesocosm study: a comparison of
laboratory monocultures and community interactions, Environ. Chem., 13, 314–329,
https://doi.org/10.1071/EN14268, 2015.
Webb, A. L., Leedham-Elvidge, E., Hughes, C., Hopkins, F. E., Malin, G., Bach, L. T., Schulz, K., Crawfurd, K., Brussaard, C. P. D., Stuhr, A., Riebesell, U., and Liss, P. S.: Effect of ocean acidification and elevated fCO2 on trace gas production by a Baltic Sea summer phytoplankton community, Biogeosciences, 13, 4595–4613, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4595-2016, 2016.
Woodhouse, M. T., Mann, G. W., Carslaw, K. S., and Boucher, O.: Sensitivity of cloud condensation nuclei to regional changes in dimethyl-sulphide emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2723–2733, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2723-2013, 2013.
Short summary
We investigated the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on the production of climate active gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) in polar waters. We found that polar DMS production was unaffected by OA – in contrast to temperate waters, where large increases in DMS occurred. The regional differences in DMS response may reflect natural variability in community adaptation to ambient carbonate chemistry and should be taken into account in predicting the influence of future DMS emissions on Earth's climate.
We investigated the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on the production of climate active gas...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint