Articles | Volume 18, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 Mar 2021
Research article |
| 23 Mar 2021
| 23 Mar 2021
Eukaryotic community composition in the sea surface microlayer across an east–west transect in the Mediterranean Sea
Birthe Zäncker
GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Marine Biological Association of the UK, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
Michael Cunliffe
Marine Biological Association of the UK, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4
8AA, UK
GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Related authors
Frédéric Gazeau, France Van Wambeke, Emilio Marañón, Maria Pérez-Lorenzo, Samir Alliouane, Christian Stolpe, Thierry Blasco, Nathalie Leblond, Birthe Zäncker, Anja Engel, Barbara Marie, Julie Dinasquet, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 5423–5446, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our study shows that the impact of dust deposition on primary production depends on the initial composition and metabolic state of the tested community and is constrained by the amount of nutrients added, to sustain both the fast response of heterotrophic prokaryotes and the delayed one of phytoplankton. Under future environmental conditions, heterotrophic metabolism will be more impacted than primary production, therefore reducing the capacity of surface waters to sequester anthropogenic CO2.
Evelyn Freney, Karine Sellegri, Alessia Nicosia, Leah R. Williams, Matteo Rinaldi, Jonathan T. Trueblood, André S. H. Prévôt, Melilotus Thyssen, Gérald Grégori, Nils Haëntjens, Julie Dinasquet, Ingrid Obernosterer, France Van Wambeke, Anja Engel, Birthe Zäncker, Karine Desboeufs, Eija Asmi, Hilkka Timonen, and Cécile Guieu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10625–10641, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10625-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10625-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we present observations of the organic aerosol content in primary sea spray aerosols (SSAs) continuously generated along a 5-week cruise in the Mediterranean. This information is combined with seawater biogeochemical properties also measured continuously along the ship track to develop a number of parametrizations that can be used in models to determine SSA organic content in oligotrophic waters that represent 60 % of the oceans from commonly measured seawater variables.
France Van Wambeke, Elvira Pulido, Philippe Catala, Julie Dinasquet, Kahina Djaoudi, Anja Engel, Marc Garel, Sophie Guasco, Barbara Marie, Sandra Nunige, Vincent Taillandier, Birthe Zäncker, and Christian Tamburini
Biogeosciences, 18, 2301–2323, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2301-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2301-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Michaelis–Menten kinetics were determined for alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase and β-glucosidase in the Mediterranean Sea. Although the ectoenzymatic-hydrolysis contribution to heterotrophic prokaryotic needs was high in terms of N, it was low in terms of C. This study points out the biases in interpretation of the relative differences in activities among the three tested enzymes in regard to the choice of added concentrations of fluorogenic substrates.
Jonathan V. Trueblood, Alessia Nicosia, Anja Engel, Birthe Zäncker, Matteo Rinaldi, Evelyn Freney, Melilotus Thyssen, Ingrid Obernosterer, Julie Dinasquet, Franco Belosi, Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, Araceli Rodriguez-Romero, Gianni Santachiara, Cécile Guieu, and Karine Sellegri
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4659–4676, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4659-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4659-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sea spray aerosols (SSAs) can be an important source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) that impact cloud properties over the oceans. In the Mediterranean Sea, we found that the INPs in the seawater surface microlayer increased by an order of magnitude after a rain dust event that impacted iron and bacterial abundances. The INP properties of SSA (INPSSA) increased after a 3 d delay. Outside this event, INPSSA could be parameterized as a function of the seawater biogeochemistry.
Emilio Marañón, France Van Wambeke, Julia Uitz, Emmanuel S. Boss, Céline Dimier, Julie Dinasquet, Anja Engel, Nils Haëntjens, María Pérez-Lorenzo, Vincent Taillandier, and Birthe Zäncker
Biogeosciences, 18, 1749–1767, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1749-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1749-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The concentration of chlorophyll is commonly used as an indicator of the abundance of photosynthetic plankton (phytoplankton) in lakes and oceans. Our study investigates why a deep chlorophyll maximum, located near the bottom of the upper, illuminated layer develops in the Mediterranean Sea. We find that the acclimation of cells to low light is the main mechanism involved and that this deep maximum represents also a maximum in the biomass and carbon fixation activity of phytoplankton.
Amavi N. Silva, Surandokht Nikzad, Theresa Barthelmeß, Anja Engel, Hartmut Hermann, Manuela van Pinxteren, Kai Wirtz, Oliver Wurl, and Markus Schartau
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4050, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4050, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted the first meta-analysis combining marine and freshwater studies to understand organic matter enrichment in the surface microlayer. Nitrogen-rich, particulate compounds are often enriched, with patterns varying by multiple factors. We recommend tracking both absolute concentrations and normalized enrichment patterns to better assess ecological conditions. Our study also introduces improved statistical methods for analyzing and comparing surface microlayer data.
Anisbel Leon-Marcos, Moritz Zeising, Manuela van Pinxteren, Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Astrid Bracher, Elena Barbaro, Anja Engel, Matteo Feltracco, Ina Tegen, and Bernd Heinold
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 4183–4213, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4183-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4183-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study represents the primary marine organic aerosol (PMOA) emissions, focusing on their sea–atmosphere transfer. Using the FESOM2.1–REcoM3 model, concentrations of key organic biomolecules were estimated and integrated into the ECHAM6.3–HAM2.3 aerosol–climate model. Results highlight the influence of marine biological activity and surface winds on PMOA emissions, with reasonably good agreement with observations improving aerosol representation in the southern oceans.
Lin Yang, Peiyi Bian, Jing Zhang, Anja Engel, Bin Yang, and Gui-Peng Yang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2429, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2429, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
CO, CDOM, and FDOM were more frequently enriched in the higher temperature and salinity off-shore regions. Marine-humic like CDOM tends to inhibit the sea-to-air flux of CO in the SML. The enrichment and photochemical process of CO in the SML were more active during the daytime. The photochemical production and microbial consumption rates of CO in the SML were more active than in the SSW.
Riaz Bibi, Mariana Ribas-Ribas, Leonie Jaeger, Carola Lehners, Lisa Gassen, Edgar Cortés, Jochen Wollschläger, Claudia Thölen, Hannelore Waska, Jasper Zöbelein, Thorsten Brinkhoff, Isha Athale, Rüdiger Röttgers, Michael Novak, Anja Engel, Theresa Barthelmeß, Josefine Karnatz, Thomas Reinthaler, Dmytro Spriahailo, Gernot Friedrichs, Falko Schäfer, and Oliver Wurl
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1773, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1773, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A multidisciplinary mesocosm study was conducted to investigate biogeochemical processes and their relationships in the sea-surface microlayer and underlying water during an induced phytoplankton bloom. Phytoplankton-derived organic matter, fuelled microbial activity and biofilm formation, supporting high bacterial abundance. Distinct temporal patterns in biogeochemical parameters and greater variability in the sea-surface microlayer highlight its influence on air–sea interactions.
Karine Sellegri, Theresa Barthelmeß, Jonathan Trueblood, Antonia Cristi, Evelyn Freney, Clémence Rose, Neill Barr, Mike Harvey, Karl Safi, Stacy Deppeler, Karen Thompson, Wayne Dillon, Anja Engel, and Cliff Law
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12949–12964, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12949-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12949-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of sea spray emitted to the atmosphere depends on the ocean temperature, but this dependency is not well understood, especially when ocean biology is involved. In this study, we show that sea spray emissions are increased by up to a factor of 4 at low seawater temperatures compared to moderate temperatures, and we quantify the temperature dependence as a function of the ocean biogeochemistry.
Manon Rocco, Erin Dunne, Alexia Saint-Macary, Maija Peltola, Theresa Barthelmeß, Neill Barr, Karl Safi, Andrew Marriner, Stacy Deppeler, James Harnwell, Anja Engel, Aurélie Colomb, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Mike Harvey, Cliff S. Law, and Karine Sellegri
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-516, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-516, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
During the Sea2cloud campaign in the Southern Pacific Ocean, we measured air-sea emissions from phytopankton of two key atmospheric compounds: DMS and MeSH. These compounds are well-known to play a great role in atmospheric chemistry and climate. We see in this paper that these compounds are most emited by the nanophytoplankton population. We provide here parameters for climate models to predict future trends of the emissions of these compounds and their roles and impacts on the global warming.
Lin Yang, Jing Zhang, Anja Engel, and Gui-Peng Yang
Biogeosciences, 19, 5251–5268, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5251-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5251-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Enrichment factors of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the eastern marginal seas of China exhibited a significant spatio-temporal variation. Photochemical and enrichment processes co-regulated DOM enrichment in the sea-surface microlayer (SML). Autochthonous DOM was more frequently enriched in the SML than terrestrial DOM. DOM in the sub-surface water exhibited higher aromaticity than that in the SML.
Quentin Devresse, Kevin W. Becker, Arne Bendinger, Johannes Hahn, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 19, 5199–5219, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5199-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5199-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Eddies are ubiquitous in the ocean and alter physical, chemical, and biological processes. However, how they affect organic carbon production and consumption is largely unknown. Here we show how an eddy triggers a cascade effect on biomass production and metabolic activities of phyto- and bacterioplankton. Our results may contribute to the improvement of biogeochemical models used to estimate carbon fluxes in the ocean.
Theresa Barthelmeß and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 19, 4965–4992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gases released by human activity cause a global rise in mean temperatures. While scientists can predict how much of these gases accumulate in the atmosphere based on not only human-derived sources but also oceanic sinks, it is rather difficult to predict the major influence of coastal ecosystems. We provide a detailed study on the occurrence, composition, and controls of substances that suppress gas exchange. We thus help to determine what controls coastal greenhouse gas fluxes.
Manuela van Pinxteren, Tiera-Brandy Robinson, Sebastian Zeppenfeld, Xianda Gong, Enno Bahlmann, Khanneh Wadinga Fomba, Nadja Triesch, Frank Stratmann, Oliver Wurl, Anja Engel, Heike Wex, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5725–5742, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5725-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5725-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A class of marine particles (transparent exopolymer particles, TEPs) that is ubiquitously found in the world oceans was measured for the first time in ambient marine aerosol particles and marine cloud waters in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. TEPs are likely to have good properties for influencing clouds. We show that TEPs are transferred from the ocean to the marine atmosphere via sea-spray formation and our results suggest that they can also form directly in aerosol particles and in cloud water.
France Van Wambeke, Vincent Taillandier, Karine Desboeufs, Elvira Pulido-Villena, Julie Dinasquet, Anja Engel, Emilio Marañón, Céline Ridame, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 5699–5717, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5699-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5699-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Simultaneous in situ measurements of (dry and wet) atmospheric deposition and biogeochemical stocks and fluxes in the sunlit waters of the open Mediterranean Sea revealed complex physical and biological processes occurring within the mixed layer. Nitrogen (N) budgets were computed to compare the sources and sinks of N in the mixed layer. The transitory effect observed after a wet dust deposition impacted the microbial food web down to the deep chlorophyll maximum.
Frédéric Gazeau, France Van Wambeke, Emilio Marañón, Maria Pérez-Lorenzo, Samir Alliouane, Christian Stolpe, Thierry Blasco, Nathalie Leblond, Birthe Zäncker, Anja Engel, Barbara Marie, Julie Dinasquet, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 5423–5446, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our study shows that the impact of dust deposition on primary production depends on the initial composition and metabolic state of the tested community and is constrained by the amount of nutrients added, to sustain both the fast response of heterotrophic prokaryotes and the delayed one of phytoplankton. Under future environmental conditions, heterotrophic metabolism will be more impacted than primary production, therefore reducing the capacity of surface waters to sequester anthropogenic CO2.
Evelyn Freney, Karine Sellegri, Alessia Nicosia, Leah R. Williams, Matteo Rinaldi, Jonathan T. Trueblood, André S. H. Prévôt, Melilotus Thyssen, Gérald Grégori, Nils Haëntjens, Julie Dinasquet, Ingrid Obernosterer, France Van Wambeke, Anja Engel, Birthe Zäncker, Karine Desboeufs, Eija Asmi, Hilkka Timonen, and Cécile Guieu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10625–10641, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10625-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10625-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we present observations of the organic aerosol content in primary sea spray aerosols (SSAs) continuously generated along a 5-week cruise in the Mediterranean. This information is combined with seawater biogeochemical properties also measured continuously along the ship track to develop a number of parametrizations that can be used in models to determine SSA organic content in oligotrophic waters that represent 60 % of the oceans from commonly measured seawater variables.
Gerd Krahmann, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Andrew W. Dale, Marcus Dengler, Anja Engel, Nicolaas Glock, Patricia Grasse, Johannes Hahn, Helena Hauss, Mark Hopwood, Rainer Kiko, Alexandra Loginova, Carolin R. Löscher, Marie Maßmig, Alexandra-Sophie Roy, Renato Salvatteci, Stefan Sommer, Toste Tanhua, and Hela Mehrtens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-308, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-308, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The project "Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean" (SFB 754) was a multidisciplinary research project active from 2008 to 2019 aimed at a better understanding of the coupling between the tropical climate and ocean circulation and the ocean's oxygen and nutrient balance. On 34 research cruises, mainly in the Southeast Tropical Pacific and the Northeast Tropical Atlantic, 1071 physical, chemical and biological data sets were collected.
France Van Wambeke, Elvira Pulido, Philippe Catala, Julie Dinasquet, Kahina Djaoudi, Anja Engel, Marc Garel, Sophie Guasco, Barbara Marie, Sandra Nunige, Vincent Taillandier, Birthe Zäncker, and Christian Tamburini
Biogeosciences, 18, 2301–2323, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2301-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2301-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Michaelis–Menten kinetics were determined for alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase and β-glucosidase in the Mediterranean Sea. Although the ectoenzymatic-hydrolysis contribution to heterotrophic prokaryotic needs was high in terms of N, it was low in terms of C. This study points out the biases in interpretation of the relative differences in activities among the three tested enzymes in regard to the choice of added concentrations of fluorogenic substrates.
Jonathan V. Trueblood, Alessia Nicosia, Anja Engel, Birthe Zäncker, Matteo Rinaldi, Evelyn Freney, Melilotus Thyssen, Ingrid Obernosterer, Julie Dinasquet, Franco Belosi, Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, Araceli Rodriguez-Romero, Gianni Santachiara, Cécile Guieu, and Karine Sellegri
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4659–4676, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4659-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4659-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sea spray aerosols (SSAs) can be an important source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) that impact cloud properties over the oceans. In the Mediterranean Sea, we found that the INPs in the seawater surface microlayer increased by an order of magnitude after a rain dust event that impacted iron and bacterial abundances. The INP properties of SSA (INPSSA) increased after a 3 d delay. Outside this event, INPSSA could be parameterized as a function of the seawater biogeochemistry.
Emilio Marañón, France Van Wambeke, Julia Uitz, Emmanuel S. Boss, Céline Dimier, Julie Dinasquet, Anja Engel, Nils Haëntjens, María Pérez-Lorenzo, Vincent Taillandier, and Birthe Zäncker
Biogeosciences, 18, 1749–1767, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1749-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1749-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The concentration of chlorophyll is commonly used as an indicator of the abundance of photosynthetic plankton (phytoplankton) in lakes and oceans. Our study investigates why a deep chlorophyll maximum, located near the bottom of the upper, illuminated layer develops in the Mediterranean Sea. We find that the acclimation of cells to low light is the main mechanism involved and that this deep maximum represents also a maximum in the biomass and carbon fixation activity of phytoplankton.
Nadja Triesch, Manuela van Pinxteren, Anja Engel, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 163–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-163-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the sources of free amino acids (FAAs) in the marine atmosphere, concerted measurements (the simultaneous investigation of seawater, size-segregated aerosol particles and cloud water) were performed at the Cabo Verde islands. This study describes the transfer of FAAs as part of organic matter from the ocean into the atmosphere on a molecular level. In the investigated marine environment, a high enrichment of FAAs in submicron aerosol particles and in cloud droplets was observed.
Alexandra N. Loginova, Andrew W. Dale, Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne, Sören Thomsen, Stefan Sommer, David Clemens, Klaus Wallmann, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 17, 4663–4679, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4663-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4663-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We measured dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON) and matter (DOM) optical properties in pore waters and near-bottom waters of the eastern tropical South Pacific off Peru. The difference between diffusion-driven and net fluxes of DOC and DON and qualitative changes in DOM optical properties suggested active microbial utilisation of the released DOM at the sediment–water interface. Our results suggest that the sediment release of DOM contributes to microbial processes in the area.
Cited articles
Agogué, H., Casamayor, E. O., Bourrain, M., Obernosterer, I., Joux, F.,
Herndl, G. J., and Lebaron, P.: A survey on bacteria inhabiting the sea
surface microlayer of coastal ecosystems, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 54, 269–280,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2005.04.002, 2005.
Alldredge, A. L., Passow, U., and Logan, B. E.: The abundance and significance of a class of large, transparent organic particles in the ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 40, 1131–1140, 1993.
Amend, A., Burgaud, G., Cunliffe, M., Edgcomb, V. P., Ettinger, C. L., Gutierrez, M. H., Heitman, J., Hom, E. F. Y., Ianiri, G., Jones, A. C., Kagami, M., Picard, K. T., Quandt, C. A., Raghukumar, S., Riquelme, M., Stajich, J., Vargas-muñiz, J., Walker, A. K., Yarden, O., and Gladfelter, A. S.: Fungi in the Marine Environment: Open Questions and Unsolved Problems, MBio, 10, 1–15, 2019.
Apts, J. T. H. C. W.: Photosynthetic carbon reduction: high rates in the sea-surface microlayer, Mar. Biol., 101, 411–417, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00428138, 1989.
Azetsu-Scott, K. and Passow, U.: Ascending marine particles: Significance of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in the upper ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 741–748, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0741, 2004.
Berrojalbiz, N., Dachs, J., Ojeda, M. J., Valle, M. C., Jiménez, J. C., Wollgast, J., Ghiani, M., Hanke, G., and Zaldivar, J. M.: Biogeochemical and physical controls on concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and plankton of the Mediterranean and Black Seas, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 25, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003775, 2011a.
Berrojalbiz, N., Dachs, J., Vento, S. Del, Jos, M., Valle, M. C., Castro-jim, J., Mariani, G., Wollgast, J., and Hanke, G.: Persistent Organic Pollutants in Mediterranean Seawater and Processes Affecting Their Accumulation in Plankton, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 4315–4322, https://doi.org/10.1021/es103742w, 2011b.
Birolli, W. G., Santos, D. D. A., Alvarenga, N., and Garcia, A. C. F. S.: Biodegradation of anthracene and several PAHs by the marine-derived fungus Cladosporium sp. CBMAI 1237 Biodegradation of anthracene and several PAHs by the marine-derived fungus Cladosporium sp. CBMAI 1237, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 192, 525–533, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.023, 2018.
Bovio, E.: Marine fungi from sponges: biodiversity, chemodiversity and
biotechnological applications, Diss. Université Côte d'Azur, Università degli studi (Turin, Italy), 2019.
Callahan, B. J., Mcmurdie, P. J., Rosen, M. J., Han, A. W., Johnson, A. J., and Holmes, S. P.: DADA2: High resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data, Nat. Methods, 13, 581–583, https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3869, 2016.
Carlson, D.: The Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter: Reaction at the Air-Sea
Interface, in: Organic Geochemistry 1, 225–268, Springer, Boston, MA, 1993.
Carreto, J. I., Carignan, M. O., Daleo, G., and DeMarco, S. G.: Ocurrence of
mycosporine-like amino acids in the red-tide dinoflagellate Alexandrium
excavatum:uv-photoprotective compounds?, J. Plankton Res., 12, 909–921,
https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/12.5.909, 1990.
Chin, W.-C., Orellana, M. V., and Verdugo, P.: Spontaneous assembly of marine dissolved organic matter into polymer gels, Nature, 391, 568–572, 1998.
Chrismas, N. and Cunliffe, M.: Depth-dependent mycoplankton glycoside hydrolase gene activity in the open ocean – evidence from the Tara Oceans eukaryote metatranscriptomes, ISME J., 14, 2361–2365, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0687-2, 2020.
Comeau, A. M., Li, W. K. W., Tremblay, J. É., Carmack, E. C., and Lovejoy, C.: Arctic ocean microbial community structure before and after the 2007 record sea ice minimum, PLoS One, 6, e27492, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027492, 2011.
Comeau, A. M., Douglas, G. M., and Langille, M. G. I.: Microbiome Helper: a Custom and Streamlined Workflow for Microbiome Research, mSystems, 2, e00127-16, https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00127-16, 2017.
Corzo, A., Morillo, J. A., and Rodriquez, S.: Production of transparent
exopolymer particles (TEP) in cultures of Chaetoceros calcitrans under
nitrogen limitation, Aquat. Mar. Ecol., 23, 63–72, 2000.
Cunliffe, M. and Murrell, J. C.: The sea-surface microlayer is a gelatinous biofilm., ISME J., 3, 1001–1003, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2009.69, 2009.
Cunliffe, M. and Murrell, J. C.: Eukarya 18S rRNA gene diversity in the sea surface microlayer: implications for the structure of the neustonic microbial loop, ISME J., 4, 455–458, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2009.133, 2010.
Cunliffe, M. and Wurl, O.: Guide to best practices to study the ocean's surface, Plymouth, available at: https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/bitstream/handle/11329/261/SCOR_GuideSeaSurface_2014.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (last access: 3 March 2021), 2014.
Cunliffe, M., Engel, A., Frka, S., Gašparović, B., Guitart, C., Murrell, J. C., Salter, M., Stolle, C., Upstill-Goddard, R., and Wurl, O.: Sea surface microlayers: A unified physicochemical and biological perspective of the air-ocean interface, Prog. Oceanogr., 109, 104–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.08.004, 2013.
Cunliffe, M., Hollingsworth, A., Bain, C., Sharma, V., and Taylor, J. D.: Algal polysaccharide utilisation by saprotrophic planktonic marine fungi, Fungal Ecol., 30, 135–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2017.08.009, 2017.
Desboeufs, K., Fu, F., Bressac, M., Tovar-Sánchez, A., Triquet, S., Doussin, J.-F., Giorio, C., Rodríguez-Romero, A., Wagener, T., Dulac, F., and Guieu, C.: Wet deposition in the remote western and central Mediterranean: A source of nutrients and trace metals for the marine biosphere?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., in preparation, 2021.
Durrieu de Madron, X., Guieu, C., Sempéré, R., Conan, P., Cossa, D., D'Ortenzio, F., Estournel, C., Gazeau, F., Rabouille, C., Stemmann, L., Bonnet, S., Diaz, F., Koubbi, P., Radakovitch, O., Babin, M., Baklouti, M., Bancon-Montigny, C., Belviso, S., Bensoussan, N., Bonsang, B., Bouloubassi, I., Brunet, C., Cadiou, J. F., Carlotti, F., Chami, M., Charmasson, S., Charrière, B., Dachs, J., Doxaran, D., Dutay, J. C., Elbaz-Poulichet, F., Eléaume, M., Eyrolles, F., Fernandez, C., Fowler, S., Francour, P., Gaertner, J. C., Galzin, R., Gasparini, S., Ghiglione, J. F., Gonzalez, J. L., Goyet, C., Guidi, L., Guizien, K., Heimbürger, L. E., Jacquet, S. H. M., Jeffrey, W. H., Joux, F., Le Hir, P., Leblanc, K., Lefèvre, D., Lejeusne, C., Lemé, R., Loÿe-Pilot, M. D., Mallet, M., Méjanelle, L., Mélin, F., Mellon, C., Mérigot, B., Merle, P. L., Migon, C., Miller, W. L., Mortier, L., Mostajir, B., Mousseau, L., Moutin, T., Para, J., Pérez, T., Petrenko, A., Poggiale, J. C., Prieur, L., Pujo-Pay, M., Pulido-Villena, Raimbault, P., Rees, A. P., Ridame, C., Rontani, J. F., Ruiz Pino, D., Sicre, M. A., Taillandier, V., Tamburini, C., Tanaka, T., Taupier-Letage, I., Tedetti, M., Testor, P., Thébault, H., Thouvenin, B., Touratier, F., Tronczynski, J., Ulses, C., Van Wambeke, F., Vantrepotte, V., Vaz, S., and Verney, R.: Marine ecosystems' responses to climatic and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean, Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 97–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.02.003, 2011.
Ekelund, N. G. A.: The Effects of UV-B Radiation on Dinoflagellates, J. Plant Physiol., 138, 274–278, 1991.
Engel, A. and Händel, N.: A novel protocol for determining the concentration and composition of sugars in particulate and in high molecular weight dissolved organic matter (HMW-DOM) in seawater, Mar. Chem., 127, 180–191, 2011.
Elasri, M. O. and Miller, R. V: Study of the Response of a Biofilm Bacterial Community to UV Radiation Study of the Response of a Biofilm Bacterial Community to UV Radiation, Appl. Environ. Microb., 65, 2025–2031, 1999.
Engel, A.: The role of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in the increase in apparent particle stickiness (alpha) during the decline of a diatom bloom, J. Plankton Res., 22, 485–497, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/22.3.485, 2000.
Engel, A.: Determination of marine gel particles, in: Practical Guidelines for the Analysis of Seawater, edited by: Wurl, O., CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, 125–142, 2009.
Engel, A. and Galgani, L.: The organic sea-surface microlayer in the upwelling region off the coast of Peru and potential implications for air–sea exchange processes, Biogeosciences, 13, 989–1007, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-989-2016, 2016.
Engel, A., Thoms, S., Riebesell, U., Rochelle-Newall, E., and Zondervan, I.:
Polysaccharide aggregation as a potential sink of marine dissolved organic
carbon, Nature, 428, 929–932, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02453,
2004.
Engel, A., Bange, H. W., Cunliffe, M., Burrows, S. M., Friedrichs, G.,
Galgani, L., Herrmann, H., Hertkorn, N., Johnson, M., Liss, P. S.,
Quinn, P. K., Schartau, M., Soloviev, A., Stolle, C., Upstill-Goddard, R. C.,
van Pinxteren, M., and Zäncker, B.: The Ocean's Vital Skin: Toward an
Integrated Understanding of the Sea Surface Microlayer, Front. Mar. Sci., 4,
165, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00165, 2017.
Fogg, G. E.: Some comments on picoplankton and its importance in the pelagic ecosystem, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 9, 33–39, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame009033, 1995.
Freney, E., Sellegri, K., Nicosia, A., Trueblood, J. T., Rinaldi, M., Williams, L. R., Prévôt, A. S. H., Thyssen, M., Grégori, G., Haëntjens, N., Dinasquet, J., Obernosterer, I., Van-Wambeke, F., Engel, A., Zäncker, B., Desboeufs, K., Asmi, E., Timmonen, H., and Guieu, C.: Mediterranean nascent sea spray organic aerosol and relationships with seawater biogeochemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-406, in review, 2020.
Fu, F., Desboeufs, K., Triquet, S., Doussin, J.-F., Giorio, C., Formenti, P., Feron, A., Maisonneuve, F., and Dulac, F.: Aerosol characterisation and quantification of trace element atmospheric dry deposition fluxes in remote Mediterranean Sea during PEACETIME cruise, Atmos. Chem. Phys., in preparation, 2021.
Garzoli, L., Gnavi, G., Tamma, F., Tosi, S., Varese, G. C., and Picco, A. M.: Sink or swim: Updated knowledge on marine fungi associated with wood substrates in the Mediterranean Sea and hints about their potential to remediate hydrocarbons, Prog. Oceanogr., 137, 140–148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.028, 2015.
Gladfelter, A. S., James, T. Y., and Amend, A. S.: Marine fungi, Curr. Biol., 29, R191–R195, 2019.
Gnavi, G., Garzoli, L., Poli, A., Prigione, V., Burgaud, G., and Varese, G. C.: The culturable mycobiota of Flabellia petiolata: First survey of marine fungi associated to a Mediterranean green alga, PLoS One, 12, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175941, 2017.
Godhe, A., Asplund, M. E., Härnström, K., Saravanan, V., Tyagi, A., and Karunasagar, I.: Quantification of diatom and dinoflagellate biomasses in coastal marine seawater samples by real-time PCR, Appl. Environ. Microb., 74, 7174–7182, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01298-08, 2008.
Grossart, H.-P., Van den Wyngaert, S., Kagami, M., Wurzbacher, C., Cunliffe, M., and Rojas-Jimenez, K.: Fungi in aquatic ecosystems, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 17, 339–354, 2019.
Guieu, C., D'Ortenzio, F., Dulac, F., Taillandier, V., Doglioli, A., Petrenko,
A., Barrillon, S., Mallet, M., Nabat, P., and Desboeufs, K.: Introduction:
Process studies at the air–sea interface after atmospheric deposition in the
Mediterranean Sea – objectives and strategy of the PEACETIME oceanographic
campaign (May–June 2017), Biogeosciences, 17, 5563–5585,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5563-2020, 2020.
Guo, L., Sui, Z., and Liu, Y.: Quantitative analysis of dinoflagellates and diatoms community via Miseq sequencing of actin gene and v9 region of 18S rDNA, Sci. Rep.-UK, 6, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34709, 2016.
Häder, D.-P., Kumar, H. D., Smith, R. C., and Worrest, R. C.: Effects of solar UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with climate change, Photochem. Photobio. S., 6, 267–285, https://doi.org/10.1039/B700020K, 2007.
Hardy, J. T. and Apts, C. W.: The sea-surface microlayer: phytoneuston productivity and effects of atmospheric particulate matter, Mar. Biol., 82, 293–300, 1984.
Hardy, J. T., Coley, J. A., Antrim, L. D., and Kiesser, S. L.: A hydrophobic large-volume sampler for collecting aquatic surface microlayers: characterization and comparison with the glass plate method, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 45, 822–826, 1988.
Harvey, G.: Microlayer collection from the sea surface: a new method and intial results, Limnol. Oceanogr., 11, 608–613, 1966.
Hassett, B. T., Borrego, E. T., Vonnahme, T. R., Rämä, T., Kolomiets, M. V., and Gradinger, R.: Arctic marine fungi: Biomass, functional genes, and putative ecological roles, ISME J., 13, 1484–1496, 2019.
Hassett, B. T., Vonnahme, T. R., Peng, X., and Jones, E. B. G.: Global diversity and geography of planktonic marine fungi, Bot. Mar., 63, 121–139, 2020.
Jennings, M. K., Passow, U., Wozniak, A. S., and Hansell, D. A.: Distribution of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) across an organic carbon gradient in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 190, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2017.01.002, 2017.
Joux, F., Agogue, H., Obernosterer, I., Dupuy, C., Reinthaler, T., Herndl, G. J., and Lebaron, P.: Microbial community structure in the sea surface microlayer at two contrasting sites in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 42, 91–104, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame042091, 2006.
Krom, M. D., Herut, B., and Mantoura, R. F. C.: Nutrient budget for the Eastern Mediterranean: Implications for phosphorus limitation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 1582–1592, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.5.1582, 2004.
Lepesteur, M., Martin, J. M., and Fleury, A.: A comparative study of d methods for phytoplank flow cytometry, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 93, 55–63, 1993.
Liss, P. S. and Duce, R. A.: The sea surface and global change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.
Martin, J. M., Elbaz-Poulichet, F., Guieu, C., Loÿe-Pilot, M. D., and Han, G.: River versus atmospheric input of material to the mediterranean sea: an overview, Mar. Chem., 28, 159–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(89)90193-X, 1989.
Marty, J. C., Chiavérini, J., Pizay, M. D., and Avril, B.: Seasonal and interannual dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton pigments in the western Mediterranean Sea at the DYFAMED time-series station (1991–1999), Deep-Res. Pt. II, 49, 1965–1985, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00022-X, 2002.
Mermex Group, T., Durrieu de Madron, X., Guieu, C., Sempéré, R., Conan, P., Cossa, D., D'Ortenzio, F., Estournel, C., Gazeau, F., Rabouille, C., Stemmann, L., Bonnet, S., Diaz, F., Koubbi, P., Radakovitch, O., Babin, M., Baklouti, M., Bancon-Montigny, C., Belviso, S., Bensoussan, N., Bonsang, B., Bouloubassi, I., Brunet, C., Cadiou, J. F., Carlotti, F., Chami, M., Charmasson, S., Charrière, B., Dachs, J., Doxaran, D., Dutay, J. C., Elbaz-Poulichet, F., Eléaume, M., Eyrolles, F., Fernandez, C., Fowler, S., Francour, P., Gaertner, J. C., Galzin, R., Gasparini, S., Ghiglione, J. F., Gonzalez, J. L., Goyet, C., Guidi, L., Guizien, K., Heimbürger, L. E., Jacquet, S. H. M., Jeffrey, W. H., Joux, F., Le Hir, P., Leblanc, K., Lefèvre, D., Lejeusne, C., Lemé, R., Loÿe-Pilot, M. D., Mallet, M., Méjanelle, L., Mélin, F., Mellon, C., Mérigot, B., Merle, P. L., Migon, C., Miller, W. L., Mortier, L., Mostajir, B., Mousseau, L., Moutin, T., Para, J., Pérez, T., Petrenko, A., Poggiale, J. C., Prieur, L., Pujo-Pay, M., Pulido-Villena, Raimbault, P., Rees, A. P., Ridame, C., Rontani, J. F., Ruiz Pino, D., Sicre, M. A., Taillandier, V., Tamburini, C., Tanaka, T., Taupier-Letage, I., Tedetti, M., Testor, P., Thébault, H., Thouvenin, B., Touratier, F., Tronczynski, J., Ulses, C., Van Wambeke, F., Vantrepotte, V., Vaz, S., and Verney, R.: Marine ecosystems' responses to climatic and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean, Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 97–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.02.003, 2011.
Mopper, K., Zhou, J., Ramana, K. S., Passow, U., Dam, H. G., and Drapeau, D. T.: The role of surface active carbohydratesin the flocculation of a diatom bloom in a mesocosm, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 42, 43–73, 1995.
Naumann, E.: Über das Neuston des Süsswassers, Biol. Cent., 37,
98–106, 1917.
Obernosterer, I., Catala, P., Lami, R., Caparros, J., Ras, J., Bricaud, A., Dupuy, C., van Wambeke, F., and Lebaron, P.: Biochemical characteristics and bacterial community structure of the sea surface microlayer in the South Pacific Ocean, Biogeosciences, 5, 693–705, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-693-2008, 2008.
Ortega-Retuerta, E., Passow, U., Duarte, C. M., and Reche, I.: Effects of ultraviolet B radiation on (not so) transparent exopolymer particles, Biogeosciences, 6, 3071–3080, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-3071-2009, 2009.
Passow, U.: Transparent Exopolymer Particles in Aquatic Environments, Prog. Oceanogr., 55, 287–333, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00138-6, 2002.
Passow, U. and Alldredge, A. L.: Aggregation of a diatom bloom in a mesocosm: The role of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), Deep-Res. Pt. II, 42, 99–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0645(95)00006-C, 1995.
Ploug, H.: Cyanobacterial surface blooms formed by Aphanizomenon sp. and Nodularia spumigena in the Baltic Sea: Small-scale fluxes, pH, and oxygen microenvironments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 914–921, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.3.0914, 2008.
Pujo-Pay, M., Conan, P., Oriol, L., Cornet-Barthaux, V., Falco, C., Ghiglione, J.-F., Goyet, C., Moutin, T., and Prieur, L.: Integrated survey of elemental stoichiometry (C, N, P) from the western to eastern Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 8, 883–899, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-883-2011, 2011.
Quast, C., Pruesse, E., Yilmaz, P., Gerken, J., Schweer, T., Yarza, P., Peplies, J., and Glöckner, F. O.: The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools, Nucleic Acids Res., 41, 590–596, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1219, 2013.
R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienne, Austria, 2014.
Reddaway, J. M. and Bigg, G. R.: Climatic change over the Mediterranean Sea and links to the more general atmospheric circulation, Int. J. Climatol., 16, 651–661, 1996.
Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., and Eliceiri, K. W.: NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis, Nat. Methods, 9, 671–675, https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089, 2012.
Sellegri, K., Nicosia, A., Freney, E., Uitz, J., Thyssen, M., Grégori, G., Engel, A., Zäncker, B., Haëntjens, N., Mas, S., Picard, D., Saint-Macary, A., Peltola, M., Rose, C., Trueblood, J., Lefevre, D., D'Anna, B., Desboeuf, K., Meskhidze, N., Guieu, C., and Law, C. S.: Surface ocean microbiota determine cloud precursors, Sci. Rep.-UK, 11, 281, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78097-5, 2021.
Sun, C.-C., Sperling, M., and Engel, A.: Effect of wind speed on the size distribution of gel particles in the sea surface microlayer: insights from a wind–wave channel experiment, Biogeosciences, 15, 3577–3589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3577-2018, 2018.
Tanhua, T., Hainbucher, D., Schroeder, K., Cardin, V., Álvarez, M., and Civitarese, G.: The Mediterranean Sea system: a review and an introduction to the special issue, Ocean Sci., 9, 789–803, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-789-2013, 2013.
Taylor, J. D. and Cunliffe, M.: High-throughput sequencing reveals neustonic and planktonic microbial eukaryote diversity in coastal waters, J. Phycol., 50, 960–965, https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12228, 2014.
Tovar-Sánchez, A., Rodríguez-Romero, A., Engel, A., Zäncker, B., Fu, F., Marañón, E., Pérez-Lorenzo, M., Bressac, M., Wagener, T., Triquet, S., Siour, G., Desboeufs, K., and Guieu, C.: Characterizing the surface microlayer in the Mediterranean Sea: trace metal concentrations and microbial plankton abundance, Biogeosciences, 17, 2349–2364, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2349-2020, 2020.
Trueblood, J. V., Nicosia, A., Engel, A., Zäncker, B., Rinaldi, M., Freney, E., Thyssen, M., Obernosterer, I., Dinasquet, J., Belosi, F., Tovar-Sánchez, A., Rodriguez-Romero, A., Santachiara, G., Guieu, C., and Sellegri, K.: A Two-Component Parameterization of Marine Ice Nucleating Particles Based on Seawater Biology and Sea Spray Aerosol Measurements in the Mediterranean Sea, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-487, in review, 2020.
Upstill-Goddard, R. C., Frost, T., Henry, G. R., Franklin, M., Murrell, J. C., and Owens, N. J. P.: Bacterioneuston control of air-water methane exchange determined with a laboratory gas exchange tank, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002043, 2003.
Verdugo, P., Alldredge, A. L., Azam, F., Kirchman, D. L., Passow, U., and Santschi, P. H.: The oceanic gel phase: A bridge in the DOM-POM continuum, Mar. Chem., 92, 67–85, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016046, 2004.
Wietz, M., Wemheuer, B., Simon, H., Giebel, H. A., Seibt, M. A., Daniel, R., Brinkhoff, T., and Simon, M.: Bacterial community dynamics during polysaccharide degradation at contrasting sites in the Southern and Atlantic Oceans, Environ. Microbiol., 17, 3822–3831, https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12842, 2015.
Wikner, J. and Hagstrom, A.: Evidence for a tightly coupled nanoplanktonic predator-prey link regulating the bacterivores in the marine environment, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 50, 137–145, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps050137, 1988.
World Health Organization: The sea-surface microlayer and its role in global
change, WMO, Geneva, 1995.
Wurl, O. and Holmes, M.: The gelatinous nature of the sea-surface microlayer, Mar. Chem., 110, 89–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2008.02.009, 2008.
Wurl, O., Miller, L., Röttgers, R., and Vagle, S.: The distribution and fate of surface-active substances in the sea-surface microlayer and water column, Mar. Chem., 115, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.04.007, 2009.
Zäncker, B., Bracher, A., Röttgers, R., and Engel, A.: Variations of the Organic Matter Composition in the Sea Surface Microlayer: A Comparison between Open Ocean, Coastal, and Upwelling Sites Off the Peruvian Coast, Front. Microbiol., 8, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02369, 2017.
Zhang, Z., Liu, L., Liu, C., and Cai, W.: Studies on the sea surface microlayer: II. The layer of sudden change of physical and chemical properties, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 264, 148–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9797(03)00390-4, 2003.
Zhou, J., Bruns, M. A., and Tiedje, J. M.: DNA recovery from soils of diverse composition, Appl. Environ. Microb., 62, 316–322, 1996.
Download
The requested paper has a corresponding corrigendum published. Please read the corrigendum first before downloading the article.
- Article
(3597 KB) - Full-text XML
- Corrigendum
-
Supplement
(343 KB) - BibTeX
- EndNote
Short summary
Fungi are found in numerous marine environments. Our study found an increased importance of fungi in the Ionian Sea, where bacterial and phytoplankton counts were reduced, but organic matter was still available, suggesting fungi might benefit from the reduced competition from bacteria in low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (LNLC) regions.
Fungi are found in numerous marine environments. Our study found an increased importance of...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint