Articles | Volume 18, issue 23
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6349-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6349-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Dec 2021
Research article |
| 13 Dec 2021
| 13 Dec 2021
Seasonal dispersal of fjord meltwaters as an important source of iron and manganese to coastal Antarctic phytoplankton
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, 92037, USA
Lisa Hahn-Woernle
Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i, Manoa, 96822, USA
Robert M. Sherrell
Departments of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, 08901, USA
Vincent J. Roccanova
Departments of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, 08901, USA
Kaixuan Bu
Departments of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, 08901, USA
David Burdige
Department of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Old Dominion University,
Norfolk, 23529, USA
Maria Vernet
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, 92037, USA
Katherine A. Barbeau
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, 92037, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Songyun Fan, Yuan Gao, Robert M. Sherrell, Shun Yu, and Kaixuan Bu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2105–2124, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2105-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2105-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol sampling was carried out at Palmer Station in the west Antarctic Peninsula during the austral summer of 2016–2017. This study generated new data on the concentrations and particle-size distributions of aerosol trace elements in the marine atmosphere over this region. Measurement data allowed estimating the dry deposition fluxes. The new results are critically important to understanding the properties of aerosol particles and regional biogeochemical cycles.
J. Peloquin, C. Swan, N. Gruber, M. Vogt, H. Claustre, J. Ras, J. Uitz, R. Barlow, M. Behrenfeld, R. Bidigare, H. Dierssen, G. Ditullio, E. Fernandez, C. Gallienne, S. Gibb, R. Goericke, L. Harding, E. Head, P. Holligan, S. Hooker, D. Karl, M. Landry, R. Letelier, C. A. Llewellyn, M. Lomas, M. Lucas, A. Mannino, J.-C. Marty, B. G. Mitchell, F. Muller-Karger, N. Nelson, C. O'Brien, B. Prezelin, D. Repeta, W. O. Jr. Smith, D. Smythe-Wright, R. Stumpf, A. Subramaniam, K. Suzuki, C. Trees, M. Vernet, N. Wasmund, and S. Wright
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 109–123, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-109-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-109-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Coastal Ocean
Technical note: Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP)
Estimates of carbon sequestration potential in an expanding Arctic fjord (Hornsund, Svalbard) affected by dark plumes of glacial meltwater
An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds
Dissolved nitric oxide in the lower Elbe Estuary and the Port of Hamburg area
Variable contribution of wastewater treatment plant effluents to downstream nitrous oxide concentrations and emissions
Distribution of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in a eutrophic equatorial estuary: the Johor River and the East Johor Strait
Investigating the effect of silicate- and calcium-based ocean alkalinity enhancement on diatom silicification
Ocean alkalinity enhancement using sodium carbonate salts does not lead to measurable changes in Fe dynamics in a mesocosm experiment
Quantification and mitigation of bottom-trawling impacts on sedimentary organic carbon stocks in the North Sea
Influence of ocean alkalinity enhancement with olivine or steel slag on a coastal plankton community in Tasmania
Multi-model comparison of trends and controls of near-bed oxygen concentration on the northwest European continental shelf under climate change
Picoplanktonic methane production in eutrophic surface waters
Vertical mixing alleviates autumnal oxygen deficiency in the central North Sea
Hypoxia also occurs in small highly turbid estuaries: the example of the Charente (Bay of Biscay)
Seasonality and response of ocean acidification and hypoxia to major environmental anomalies in the southern Salish Sea, North America (2014–2018)
Oceanographic processes driving low-oxygen conditions inside Patagonian fjords
Above- and belowground plant mercury dynamics in a salt marsh estuary in Massachusetts, USA
Variability and drivers of carbonate chemistry at shellfish aquaculture sites in the Salish Sea, British Columbia
Unusual Hemiaulus bloom influences ocean productivity in Northeastern US Shelf waters
Insights into carbonate environmental conditions in the Chukchi Sea
UAV approaches for improved mapping of vegetation cover and estimation of carbon storage of small saltmarshes: examples from Loch Fleet, northeast Scotland
Iron “ore” nothing: benthic iron fluxes from the oxygen-deficient Santa Barbara Basin enhance phytoplankton productivity in surface waters
Marine anoxia initiates giant sulfur-oxidizing bacterial mat proliferation and associated changes in benthic nitrogen, sulfur, and iron cycling in the Santa Barbara Basin, California Borderland
Riverine nutrient impact on global ocean nitrogen cycle feedbacks and marine primary production in an Earth System Model
The Northeast Greenland shelf as a late-summer CO2 source to the atmosphere
Uncertainty in the evolution of northwestern North Atlantic circulation leads to diverging biogeochemical projections
The additionality problem of ocean alkalinity enhancement
Short-term variation in pH in seawaters around coastal areas of Japan: characteristics and forcings
Revisiting the applicability and constraints of molybdenum- and uranium-based paleo redox proxies: comparing two contrasting sill fjords
Influence of a small submarine canyon on biogenic matter export flux in the lower St. Lawrence Estuary, eastern Canada
Single-celled bioturbators: benthic foraminifera mediate oxygen penetration and prokaryotic diversity in intertidal sediment
Assessing impacts of coastal warming, acidification, and deoxygenation on Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) farming: a case study in the Hinase area, Okayama Prefecture, and Shizugawa Bay, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
Multiple nitrogen sources for primary production inferred from δ13C and δ15N in the southern Sea of Japan
Influence of manganese cycling on alkalinity in the redox stratified water column of Chesapeake Bay
Estuarine flocculation dynamics of organic carbon and metals from boreal acid sulfate soils
Drivers of particle sinking velocities in the Peruvian upwelling system
Impacts and uncertainties of climate-induced changes in watershed inputs on estuarine hypoxia
Considerations for hypothetical carbon dioxide removal via alkalinity addition in the Amazon River watershed
High metabolism and periodic hypoxia associated with drifting macrophyte detritus in the shallow subtidal Baltic Sea
Production and accumulation of reef framework by calcifying corals and macroalgae on a remote Indian Ocean cay
Zooplankton community succession and trophic links during a mesocosm experiment in the coastal upwelling off Callao Bay (Peru)
Temporal and spatial evolution of bottom-water hypoxia in the St Lawrence estuarine system
Significant nutrient consumption in the dark subsurface layer during a diatom bloom: a case study on Funka Bay, Hokkaido, Japan
Contrasts in dissolved, particulate, and sedimentary organic carbon from the Kolyma River to the East Siberian Shelf
Sediment quality assessment in an industrialized Greek coastal marine area (western Saronikos Gulf)
Limits and CO2 equilibration of near-coast alkalinity enhancement
Role of phosphorus in the seasonal deoxygenation of the East China Sea shelf
Interannual variability of the initiation of the phytoplankton growing period in two French coastal ecosystems
Spatio-temporal distribution, photoreactivity and environmental control of dissolved organic matter in the sea-surface microlayer of the eastern marginal seas of China
Metabolic alkalinity release from large port facilities (Hamburg, Germany) and impact on coastal carbon storage
Lennart Thomas Bach, Aaron James Ferderer, Julie LaRoche, and Kai Georg Schulz
Biogeosciences, 21, 3665–3676, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is an emerging marine CO2 removal method, but its environmental effects are insufficiently understood. The OAE Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP) provides funding for a standardized and globally replicated microcosm experiment to study the effects of OAE on plankton communities. Here, we provide a detailed manual for the OAEPIIP experiment. We expect OAEPIIP to help build scientific consensus on the effects of OAE on plankton.
Marlena Szeligowska, Déborah Benkort, Anna Przyborska, Mateusz Moskalik, Bernabé Moreno, Emilia Trudnowska, and Katarzyna Błachowiak-Samołyk
Biogeosciences, 21, 3617–3639, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3617-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3617-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The European Arctic is experiencing rapid regional warming, causing glaciers that terminate in the sea to retreat onto land. Due to this process, the area of a well-studied fjord, Hornsund, has increased by around 100 km2 (40%) since 1976. Combining satellite and in situ data with a mathematical model, we estimated that, despite some negative consequences of glacial meltwater release, such emerging coastal waters could mitigate climate change by increasing carbon uptake and storage by sediments.
Mallory C. Ringham, Nathan Hirtle, Cody Shaw, Xi Lu, Julian Herndon, Brendan R. Carter, and Matthew D. Eisaman
Biogeosciences, 21, 3551–3570, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement leverages the large surface area and carbon storage capacity of the oceans to store atmospheric CO2 as dissolved bicarbonate. We monitored CO2 uptake in seawater treated with NaOH to establish operational boundaries for carbon removal experiments. Results show that CO2 equilibration occurred on the order of weeks to months, was consistent with values expected from equilibration calculations, and was limited by mineral precipitation at high pH and CaCO3 saturation.
Riel Carlo O. Ingeniero, Gesa Schulz, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 21, 3425–3440, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3425-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3425-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research is the first to measure dissolved NO concentrations in temperate estuarine waters, providing insights into its distribution under varying conditions and enhancing our understanding of its production processes. Dissolved NO was supersaturated in the Elbe Estuary, indicating that it is a source of atmospheric NO. The observed distribution of dissolved NO most likely resulted from nitrification.
Weiyi Tang, Jeff Talbott, Timothy Jones, and Bess B. Ward
Biogeosciences, 21, 3239–3250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3239-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3239-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are known to be hotspots of greenhouse gas emissions. However, the impact of WWTPs on the emission of the greenhouse gas N2O in downstream aquatic environments is less constrained. We found spatially and temporally variable but overall higher N2O concentrations and fluxes in waters downstream of WWTPs, pointing to the need for efficient N2O removal in addition to the treatment of nitrogen in WWTPs.
Amanda Y. L. Cheong, Kogila Vani Annammala, Ee Ling Yong, Yongli Zhou, Robert S. Nichols, and Patrick Martin
Biogeosciences, 21, 2955–2971, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2955-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2955-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured nutrients and dissolved organic matter for 1 year in a eutrophic tropical estuary to understand their sources and cycling. Our data show that the dissolved organic matter originates partly from land and partly from microbial processes in the water. Internal recycling is likely important for maintaining high nutrient concentrations, and we found that there is often excess nitrogen compared to silicon and phosphorus. Our data help to explain how eutrophication persists in this system.
Aaron Ferderer, Kai G. Schulz, Ulf Riebesell, Kirralee G. Baker, Zanna Chase, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 2777–2794, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a promising method of atmospheric carbon removal; however, its ecological impacts remain largely unknown. We assessed the effects of simulated silicate- and calcium-based mineral OAE on diatom silicification. We found that increased silicate concentrations from silicate-based OAE increased diatom silicification. In contrast, the enhancement of alkalinity had no effect on community silicification and minimal effects on the silicification of different genera.
David González-Santana, María Segovia, Melchor González-Dávila, Librada Ramírez, Aridane G. González, Leonardo J. Pozzo-Pirotta, Veronica Arnone, Victor Vázquez, Ulf Riebesell, and J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano
Biogeosciences, 21, 2705–2715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In a recent experiment off the coast of Gran Canaria (Spain), scientists explored a method called ocean alkalinization enhancement (OAE), where carbonate minerals were added to seawater. This process changed the levels of certain ions in the water, affecting its pH and buffering capacity. The researchers were particularly interested in how this could impact the levels of essential trace metals in the water.
Lucas Porz, Wenyan Zhang, Nils Christiansen, Jan Kossack, Ute Daewel, and Corinna Schrum
Biogeosciences, 21, 2547–2570, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2547-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2547-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Seafloor sediments store a large amount of carbon, helping to naturally regulate Earth's climate. If disturbed, some sediment particles can turn into CO2, but this effect is not well understood. Using computer simulations, we found that bottom-contacting fishing gears release about 1 million tons of CO2 per year in the North Sea, one of the most heavily fished regions globally. We show how protecting certain areas could reduce these emissions while also benefitting seafloor-living animals.
Jiaying A. Guo, Robert F. Strzepek, Kerrie M. Swadling, Ashley T. Townsend, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 2335–2354, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2335-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2335-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement aims to increase atmospheric CO2 sequestration by adding alkaline materials to the ocean. We assessed the environmental effects of olivine and steel slag powder on coastal plankton. Overall, slag is more efficient than olivine in releasing total alkalinity and, thus, in its ability to sequester CO2. Slag also had less environmental effect on the enclosed plankton communities when considering its higher CO2 removal potential based on this 3-week experiment.
Giovanni Galli, Sarah Wakelin, James Harle, Jason Holt, and Yuri Artioli
Biogeosciences, 21, 2143–2158, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work shows that, under a high-emission scenario, oxygen concentration in deep water of parts of the North Sea and Celtic Sea can become critically low (hypoxia) towards the end of this century. The extent and frequency of hypoxia depends on the intensity of climate change projected by different climate models. This is the result of a complex combination of factors like warming, increase in stratification, changes in the currents and changes in biological processes.
Sandy E. Tenorio and Laura Farías
Biogeosciences, 21, 2029–2050, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Time series studies show that CH4 is highly dynamic on the coastal ocean surface and planktonic communities are linked to CH4 accumulation, as found in coastal upwelling off Chile. We have identified the crucial role of picoplankton (> 3 µm) in CH4 recycling, especially with the addition of methylated substrates (trimethylamine and methylphosphonic acid) during upwelling and non-upwelling periods. These insights improve understanding of surface ocean CH4 recycling, aiding CH4 emission estimates.
Charlotte A. J. Williams, Tom Hull, Jan Kaiser, Claire Mahaffey, Naomi Greenwood, Matthew Toberman, and Matthew R. Palmer
Biogeosciences, 21, 1961–1971, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1961-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1961-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen (O2) is a key indicator of ocean health. The risk of O2 loss in the productive coastal/continental slope regions is increasing. Autonomous underwater vehicles equipped with O2 optodes provide lots of data but have problems resolving strong vertical O2 changes. Here we show how to overcome this and calculate how much O2 is supplied to the low-O2 bottom waters via mixing. Bursts in mixing supply nearly all of the O2 to bottom waters in autumn, stopping them reaching ecologically low levels.
Sabine Schmidt and Ibrahima Iris Diallo
Biogeosciences, 21, 1785–1800, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1785-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1785-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Along the French coast facing the Bay of Biscay, the large Gironde and Loire estuaries suffer from hypoxia. This prompted a study of the small Charente estuary located between them. This work reveals a minimum oxygen zone in the Charente estuary, which extends for about 25 km. Temperature is the main factor controlling the hypoxia. This calls for the monitoring of small turbid macrotidal estuaries that are vulnerable to hypoxia, a risk expected to increase with global warming.
Simone R. Alin, Jan A. Newton, Richard A. Feely, Samantha Siedlecki, and Dana Greeley
Biogeosciences, 21, 1639–1673, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1639-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1639-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a new multi-stressor data product that allows us to characterize the seasonality of temperature, O2, and CO2 in the southern Salish Sea and delivers insights into the impacts of major marine heatwave and precipitation anomalies on regional ocean acidification and hypoxia. We also describe the present-day frequencies of temperature, O2, and ocean acidification conditions that cross thresholds of sensitive regional species that are economically or ecologically important.
Pamela Linford, Iván Pérez-Santos, Paulina Montero, Patricio A. Díaz, Claudia Aracena, Elías Pinilla, Facundo Barrera, Manuel Castillo, Aida Alvera-Azcárate, Mónica Alvarado, Gabriel Soto, Cécile Pujol, Camila Schwerter, Sara Arenas-Uribe, Pilar Navarro, Guido Mancilla-Gutiérrez, Robinson Altamirano, Javiera San Martín, and Camila Soto-Riquelme
Biogeosciences, 21, 1433–1459, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Patagonian fjords comprise a world region where low-oxygen water and hypoxia conditions are observed. An in situ dataset was used to quantify the mechanism involved in the presence of these conditions in northern Patagonian fjords. Water mass analysis confirmed the contribution of Equatorial Subsurface Water in the advection of the low-oxygen water, and hypoxic conditions occurred when the community respiration rate exceeded the gross primary production.
Ting Wang, Buyun Du, Inke Forbrich, Jun Zhou, Joshua Polen, Elsie M. Sunderland, Prentiss H. Balcom, Celia Chen, and Daniel Obrist
Biogeosciences, 21, 1461–1476, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1461-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1461-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The strong seasonal increases of Hg in aboveground biomass during the growing season and the lack of changes observed after senescence in this salt marsh ecosystem suggest physiologically controlled Hg uptake pathways. The Hg sources found in marsh aboveground tissues originate from a mix of sources, unlike terrestrial ecosystems, where atmospheric GEM is the main source. Belowground plant tissues mostly take up Hg from soils. Overall, the salt marsh currently serves as a small net Hg sink.
Eleanor Simpson, Debby Ianson, Karen E. Kohfeld, Ana C. Franco, Paul A. Covert, Marty Davelaar, and Yves Perreault
Biogeosciences, 21, 1323–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Shellfish aquaculture operates in nearshore areas where data on ocean acidification parameters are limited. We show daily and seasonal variability in pH and saturation states of calcium carbonate at nearshore aquaculture sites in British Columbia, Canada, and determine the contributing drivers of this variability. We find that nearshore locations have greater variability than open waters and that the uptake of carbon by phytoplankton is the major driver of pH and saturation state variability.
S. Alejandra Castillo Cieza, Rachel H. R. Stanley, Pierre Marrec, Diana N. Fontaine, E. Taylor Crockford, Dennis J. McGillicuddy Jr., Arshia Mehta, Susanne Menden-Deuer, Emily E. Peacock, Tatiana A. Rynearson, Zoe O. Sandwith, Weifeng Zhang, and Heidi M. Sosik
Biogeosciences, 21, 1235–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1235-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1235-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The coastal ocean in the northeastern USA provides many services, including fisheries and habitats for threatened species. In summer 2019, a bloom occurred of a large unusual phytoplankton, the diatom Hemiaulus, with nitrogen-fixing symbionts. This led to vast changes in productivity and grazing rates in the ecosystem. This work shows that the emergence of one species can have profound effects on ecosystem function. Such changes may become more prevalent as the ocean warms due to climate change.
Claudine Hauri, Brita Irving, Sam Dupont, Rémi Pagés, Donna D. W. Hauser, and Seth L. Danielson
Biogeosciences, 21, 1135–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1135-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1135-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic marine ecosystems are highly susceptible to impacts of climate change and ocean acidification. We present pH and pCO2 time series (2016–2020) from the Chukchi Ecosystem Observatory and analyze the drivers of the current conditions to get a better understanding of how climate change and ocean acidification could affect the ecological niches of organisms.
William Hiles, Lucy C. Miller, Craig Smeaton, and William E. N. Austin
Biogeosciences, 21, 929–948, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-929-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-929-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Saltmarsh soils may help to limit the rate of climate change by storing carbon. To understand their impacts, they must be accurately mapped. We use drone data to estimate the size of three saltmarshes in NE Scotland. We find that drone imagery, combined with tidal data, can reliably inform our understanding of saltmarsh size. When compared with previous work using vegetation communities, we find that our most reliable new estimates of stored carbon are 15–20 % smaller than previously estimated.
De'Marcus Robinson, Anh L. D. Pham, David J. Yousavich, Felix Janssen, Frank Wenzhöfer, Eleanor C. Arrington, Kelsey M. Gosselin, Marco Sandoval-Belmar, Matthew Mar, David L. Valentine, Daniele Bianchi, and Tina Treude
Biogeosciences, 21, 773–788, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-773-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-773-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The present study suggests that high release of ferrous iron from the seafloor of the oxygen-deficient Santa Barabara Basin (California) supports surface primary productivity, creating positive feedback on seafloor iron release by enhancing low-oxygen conditions in the basin.
David J. Yousavich, De'Marcus Robinson, Xuefeng Peng, Sebastian J. E. Krause, Frank Wenzhöfer, Felix Janssen, Na Liu, Jonathan Tarn, Franklin Kinnaman, David L. Valentine, and Tina Treude
Biogeosciences, 21, 789–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-789-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-789-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Declining oxygen (O2) concentrations in coastal oceans can threaten people’s ways of life and food supplies. Here, we investigate how mats of bacteria that proliferate on the seafloor of the Santa Barbara Basin sustain and potentially worsen these O2 depletion events through their unique chemoautotrophic metabolism. Our study shows how changes in seafloor microbiology and geochemistry brought on by declining O2 concentrations can help these mats grow as well as how that growth affects the basin.
Miriam Tivig, David Peter Keller, and Andreas Oschlies
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-258, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-258, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Marine biological production is highly dependent on the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus. Rivers are the main source of phosphorus to the oceans but poorly represented in global model oceans. We include dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus from river export in a global model ocean and find that the addition of riverine phosphorus affects marine biology on millennial timescales more than riverine nitrogen alone. Globally, riverine phosphorus input increase primary production rates.
Esdoorn Willcox, Marcos Lemes, Thomas Juul-Pedersen, Mikael Kristian Sejr, Johnna Michelle Holding, and Søren Rysgaard
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-6, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-6, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For this work we measured the chemistry of seawater from bottles obtained from different depths, lon- and latitudes off the east coast of the Northeast Greenland national park to determine what is influencing concentrations of dissolved CO2. Historically, the region has always been thought to take up CO2 from the atmosphere but we show that it is possible for the region to become a source in late summer and discuss what variables may be related to such changes.
Krysten Rutherford, Katja Fennel, Lina Garcia Suarez, and Jasmin G. John
Biogeosciences, 21, 301–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We downscaled two mid-century (~2075) ocean model projections to a high-resolution regional ocean model of the northwest North Atlantic (NA) shelf. In one projection, the NA shelf break current practically disappears; in the other it remains almost unchanged. This leads to a wide range of possible future shelf properties. More accurate projections of coastal circulation features would narrow the range of possible outcomes of biogeochemical projections for shelf regions.
Lennart Thomas Bach
Biogeosciences, 21, 261–277, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a widely considered marine carbon dioxide removal method. OAE aims to accelerate chemical rock weathering, which is a natural process that slowly sequesters atmospheric carbon dioxide. This study shows that the addition of anthropogenic alkalinity via OAE can reduce the natural release of alkalinity and, therefore, reduce the efficiency of OAE for climate mitigation. However, the additionality problem could be mitigated via a variety of activities.
Tsuneo Ono, Daisuke Muraoka, Masahiro Hayashi, Makiko Yorifuji, Akihiro Dazai, Shigeyuki Omoto, Takehiro Tanaka, Tomohiro Okamura, Goh Onitsuka, Kenji Sudo, Masahiko Fujii, Ryuji Hamanoue, and Masahide Wakita
Biogeosciences, 21, 177–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We carried out parallel year-round observations of pH and related parameters in five stations around the Japan coast. It was found that short-term acidified situations with Omega_ar less than 1.5 occurred at four of five stations. Most of such short-term acidified events were related to the short-term low salinity event, and the extent of short-term pH drawdown at high freshwater input was positively correlated with the nutrient concentration of the main rivers that flow into the coastal area.
K. Mareike Paul, Martijn Hermans, Sami A. Jokinen, Inda Brinkmann, Helena L. Filipsson, and Tom Jilbert
Biogeosciences, 20, 5003–5028, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5003-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5003-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seawater naturally contains trace metals such as Mo and U, which accumulate under low oxygen conditions on the seafloor. Previous studies have used sediment Mo and U contents as an archive of changing oxygen concentrations in coastal waters. Here we show that in fjords the use of Mo and U for this purpose may be impaired by additional processes. Our findings have implications for the reliable use of Mo and U to reconstruct oxygen changes in fjords.
Hannah Sharpe, Michel Gosselin, Catherine Lalande, Alexandre Normandeau, Jean-Carlos Montero-Serrano, Khouloud Baccara, Daniel Bourgault, Owen Sherwood, and Audrey Limoges
Biogeosciences, 20, 4981–5001, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4981-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4981-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the impact of submarine canyon processes within the Pointe-des-Monts system on biogenic matter export and phytoplankton assemblages. Using data from three oceanographic moorings, we show that the canyon experienced two low-amplitude sediment remobilization events in 2020–2021 that led to enhanced particle fluxes in the deep-water column layer > 2.6 km offshore. Sinking phytoplankton fluxes were lower near the canyon compared to background values from the lower St. Lawrence Estuary.
Dewi Langlet, Florian Mermillod-Blondin, Noémie Deldicq, Arthur Bauville, Gwendoline Duong, Lara Konecny, Mylène Hugoni, Lionel Denis, and Vincent M. P. Bouchet
Biogeosciences, 20, 4875–4891, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4875-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4875-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Benthic foraminifera are single-cell marine organisms which can move in the sediment column. They were previously reported to horizontally and vertically transport sediment particles, yet the impact of their motion on the dissolved fluxes remains unknown. Using microprofiling, we show here that foraminiferal burrow formation increases the oxygen penetration depth in the sediment, leading to a change in the structure of the prokaryotic community.
Masahiko Fujii, Ryuji Hamanoue, Lawrence Patrick Cases Bernardo, Tsuneo Ono, Akihiro Dazai, Shigeyuki Oomoto, Masahide Wakita, and Takehiro Tanaka
Biogeosciences, 20, 4527–4549, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4527-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4527-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first study of the current and future impacts of climate change on Pacific oyster farming in Japan. Future coastal warming and acidification may affect oyster larvae as a result of longer exposure to lower-pH waters. A prolonged spawning period may harm oyster processing by shortening the shipping period and reducing oyster quality. To minimize impacts on Pacific oyster farming, in addition to mitigation measures, local adaptation measures may be required.
Taketoshi Kodama, Atsushi Nishimoto, Ken-ichi Nakamura, Misato Nakae, Naoki Iguchi, Yosuke Igeta, and Yoichi Kogure
Biogeosciences, 20, 3667–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3667-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3667-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon and nitrogen are essential elements for organisms; their stable isotope ratios (13C : 12C, 15N : 14N) are useful tools for understanding turnover and movement in the ocean. In the Sea of Japan, the environment is rapidly being altered by human activities. The 13C : 12C of small organic particles is increased by active carbon fixation, and phytoplankton growth increases the values. The 15N : 14N variations suggest that nitrates from many sources contribute to organic production.
Aubin Thibault de Chanvalon, George W. Luther, Emily R. Estes, Jennifer Necker, Bradley M. Tebo, Jianzhong Su, and Wei-Jun Cai
Biogeosciences, 20, 3053–3071, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3053-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3053-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The intensity of the oceanic trap of CO2 released by anthropogenic activities depends on the alkalinity brought by continental weathering. Between ocean and continent, coastal water and estuaries can limit or favour the alkalinity transfer. This study investigate new interactions between dissolved metals and alkalinity in the oxygen-depleted zone of estuaries.
Joonas J. Virtasalo, Peter Österholm, and Eero Asmala
Biogeosciences, 20, 2883–2901, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2883-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2883-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We mixed acidic metal-rich river water from acid sulfate soils and seawater in the laboratory to study the flocculation of dissolved metals and organic matter in estuaries. Al and Fe flocculated already at a salinity of 0–2 to large organic flocs (>80 µm size). Precipitation of Al and Fe hydroxide flocculi (median size 11 µm) began when pH exceeded ca. 5.5. Mn transferred weakly to Mn hydroxides and Co to the flocs. Up to 50 % of Cu was associated with the flocs, irrespective of seawater mixing.
Moritz Baumann, Allanah Joy Paul, Jan Taucher, Lennart Thomas Bach, Silvan Goldenberg, Paul Stange, Fabrizio Minutolo, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 2595–2612, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2595-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2595-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The sinking velocity of marine particles affects how much atmospheric CO2 is stored inside our oceans. We measured particle sinking velocities in the Peruvian upwelling system and assessed their physical and biochemical drivers. We found that sinking velocity was mainly influenced by particle size and porosity, while ballasting minerals played only a minor role. Our findings help us to better understand the particle sinking dynamics in this highly productive marine system.
Kyle E. Hinson, Marjorie A. M. Friedrichs, Raymond G. Najjar, Maria Herrmann, Zihao Bian, Gopal Bhatt, Pierre St-Laurent, Hanqin Tian, and Gary Shenk
Biogeosciences, 20, 1937–1961, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1937-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1937-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Climate impacts are essential for environmental managers to consider when implementing nutrient reduction plans designed to reduce hypoxia. This work highlights relative sources of uncertainty in modeling regional climate impacts on the Chesapeake Bay watershed and consequent declines in bay oxygen levels. The results demonstrate that planned water quality improvement goals are capable of reducing hypoxia levels by half, offsetting climate-driven impacts on terrestrial runoff.
Linquan Mu, Jaime B. Palter, and Hongjie Wang
Biogeosciences, 20, 1963–1977, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1963-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1963-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Enhancing ocean alkalinity accelerates carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. We hypothetically added alkalinity to the Amazon River and examined the increment of the carbon uptake by the Amazon plume. We also investigated the minimum alkalinity addition in which this perturbation at the river mouth could be detected above the natural variability.
Karl M. Attard, Anna Lyssenko, and Iván F. Rodil
Biogeosciences, 20, 1713–1724, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1713-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1713-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Aquatic plants produce a large amount of organic matter through photosynthesis that, following erosion, is deposited on the seafloor. In this study, we show that plant detritus can trigger low-oxygen conditions (hypoxia) in shallow coastal waters, making conditions challenging for most marine animals. We propose that the occurrence of hypoxia may be underestimated because measurements typically do not consider the region closest to the seafloor, where detritus accumulates.
M. James McLaughlin, Cindy Bessey, Gary A. Kendrick, John Keesing, and Ylva S. Olsen
Biogeosciences, 20, 1011–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1011-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1011-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Coral reefs face increasing pressures from environmental change at present. The coral reef framework is produced by corals and calcifying algae. The Kimberley region of Western Australia has escaped land-based anthropogenic impacts. Specimens of the dominant coral and algae were collected from Browse Island's reef platform and incubated in mesocosms to measure calcification and production patterns of oxygen. This study provides important data on reef building and climate-driven effects.
Patricia Ayón Dejo, Elda Luz Pinedo Arteaga, Anna Schukat, Jan Taucher, Rainer Kiko, Helena Hauss, Sabrina Dorschner, Wilhelm Hagen, Mariona Segura-Noguera, and Silke Lischka
Biogeosciences, 20, 945–969, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-945-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-945-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean upwelling regions are highly productive. With ocean warming, severe changes in upwelling frequency and/or intensity and expansion of accompanying oxygen minimum zones are projected. In a field experiment off Peru, we investigated how different upwelling intensities affect the pelagic food web and found failed reproduction of dominant zooplankton. The changes projected could severely impact the reproductive success of zooplankton communities and the pelagic food web in upwelling regions.
Mathilde Jutras, Alfonso Mucci, Gwenaëlle Chaillou, William A. Nesbitt, and Douglas W. R. Wallace
Biogeosciences, 20, 839–849, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-839-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-839-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The deep waters of the lower St Lawrence Estuary and gulf have, in the last decades, experienced a strong decline in their oxygen concentration. Below 65 µmol L-1, the waters are said to be hypoxic, with dire consequences for marine life. We show that the extent of the hypoxic zone shows a seven-fold increase in the last 20 years, reaching 9400 km2 in 2021. After a stable period at ~ 65 µmol L⁻¹ from 1984 to 2019, the oxygen level also suddenly decreased to ~ 35 µmol L-1 in 2020.
Sachi Umezawa, Manami Tozawa, Yuichi Nosaka, Daiki Nomura, Hiroji Onishi, Hiroto Abe, Tetsuya Takatsu, and Atsushi Ooki
Biogeosciences, 20, 421–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-421-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-421-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted repetitive observations in Funka Bay, Japan, during the spring bloom 2019. We found nutrient concentration decreases in the dark subsurface layer during the bloom. Incubation experiments confirmed that diatoms could consume nutrients at a substantial rate, even in darkness. We concluded that the nutrient reduction was mainly caused by nutrient consumption by diatoms in the dark.
Dirk Jong, Lisa Bröder, Tommaso Tesi, Kirsi H. Keskitalo, Nikita Zimov, Anna Davydova, Philip Pika, Negar Haghipour, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Jorien E. Vonk
Biogeosciences, 20, 271–294, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With this study, we want to highlight the importance of studying both land and ocean together, and water and sediment together, as these systems function as a continuum, and determine how organic carbon derived from permafrost is broken down and its effect on global warming. Although on the one hand it appears that organic carbon is removed from sediments along the pathway of transport from river to ocean, it also appears to remain relatively ‘fresh’, despite this removal and its very old age.
Georgia Filippi, Manos Dassenakis, Vasiliki Paraskevopoulou, and Konstantinos Lazogiannis
Biogeosciences, 20, 163–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-163-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-163-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The pollution of the western Saronikos Gulf from heavy metals has been examined through the study of marine sediment cores. It is a deep gulf (maximum depth 440 m) near Athens affected by industrial and volcanic activity. Eight cores were received from various stations and depths and analysed for their heavy metal content and geochemical characteristics. The results were evaluated by using statistical methods, environmental indicators and comparisons with old data.
Jing He and Michael D. Tyka
Biogeosciences, 20, 27–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-27-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-27-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) has gained interest as a scalable way to address the urgent need for negative CO2 emissions. In this paper we examine the capacity of different coastlines to tolerate alkalinity enhancement and the time scale of CO2 uptake following the addition of a given quantity of alkalinity. The results suggest that OAE has significant potential and identify specific favorable and unfavorable coastlines for its deployment.
Arnaud Laurent, Haiyan Zhang, and Katja Fennel
Biogeosciences, 19, 5893–5910, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5893-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5893-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Changjiang is the main terrestrial source of nutrients to the East China Sea (ECS). Nutrient delivery to the ECS has been increasing since the 1960s, resulting in low oxygen (hypoxia) during phytoplankton decomposition in summer. River phosphorus (P) has increased less than nitrogen, and therefore, despite the large nutrient delivery, phytoplankton growth can be limited by the lack of P. Here, we investigate this link between P limitation, phytoplankton production/decomposition, and hypoxia.
Coline Poppeschi, Guillaume Charria, Anne Daniel, Romaric Verney, Peggy Rimmelin-Maury, Michaël Retho, Eric Goberville, Emilie Grossteffan, and Martin Plus
Biogeosciences, 19, 5667–5687, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5667-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5667-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper aims to understand interannual changes in the initiation of the phytoplankton growing period (IPGP) in the current context of global climate changes over the last 20 years. An important variability in the timing of the IPGP is observed with a trend towards a later IPGP during this last decade. The role and the impact of extreme events (cold spells, floods, and wind burst) on the IPGP is also detailed.
Lin Yang, Jing Zhang, Anja Engel, and Gui-Peng Yang
Biogeosciences, 19, 5251–5268, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5251-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5251-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Enrichment factors of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the eastern marginal seas of China exhibited a significant spatio-temporal variation. Photochemical and enrichment processes co-regulated DOM enrichment in the sea-surface microlayer (SML). Autochthonous DOM was more frequently enriched in the SML than terrestrial DOM. DOM in the sub-surface water exhibited higher aromaticity than that in the SML.
Mona Norbisrath, Johannes Pätsch, Kirstin Dähnke, Tina Sanders, Gesa Schulz, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 19, 5151–5165, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5151-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5151-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Total alkalinity (TA) regulates the oceanic storage capacity of atmospheric CO2. TA is also metabolically generated in estuaries and influences coastal carbon storage through its inflows. We used water samples and identified the Hamburg port area as the one with highest TA generation. Of the overall riverine TA load, 14 % is generated within the estuary. Using a biogeochemical model, we estimated potential effects on the coastal carbon storage under possible anthropogenic and climate changes.
Cited articles
Alderkamp, A. C., Mills, M. M., van Dijken, G. L., Laan, P., Thuróczy,
C. E., Gerringa, L. J. A., de Baar, H. J. W., Payne, C. D., Visser, R. J.
W., Buma, A. G. J., and Arrigo, K. R.: Iron from melting glaciers fuels
phytoplankton blooms in the Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Phytoplankton
characteristics and productivity, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II,
71–76, 32–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.03.005, 2012.
Annett, A. L., Skiba, M., Henley, S. F., Venables, H. J., Meredith, M. P.,
Statham, P. J., and Ganeshram, R. S.: Comparative roles of upwelling and
glacial iron sources in Ryder Bay, coastal western Antarctic Peninsula, Mar.
Chem., 76, 21–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.06.017, 2015.
Annett, A. L., Fitzsimmons, J. N., Séguret, M. J. M., Lagerström,
M., Meredith, M. P., Schofield, O., and Sherrell, R. M.: Controls on
dissolved and particulate iron distributions in surface waters of the
Western Antarctic Peninsula shelf, Mar. Chem., 196, 81–97,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2017.06.004, 2017.
Ardelan, M. V, Holm-Hansen, O., Hewes, C. D., Reiss, C. S., Silva, N. S., Dulaiova, H., Steinnes, E., and Sakshaug, E.: Natural iron enrichment around the Antarctic Peninsula in the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 7, 11–25, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-11-2010, 2010.
Ardiningsih, I., Seyitmuhammedov, K., Sander, S. G., Stirling, C. H., Reichart, G.-J., Arrigo, K. R., Gerringa, L. J. A., and Middag, R.: Fe-binding organic ligands in coastal and frontal regions of the western Antarctic Peninsula, Biogeosciences, 18, 4587–4601, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4587-2021, 2021.
Armstrong, P. B., Lyons, W. B., and Gaudette, H. E.: Application of
Formaldoxime Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Manganese in the
Pore Water of Anoxic Estuarine Sediments, Estuaries, 2, 198–201,
https://doi.org/10.2307/1351736, 1979.
Bintanja, R., Severijns, C., Haarsma, R., and Hazeleger, W.: The future of
Antarctica's surface winds simulated by a high-resolution global climate
model: 1. Model description and validation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
119, 7136–7159, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020847, 2014.
Boudreau, B. P.: The diffusive tortuosity of fine-grained unlithified
sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 60, 3139–3142,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00158-5, 1996.
Bown, J., van Haren, H., Meredith, M. P., Venables, H. J., Laan, P.,
Brearley, J. A., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Evidences of strong sources of DFe
and DMn in Ryder Bay, Western Antarctic Peninsula, Philos. Trans. A, 376, 20170172, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0172, 2018.
Boyd, P. W., Claustre, H., Levy, M., Siegel, D. A., and Weber, T.:
Multi-faceted particle pumps drive carbon sequestration in the ocean,
Nature, 568, 327–335, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1098-2, 2019.
Boyle, E. A., Edmond, J. M., and Sholkovitz, E. R.: The mechanism of iron
removal in estuaries, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 41, 1313–1324,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(77)90075-8, 1977.
Brendel, P. J. and Luther, G. W.: Development of a Gold Amalgam Voltammetric
Microelectrode for the Determination of Dissolved Fe, Mn, O2, and S(-II) in
Porewaters of Marine and Freshwater Sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 751–761,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es00003a024, 1995.
Brinkerhoff, D., Truffer, M., and Aschwanden, A.: Sediment transport drives
tidewater glacier periodicity, Nat. Commun., 8, 90,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00095-5, 2017.
Browning, T. J., Achterberg, E. P., Engel, A., and Mawji, E.: Manganese
co-limitation of phytoplankton growth and major nutrient drawdown in the
Southern Ocean, Nat. Commun., 12, 884, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21122-6,
2021.
Buck, K. N., Sohst, B., and Sedwick, P. N.: The organic complexation of
dissolved iron along the U.S. GEOTRACES (GA03) North Atlantic Section, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 116, 152–165,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.11.016, 2015.
Buck, K. N., Sedwick, P. N., Sohst, B., and Carlson, C. A.: Organic
complexation of iron in the eastern tropical South Pacific: Results from US
GEOTRACES Eastern Pacific Zonal Transect (GEOTRACES cruise GP16), Mar.
Chem., 201, 229–241, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2017.11.007,
2018.
Burdige, D. J. and Komada, T.: Iron redox cycling, sediment resuspension and
the role of sediments in low oxygen environments as sources of iron to the
water column, Mar. Chem., 223, 103793, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103793, 2020.
Cape, M. R., Vernet, M., Pettit, E. C., Wellner, J., Truffer, M., Akie, G.,
Domack, E., Leventer, A., Smith, C. R., and Huber, B. A.: Circumpolar Deep
Water Impacts Glacial Meltwater Export and Coastal Biogeochemical Cycling
Along the West Antarctic Peninsula, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 144 pp., 2019.
Cook, A. J., Holland, P. R., Meredith, M. P., Murray, T., Luckman, A., and
Vaughan, D. G.: Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic
Peninsula, Science, 353, 283–286,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aae0017, 2016.
Cowan, E. A. and Powell, R. D.: Suspended sediment transport and deposition
of cyclically interlaminated sediment in a temperate glacial fjord, Alaska,
USA, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ., 53, 75–89,
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.04, 1990.
Cutter, G. A. and Bruland, K. W.: Rapid and noncontaminating sampling system
for trace elements in global ocean surveys, Limnol. Oceanogr. Method.,
10, 425–436, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2012.10.425, 2012.
Dale, A. W., Nickelsen, L., Scholz, F., Hensen, C., Oschlies, A., and
Wallmann, K.: A revised global estimate of dissolved iron fluxes from marine
sediments, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29, 691–707,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB005017, 2015.
Death, R., Wadham, J. L., Monteiro, F., Le Brocq, A. M., Tranter, M., Ridgwell, A., Dutkiewicz, S., and Raiswell, R.: Antarctic ice sheet fertilises the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 11, 2635–2643, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2635-2014, 2014.
De Jong, J. T. M., Stammerjohn, S. E., Ackley, S. F., Tison, J.-L.,
Mattielli, N., and Schoemann, V.: Sources and fluxes of dissolved iron in the
Bellingshausen Sea (West Antarctica): The importance of sea ice, icebergs
and the continental margin, Mar. Chem., 177, 518–535,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.08.004, 2015.
Dierssen, H. M., Smith, R. C., and Vernet, M.: Glacial meltwater dynamics in
coastal waters west of the Antarctic peninsula, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 1790–1795, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.032206999, 2002.
Domack, E. W. and Ishman, S.: Oceanographic and physiographic controls on
modern sedimentation within Antarctic fjords, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 105, 1175–1189,
1993.
Domack, E. W. and Williams, C. R.: Fine Structure and Suspended Sediment Transport in Three Antarctic Fjords [Internet], Contributions to Antarctic Research I, Antarctic Research Series, 71–89, available at: https://doi.org/10.1029/AR050p0071, 1990.
Egbert, G. D. and Erofeeva, S. Y.: Efficient Inverse Modeling of Barotropic
Ocean Tides, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 19, 183–204,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0183:EIMOBO>2.0.CO;2,
2002.
Eidam, E. F., Nittrouer, C. A., Lundesgaard, Homolka, K. K., and Smith, C.
R.: Variability of Sediment Accumulation Rates in an Antarctic Fjord,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 13271–13280, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084499, 2019.
Ekern, L.: Assessing Primary Production via nutrient deficits in Andvord
Bay, Antarctica 2015–2016, University of California, San Diego, 2017.
Fitzsimmons, J. N., Bundy, R. M., Al-Subiai, S. N., Barbeau, K. A., and
Boyle, E. A.: The composition of dissolved iron in the dusty surface ocean:
An exploration using size-fractionated iron-binding ligands, Mar. Chem., 173, 125–135,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2014.09.002, 2015.
Fitzsimmons, J. N., John, S. G., Marsay, C. M., Hoffman, C. L., Nicholas, S.
L., Toner, B. M., German, C. R., and Sherrell, R. M.: Iron persistence in a
distal hydrothermal plume supported by dissolved–particulate exchange, Nat.
Geosci., 10, 195–201, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2900, 2017.
Gerringa, L. J. A., Laan, P., van Dijken, G. L., van Haren, H., De Baar, H.
J. W., Arrigo, K. R., and Alderkamp, A. C.: Sources of iron in the Ross Sea
polynya in early summer, Mar. Chem., 177, 447–459, 2015.
Gerringa, L. J. A., Gledhill, M., Ardiningsih, I., Muntjewerf, N., and
Laglera, L. M.: Comparing CLE-AdCSV applications using SA and TAC to
determine the Fe-binding characteristics of model ligands in seawater,
Biogeosciences, 18, 5265–5289, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5265-2021, 2021.
Gledhill, M. and Buck, K. N.: The organic complexation of iron in the marine
environment: a review, Front. Microbiol., 3, 69,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00069, 2012.
Goldberg, T., Archer, C., Vance, D., Thamdrup, B., McAnena, A., and Poulton,
S. W.: Controls on Mo isotope fractionations in a Mn-rich anoxic marine
sediment, Gullmar Fjord, Sweden, Chem. Geol., 296/297, 73–82,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.12.020, 2012.
Grange, L. J. and Smith, C. R.: Megafaunal communities in rapidly warming
fjords along the West Antarctic Peninsula: Hotspots of abundance and beta
diversity, PLoS One, 8, 12, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077917, 2013.
Hahn-Woernle, L., Powell, B., Lundesgaard, Ø., and van Wessem, M.:
Sensitivity of the summer upper ocean heat content in a Western Antarctic
Peninsula fjord, Prog. Oceanogr., 183, 102287,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102287, 2020.
Haidvogel, D. B., Arango, H., Budgell, W. P., Cornuelle, B. D., Curchitser,
E., Di Lorenzo, E., Fennel, K., Geyer, W. R., Hermann, A. J., Lanerolle, L.,
Levin, J., McWilliams, J. C., Miller, A. J., Moore, A. M., Powell, T. M.,
Shchepetkin, A. F., Sherwood, C. R., Signell, R. P., Warner, J. C., and
Wilkin, J.: Ocean forecasting in terrain-following coordinates: Formulation
and skill assessment of the Regional Ocean Modeling System, J. Comput.
Phys., 227, 3595–3624, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2007.06.016,
2008.
Halbach, L., Vihtakari, M., Duarte, P., Everett, A., Granskog, M. A., Hop,
H., Kauko, H. M., Kristiansen, S., Myhre, P. I., Pavlov, A. K., Pramanik,
A., Tatarek, A., Torsvik, T., Wiktor, J. M., Wold, A., Wulff, A., Steen, H.,
and Assmy, P.: Tidewater Glaciers and Bedrock Characteristics Control the
Phytoplankton Growth Environment in a Fjord in the Arctic , Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 254, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00254, 2019.
Hatta, M., Measures, C. I., Selph, K. E., Zhou, M., and Hiscock, W. T.: Iron fluxes from the shelf regions near the South Shetland Islands in the Drake Passage during the austral-winter 2006, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 90, 89–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.11.003, 2013.
Hawkings, J. R., Wadham, J. L., Tranter, M., Raiswell, R., Benning, L. G.,
Statham, P. J., Tedstone, A., Nienow, P., Lee, K., and Telling, J.: Ice
sheets as a significant source of highly reactive nanoparticulate iron to
the oceans., Nat. Commun., 5, 3929, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4929, 2014.
Hawkings, J. R., Hatton, J. E., Hendry, K. R., de Souza, G. F., Wadham, J.
L., Ivanovic, R., Kohler, T. J., Stibal, M., Beaton, A., Lamarche-Gagnon,
G., Tedstone, A., Hain, M. P., Bagshaw, E., Pike, J., and Tranter, M.: The
silicon cycle impacted by past ice sheets, Nat. Commun., 9, 3210,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05689-1, 2018.
Hawkings, J. R., Skidmore, M. L., Wadham, J. L., Priscu, J. C., Morton, P.
L., Hatton, J. E., Gardner, C. B., Kohler, T. J., Stibal, M., Bagshaw, E.
A., Steigmeyer, A., Barker, J., Dore, J. E., Lyons, W. B., Tranter, M., and
Spencer, R. G. M.: Enhanced trace element mobilization by Earth's ice
sheets, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 31648–31659,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014378117, 2020.
Henkel, S., Kasten, S., Hartmann, J. F., Silva-Busso, A., and Staubwasser, M.: Iron cycling and stable Fe isotope fractionation in Antarctic shelf sediments, King George Island, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 237, 320–338, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.06.042, 2018.
Henley, S. F., Cavan, E. L., Fawcett, S. E., Kerr, R., Monteiro, T.,
Sherrell, R. M., Bowie, A. R., Boyd, P. W., Barnes, D. K. A., Schloss, I.
R., Marshall, T., Flynn, R., and Smith, S.: Changing Biogeochemistry of the
Southern Ocean and Its Ecosystem Implications, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 581, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00581, 2020.
Hopwood, M. J., Cantoni, C., Clarke, J. S., Cozzi, S., and Achterberg, E. P.: The heterogeneous nature of Fe delivery from melting icebergs, Geochem. Perspect. Lett., 3, 200–209, https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.1723, 2017.
Hodson, A., Nowak, A., Sabacka, M., Jungblut, A., Navarro, F., Pearce, D.,
Ávila-Jiménez, M. L., Convey, P., and Vieira, G.: Climatically
sensitive transfer of iron to maritime Antarctic ecosystems by surface
runoff, Nat. Commun., 8, 14499, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14499, 2017.
Hogle, S. L., Bundy, R. M., Blanton, J. M., Allen, E. E., and Barbeau, K. A.:
Copiotrophic marine bacteria are associated with strong iron-binding ligand
production during phytoplankton blooms, Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett., 1,
36–43, https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10026, 2016.
Holding, J. M., Markager, S., Juul-Pedersen, T., Paulsen, M. L., Møller,
E. F., Meire, L., and Sejr, M. K.: Seasonal and spatial patterns of primary
production in a high-latitude fjord affected by Greenland Ice Sheet run-off,
Biogeosciences, 16, 3777–3792, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3777-2019, 2019.
Hopwood, M. J., Bacon, S., Arendt, K., Connelly, D. P., and Statham, P. J.:
Glacial meltwater from Greenland is not likely to be an important source of
Fe to the North Atlantic, Biogeochemistry, 124, 1–11,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0091-6, 2015.
Hopwood, M. J., Connelly, D. P., Arendt, K. E., Juul-Pedersen, T.,
Stinchcombe, M., Meire, L., Esposito, M., and Krishna, R.: Seasonal changes
in Fe along a glaciated Greenlandic fjord, Front. Earth Sci. , 4,
1–13, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00015, 2016.
Hopwood, M. J., Carroll, D., Höfer, J., Achterberg, E. P., Meire, L., Le
Moigne, F. A. C., Bach, L. T., Eich, C., Sutherland, D. A., and González,
H. E.: Highly variable iron content modulates iceberg-ocean fertilisation
and potential carbon export, Nat. Commun., 10, 5261,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13231-0, 2019.
Jack Pan, B., Vernet, M., Reynolds, R. A., and Greg Mitchell, B.: The optical
and biological properties of glacial meltwater in an Antarctic fjord, PLoS
One, 14, e0211107, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211107, 2019.
Jackson, R. H., Straneo, F., and Sutherland, D. A.: Externally forced
fluctuations in ocean temperature at Greenland glaciers in
non-summer months, Nat. Geosci., 7, 503–508, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2186, 2014.
Kanna, N., Sugiyama, S., Fukamachi, Y., Nomura, D., and Nishioka, J.: Iron
Supply by Subglacial Discharge Into a Fjord Near the Front of a
Marine-Terminating Glacier in Northwestern Greenland, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 34, e2020GB006567, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006567,
2020.
King, A. L. and Barbeau, K. A.: Dissolved iron and macronutrient
distributions in the southern California Current System, J. Geophys. Res.
Ocean., 116, C03018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006324, 2011.
Komada, T., Burdige, D. J., Magen, C., Li, H.-L., and Chanton, J.: Recycling of Organic Matter in the Sediments of Santa Monica Basin, California Borderland, Aquat. Geochem., 22, 593–618, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-016-9308-0, 2016.
Krisch, S., Hopwood, M. J., Schaffer, J., Al-Hashem, A., Höfer, J.,
Rutgers van der Loeff, M. M., Conway, T. M., Summers, B. A., Lodeiro, P.,
Ardiningsih, I., Steffens, T., and Achterberg, E. P.: The 79∘N
Glacier cavity modulates subglacial iron export to the NE Greenland Shelf,
Nat. Commun., 12, 3030, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23093-0, 2021.
Kryc, K. A., Murray, R. W., and Murray, D. W.: Al-to-oxide and Ti-to-organic
linkages in biogenic sediment: relationships to paleo-export production and
bulk Al
Lagerström, M. E., Field, M. P., Séguret, M., Fischer, L., Hann, S.,
and Sherrell, R. M.: Automated on-line flow-injection ICP-MS determination
of trace metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) in open ocean seawater:
Application to the GEOTRACES program, Mar. Chem., 155, 71–80,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2013.06.001, 2013.
Lannuzel, D., Grotti, M., Abelmoschi, M. L., and van der Merwe, P.: Organic
ligands control the concentrations of dissolved iron in Antarctic sea ice,
Mar. Chem., 174, 120–130,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.05.005, 2015.
Laufer-Meiser, K., Michaud, A. B., Maisch, M., Byrne, J. M., Kappler, A.,
Patterson, M. O., Røy, H., and Jørgensen, B. B.: Potentially
bioavailable iron produced through benthic cycling in glaciated Arctic
fjords of Svalbard, Nat. Commun., 12, 1349,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21558-w, 2021.
Li, M., Toner, B. M., Baker, B. J., Breier, J. A., Sheik, C. S., and Dick, G.
J.: Microbial iron uptake as a mechanism for dispersing iron from deep-sea
hydrothermal vents, Nat. Commun., 5, 3192, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4192, 2014.
Lippiatt, S. M., Lohan, M. C., and Bruland, K. W.: The distribution of
reactive iron in northern Gulf of Alaska coastal waters, Mar. Chem., 121, 187–199,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2010.04.007, 2010.
Lohan, M. C., Aguilar-Islas, A. M., and Bruland, K. W.: Direct determination
of iron in acidified (pH 1.7) seawater samples by flow injection analysis
with catalytic spectrophotometric detection: Application and
intercomparison, Limnol. Oceanogr. Method., 4, 164–171,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2006.4.164, 2006.
Lundesgaard, Ø., Powell, B., Merrifield, M., Hahn-Woernle, L., and Winsor,
P.: Response of an antarctic Peninsula fjord to summer Katabatic wind
events, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 1485–1502, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0119.1, 2019.
Lundesgaard, Ø., Winsor, P., Truffer, M., Merrifield, M., Powell, B.,
Statscewich, H., Eidam, E., and Smith, C. R.: Hydrography and energetics of a
cold subpolar fjord: Andvord Bay, western Antarctic Peninsula, Prog.
Oceanogr., 181, 102224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102224, 2020.
Luther, G. W., Glazer, B. T., Ma, S., Trouwborst, R. E., Moore, T. S.,
Metzger, E., Kraiya, C., Waite, T. J., Druschel, G., Sundby, B., Taillefert,
M., Nuzzio, D. B., Shank, T. M., Lewis, B. L., and Brendel, P. J.: Use of
voltammetric solid-state (micro)electrodes for studying biogeochemical
processes: Laboratory measurements to real time measurements with an in situ
electrochemical analyzer (ISEA), Mar. Chem., 108, 221–235,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.03.002, 2008.
Luther III, G. W., Brendel, P. J., Lewis, B. L., Sundby, B., Lefrançois,
L., Silverberg, N., and Nuzzio, D. B.: Simultaneous measurement of O2, Mn,
Fe, I-, and S(–II) in marine pore waters with a solid-state voltammetric
microelectrode, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 325–333,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1998.43.2.0325, 1998.
Marsay, C. M., Sedwick, P. N., Dinniman, M. S., Barrett, P. M., Mack, S. L.,
and McGillicuddy, D. J.: Estimating the benthic efflux of dissolved iron on
the Ross Sea continental shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 7576–7583,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061684, 2014.
Martin, J. H., Gordon, R. M., and Fitzwater, S. E.: Iron in Antarctic waters, Nature, 345, 156–158, https://doi.org/10.1038/345156a0, 1990.
Meire, L., Mortensen, J., Meire, P., Juul-Pedersen, T., Sejr, M. K.,
Rysgaard, S., Nygaard, R., Huybrechts, P., and Meysman, F. J. R.:
Marine-terminating glaciers sustain high productivity in Greenland fjords,
Glob. Change Biol., 23, 5344–5357, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13801, 2017.
Meredith, M. P., Stammerjohn, S. E., Venables, H. J., Ducklow, H. W.,
Martinson, D. G., Iannuzzi, R. A., Leng, M. J., van Wessem, J. M., Reijmer,
C. H., and Barrand, N. E.: Changing distributions of sea ice melt and
meteoric water west of the Antarctic Peninsula, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 139, 40–57,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.04.019, 2017.
Mikucki, J. A., Pearson, A., Johnston, D. T., Turchyn, A. V, Farquhar, J.,
Schrag, D. P., Anbar, A. D., Priscu, J. C., and Lee, P. A.: A Contemporary
Microbially Maintained Subglacial Ferrous “Ocean”, Science, 324, 397–400, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167350, 2009.
Moffat, C., Beardsley, R. C., Owens, B., and van Lipzig, N.: A first
description of the Antarctic Peninsula Coastal Current, Deep-Sea Res. Pt.
II, 55, 277–293,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.10.003, 2008.
Mouginot, J., Rignot, E., Bjørk, A. A., van den Broeke, M., Millan, R.,
Morlighem, M., Noël, B., Scheuchl, B.,, and Wood, M.: Forty-six years of
Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance from 1972 to 2018, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
116, 9239–9244, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904242116, 2019.
Ng, H. C., Cassarino, L., Pickering, R. A., Woodward, E. M. S., Hammond, S.
J., and Hendry, K. R.: Sediment efflux of silicon on the Greenland margin and
implications for the marine silicon cycle, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 529,
115877, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115877, 2020.
Oliver, H., St-Laurent, P., Sherrell, R. M., and Yager, P. L.: Modeling Iron
and Light Controls on the Summer Phaeocystis antarctica Bloom in the
Amundsen Sea Polynya, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 33, 570–596,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006168, 2019.
Omanović, D., Garnier, C., and Pižeta, I.: ProMCC: An all-in-one tool
for trace metal complexation studies, Mar. Chem., 173, 25–39,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2014.10.011, 2015.
Pan, B. J., Vernet, M., Manck, L., Forsch, K., Ekern, L., Mascioni, M.,
Barbeau, K. A., Almandoz, G. O., and Orona, A. J.: Environmental drivers of
phytoplankton taxonomic composition in an Antarctic fjord, Prog. Oceanogr., 183, 102295,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102295, 2020.
Person, R., Aumont, O., Madec, G., Vancoppenolle, M., Bopp, L., and Merino, N.: Sensitivity of ocean biogeochemistry to the iron supply from the Antarctic Ice Sheet explored with a biogeochemical model, Biogeosciences, 16, 3583–3603, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3583-2019, 2019.
Poulton, S. W. and Canfield, D. E.: Development of a sequential extraction
procedure for iron: implications for iron partitioning in continentally
derived particulates, Chem. Geol., 214, 209–221,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.09.003, 2005.
Pritchard, H. D. and Vaughan, D. G.: Widespread acceleration of tidewater
glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 112, F03S29,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000597, 2007.
Raiswell, R. and Canfield, D. E.: The Iron Biogeochemical Cycle Past and
Present, Geochem. Perspect., 1, 1–220, https://doi.org/10.7185/geochempersp.1.1,
2012.
Raiswell, R., Hawkings, J., Elsenousy, A., Death, R., Tranter, M., and
Wadham, J.: Iron in Glacial Systems: Speciation, Reactivity, Freezing
Behavior, and Alteration During Transport, Front. Earth Sci., 6, 222,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00222, 2018.
Rignot, E., Jacobs, S., Mouginot, J., and Scheuchl, B.: Ice-Shelf Melting
Around Antarctica, Science, 341, 266–270,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235798, 2013.
Rudnick, R. L. and Gao, S.: Composition of the Continental Crust, in:
Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd Edn., Elsevier Ltd., Kidlington, Oxford UK, 2013.
Rye, C. D., Marshall, J., Kelley, M., Russell, G., Nazarenko, L. S., Kostov, Y., Schmidt, G. A., and Hansen, J.: Antarctic Glacial Melt as a Driver of Recent Southern Ocean Climate Trends, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086892, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086892, 2020.
Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S. A., Olsen, K. A., Scelfo, J. M., Foster, T. D., and Flegal, A. R.: Trace metal distributions off the Antarctic Peninsula in the Weddell Sea, Mar. Chem., 77, 157–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00084-6, 2002.
Schlitzer, R.: Interactive analysis and visualization of geoscience data with Ocean Data View, Comput. Geosci., 28, 1211–1218, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(02)00040-7, 2002.
Schlosser, C., Schmidt, K., Aquilina, A., Homoky, W. B., Castrillejo, M.,
Mills, R. A., Patey, M. D., Fielding, S., Atkinson, A., and Achterberg, E.
P.: Mechanisms of dissolved and labile particulate iron supply to shelf
waters and phytoplankton blooms off South Georgia, Southern Ocean,
Biogeosciences, 15, 4973–4993, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4973-2018, 2018.
Schodlok, M. P., Menemenlis, D., and Rignot, E. J.: Ice shelf basal melt
rates around Antarctica from simulations and observations, J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 121, 1085–1109, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011117, 2016.
Schroth, A. W., Crusius, J., Hoyer, I., and Campbell, R.: Estuarine removal
of glacial iron and implications for iron fluxes to the ocean, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 41, 3951–3958, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060199, 2014.
Severmann, S., McManus, J., Berelson, W. M., and Hammond, D. E.: The
continental shelf benthic iron flux and its isotope composition, Geochim.
Cosmochim. Ac., 74, 3984–4004,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.04.022, 2010.
Sherrell, R. M., Lagerström, M. E., Forsch, K. O., Stammerjohn, S. E.,
and Yager, P. L.: Dynamics of dissolved iron and other bioactive trace
metals (Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn) in the Amundsen Sea Polynya, Antarctica, Elem. Sci.
Anthr., 3, 000071, https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000071, 2015.
Sherrell, R. M., Annett, A. L., Fitzsimmons, J. N., Roccanova, V. J., and
Meredith, M. P.: A “shallow bathtub ring” of local sedimentary iron input
maintains the Palmer Deep biological hotspot on the West Antarctic Peninsula
shelf, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 376, 20170171,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0171, 2018.
Smith, B., Fricker, H. A., Gardner, A. S., Medley, B., Nilsson, J., Paolo,
F. S., Holschuh, N., Adusumilli, S., Brunt, K., Csatho, B., Harbeck, K.,
Markus, T., Neumann, T., Siegfried, M. R., and Zwally, H. J.: Pervasive ice
sheet mass loss reflects competing ocean and atmosphere processes, Science, 368, eaaz5845, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz5845, 2020.
St-Laurent, P., Yager, P. L., Sherrell, R. M., Stammerjohn, S. E., and
Dinniman, M. S.: Pathways and supply of dissolved iron in the Amundsen Sea
(Antarctica), J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 122, 7135–7162,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013162, 2017.
St-Laurent, P., Yager, P. L., Sherrell, R. M., Oliver, H., Dinniman, M. S.,
and Stammerjohn, S. E.: Modeling the Seasonal Cycle of Iron and Carbon
Fluxes in the Amundsen Sea Polynya, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 124, 1544–1565,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014773, 2019.
Straneo, F. and Cenedese, C.: The Dynamics of Greenland's Glacial Fjords and
Their Role in Climate, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 7, 89–112,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135133, 2015.
Tagliabue, A., Bowie, A. R., DeVries, T., Ellwood, M. J., Landing, W. M.,
Milne, A., Ohnemus, D. C., Twining, B. S., and Boyd, P. W.: The interplay
between regeneration and scavenging fluxes drives ocean iron cycling, Nat.
Commun., 10, 4960, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12775-5, 2019.
Taylor, R. S., DeMaster, D. J., and Burdige, D. J.: Assessing the
distribution of labile organic carbon from diverse depositional environments
on the West Antarctic Peninsula shelf, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 156, 103166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2019.103166, 2020.
Taylor, S. R. and McLennan, S. M.: The geochemical evolution of the
continental crust, Rev. Geophys., 33, 241–265, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00262,
1995.
Thuróczy, C.-E., Gerringa, L. J. A., Klunder, M., Laan, P., Le Guitton,
M., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Distinct trends in the speciation of iron between
the shallow shelf seas and the deep basins of the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys.
Res. Ocean., 116, C10009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006835, 2011.
Thuróczy, C. E., Alderkamp, A. C., Laan, P., Gerringa, L. J. A., Mills,
M. M., Van Dijken, G. L., De Baar, H. J. W., and Arrigo, K. R.: Key role of
organic complexation of iron in sustaining phytoplankton blooms in the Pine
Island and Amundsen Polynyas (Southern Ocean), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 71–76, 49–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.03.009, 2012.
Twining, B. S., Baines, S. B., Fisher, N. S., and Landry, M. R.: Cellular
iron contents of plankton during the Southern Ocean Iron Experiment (SOFeX),
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 51, 1827–1850, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.08.007, 2004.
van Wessem, J. M., Reijmer, C. H., Lenaerts, J. T. M., van de Berg, W. J., van den Broeke, M. R., and van Meijgaard, E.: Updated cloud physics in a regional atmospheric climate model improves the modelled surface energy balance of Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 8, 125–135, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-125-2014, 2014.
Vernet, M., Martinson, D., Iannuzzi, R., Stammerjohn, S., Kozlowski, W.,
Sines, K., Smith, R., and Garibotti, I.: Primary production within the
sea-ice zone west of the Antarctic Peninsula: I – Sea ice, summer mixed layer,
and irradiance, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 2068–2085,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.05.021, 2008.
Vernet, M., Forsch, K., Manck, L., and Pan, B.: FjordEco Phytoplankton Ecology Dataset in Andvord Bay, US Antarctic Program (USAP) Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.15784/601158, 2019.
Wagener, P., Schwenke, A., and Barcikowski, S.: How Citrate Ligands Affect
Nanoparticle Adsorption to Microparticle Supports, Langmuir, 28,
6132–6140, https://doi.org/10.1021/la204839m, 2012.
Wu, J., Boyle, E., Sunda, W., and Wen, L.-S.: Soluble and colloidal iron in
the oligotrophic North Atlantic and North Pacific, Science,
293, 847–849, 2001.
Wu, M., McCain, J. S. P., Rowland, E., Middag, R., Sandgren, M., Allen, A.
E., and Bertrand, E. M.: Manganese and iron deficiency in Southern Ocean
Phaeocystis antarctica populations revealed through taxon-specific protein
indicators, Nat. Commun., 10, 3582, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11426-z, 2019.
Zhang, R., John, S. G., Zhang, J., Ren, J., Wu, Y., Zhu, Z., Liu, S., Zhu,
X., Marsay, C. M., and Wenger, F.: Transport and reaction of iron and iron
stable isotopes in glacial meltwaters on Svalbard near Kongsfjorden: From
rivers to estuary to ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 424, 201–211, 2015.
Ziegler, A. F., Smith, C. R., Edwards, K. F., and Maria, V.: Glacial
dropstones: islands enhancing seafloor species richness of benthic megafauna
in West Antarctic Peninsula fjords, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 583, 1–14,
2017.
Ziegler, A. F., Cape, M., Lundesgaard, Ø., and Smith, C. R.: Intense
deposition and rapid processing of seafloor phytodetritus in a glaciomarine
fjord, Andvord Bay (Antarctica), Prog. Oceanogr., 187, 102413,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102413, 2020.
Short summary
We show that for an unperturbed cold western Antarctic Peninsula fjord, the seasonality of iron and manganese is linked to the dispersal of metal-rich meltwater sources. Geochemical measurements of trace metals in meltwaters, porewaters, and seawater, collected during two expeditions, showed a seasonal cycle of distinct sources. Finally, model results revealed that the dispersal of surface meltwater and meltwater plumes originating from under the glacier is sensitive to katabatic wind events.
We show that for an unperturbed cold western Antarctic Peninsula fjord, the seasonality of iron...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint