Articles | Volume 19, issue 23
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Dec 2022
Research article |
| 08 Dec 2022
| 08 Dec 2022
Subsurface oxygen maximum in oligotrophic marine ecosystems: mapping the interaction between physical and biogeochemical processes
Valeria Di Biagio
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS,
Trieste, Italy
Stefano Salon
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS,
Trieste, Italy
Laura Feudale
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS,
Trieste, Italy
Gianpiero Cossarini
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS,
Trieste, Italy
Related authors
Anna Teruzzi, Ali Aydogdu, Carolina Amadio, Emanuela Clementi, Simone Colella, Valeria Di Biagio, Massimiliano Drudi, Claudia Fanelli, Laura Feudale, Alessandro Grandi, Pietro Miraglio, Andrea Pisano, Jenny Pistoia, Marco Reale, Stefano Salon, Gianluca Volpe, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 4-osr8, 15, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A noticeable cold spell occurred in Eastern Europe at the beginning of 2022 and was the main driver of intense deep-water formation and the associated transport of nutrients to the surface. Southeast of Crete, the availability of both light and nutrients in the surface layer stimulated an anomalous phytoplankton bloom. In the area, chlorophyll concentration (a proxy for bloom intensity) and primary production were considerably higher than usual, suggesting possible impacts on fishery catches.
Giovanni Coppini, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, Gerasimos Korres, Michalis Ravdas, Rita Lecci, Jenny Pistoia, Anna Chiara Goglio, Massimiliano Drudi, Alessandro Grandi, Ali Aydogdu, Romain Escudier, Andrea Cipollone, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Antonio Mariani, Sergio Cretì, Francesco Palermo, Matteo Scuro, Simona Masina, Nadia Pinardi, Antonio Navarra, Damiano Delrosso, Anna Teruzzi, Valeria Di Biagio, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Gianluca Coidessa, Carolina Amadio, Alberto Brosich, Arnau Miró, Eva Alvarez, Paolo Lazzari, Cosimo Solidoro, Charikleia Oikonomou, and Anna Zacharioudaki
Ocean Sci., 19, 1483–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents the Mediterranean Forecasting System evolution and performance developed in the framework of the Copernicus Marine Service.
Valeria Di Biagio, Riccardo Martellucci, Milena Menna, Anna Teruzzi, Carolina Amadio, Elena Mauri, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 1-osr7, 10, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen is essential to all aerobic organisms, and its content in the marine environment is continuously under assessment. By integrating observations with a model, we describe the dissolved oxygen variability in a sensitive Mediterranean area in the period 1999–2021 and ascribe it to multiple acting physical and biological drivers. Moreover, the reduction recognized in 2021, apparently also due to other mechanisms, requires further monitoring in light of its possible impacts.
Gloria Pietropolli, Luca Manzoni, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7347–7364, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring the ocean is essential for studying marine life and human impact. Our new software, PPCon, uses ocean data to predict key factors like nitrate and chlorophyll levels, which are hard to measure directly. By leveraging machine learning, PPCon offers more accurate and efficient predictions.
Anna Teruzzi, Ali Aydogdu, Carolina Amadio, Emanuela Clementi, Simone Colella, Valeria Di Biagio, Massimiliano Drudi, Claudia Fanelli, Laura Feudale, Alessandro Grandi, Pietro Miraglio, Andrea Pisano, Jenny Pistoia, Marco Reale, Stefano Salon, Gianluca Volpe, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 4-osr8, 15, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A noticeable cold spell occurred in Eastern Europe at the beginning of 2022 and was the main driver of intense deep-water formation and the associated transport of nutrients to the surface. Southeast of Crete, the availability of both light and nutrients in the surface layer stimulated an anomalous phytoplankton bloom. In the area, chlorophyll concentration (a proxy for bloom intensity) and primary production were considerably higher than usual, suggesting possible impacts on fishery catches.
Karina von Schuckmann, Lorena Moreira, Mathilde Cancet, Flora Gues, Emmanuelle Autret, Ali Aydogdu, Lluis Castrillo, Daniele Ciani, Andrea Cipollone, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alvaro de Pascual-Collar, Vincenzo De Toma, Marion Gehlen, Rianne Giesen, Marie Drevillon, Claudia Fanelli, Kevin Hodges, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Eric Jansen, Melanie Juza, Ioanna Karagali, Priidik Lagemaa, Vidar Lien, Leonardo Lima, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Ilja Maljutenko, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, Pietro Miraglio, Helen Morrison, Tabea Rebekka Panteleit, Andrea Pisano, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Urmas Raudsepp, Roshin Raj, Ad Stoffelen, Simon Van Gennip, Pierre Veillard, and Chunxue Yang
State Planet, 4-osr8, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, 2024
Gianpiero Cossarini, Andy Moore, Stefano Ciavatta, and Katja Fennel
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-8, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2024-8, 2024
Preprint under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Marine biogeochemistry refers to the cycling of chemical elements resulting from physical transport, chemical reaction, uptake, and processing by living organisms. Biogeochemical models can have a wide range of complexity, from single parameterizations of processes to fully explicit representations of several nutrients, trophic levels, and functional groups. Uncertainty sources are the lack of knowledge about the parameterizations, initial and boundary conditions and the lack of observations
Carolina Amadio, Anna Teruzzi, Gloria Pietropolli, Luca Manzoni, Gianluca Coidessa, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Ocean Sci., 20, 689–710, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Forecasting of marine biogeochemistry can be improved via the assimilation of observations. Floating buoys provide multivariate information about the status of the ocean interior. Information on the ocean interior can be expanded/augmented by machine learning. In this work, we show the enhanced impact of assimilating new in situ variables (oxygen) and reconstructed variables (nitrate) in the operational forecast system (MedBFM) model of the Mediterranean Sea.
Eva Álvarez, Gianpiero Cossarini, Anna Teruzzi, Jorn Bruggeman, Karsten Bolding, Stefano Ciavatta, Vincenzo Vellucci, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, David Antoine, and Paolo Lazzari
Biogeosciences, 20, 4591–4624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4591-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4591-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) interacts with the ambient light and gives the waters of the Mediterranean Sea their colour. We propose a novel parameterization of the CDOM cycle, whose parameter values have been optimized by using the data of the monitoring site BOUSSOLE. Nutrient and light limitations for locally produced CDOM caused aCDOM(λ) to covary with chlorophyll, while the above-average CDOM concentrations observed at this site were maintained by allochthonous sources.
Simone Spada, Anna Teruzzi, Stefano Maset, Stefano Salon, Cosimo Solidoro, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-170, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-170, 2023
Preprint under review for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
In geosciences, data assimilation (DA) combines modeled dynamics and observations to reduce simulation uncertainties. Uncertainties can be dynamically and effectively estimated in ensemble DA methods. With respect to current techniques, the novel GHOSH ensemble DA scheme is designed to improve accuracy by reaching a higher approximation order, without increasing computational costs, as demonstrated in idealized Lorenz96 tests and in realistic simulations of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry
Giovanni Coppini, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, Gerasimos Korres, Michalis Ravdas, Rita Lecci, Jenny Pistoia, Anna Chiara Goglio, Massimiliano Drudi, Alessandro Grandi, Ali Aydogdu, Romain Escudier, Andrea Cipollone, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Antonio Mariani, Sergio Cretì, Francesco Palermo, Matteo Scuro, Simona Masina, Nadia Pinardi, Antonio Navarra, Damiano Delrosso, Anna Teruzzi, Valeria Di Biagio, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Gianluca Coidessa, Carolina Amadio, Alberto Brosich, Arnau Miró, Eva Alvarez, Paolo Lazzari, Cosimo Solidoro, Charikleia Oikonomou, and Anna Zacharioudaki
Ocean Sci., 19, 1483–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents the Mediterranean Forecasting System evolution and performance developed in the framework of the Copernicus Marine Service.
Valeria Di Biagio, Riccardo Martellucci, Milena Menna, Anna Teruzzi, Carolina Amadio, Elena Mauri, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 1-osr7, 10, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen is essential to all aerobic organisms, and its content in the marine environment is continuously under assessment. By integrating observations with a model, we describe the dissolved oxygen variability in a sensitive Mediterranean area in the period 1999–2021 and ascribe it to multiple acting physical and biological drivers. Moreover, the reduction recognized in 2021, apparently also due to other mechanisms, requires further monitoring in light of its possible impacts.
Stefania A. Ciliberti, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Jay Pearlman, Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Pierre Bahurel, Fabrice Ardhuin, Alain Arnaud, Mike Bell, Segolene Berthou, Laurent Bertino, Arthur Capet, Eric Chassignet, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Gianpaolo Coro, Stuart Corney, Fraser Davidson, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Renaud Dussurget, Ghada El Serafy, Katja Fennel, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Patrick Heimbach, Fabrice Hernandez, Patrick Hogan, Ibrahim Hoteit, Sudheer Joseph, Simon Josey, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Simone Libralato, Marco Mancini, Pascal Matte, Angelique Melet, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Andrew M. Moore, Antonio Novellino, Andrew Porter, Heather Regan, Laia Romero, Andreas Schiller, John Siddorn, Joanna Staneva, Cecile Thomas-Courcoux, Marina Tonani, Jose Maria Garcia-Valdecasas, Jennifer Veitch, Karina von Schuckmann, Liying Wan, John Wilkin, and Romane Zufic
State Planet, 1-osr7, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, 2023
Alexandre Mignot, Hervé Claustre, Gianpiero Cossarini, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Elodie Gutknecht, Julien Lamouroux, Paolo Lazzari, Coralie Perruche, Stefano Salon, Raphaëlle Sauzède, Vincent Taillandier, and Anna Teruzzi
Biogeosciences, 20, 1405–1422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical models of ocean biogeochemistry are becoming a major tool to detect and predict the impact of climate change on marine resources and monitor ocean health. Here, we demonstrate the use of the global array of BGC-Argo floats for the assessment of biogeochemical models. We first detail the handling of the BGC-Argo data set for model assessment purposes. We then present 23 assessment metrics to quantify the consistency of BGC model simulations with respect to BGC-Argo data.
Marco Reale, Gianpiero Cossarini, Paolo Lazzari, Tomas Lovato, Giorgio Bolzon, Simona Masina, Cosimo Solidoro, and Stefano Salon
Biogeosciences, 19, 4035–4065, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Future projections under the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 emission scenarios of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry at the end of the 21st century show different levels of decline in nutrients, oxygen and biomasses and an acidification of the water column. The signal intensity is stronger under RCP8.5 and in the eastern Mediterranean. Under RCP4.5, after the second half of the 21st century, biogeochemical variables show a recovery of the values observed at the beginning of the investigated period.
Anna Teruzzi, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Biogeosciences, 18, 6147–6166, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During summer, maxima of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration (DCM) occur in the subsurface of the Mediterranean Sea and can play a relevant role in carbon sequestration into the ocean interior. A numerical model based on in situ and satellite observations provides insights into the range of DCM conditions across the relatively small Mediterranean Sea and shows a western DCM that is 25 % shallower and with a higher phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration than in the eastern Mediterranean.
Paolo Lazzari, Stefano Salon, Elena Terzić, Watson W. Gregg, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Vincenzo Vellucci, Emanuele Organelli, and David Antoine
Ocean Sci., 17, 675–697, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-675-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-675-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Multispectral optical sensors and models are increasingly adopted to study marine systems. In this work, bio-optical mooring and biogeochemical Argo float optical observations are combined with the Ocean-Atmosphere Spectral Irradiance Model (OASIM) to analyse the variability of sunlight at the sea surface. We show that the model skill in simulating data varies according to the wavelength of light and temporal scale considered and that it is significantly affected by cloud dynamics.
Valeria Di Biagio, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, and Cosimo Solidoro
Biogeosciences, 17, 5967–5988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5967-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5967-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Events that influence the functioning of the Earth’s ecosystems are of interest in relation to a changing climate. We propose a method to identify and characterise
wavesof extreme events affecting marine ecosystems for multi-week periods over wide areas. Our method can be applied to suitable ecosystem variables and has been used to describe different kinds of extreme event waves of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the Mediterranean Sea, by analysing the output from a high-resolution model.
Giuliana Rossi, Gualtiero Böhm, Angela Saraò, Diego Cotterle, Lorenzo Facchin, Paolo Giurco, Renata Giulia Lucchi, Maria Elena Musco, Francesca Petrera, Stefano Picotti, and Stefano Salon
Geosci. Commun., 3, 381–392, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-381-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-381-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We organized an exhibition on the climate crisis using high-quality images shot by scientists, who are amateur photographers, during their campaigns in glacier regions. Working-age people, attracted by the gorgeous images, received the message that such beauty is in danger of vanishing. Twice, the visitors could talk directly with the experts to discuss geoscience, photography, and aesthetic choices and, of course, climate change, a problem that each of us has to play a part in to solve.
Stefano Salon, Gianpiero Cossarini, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Paolo Lazzari, Anna Teruzzi, Cosimo Solidoro, and Alessandro Crise
Ocean Sci., 15, 997–1022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-997-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-997-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
After 10 years of research and development, validated analysis and forecasts of the main parameters of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry (e.g. phytoplankton, nutrients, oxygen, pH, carbon fluxes) at high spatial and temporal resolution are provided in the frame of the EU Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service. Along with a traditional skill performance assessment, novel metrics exploiting the Biogeochemical Argo floats data are designed to estimate the forecasts uncertainty.
Elena Terzić, Paolo Lazzari, Emanuele Organelli, Cosimo Solidoro, Stefano Salon, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, and Pascal Conan
Biogeosciences, 16, 2527–2542, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2527-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2527-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring ecosystem properties in the ocean is a hard business. Recent availability of data from Biogeochemical-Argo floats can help make this task easier. Numerical models can integrate these new data in a coherent picture and can be used to investigate the functioning of ecosystem processes. Our new approach merges experimental information and model capabilities to quantitatively demonstrate the importance of light and water vertical mixing for algae dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea.
Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Querin, Cosimo Solidoro, Gianmaria Sannino, Paolo Lazzari, Valeria Di Biagio, and Giorgio Bolzon
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1423–1445, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1423-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1423-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The BFMCOUPLER (v1.0) is a coupling scheme that links the MITgcm and BFM models for ocean biogeochemistry simulations. The online coupling is based on an open-source code characterizd by a modular structure. Modularity preserves the potentials of the two models, allowing for a sustainable programming effort to handle future evolutions in the two codes. The BFMCOUPLER code is released along with an idealized problem (a cyclonic gyre in a mid-latitude closed basin).
G. Cossarini, P. Lazzari, and C. Solidoro
Biogeosciences, 12, 1647–1658, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1647-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1647-2015, 2015
L. Feudale, A. Manzato, and S. Micheletti
Adv. Sci. Res., 10, 77–84, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-10-77-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-10-77-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Modelling, Aquatic
Changes in Arctic Ocean plankton community structure and trophic dynamics on seasonal to interannual timescales
Global impact of benthic denitrification on marine N2 fixation and primary production simulated by a variable-stoichiometry Earth system model
Efficiency metrics for ocean alkalinity enhancement under responsive and prescribed atmosphere conditions
Killing the predator: impacts of highest-predator mortality on the global-ocean ecosystem structure
Hydrodynamic and biochemical impacts on the development of hypoxia in the Louisiana–Texas shelf – Part 1: roles of nutrient limitation and plankton community
Validation of the coupled physical–biogeochemical ocean model NEMO–SCOBI for the North Sea–Baltic Sea system
Investigating ecosystem connections in the shelf sea environment using complex networks
Seasonal and interannual variability of the pelagic ecosystem and of the organic carbon budget in the Rhodes Gyre (eastern Mediterranean): influence of winter mixing
How much do bacterial growth properties and biodegradable dissolved organic matter control water quality at low flow?
Methane emissions from Arctic landscapes during 2000–2015: an analysis with land and lake biogeochemistry models
Including filter-feeding gelatinous macrozooplankton in a global marine biogeochemical model: model–data comparison and impact on the ocean carbon cycle
Riverine impact on future projections of marine primary production and carbon uptake
Quantifying biological carbon pump pathways with a data-constrained mechanistic model ensemble approach
Assessing the spatial and temporal variability of methylmercury biogeochemistry and bioaccumulation in the Mediterranean Sea with a coupled 3D model
Hydrodynamic and biochemical impacts on the development of hypoxia in the Louisiana–Texas shelf – Part 2: statistical modeling and hypoxia prediction
Modelling the effects of benthic fauna on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in the Baltic Sea
Improved prediction of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) distributions in the northeast subarctic Pacific using machine-learning algorithms
Nutrient transport and transformation in macrotidal estuaries of the French Atlantic coast: a modeling approach using the Carbon-Generic Estuarine Model
A modelling study of temporal and spatial pCO2 variability on the biologically active and temperature-dominated Scotian Shelf
Modeling the marine chromium cycle: new constraints on global-scale processes
New insights into large-scale trends of apparent organic matter reactivity in marine sediments and patterns of benthic carbon transformation
Evaluation of ocean dimethylsulfide concentration and emission in CMIP6 models
Zooplankton mortality effects on the plankton community of the northern Humboldt Current System: sensitivity of a regional biogeochemical model
Multi-compartment kinetic–allometric (MCKA) model of radionuclide bioaccumulation in marine fish
Impact of bottom trawling on sediment biogeochemistry: a modelling approach
Cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea: a review of models and facts
Arctic Ocean acidification over the 21st century co-driven by anthropogenic carbon increases and freshening in the CMIP6 model ensemble
Modeling silicate–nitrate–ammonium co-limitation of algal growth and the importance of bacterial remineralization based on an experimental Arctic coastal spring bloom culture study
Role of jellyfish in the plankton ecosystem revealed using a global ocean biogeochemical model
Extreme event waves in marine ecosystems: an application to Mediterranean Sea surface chlorophyll
Use of optical absorption indices to assess seasonal variability of dissolved organic matter in Amazon floodplain lakes
The role of sediment-induced light attenuation on primary production during Hurricane Gustav (2008)
Quantifying spatiotemporal variability in zooplankton dynamics in the Gulf of Mexico with a physical–biogeochemical model
One size fits all? Calibrating an ocean biogeochemistry model for different circulations
Assessing the temporal scale of deep-sea mining impacts on sediment biogeochemistry
Seasonal patterns of surface inorganic carbon system variables in the Gulf of Mexico inferred from a regional high-resolution ocean biogeochemical model
Oxygen dynamics and evaluation of the single-station diel oxygen model across contrasting geologies
Oceanic CO2 outgassing and biological production hotspots induced by pre-industrial river loads of nutrients and carbon in a global modeling approach
Global trends in marine nitrate N isotopes from observations and a neural network-based climatology
Merging bio-optical data from Biogeochemical-Argo floats and models in marine biogeochemistry
Model constraints on the anthropogenic carbon budget of the Arctic Ocean
Modeling oceanic nitrate and nitrite concentrations and isotopes using a 3-D inverse N cycle model
Biogeochemical response of the Mediterranean Sea to the transient SRES-A2 climate change scenario
Modelling the biogeochemical effects of heterotrophic and autotrophic N2 fixation in the Gulf of Aqaba (Israel), Red Sea
A perturbed biogeochemistry model ensemble evaluated against in situ and satellite observations
Diazotrophy as the main driver of the oligotrophy gradient in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean: results from a one-dimensional biogeochemical–physical coupled model
Causes of simulated long-term changes in phytoplankton biomass in the Baltic proper: a wavelet analysis
Modelling N2 fixation related to Trichodesmium sp.: driving processes and impacts on primary production in the tropical Pacific Ocean
Long-term response of oceanic carbon uptake to global warming via physical and biological pumps
Seasonal patterns in phytoplankton biomass across the northern and deep Gulf of Mexico: a numerical model study
Gabriela Negrete-García, Jessica Y. Luo, Colleen M. Petrik, Manfredi Manizza, and Andrew D. Barton
Biogeosciences, 21, 4951–4973, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4951-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4951-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic Ocean experiences significant seasonal and year-to-year changes, impacting marine plankton populations. Using a plankton community model, we studied these effects on plankton communities and their influence on fish production. Our findings revealed earlier plankton blooms, shifts towards more carnivorous zooplankton, and increased fishery potential during summertime, especially in warmer years with less ice, highlighting the delicate balance of Arctic ecosystems.
Na Li, Christopher J. Somes, Angela Landolfi, Chia-Te Chien, Markus Pahlow, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 21, 4361–4380, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4361-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4361-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
N is a crucial nutrient that limits phytoplankton growth in large ocean areas. The amount of oceanic N is governed by the balance of N2 fixation and denitrification. Here we incorporate benthic denitrification into an Earth system model with variable particulate stoichiometry. Our model compares better to the observed surface nutrient distributions, marine N2 fixation, and primary production. Benthic denitrification plays an important role in marine N and C cycling and hence the global climate.
Michael Dominik Tyka
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2150, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2150, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Marine CO2 removal (mCDR) is a promising technology for removing legacy emissions from the atmosphere. Its indirect nature makes it difficult to assess experimentally; instead one relies heavily on simulation. Many past papers treated the atmosphere as non-responsive to the intervention studied. We show that even under these simplified assumptions, the increase in ocean CO2 inventory is equal to the equivalent quantity of direct CO2 removals occurring over time, in a realistic atmosphere.
David Talmy, Eric Carr, Harshana Rajakaruna, Selina Våge, and Anne Willem Omta
Biogeosciences, 21, 2493–2507, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2493-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2493-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The structure of plankton communities is central to global cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements. This study explored the sensitivity of different assumptions about highest-predator mortality in ecosystem models with contrasting food web structures. In the context of environmental data, we find support for models assuming a density-dependent mortality of the highest predator, irrespective of assumed food web structure.
Yanda Ou and Z. George Xue
Biogeosciences, 21, 2385–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Developed for the Gulf of Mexico (2006–2020), a 3D hydrodynamic–biogeochemical model validated against in situ data reveals the impact of nutrients and plankton diversity on dissolved oxygen dynamics. It highlights the role of physical processes, sediment oxygen consumption, and nutrient distribution in shaping bottom oxygen levels and hypoxia. The model underscores the importance of complex plankton interactions for understanding primary production and hypoxia evolution.
Itzel Ruvalcaba Baroni, Elin Almroth-Rosell, Lars Axell, Sam T. Fredriksson, Jenny Hieronymus, Magnus Hieronymus, Sandra-Esther Brunnabend, Matthias Gröger, Ivan Kuznetsov, Filippa Fransner, Robinson Hordoir, Saeed Falahat, and Lars Arneborg
Biogeosciences, 21, 2087–2132, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The health of the Baltic and North seas is threatened due to high anthropogenic pressure; thus, different methods to assess the status of these regions are urgently needed. Here, we validated a novel model simulating the ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry of the Baltic and North seas that can be used to create future climate and nutrient scenarios, contribute to European initiatives on de-eutrophication, and provide water quality advice and support on nutrient load reductions for both seas.
Ieuan Higgs, Jozef Skákala, Ross Bannister, Alberto Carrassi, and Stefano Ciavatta
Biogeosciences, 21, 731–746, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-731-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-731-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A complex network is a way of representing which parts of a system are connected to other parts. We have constructed a complex network based on an ecosystem–ocean model. From this, we can identify patterns in the structure and areas of similar behaviour. This can help to understand how natural, or human-made, changes will affect the shelf sea ecosystem, and it can be used in multiple future applications such as improving modelling, data assimilation, or machine learning.
Joelle Habib, Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, Milad Fakhri, Patrick Marsaleix, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Marine Fourrier, Laurent Coppola, Alexandre Mignot, Laurent Mortier, and Pascal Conan
Biogeosciences, 20, 3203–3228, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3203-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3203-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Rhodes Gyre, eastern Mediterranean Sea, is the main Levantine Intermediate Water formation site. In this study, we use a 3D physical–biogeochemical model to investigate the seasonal and interannual variability of organic carbon dynamics in the gyre. Our results show its autotrophic nature and its high interannual variability, with enhanced primary production, downward exports, and onward exports to the surrounding regions during years marked by intense heat losses and deep mixed layers.
Masihullah Hasanyar, Thomas Romary, Shuaitao Wang, and Nicolas Flipo
Biogeosciences, 20, 1621–1633, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1621-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1621-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The results of this study indicate that biodegradable dissolved organic matter is responsible for oxygen depletion at low flow during summer seasons when heterotrophic bacterial activity is so intense. Therefore, the dissolved organic matter must be well measured in the water monitoring networks in order to have more accurate water quality models. It also advocates for high-frequency data collection for better quantification of the uncertainties related to organic matter.
Xiangyu Liu and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 20, 1181–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1181-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1181-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We are among the first to quantify methane emissions from inland water system in the pan-Arctic. The total CH4 emissions are 36.46 Tg CH4 yr−1 during 2000–2015, of which wetlands and lakes were 21.69 Tg yr−1 and 14.76 Tg yr−1, respectively. By using two non-overlap area change datasets with land and lake models, our simulation avoids small lakes being counted twice as both lake and wetland, and it narrows the gap between two different methods used to quantify regional CH4 emissions.
Corentin Clerc, Laurent Bopp, Fabio Benedetti, Meike Vogt, and Olivier Aumont
Biogeosciences, 20, 869–895, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-869-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-869-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Gelatinous zooplankton play a key role in the ocean carbon cycle. In particular, pelagic tunicates, which feed on a wide size range of prey, produce rapidly sinking detritus. Thus, they efficiently transfer carbon from the surface to the depths. Consequently, we added these organisms to a marine biogeochemical model (PISCES-v2) and evaluated their impact on the global carbon cycle. We found that they contribute significantly to carbon export and that this contribution increases with depth.
Shuang Gao, Jörg Schwinger, Jerry Tjiputra, Ingo Bethke, Jens Hartmann, Emilio Mayorga, and Christoph Heinze
Biogeosciences, 20, 93–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-93-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-93-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the impact of riverine nutrients and carbon (C) on projected marine primary production (PP) and C uptake using a fully coupled Earth system model. Riverine inputs alleviate nutrient limitation and thus lessen the projected PP decline by up to 0.7 Pg C yr−1 globally. The effect of increased riverine C may be larger than the effect of nutrient inputs in the future on the projected ocean C uptake, while in the historical period increased nutrient inputs are considered the largest driver.
Michael R. Stukel, Moira Décima, and Michael R. Landry
Biogeosciences, 19, 3595–3624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3595-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3595-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The biological carbon pump (BCP) transports carbon into the deep ocean, leading to long-term marine carbon sequestration. It is driven by many physical, chemical, and ecological processes. We developed a model of the BCP constrained using data from 11 cruises in 4 different ocean regions. Our results show that sinking particles and vertical mixing are more important than transport mediated by vertically migrating zooplankton. They also highlight the uncertainty in current estimates of the BCP.
Ginevra Rosati, Donata Canu, Paolo Lazzari, and Cosimo Solidoro
Biogeosciences, 19, 3663–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3663-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3663-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Methylmercury (MeHg) is produced and bioaccumulated in marine food webs, posing concerns for human exposure through seafood consumption. We modeled and analyzed the fate of MeHg in the lower food web of the Mediterranean Sea. The modeled spatial–temporal distribution of plankton bioaccumulation differs from the distribution of MeHg in surface water. We also show that MeHg exposure concentrations in temperate waters can be lowered by winter convection, which is declining due to climate change.
Yanda Ou, Bin Li, and Z. George Xue
Biogeosciences, 19, 3575–3593, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3575-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3575-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decades, the Louisiana–Texas shelf has been suffering recurring hypoxia (dissolved oxygen < 2 mg L−1). We developed a novel prediction model using state-of-the-art statistical techniques based on physical and biogeochemical data provided by a numerical model. The model can capture both the magnitude and onset of the annual hypoxia events. This study also demonstrates that it is possible to use a global model forecast to predict regional ocean water quality.
Eva Ehrnsten, Oleg Pavlovitch Savchuk, and Bo Gustav Gustafsson
Biogeosciences, 19, 3337–3367, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3337-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3337-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the effects of benthic fauna, animals living on or in the seafloor, on the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus using a model of the Baltic Sea ecosystem. By eating and excreting, the animals transform a large part of organic matter sinking to the seafloor into inorganic forms, which fuel plankton blooms. Simultaneously, when they move around (bioturbate), phosphorus is bound in the sediments. This reduces nitrogen-fixing plankton blooms and oxygen depletion.
Brandon J. McNabb and Philippe D. Tortell
Biogeosciences, 19, 1705–1721, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1705-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1705-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The trace gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS) plays an important role in the ocean sulfur cycle and can also influence Earth’s climate. Our study used two statistical methods to predict surface ocean concentrations and rates of sea–air exchange of DMS in the northeast subarctic Pacific. Our results show improved predictive power over previous approaches and suggest that nutrient availability, light-dependent processes, and physical mixing may be important controls on DMS in this region.
Xi Wei, Josette Garnier, Vincent Thieu, Paul Passy, Romain Le Gendre, Gilles Billen, Maia Akopian, and Goulven Gildas Laruelle
Biogeosciences, 19, 931–955, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-931-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-931-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Estuaries are key reactive ecosystems along the land–ocean aquatic continuum and are often strongly impacted by anthropogenic activities. We calculated nutrient in and out fluxes by using a 1-D transient model for seven estuaries along the French Atlantic coast. Among these, large estuaries with high residence times showed higher retention rates than medium and small ones. All reveal coastal eutrophication due to the excess of diffused nitrogen from intensive agricultural river basins.
Krysten Rutherford, Katja Fennel, Dariia Atamanchuk, Douglas Wallace, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 18, 6271–6286, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6271-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6271-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using a regional model of the northwestern North Atlantic shelves in combination with a surface water time series and repeat transect observations, we investigate surface CO2 variability on the Scotian Shelf. The study highlights a strong seasonal cycle in shelf-wide pCO2 and spatial variability throughout the summer months driven by physical events. The simulated net flux of CO2 on the Scotian Shelf is out of the ocean, deviating from the global air–sea CO2 flux trend in continental shelves.
Frerk Pöppelmeier, David J. Janssen, Samuel L. Jaccard, and Thomas F. Stocker
Biogeosciences, 18, 5447–5463, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5447-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5447-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Chromium (Cr) is a redox-sensitive element that holds promise as a tracer of ocean oxygenation and biological activity. We here implemented the oxidation states Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the Bern3D model to investigate the processes that shape the global Cr distribution. We find a Cr ocean residence time of 5–8 kyr and that the benthic source dominates the tracer budget. Further, regional model–data mismatches suggest strong Cr removal in oxygen minimum zones and a spatially variable benthic source.
Felipe S. Freitas, Philip A. Pika, Sabine Kasten, Bo B. Jørgensen, Jens Rassmann, Christophe Rabouille, Shaun Thomas, Henrik Sass, Richard D. Pancost, and Sandra Arndt
Biogeosciences, 18, 4651–4679, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4651-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4651-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
It remains challenging to fully understand what controls carbon burial in marine sediments globally. Thus, we use a model–data approach to identify patterns of organic matter reactivity at the seafloor across distinct environmental conditions. Our findings support the notion that organic matter reactivity is a dynamic ecosystem property and strongly influences biogeochemical cycling and exchange. Our results are essential to improve predictions of future changes in carbon cycling and climate.
Josué Bock, Martine Michou, Pierre Nabat, Manabu Abe, Jane P. Mulcahy, Dirk J. L. Olivié, Jörg Schwinger, Parvadha Suntharalingam, Jerry Tjiputra, Marco van Hulten, Michio Watanabe, Andrew Yool, and Roland Séférian
Biogeosciences, 18, 3823–3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3823-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3823-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we analyse surface ocean dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentration and flux to the atmosphere from four CMIP6 Earth system models over the historical and ssp585 simulations.
Our analysis of contemporary (1980–2009) climatologies shows that models better reproduce observations in mid to high latitudes. The models disagree on the sign of the trend of the global DMS flux from 1980 onwards. The models agree on a positive trend of DMS over polar latitudes following sea-ice retreat dynamics.
Mariana Hill Cruz, Iris Kriest, Yonss Saranga José, Rainer Kiko, Helena Hauss, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 18, 2891–2916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2891-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2891-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we use a regional biogeochemical model of the eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean to implicitly simulate the effect that fluctuations in populations of small pelagic fish, such as anchovy and sardine, may have on the biogeochemistry of the northern Humboldt Current System. To do so, we vary the zooplankton mortality in the model, under the assumption that these fishes eat zooplankton. We also evaluate the model for the first time against mesozooplankton observations.
Roman Bezhenar, Kyeong Ok Kim, Vladimir Maderich, Govert de With, and Kyung Tae Jung
Biogeosciences, 18, 2591–2607, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2591-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2591-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new approach to predicting the accumulation of radionuclides in fish was developed by taking into account heterogeneity of distribution of contamination in the organism and dependence of metabolic process rates on the fish mass. Predicted concentrations of radionuclides in fish agreed well with the laboratory and field measurements. The model with the defined generic parameters could be used in marine environments without local calibration, which is important for emergency decision support.
Emil De Borger, Justin Tiano, Ulrike Braeckman, Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 18, 2539–2557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Bottom trawling alters benthic mineralization: the recycling of organic material (OM) to free nutrients. To better understand how this occurs, trawling events were added to a model of seafloor OM recycling. Results show that bottom trawling reduces OM and free nutrients in sediments through direct removal thereof and of fauna which transport OM to deeper sediment layers protected from fishing. Our results support temporospatial trawl restrictions to allow key sediment functions to recover.
Britta Munkes, Ulrike Löptien, and Heiner Dietze
Biogeosciences, 18, 2347–2378, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2347-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2347-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cyanobacteria blooms can strongly aggravate eutrophication problems of water bodies. Their controls are, however, not comprehensively understood, which impedes effective management and protection plans. Here we review the current understanding of cyanobacteria blooms. Juxtaposition of respective field and laboratory studies with state-of-the-art mathematical models reveals substantial uncertainty associated with nutrient demands, grazing, and death of cyanobacteria.
Jens Terhaar, Olivier Torres, Timothée Bourgeois, and Lester Kwiatkowski
Biogeosciences, 18, 2221–2240, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2221-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2221-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The uptake of carbon, emitted as a result of human activities, results in ocean acidification. We analyse 21st-century projections of acidification in the Arctic Ocean, a region of particular vulnerability, using the latest generation of Earth system models. In this new generation of models there is a large decrease in the uncertainty associated with projections of Arctic Ocean acidification, with freshening playing a greater role in driving acidification than previously simulated.
Tobias R. Vonnahme, Martial Leroy, Silke Thoms, Dick van Oevelen, H. Rodger Harvey, Svein Kristiansen, Rolf Gradinger, Ulrike Dietrich, and Christoph Völker
Biogeosciences, 18, 1719–1747, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Diatoms are crucial for Arctic coastal spring blooms, and their growth is controlled by nutrients and light. At the end of the bloom, inorganic nitrogen or silicon can be limiting, but nitrogen can be regenerated by bacteria, extending the algal growth phase. Modeling these multi-nutrient dynamics and the role of bacteria is challenging yet crucial for accurate modeling. We recreated spring bloom dynamics in a cultivation experiment and developed a representative dynamic model.
Rebecca M. Wright, Corinne Le Quéré, Erik Buitenhuis, Sophie Pitois, and Mark J. Gibbons
Biogeosciences, 18, 1291–1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1291-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1291-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Jellyfish have been included in a global ocean biogeochemical model for the first time. The global mean jellyfish biomass in the model is within the observational range. Jellyfish are found to play an important role in the plankton ecosystem, influencing community structure, spatiotemporal dynamics and biomass. The model raises questions about the sensitivity of the zooplankton community to jellyfish mortality and the interactions between macrozooplankton and jellyfish.
Valeria Di Biagio, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, and Cosimo Solidoro
Biogeosciences, 17, 5967–5988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5967-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5967-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Events that influence the functioning of the Earth’s ecosystems are of interest in relation to a changing climate. We propose a method to identify and characterise
wavesof extreme events affecting marine ecosystems for multi-week periods over wide areas. Our method can be applied to suitable ecosystem variables and has been used to describe different kinds of extreme event waves of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the Mediterranean Sea, by analysing the output from a high-resolution model.
Maria Paula da Silva, Lino A. Sander de Carvalho, Evlyn Novo, Daniel S. F. Jorge, and Claudio C. F. Barbosa
Biogeosciences, 17, 5355–5364, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5355-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5355-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyze the seasonal changes in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) quality (based on its optical properties) in four Amazon floodplain lakes. DOM plays a fundamental role in surface water chemistry, controlling metal bioavailability and mobility, and nutrient cycling. The model proposed in our paper highlights the potential to study DOM quality at a wider spatial scale, which may help to better understand the persistence and fate of DOM in the ecosystem.
Zhengchen Zang, Z. George Xue, Kehui Xu, Samuel J. Bentley, Qin Chen, Eurico J. D'Sa, Le Zhang, and Yanda Ou
Biogeosciences, 17, 5043–5055, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5043-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5043-2020, 2020
Taylor A. Shropshire, Steven L. Morey, Eric P. Chassignet, Alexandra Bozec, Victoria J. Coles, Michael R. Landry, Rasmus Swalethorp, Glenn Zapfe, and Michael R. Stukel
Biogeosciences, 17, 3385–3407, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3385-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3385-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Zooplankton are the smallest animals in the ocean and important food for fish. Despite their importance, zooplankton have been relatively undersampled. To better understand the zooplankton community in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), we developed a model to simulate their dynamics. We found that heterotrophic protists are important for supporting mesozooplankton, which are the primary prey of larval fish. The model developed in this study has the potential to improve fisheries management in the GoM.
Iris Kriest, Paul Kähler, Wolfgang Koeve, Karin Kvale, Volkmar Sauerland, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 17, 3057–3082, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3057-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3057-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Constants of global biogeochemical ocean models are often tuned
by handto match observations of nutrients or oxygen. We investigate the effect of this tuning by optimising six constants of a global biogeochemical model, simulated in five different offline circulations. Optimal values for three constants adjust to distinct features of the circulation applied and can afterwards be swapped among the circulations, without losing too much of the model's fit to observed quantities.
Laura Haffert, Matthias Haeckel, Henko de Stigter, and Felix Janssen
Biogeosciences, 17, 2767–2789, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2767-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2767-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Deep-sea mining for polymetallic nodules is expected to have severe environmental impacts. Through prognostic modelling, this study aims to provide a holistic assessment of the biogeochemical recovery after a disturbance event. It was found that the recovery strongly depends on the impact type; e.g. complete removal of the surface sediment reduces seafloor nutrient fluxes over centuries.
Fabian A. Gomez, Rik Wanninkhof, Leticia Barbero, Sang-Ki Lee, and Frank J. Hernandez Jr.
Biogeosciences, 17, 1685–1700, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1685-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1685-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We use a numerical model to infer annual changes of surface carbon chemistry in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The main seasonality drivers of partial pressure of carbon dioxide and aragonite saturation state from the model are temperature and river runoff. The GoM basin is a carbon sink in winter–spring and carbon source in summer–fall, but uptake prevails near the Mississippi Delta year-round due to high biological production. Our model results show good correspondence with observational studies.
Simon J. Parker
Biogeosciences, 17, 305–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-305-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-305-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved oxygen (DO) models typically assume constant ecosystem respiration over the course of a single day. Using a data-driven approach, this research examines this assumption in four streams across two (hydro-)geological types (Chalk and Greensand). Despite hydrogeological equivalence in terms of baseflow index for each hydrogeological pairing, model suitability differed within, rather than across, geology types. This corresponded with associated differences in timings of DO minima.
Fabrice Lacroix, Tatiana Ilyina, and Jens Hartmann
Biogeosciences, 17, 55–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-55-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-55-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Contributions of rivers to the oceanic cycling of carbon have been poorly represented in global models until now. Here, we assess the long–term implications of preindustrial riverine loads in the ocean in a novel framework which estimates the loads through a hierarchy of weathering and land–ocean export models. We investigate their impacts for the oceanic biological production and air–sea carbon flux. Finally, we assess the potential incorporation of the framework in an Earth system model.
Patrick A. Rafter, Aaron Bagnell, Dario Marconi, and Timothy DeVries
Biogeosciences, 16, 2617–2633, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2617-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2617-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The N isotopic composition of nitrate (
nitrate δ15N) is a useful tracer of ocean N cycling and many other ocean processes. Here, we use a global compilation of marine nitrate δ15N as an input, training, and validating dataset for an artificial neural network (a.k.a.,
machine learning) and examine basin-scale trends in marine nitrate δ15N from the surface to the seafloor.
Elena Terzić, Paolo Lazzari, Emanuele Organelli, Cosimo Solidoro, Stefano Salon, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, and Pascal Conan
Biogeosciences, 16, 2527–2542, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2527-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2527-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring ecosystem properties in the ocean is a hard business. Recent availability of data from Biogeochemical-Argo floats can help make this task easier. Numerical models can integrate these new data in a coherent picture and can be used to investigate the functioning of ecosystem processes. Our new approach merges experimental information and model capabilities to quantitatively demonstrate the importance of light and water vertical mixing for algae dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea.
Jens Terhaar, James C. Orr, Marion Gehlen, Christian Ethé, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 16, 2343–2367, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2343-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2343-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A budget of anthropogenic carbon in the Arctic Ocean, the main driver of open-ocean acidification, was constructed for the first time using a high-resolution ocean model. The budget reveals that anthropogenic carbon enters the Arctic Ocean mainly by lateral transport; the air–sea flux plays a minor role. Coarser-resolution versions of the same model, typical of earth system models, store less anthropogenic carbon in the Arctic Ocean and thus underestimate ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean.
Taylor S. Martin, François Primeau, and Karen L. Casciotti
Biogeosciences, 16, 347–367, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-347-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-347-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrite is a key intermediate in many nitrogen (N) cycling processes in the ocean, particularly in areas with low oxygen that are hotspots for N loss. We have created a 3-D global N cycle model with nitrite as a tracer. Stable isotopes of N are also included in the model and we are able to model the isotope fractionation associated with each N cycling process. Our model accurately represents N concentrations and isotope distributions in the ocean.
Camille Richon, Jean-Claude Dutay, Laurent Bopp, Briac Le Vu, James C. Orr, Samuel Somot, and François Dulac
Biogeosciences, 16, 135–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-135-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-135-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the effects of climate change and biogeochemical forcing evolution on the nutrient and plankton cycles of the Mediterranean Sea for the first time. We use a high-resolution coupled physical and biogeochemical model and perform 120-year transient simulations. The results indicate that changes in external nutrient fluxes and climate change may have synergistic or antagonistic effects on nutrient concentrations, depending on the region and the scenario.
Angela M. Kuhn, Katja Fennel, and Ilana Berman-Frank
Biogeosciences, 15, 7379–7401, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7379-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7379-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Recent studies demonstrate that marine N2 fixation can be carried out without light. However, direct measurements of N2 fixation in dark environments are relatively scarce. This study uses a model that represents biogeochemical cycles at a deep-ocean location in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Different model versions are used to test assumptions about N2 fixers. Relaxing light limitation for marine N2 fixers improved the similarity between model results and observations of deep nitrate and oxygen.
Prima Anugerahanti, Shovonlal Roy, and Keith Haines
Biogeosciences, 15, 6685–6711, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6685-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6685-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Minor changes in the biogeochemical model equations lead to major dynamical changes. We assessed this structural sensitivity for the MEDUSA biogeochemical model on chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations at five oceanographic stations over 10 years, using 1-D ensembles generated by combining different process equations. The ensemble performed better than the default model in most of the stations, suggesting that our approach is useful for generating a probabilistic biogeochemical ensemble model.
Audrey Gimenez, Melika Baklouti, Thibaut Wagener, and Thierry Moutin
Biogeosciences, 15, 6573–6589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6573-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6573-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
During the OUTPACE cruise conducted in the oligotrophic to ultra-oligotrophic region of the western tropical South Pacific, two contrasted regions were sampled in terms of N2 fixation rates, primary production rates and nutrient availability. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of N2 fixation in the differences observed between the two contrasted areas by comparing two simulations only differing by the presence or not of N2 fixers using a 1-D biogeochemical–physical coupled model.
Jenny Hieronymus, Kari Eilola, Magnus Hieronymus, H. E. Markus Meier, Sofia Saraiva, and Bengt Karlson
Biogeosciences, 15, 5113–5129, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5113-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5113-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates how phytoplankton concentrations in the Baltic Sea co-vary with nutrient concentrations and other key variables on inter-annual timescales in a model integration over the years 1850–2008. The study area is not only affected by climate change; it has also been subjected to greatly increased nutrient loads due to extensive use of agricultural fertilizers. The results indicate the largest inter-annual coherence of phytoplankton with the limiting nutrient.
Cyril Dutheil, Olivier Aumont, Thomas Gorguès, Anne Lorrain, Sophie Bonnet, Martine Rodier, Cécile Dupouy, Takuhei Shiozaki, and Christophe Menkes
Biogeosciences, 15, 4333–4352, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4333-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4333-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
N2 fixation is recognized as one of the major sources of nitrogen in the ocean. Thus, N2 fixation sustains a significant part of the primary production (PP) by supplying the most common limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth. From numerical simulations, the local maximums of Trichodesmium biomass in the Pacific are found around islands, explained by the iron fluxes from island sediments. We assessed that 15 % of the PP may be due to Trichodesmium in the low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll areas.
Akitomo Yamamoto, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, and Yasuhiro Yamanaka
Biogeosciences, 15, 4163–4180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4163-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4163-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Millennial-scale changes in oceanic CO2 uptake due to global warming are simulated by a GCM and offline biogeochemical model. Sensitivity studies show that decreases in oceanic CO2 uptake are mainly caused by a weaker biological pump and seawater warming. Enhanced CO2 uptake due to weaker equatorial upwelling cancels out reduced CO2 uptake due to weaker AMOC and AABW formation. Thus, circulation change plays only a small direct role in reduction of CO2 uptake due to global warming.
Fabian A. Gomez, Sang-Ki Lee, Yanyun Liu, Frank J. Hernandez Jr., Frank E. Muller-Karger, and John T. Lamkin
Biogeosciences, 15, 3561–3576, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3561-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3561-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal patterns in nanophytoplankton and diatom biomass in the Gulf of Mexico were examined with an ocean–biogeochemical model. We found silica limitation of model diatom growth in the deep GoM and Mississippi delta. Zooplankton grazing and both transport and vertical mixing of biomass substantially influence the model phytoplankton biomass seasonality. We stress the need for integrated analyses of biologically and physically driven biomass fluxes to describe phytoplankton seasonal changes.
Cited articles
Amores, A., Jordà, G., and Monserrat, S.: Ocean Eddies in the
Mediterranean Sea From Satellite Altimetry: Sensitivity to Satellite Track
Location, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 703, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00703, 2019.
Antoine, D., André, J., and Morel, A.: Oceanic primary production: 2.
Estimation at global scale from satellite (coastal zone color scanner)
chlorophyll, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 57–69, 1996.
Bailey, K., Steinberg, C., Davies, C., Galibert, G., Hidas, M., McManus, M.
A., Murphy, T., Newton, J., Roughan, M., and Schaeffer, A.: Coastal mooring
observing networks and their data products: recommendations for the next
decade, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 180, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00180, 2019.
Balbín, R., López-Jurado, J. L., Aparicio-González, A., and
Serra, M.: Seasonal and interannual variability of dissolved oxygen around
the Balearic Islands from hydrographic data, J. Marine Syst., 138, 51–62,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.12.007, 2014.
Barbieux, M., Uitz, J., Gentili, B., Pasqueron de Fommervault, O., Mignot, A., Poteau, A., Schmechtig, C., Taillandier, V., Leymarie, E., Penkerc'h, C., D'Ortenzio, F., Claustre, H., and Bricaud, A.: Bio-optical characterization of subsurface chlorophyll maxima in the Mediterranean Sea from a Biogeochemical-Argo float database, Biogeosciences, 16, 1321–1342, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1321-2019, 2019.
Behrenfeld, M. J., Randerson, J. T., McClain, C. R., Feldman, G. C., Los, S.
O., Tucker, C. J., Falkowski, P. G., Field, C. B., Frouin, R., Esaias, W.
E., Kolber, D. D., and Pollack, N. H.: Biospheric primary production during
an ENSO transition, Science, 291, 2594–2597,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1055071, 2001.
Bollmann, M., Bosch, T., Colijn, F., et al.: World Ocean Review: Living with the Oceans, Hamburg, Maribus GmbH, http://hdl.handle.net/1834/31403 (last access: 29 November 2022), 2010.
Bonaduce, A., Cipollone, A., Johannessen, J. A., Staneva, J., Raj, R. P., and
Aydogdu, A.: Ocean Mesoscale Variability: A Case Study on the Mediterranean
Sea From a Re-Analysis Perspective, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 724879,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.724879, 2021.
Bopp, L., Resplandy, L., Orr, J. C., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P., Gehlen, M., Halloran, P., Heinze, C., Ilyina, T., Séférian, R., Tjiputra, J., and Vichi, M.: Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models, Biogeosciences, 10, 6225–6245, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013, 2013.
Buga, L., Sarbu, G., Fryberg, L., Magnus, W., Wesslander, K., and Gatti,
J.: EMODnet Thematic Lot no. 4/SI2. 749773 EMODnet Chemistry Eutrophication
and Acidity Aggregated Datasets, Vol. 2018,
https://doi.org/10.6092/EC8207EF-ED81-4EE5-BF48-E26FF16BF02E, 2018.
Capuzzo, E., Lynam, C. P., Barry, J., Stephens, D., Forster, R. M.,
Greenwood, N., McQuatters-Gollop, A., Silva, T., van Leeuwen, S. M., and
Engelhard, G. H.: A decline in primary production in the North Sea over 25
years, associated with reductions in zooplankton abundance and fish stock
recruitment, Glob. Change Biol., 24, e352–e364,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13916, 2018.
Chen, H. and McKinley, G. A.: Isopycnal processes allow for summertime
heterotrophy despite net oxygen accumulation in the lower euphotic zone of
the western North Atlantic subtropical gyre, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
33, 795–809, 2019.
Claustre, H., Johnson, K. S., and Takeshita, Y.: Observing the global ocean
with biogeochemical-Argo, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 12, 23–48, 2020.
Colella, S., Brando, V. E., Di Cicco, A., D'Alimonte, D., Forneris, V.,
Bracaglia, M.: Quality Information Document for the OCEAN COLOUR PRODUCTION
CENTRE – Ocean Colour Mediterranean and Black Sea Observation Product, Copernicus Monitoring Environment Marine Service (CMEMS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00299, 2021.
Copin-Montégut, C. and Bégovic, M.: Distributions of carbonate
properties and oxygen along the water column (0–2000 m) in the central part
of the NW Mediterranean Sea (dyfamed site): Influence of winter vertical
mixing on air-sea CO2 and O2 exchanges, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 2049–2066, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00027-9, 2002.
Coppola, L., Legendre, L., Lefevre, D., Prieur, L., Taillandier, V., and
Diamond Riquier, E.: Seasonal and inter-annual variations of dissolved
oxygen in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (DYFAMED site), Prog.
Oceanogr., 162, 187–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.03.001, 2018.
Cossarini, G., Lazzari, P., and Solidoro, C.: Spatiotemporal variability of alkalinity in the Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 12, 1647–1658, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1647-2015, 2015.
Cossarini G., Mariotti, L., Feudale, L., Mignot, A., Salon, S., Taillandier,
V., Teruzzi, A., and d'Ortenzio, F.: Towards operational 3D-Var assimilation of
chlorophyll Biogeochemical-Argo float data into a biogeochemical model of
the Mediterranean Sea, Ocean Model., 133, 112–128, 2019.
Cossarini, G., Feudale, L., Teruzzi, A., Bolzon, G., Coidessa, G., Solidoro,
C., Di Biagio, V., Amadio, C., Lazzari, P., Brosich, A., and Salon, S.:
High-Resolution Reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemistry
(1999–2019), Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 1537, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.741486,
2021.
D'Ortenzio, F. and Ribera d'Alcalà, M.: On the trophic regimes of the Mediterranean Sea: a satellite analysis, Biogeosciences, 6, 139–148, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-139-2009, 2009.
Ducklow, H. W. and Doney, S. C.: What Is the Metabolic State of the
Oligotrophic Ocean? A Debate, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 5, 525–533,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172331, 2013.
Escudier, R., Clementi, E., Cipollone, A., Pistoia, J., Drudi, M., Grandi,
A., Lyubartsev, V., Lecci, R., Aydogdu, A., Delrosso, D., Omar, M., Masina,
S., Coppini, G., and Pinardi, N.: A High Resolution Reanalysis for the
Mediterranean Sea, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 702285, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.702285,
2021.
Fach, B. A., Orek, H., Yilmaz, E., Tezcan, D., Salihoglu, I., Salihoglu, B.,
and Latif, M. A.: Water Mass Variability and Levantine Intermediate Water
Formation in the Eastern Mediterranean Between 2015 and 2017, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC016472,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016472, 2021.
Field, C. B., Behrenfeld, M. J., Randerson, J. T., and Falkowski, P.: Primary
production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components,
Science, 281, 237–240, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5374.237,
1998.
Fraga, F., Ríos, A. F., Pérez, F. F., and Figueiras, F. G.:
Theoretical limits of oxygen:carbon and oxygen : nitrogen ratios during
photosynthesis and mineralisation of organic matter in the sea, Sci. Mar., 62, 161–168,
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.1998.62n1-2161, 1998.
Fujiki, T., Inoue, R., Honda, M. C., Wakita, M., Mino, Y., Sukigara, C., and
Abe, O.: Time-series observations of photosynthetic oxygen production in the
subtropical western North Pacific by an underwater profiling buoy system,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 65, 1072–1084, 2020.
Furuya, K.: Subsurface chlorophyll maximum in the tropical and subtropical
western Pacific Ocean: Vertical profiles of phytoplankton biomass and its
relationship with chlorophylla and particulate organic carbon, Mar. Biol.,
107, 529–539, 1990.
Garcia, H. E. and Gordon, L. I.: Oxygen solubility in seawater: Better fitting equations, Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 1307–1312, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1992.37.6.1307, 1992.
Garcia, H. E., Weathers, K., Paver, C. R., Smolyar, I., Boyer, T. P., Locarnini, R. A., Zweng, M. M., Mishonov, A. V., Baranova, O. K., Seidov, D. and Reagan J. R.: World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 3: Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, and Oxygen Saturation, A. Mishonov Technical Ed., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 83, 38 pp., 2018.
Gazeau, F., Van Wambeke, F., Marañón, E., Pérez-Lorenzo, M., Alliouane, S., Stolpe, C., Blasco, T., Leblond, N., Zäncker, B., Engel, A., Marie, B., Dinasquet, J., and Guieu, C.: Impact of dust addition on the metabolism of Mediterranean plankton communities and carbon export under present and future conditions of pH and temperature, Biogeosciences, 18, 5423–5446, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5423-2021, 2021.
Giorgi, F.: Climate change hot-spots, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08707, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025734, 2006.
González, N., Gattuso, J. P., and Middelburg, J. J.: Oxygen production
and carbon fixation in oligotrophic coastal bays and the relationship with
gross and net primary production, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 52, 119–130,
https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01208, 2008.
Haskell II, W. Z., Prokopenko, M. G., Stanley, R. H. R., and Knapp, A. N.:
Estimates of vertical turbulent mixing used to determine a vertical gradient
in net and gross oxygen production in the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 7590–7599,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069523, 2016.
Hipsey, M. R., Gal, G., Arhonditsis, G. B., Carey, C. C., Elliott, J. A.,
Frassl, M. A., Janse, J. H., de Mora, L., and Robson, B. J.: A system of
metrics for the assessment and improvement of aquatic ecosystem models,
Environ. Model. Softw., 128, 104697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104697, 2020.
Karstensen, J., Stramma, L., and Visbeck, M.: Oxygen minimum zones in the
eastern tropical Atlantic and Pacific oceans, Prog. Oceanogr., 77,
331–350, 2008.
Key, R. M., Olsen, A., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishi, M., Pérez,
F. F., and Suzuki, T.: Global Ocean Data Analysis Project, Version 2 (GLODAPv2), ORNL/CDIAC-162, NDP-093, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/39306/ (last access: 2 December 2022), 2015.
Körtzinger, A., Hedges, J. I., and Quay, P. D.: Redfield ratios
revisited: Removing the biasing effect of anthropogenic CO2, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 46, 964–970, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2001.46.4.0964,
2001.
Kralj, M., Lipizer, M., Čermelj, B., Celio, M., Fabbro, C., Brunetti,
F., Francé, J., Mozetič, P., and Giani, M.: Hypoxia and dissolved
oxygen trends in the northeastern Adriatic Sea (Gulf of Trieste), Deep-Sea Res.
Pt. II, 164, 74–88,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.06.002, 2019.
Kress, N. and Herut, B.: Spatial and seasonal evolution of dissolved oxygen
and nutrients in the Southern Levantine Basin (Eastern Mediterranean Sea):
chemical characterization of the water masses and inferences on the N : P
ratios, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 48, 2347–2372,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00022-X, 2001.
Kwiatkowski, L., Torres, O., Bopp, L., Aumont, O., Chamberlain, M., Christian, J. R., Dunne, J. P., Gehlen, M., Ilyina, T., John, J. G., Lenton, A., Li, H., Lovenduski, N. S., Orr, J. C., Palmieri, J., Santana-Falcón, Y., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Stock, C. A., Tagliabue, A., Takano, Y., Tjiputra, J., Toyama, K., Tsujino, H., Watanabe, M., Yamamoto, A., Yool, A., and Ziehn, T.: Twenty-first century ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and upper-ocean nutrient and primary production decline from CMIP6 model projections, Biogeosciences, 17, 3439–3470, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3439-2020, 2020.
Lagaria, A., Psarra, S., Lefèvre, D., Van Wambeke, F., Courties, C., Pujo-Pay, M., Oriol, L., Tanaka, T., and Christaki, U.: The effects of nutrient additions on particulate and dissolved primary production and metabolic state in surface waters of three Mediterranean eddies, Biogeosciences, 8, 2595–2607, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2595-2011, 2011.
Lamy, D., Jeanthon, C., Cottrell, M. T., Kirchman, D. L., Van Wambeke, F., Ras, J., Dahan, O., Pujo-Pay, M., Oriol, L., Bariat, L., Catala, P., Cornet-Barthaux, V., and Lebaron, P.: Ecology of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria along an oligotrophic gradient in the Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 8, 973–985, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-973-2011, 2011.
Lavigne, H., D'Ortenzio, F., Ribera D'Alcalà, M., Claustre, H., Sauzède, R., and Gacic, M.: On the vertical distribution of the chlorophyll a concentration in the Mediterranean Sea: a basin-scale and seasonal approach, Biogeosciences, 12, 5021–5039, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5021-2015, 2015.
Lazzari, P., Solidoro, C., Ibello, V., Salon, S., Teruzzi, A., Béranger, K., Colella, S., and Crise, A.: Seasonal and inter-annual variability of plankton chlorophyll and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea: a modelling approach, Biogeosciences, 9, 217–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-217-2012, 2012.
Lazzari, P., Solidoro, C., Salon, S., and Bolzon, G.: Spatial variability of
phosphate and nitrate in the Mediterranean Sea: A modeling approach, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 108, 39–52,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.12.006, 2016.
Lemee, R., Gattuso, J.-P., and Marty, J.-C.: Bacterial production and
respiration measured on water bottle samples at time series station DYFAMED,
PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.803612, 2012.
Li, P. and Tanhua, T.: Recent Changes in Deep Ventilation of the
Mediterranean Sea; Evidence From Long-Term Transient Tracer Observations,
Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00594, 2020.
Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. and Eremeev, V. N. (Eds.): The Eastern Mediterranean as a
laboratory basin for the assessment of contrasting ecosystems, Springer
Science & Business Media, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4796-5, 1999.
Manca, B., Burca, M., Giorgetti, A., Coatanoan, C., Garcia, M.-J., and Iona,
A.: Physical and biochemical averaged vertical profiles in the Mediterranean
regions: an important tool to trace the climatology of water masses and to
validate incoming data from operational oceanography, J. Marine Syst., 48,
83–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2003.11.025, 2004.
Margirier, F., P. Testor, E. Heslop, K. Mallil, A. Bosse, L. Houpert, L.
Mortier, M.-N. Bouin, L. Coppola, F. D'Ortenzio, X. Durrieu de Madron, B.
Mourre, L. Prieur, P. Raimbault et V. Taillandier: Abrupt warming and
salinification of intermediate waters interplays with decline of deep
convection in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Sci. Rep.-UK, 10,
1–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77859-5, 2020.
Martz, T. R., Johnson, K. S., and Riser, S. C.: Ocean metabolism observed
with oxygen sensors on profiling floats in the South Pacific, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 53, 2094–2111, 2008.
Mathew, T., Prakash, S., Shenoy, L., Chatterjee, A., Bhaskar, T. V. S. U.,
and Wojtasiewicz, B.: Observed variability of monsoon blooms in the
north-central Arabian Sea and its implication on oxygen concentration: A
bio-argo study, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 184, 104935, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2021.104935,
2021.
Mavropoulou, A. M., Vervatis, V., and Sofianos, S.: Dissolved oxygen
variability in the Mediterranean Sea, J. Marine Syst., 208, 103348,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2020.103348, 2020.
Mayot, N., D'Ortenzio, F., Taillandier, V., Prieur, L., de Fommervault, O.
P., Claustre, H., Bosse, A., Testor, P., and Conan, P.: Physical and
Biogeochemical Controls of the Phytoplankton Blooms in North Western
Mediterranean Sea: A Multiplatform Approach Over a Complete Annual Cycle
(2012–2013 DEWEX Experiment), J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122,
9999–10019, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012052, 2017.
Menna, M., Gačić, M., Martellucci, R., Notarstefano, G., Fedele, G., Mauri, E., Gerin, R., and Poulain, P.-M.: Climatic, Decadal, and Interannual Variability in the Upper Layer of the Mediterranean Sea Using Remotely Sensed and In-Situ Data, Remote Sensing, 14, 1322, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14061322, 2022.
Mignot, A., Claustre, H., Uitz, J., Poteau, A., d'Ortenzio, F., and Xing, X.:
Understanding the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton biomass and the deep
chlorophyll maximum in oligotrophic environments: A Bio-Argo float
investigation, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 856–876, 2014.
Najjar, R. G. and Keeling, R. F.: Analysis of the mean annual cycle of the
dissolved oxygen anomaly in the World Ocean, J. Mar. Res., 55, 117–151,
https://doi.org/10.1357/0022240973224481, 1997.
Osman, M. B., Das, S. B., Trusel, L. D., Evans, M. J., Fischer, H., Grieman,
M. M., Kipfstuhl, S., McConnell, J. R., and Saltzman, E. S.: Industrial-era
decline in subarctic Atlantic productivity, Nature, 569, 551–555,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1181-8, 2019.
Peña, M. A., Katsev, S., Oguz, T., and Gilbert, D.: Modeling dissolved oxygen dynamics and hypoxia, Biogeosciences, 7, 933–957, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-933-2010, 2010.
Pinardi, N., Zavatarelli, M., Adani, M., Coppini, G., Fratianni, C., Oddo, P., Simoncelli, S., Tonani, M., Lyubartsev, V., Dobricic, S., and Bonaduce, A.: Mediterranean Sea large-scale low-frequency ocean
variability and water mass formation rates from 1987 to 2007: A
retrospective analysis, Prog. Oceanogr., 132, 318–332, 2015.
Planton, S., Artale, V., Aznar, R., Carrillo, A., Colin, J., Congedi, L., Dubois C., Elizalde, A., Gualdi, S., Hertig, E., Jacobeit, J., Jordà, G., Li, L., Mariotti, A., Piani, C., Ruti, P., Sanchez-Gomez, E., Sannino, G., Sevault, F., Somot, S., and Tsimplis, M.:
8 – the climate of the Mediterranean region in future climate projections, The Climate of the Mediterranean Region, 449–502, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416042-2.00008-2, 2012.
Polovina, J. J., Howell, E. A., and Abecassis, M.: Ocean's least productive
waters are expanding, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03618, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031745, 2008.
Powley, H. R., Krom, M. D., and Van Cappellen, P.: Circulation and oxygen
cycling in the Mediterranean Sea: Sensitivity to future climate change, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 8230–8247, 2016.
Pujo-Pay, M., Conan, P., Oriol, L., Cornet-Barthaux, V., Falco, C., Ghiglione, J.-F., Goyet, C., Moutin, T., and Prieur, L.: Integrated survey of elemental stoichiometry (C, N, P) from the western to eastern Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 8, 883–899, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-883-2011, 2011.
Rabalais, N. N., Díaz, R. J., Levin, L. A., Turner, R. E., Gilbert, D., and Zhang, J.: Dynamics and distribution of natural and human-caused hypoxia, Biogeosciences, 7, 585–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-585-2010, 2010.
Reale, M., Cossarini, G., Lazzari, P., Lovato, T., Bolzon, G., Masina, S., Solidoro, C., and Salon, S.: Acidification, deoxygenation, and nutrient and biomass declines in a warming Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 19, 4035–4065, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, 2022.
Redfield, A. C., Ketchum, B. H., and Richards, F. A.: The influence of
organisms on the composition of sea-water, in: The Sea, edited by: Hill, M. N., Vol. 2, Interscience Publishers, New York, 26–77, 1963.
Regaudie-de-Gioux, A., Vaquer-Sunyer, R., and Duarte, C. M.: Patterns in planktonic metabolism in the Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 6, 3081–3089, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-3081-2009, 2009.
Regaudie-de-Gioux, A., Lasternas, S., Agustí, S., and Duarte, C. M.:
Comparing marine primary production estimates through different methods and
development of conversion equations, Front. Mar. Sci., 1, 19,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2014.00019, 2014.
Richardson, K. and Bendtsen, J.: Photosynthetic oxygen production in a
warmer ocean: the Sargasso Sea as a case study, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 375, 20160329, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0329, 2017.
Riser, S. C. and Johnson, K. S.: Net production of oxygen in the subtropical
ocean, Nature, 451, 323–325, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06441, 2008.
Roxy, M. K., Modi, A., Murtugudde, R., Valsala, V., Panickal, S., Prasanna
Kumar, S., Ravichandran, M., Vichi, M., and Lévy, M.: A reduction in
marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian
Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 826–833,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066979, 2016.
Ruiz, S., Pascual, A., Garau, B., Faugère, Y., Alvarez, A., and
Tintoré, J.: Mesoscale dynamics of the Balearic Front, integrating
glider, ship and satellite data, J. Marine Syst., 78, S3–S16,
2009.
Salon, S., Cossarini, G., Bolzon, G., Feudale, L., Lazzari, P., Teruzzi, A., Solidoro, C., and Crise, A.: Novel metrics based on Biogeochemical Argo data to improve the model uncertainty evaluation of the CMEMS Mediterranean marine ecosystem forecasts, Ocean Sci., 15, 997–1022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-997-2019, 2019.
Schmidtko, S., Stramma, L., and Visbeck, M.: Decline in global oceanic oxygen
content during the past five decades, Nature, 542, 335–339,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21399, 2017.
Schneider, A., Tanhua, T., Roether, W., and Steinfeldt, R.: Changes in ventilation of the Mediterranean Sea during the past 25 year, Ocean Sci., 10, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-1-2014, 2014.
Schutgens, N., Tsyro, S., Gryspeerdt, E., Goto, D., Weigum, N., Schulz, M., and Stier, P.: On the spatio-temporal representativeness of observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9761–9780, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9761-2017, 2017.
Sen, P. K.: Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau,
J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 63, 1379–1389,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1968.10480934, 1968.
Siokou-Frangou, I., Christaki, U., Mazzocchi, M. G., Montresor, M., Ribera d'Alcalá, M., Vaqué, D., and Zingone, A.: Plankton in the open Mediterranean Sea: a review, Biogeosciences, 7, 1543–1586, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1543-2010, 2010.
Sisma-Ventura, G., Kress, N., Silverman, J., Gertner, Y., Ozer, T., Biton,
E., Lazar, A., Gertman, I., Rahav, E., and Herut, B.: Post-eastern
Mediterranean Transient Oxygen Decline in the Deep Waters of the Southeast
Mediterranean Sea Supports Weakening of Ventilation Rates, Front. Mar. Sci.,
7, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.598686, 2021.
Smith, R. O., Bryden, H. L., and Stansfield, K.: Observations of new western Mediterranean deep water formation using Argo floats 2004–2006, Ocean Sci., 4, 133–149, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-4-133-2008, 2008.
Smyth, T., Quartly, G., Jackson, T., Tarran, G., Woodward, M., Harris, C., Gallienne, C., Thomas, R., Airs, R., Cummings, D., Brewin, R., Kitidis, V., Stephens, J., Zubkov, M., and Rees, A.: Determining Atlantic Ocean province contrasts and variations, Prog. Oceanogr., 158, 19–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.004, 2017.
Stramma, L. and Schmidtko, S.: Global evidence of ocean deoxygenation, in: Ocean Deoxygenation: Everyone's Problem,
edited by: Laffoley, D. and Baxter, J., IUCN, 2019.
Tanhua, T., Hainbucher, D., Schroeder, K., Cardin, V., Álvarez, M., and Civitarese, G.: The Mediterranean Sea system: a review and an introduction to the special issue, Ocean Sci., 9, 789–803, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-789-2013, 2013.
Teruzzi, A., Dobricic, S., Solidoro, C., and Cossarini, G.: A 3-D variational
assimilation scheme in coupled transport-biogeochemical models: Forecast of
Mediterranean biogeochemical properties, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119,
200–217, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009277, 2014.
Teruzzi, A., Bolzon, G., Salon, S., Lazzari, P., Solidoro, C., and Cossarini,
G.: Assimilation of coastal and open sea biogeochemical data to improve
phytoplankton simulation in the Mediterranean Sea, Ocean Model., 132,
46–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.09.007, 2018.
Teruzzi, A., Di Biagio, V., Feudale, L., Bolzon, G., Lazzari, P., Salon, S.,
Coidessa, G., and Cossarini, G.: Mediterranean Sea Biogeochemical Reanalysis
(CMEMS MED-Biogeochemistry, MedBFM3 system) (Version 1)
Copernicus Monitoring Environment Marine Service (CMEMS) [data set],
https://doi.org/10.25423/CMCC/MEDSEA_MULTIYEAR_BGC_006_008_MEDBFM3, 2021a.
Teruzzi, A., Bolzon, G., Feudale, L., and Cossarini, G.: Deep chlorophyll maximum and nutricline in the Mediterranean Sea: emerging properties from a multi-platform assimilated biogeochemical model experiment, Biogeosciences, 18, 6147–6166, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, 2021b.
Testor, P., De Young, B., Rudnick, D. L., Glenn, S., Hayes, D., Lee, C. M.,
Pattiaratchi, C., Hill, K., Heslop, E., and Turpin, V.: OceanGliders: a
component of the integrated GOOS, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 422, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00422, 2019.
Theil, H.: A rank-invariant method of linear and polynomial regression
analysis, 3; confidence regions for the parameters of poly-nomial
regression equations, Indagat. Math., 1, 467–482, 1950.
Thierry, V., Bittig, H., Gilbert, D., Kobayashi, T., Kanako, S., and Schmid,
C.: Processing Argo oxygen data at the DAC level. Version 2.3.1.
Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, IFREMER for Argo Data Management [data set],
https://doi.org/10.13155/39795, 2018.
Ulses, C., Estournel, C., Fourrier, M., Coppola, L., Kessouri, F., Lefèvre, D., and Marsaleix, P.: Oxygen budget of the north-western Mediterranean deep- convection region, Biogeosciences, 18, 937–960, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-937-2021, 2021.
Vichi, M., Lovato, T., Butenschön, M., Tedesco, L., Lazzari, P., Cossarini,
G., Masina, S., Pinardi, N., Solidoro, C., and Zavatarelli, M.: The Biogeochemical
Flux Model (BFM): Equation Description and User Manual, BFM version 5.2, BFM
Report series N. 1, Release 1.2, June 2020, Bologna, Italy, 104 pp., http://bfm-community.eu (last access: 29 November 2022), 2020.
Waldman, R., Somot, S., Herrmann, M., Testor, P., Estournel, C., Sevault,
F., Prieur, L., Mortier, L., Coppola, L., Taillandier, V., Conan, P., and
Dausse, D.: Estimating dense water volume and its evolution for the year
2012–2013 in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea: An observing system
simulation experiment approach, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 6696–6716,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011694, 2016.
Wanninkhof, R.: Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the
ocean revisited, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 12, 351–362,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2014.12.351, 2014.
Yasunaka, S., Ono, T., Sasaoka, K., and Sato, K.: Global distribution and variability of subsurface chlorophyll a concentrations, Ocean Sci., 18, 255–268, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-255-2022, 2022.
Short summary
The amount of dissolved oxygen in the ocean is the result of interacting physical and biological processes. Oxygen vertical profiles show a subsurface maximum in a large part of the ocean. We used a numerical model to map this subsurface maximum in the Mediterranean Sea and to link local differences in its properties to the driving processes. This emerging feature can help the marine ecosystem functioning to be better understood, also under the impacts of climate change.
The amount of dissolved oxygen in the ocean is the result of interacting physical and biological...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint