Articles | Volume 20, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Apr 2023
Research article |
| 12 Apr 2023
| 12 Apr 2023
Using machine learning and Biogeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats to assess biogeochemical models and optimize observing system design
Alexandre Mignot
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Mercator Ocean International, 31400 Toulouse, France
Hervé Claustre
Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230
Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université,
06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
Gianpiero Cossarini
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS,
34010 Trieste, Italy
Fabrizio D'Ortenzio
Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230
Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université,
06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
Elodie Gutknecht
Mercator Ocean International, 31400 Toulouse, France
Julien Lamouroux
Mercator Ocean International, 31400 Toulouse, France
Paolo Lazzari
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS,
34010 Trieste, Italy
Coralie Perruche
Mercator Ocean International, 31400 Toulouse, France
Stefano Salon
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS,
34010 Trieste, Italy
Raphaëlle Sauzède
Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université,
06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
Vincent Taillandier
Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230
Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université,
06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
Anna Teruzzi
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS,
34010 Trieste, Italy
Related authors
Quentin Hyvernat, Alexandre Mignot, Elodie Gutknecht, Giovanni Ruggiero, Coralie Perruche, Guillaume Samson, Raphaëlle Sauzède, Olivier Aumont, Hervé Claustre, and Fabrizio D'Ortenzio
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4369, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4369, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce an iterative Importance Sampling (iIS) framework to optimize the PISCES model using BGC-Argo data. Using these data, 20 metrics are applied to better constrain parameter values. Three parameter selection strategies are compared: 29 main effects parameters, 66 parameters including interaction effects, and all 95 parameters. All yield statistically indistinguishable but significant skill gains, reducing NRMSE by 54–56% in median across assimilated metrics in the productive layer.
Wilhem Riom, Nicolas Mayot, Alexandre Mignot, Vincent Taillandier, and Fabrizio D'Ortenzio
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-4, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-4, 2025
Preprint under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Over the ocean, phytoplankton (the microscopic algae at the basis of the marine foodweb) present characteristic cyclical patterns modulated by the passage of seasons. Climate change is modifying the marine environment and these seasonal cycles. This study presents a method that identifies the geographical displacement of these cycles applied over the last 30 years of satellite observations. It suggests that cycles normally typical of low latitude regions are extending towards high latitudes.
Joelle Habib, Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, Milad Fakhri, Patrick Marsaleix, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Marine Fourrier, Laurent Coppola, Alexandre Mignot, Laurent Mortier, and Pascal Conan
Biogeosciences, 20, 3203–3228, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3203-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3203-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Rhodes Gyre, eastern Mediterranean Sea, is the main Levantine Intermediate Water formation site. In this study, we use a 3D physical–biogeochemical model to investigate the seasonal and interannual variability of organic carbon dynamics in the gyre. Our results show its autotrophic nature and its high interannual variability, with enhanced primary production, downward exports, and onward exports to the surrounding regions during years marked by intense heat losses and deep mixed layers.
Marie Barbieux, Julia Uitz, Alexandre Mignot, Collin Roesler, Hervé Claustre, Bernard Gentili, Vincent Taillandier, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Hubert Loisel, Antoine Poteau, Edouard Leymarie, Christophe Penkerc'h, Catherine Schmechtig, and Annick Bricaud
Biogeosciences, 19, 1165–1194, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1165-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses marine biological production in two Mediterranean systems representative of vast desert-like (oligotrophic) areas encountered in the global ocean. We use a novel approach based on non-intrusive high-frequency in situ measurements by two profiling robots, the BioGeoChemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats. Our results indicate substantial yet variable production rates and contribution to the whole water column of the subsurface layer, typically considered steady and non-productive.
Mara Freilich, Alexandre Mignot, Glenn Flierl, and Raffaele Ferrari
Biogeosciences, 18, 5595–5607, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Observations reveal that in some regions phytoplankton biomass increases during the wintertime when growth conditions are sub-optimal, which has been attributed to a release from grazing during mixed layer deepening. Measurements of grazer populations to support this theory are lacking. We demonstrate that a release from grazing when the winter mixed layer is deepening holds only for certain grazing models, extending the use of phytoplankton observations to make inferences about grazer dynamics.
Philippe Massicotte, Rainer M. W. Amon, David Antoine, Philippe Archambault, Sergio Balzano, Simon Bélanger, Ronald Benner, Dominique Boeuf, Annick Bricaud, Flavienne Bruyant, Gwenaëlle Chaillou, Malik Chami, Bruno Charrière, Jing Chen, Hervé Claustre, Pierre Coupel, Nicole Delsaut, David Doxaran, Jens Ehn, Cédric Fichot, Marie-Hélène Forget, Pingqing Fu, Jonathan Gagnon, Nicole Garcia, Beat Gasser, Jean-François Ghiglione, Gaby Gorsky, Michel Gosselin, Priscillia Gourvil, Yves Gratton, Pascal Guillot, Hermann J. Heipieper, Serge Heussner, Stanford B. Hooker, Yannick Huot, Christian Jeanthon, Wade Jeffrey, Fabien Joux, Kimitaka Kawamura, Bruno Lansard, Edouard Leymarie, Heike Link, Connie Lovejoy, Claudie Marec, Dominique Marie, Johannie Martin, Jacobo Martín, Guillaume Massé, Atsushi Matsuoka, Vanessa McKague, Alexandre Mignot, William L. Miller, Juan-Carlos Miquel, Alfonso Mucci, Kaori Ono, Eva Ortega-Retuerta, Christos Panagiotopoulos, Tim Papakyriakou, Marc Picheral, Louis Prieur, Patrick Raimbault, Joséphine Ras, Rick A. Reynolds, André Rochon, Jean-François Rontani, Catherine Schmechtig, Sabine Schmidt, Richard Sempéré, Yuan Shen, Guisheng Song, Dariusz Stramski, Eri Tachibana, Alexandre Thirouard, Imma Tolosa, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Mickael Vaïtilingom, Daniel Vaulot, Frédéric Vaultier, John K. Volkman, Huixiang Xie, Guangming Zheng, and Marcel Babin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1561–1592, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The MALINA oceanographic expedition was conducted in the Mackenzie River and the Beaufort Sea systems. The sampling was performed across seven shelf–basin transects to capture the meridional gradient between the estuary and the open ocean. The main goal of this research program was to better understand how processes such as primary production are influencing the fate of organic matter originating from the surrounding terrestrial landscape during its transition toward the Arctic Ocean.
Carlos Enmanuel Soto López, Mirna Gharbi Dit Kacem, Fabio Anselmi, and Paolo Lazzari
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 7575–7602, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7575-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7575-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We used a semi-analytical expression to estimate the concentration of optically active constituents, allowing us to have an interpretable formulation consistent with the laws of physics. We focused on a probabilistic approach, inverting the model with its respective uncertainty. Considering future applications to big data, we explored a neural-network-based method, retrieving computationally efficient estimates with an accuracy comparable to existing state-of-the-art algorithms.
Louise Delaigue, Pierre Cauchy, Dorian Cazau, Julien Bonnel, Sara Pensieri, Roberto Bozzano, Anatole Gros-Martial, Christophe Schaeffer, Arnaud David, Paco Stil, Antoine Poteau, Catherine Schmechtig, Edouard Leymarie, and Hervé Claustre
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4174, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4174, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
We tested a new way to measure ocean winds using sound recorded deep underwater by an autonomous float. By listening to how wind and waves create noise at the surface, we showed that these floats can track changes in wind speed with good accuracy. This approach can extend wind monitoring to remote seas where satellites and buoys struggle, helping us better understand how the ocean and atmosphere exchange heat, gases, and energy.
Quentin Hyvernat, Alexandre Mignot, Elodie Gutknecht, Giovanni Ruggiero, Coralie Perruche, Guillaume Samson, Raphaëlle Sauzède, Olivier Aumont, Hervé Claustre, and Fabrizio D'Ortenzio
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4369, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4369, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce an iterative Importance Sampling (iIS) framework to optimize the PISCES model using BGC-Argo data. Using these data, 20 metrics are applied to better constrain parameter values. Three parameter selection strategies are compared: 29 main effects parameters, 66 parameters including interaction effects, and all 95 parameters. All yield statistically indistinguishable but significant skill gains, reducing NRMSE by 54–56% in median across assimilated metrics in the productive layer.
Wilhem Riom, Nicolas Mayot, Alexandre Mignot, Vincent Taillandier, and Fabrizio D'Ortenzio
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-4, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-4, 2025
Preprint under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Over the ocean, phytoplankton (the microscopic algae at the basis of the marine foodweb) present characteristic cyclical patterns modulated by the passage of seasons. Climate change is modifying the marine environment and these seasonal cycles. This study presents a method that identifies the geographical displacement of these cycles applied over the last 30 years of satellite observations. It suggests that cycles normally typical of low latitude regions are extending towards high latitudes.
Valeria Di Biagio, Stefano Querin, Carolina Amadio, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Stefano Piani, Simone Spada, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-9, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2025-9, 2025
Preprint under review for SP
Short summary
Short summary
Anomalous eutrophication levels characterised the northern Adriatic Sea in 2024 spring and fall. We analysed the anomaly in marine chlorophyll and primary production by using satellite and models, in connection with multiple events of very intense river discharges, high temperatures and circulation structures. Our study proves the importance of coastal forecasting models to monitor ocean-land dynamics.
Jorge García-Jiménez, Ana B. Ruescas, Julia Amorós-López, and Raphaëlle Sauzède
Ocean Sci., 21, 1677–1694, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1677-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1677-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Estimation of particulate organic carbon (POC) relies on proxies like the particulate backscattering coefficient (bbp) derived from BioGeoChemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats and satellite data. BGC-Argo floats provide global insights into vertical bio-optical dynamics. This study integrates Sentinel-3 OLCI (Ocean and Land Colour Instrument) data and machine learning approaches to improve bbp estimates in the top 250 m of the water column. The results differ based on the dynamics of the study areas.
Guido Occhipinti, Davide Valenti, and Paolo Lazzari
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2994, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2994, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Due to climate change shifts in ecosystem structure and function have been increasingly documented in marine ecosystems around the globe. We tested whether a marine biogeochemical model can predict shifts to alternative regimes in plankton and biogeochemical processes under environmental perturbations. Simulations show that perturbations can drive the system into new regimes, with responses that are either reversible or hysteretic, depending on the type and intensity of the disturbance.
Gianpiero Cossarini, Andrew Moore, Stefano Ciavatta, and Katja Fennel
State Planet, 5-opsr, 12, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-12-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-12-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Marine biogeochemistry refers to the cycling of chemical elements resulting from physical transport, chemical reaction, uptake, and processing by living organisms. Biogeochemical models can have a wide range of complexity, from a single nutrient to fully explicit representations of multiple nutrients, trophic levels, and functional groups. Uncertainty sources are the lack of knowledge about the parameterizations, the initial and boundary conditions, and the lack of observations.
Gabriela Martinez-Balbontin, Julien Jouanno, Rachid Benshila, Julien Lamouroux, Coralie Perruche, and Stefano Ciavatta
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1246, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1246, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses machine learning to predict chlorophyll-a levels, which are important for monitoring marine ecosystems and the carbon cycle. By using forecasts of sea surface temperature, salinity, height, and mixed layer depth, we can make global predictions up to six months ahead in just minutes. Our approach is as accurate or better than traditional methods, while being faster and more resource-efficient.
Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Paul Blin, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Vincent Taillandier, and Pascal Conan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3436, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3436, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the effects of salt fingering on particle and solute distribution in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Density interfaces associated with thermohaline staircases slow the settling of suspended particles and promote aggregation. This affects particle size distribution and creates nutrient and oxygen gradients, affecting microbial activity and nutrient cycling. The research highlights the potential role of salt fingers in deep ocean biogeochemical processes.
Gloria Pietropolli, Luca Manzoni, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7347–7364, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring the ocean is essential for studying marine life and human impact. Our new software, PPCon, uses ocean data to predict key factors like nitrate and chlorophyll levels, which are hard to measure directly. By leveraging machine learning, PPCon offers more accurate and efficient predictions.
Anna Teruzzi, Ali Aydogdu, Carolina Amadio, Emanuela Clementi, Simone Colella, Valeria Di Biagio, Massimiliano Drudi, Claudia Fanelli, Laura Feudale, Alessandro Grandi, Pietro Miraglio, Andrea Pisano, Jenny Pistoia, Marco Reale, Stefano Salon, Gianluca Volpe, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 4-osr8, 15, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-15-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A noticeable cold spell occurred in Eastern Europe at the beginning of 2022 and was the main driver of intense deep-water formation and the associated transport of nutrients to the surface. Southeast of Crete, the availability of both light and nutrients in the surface layer stimulated an anomalous phytoplankton bloom. In the area, chlorophyll concentration (a proxy for bloom intensity) and primary production were considerably higher than usual, suggesting possible impacts on fishery catches.
Karina von Schuckmann, Lorena Moreira, Mathilde Cancet, Flora Gues, Emmanuelle Autret, Ali Aydogdu, Lluis Castrillo, Daniele Ciani, Andrea Cipollone, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alvaro de Pascual-Collar, Vincenzo De Toma, Marion Gehlen, Rianne Giesen, Marie Drevillon, Claudia Fanelli, Kevin Hodges, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Eric Jansen, Melanie Juza, Ioanna Karagali, Priidik Lagemaa, Vidar Lien, Leonardo Lima, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Ilja Maljutenko, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, Pietro Miraglio, Helen Morrison, Tabea Rebekka Panteleit, Andrea Pisano, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Urmas Raudsepp, Roshin Raj, Ad Stoffelen, Simon Van Gennip, Pierre Veillard, and Chunxue Yang
State Planet, 4-osr8, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, 2024
Jorn Bruggeman, Karsten Bolding, Lars Nerger, Anna Teruzzi, Simone Spada, Jozef Skákala, and Stefano Ciavatta
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5619–5639, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5619-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5619-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To understand and predict the ocean’s capacity for carbon sequestration, its ability to supply food, and its response to climate change, we need the best possible estimate of its physical and biogeochemical properties. This is obtained through data assimilation which blends numerical models and observations. We present the Ensemble and Assimilation Tool (EAT), a flexible and efficient test bed that allows any scientist to explore and further develop the state of the art in data assimilation.
France Van Wambeke, Pascal Conan, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Vincent Taillandier, Olivier Crispi, Alexandra Pavlidou, Sandra Nunige, Morgane Didry, Christophe Salmeron, and Elvira Pulido-Villena
Biogeosciences, 21, 2621–2640, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Phosphomonoesterase (PME) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities over the epipelagic zone are described in the eastern Mediterranean Sea in winter and autumn. The types of concentration kinetics obtained for PDE (saturation at 50 µM, high Km, high turnover times) compared to those of PME (saturation at 1 µM, low Km, low turnover times) are discussed in regard to the possible inequal distribution of PDE and PME in the size continuum of organic material and accessibility to phosphodiesters.
Carolina Amadio, Anna Teruzzi, Gloria Pietropolli, Luca Manzoni, Gianluca Coidessa, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Ocean Sci., 20, 689–710, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Forecasting of marine biogeochemistry can be improved via the assimilation of observations. Floating buoys provide multivariate information about the status of the ocean interior. Information on the ocean interior can be expanded/augmented by machine learning. In this work, we show the enhanced impact of assimilating new in situ variables (oxygen) and reconstructed variables (nitrate) in the operational forecast system (MedBFM) model of the Mediterranean Sea.
Eva Álvarez, Gianpiero Cossarini, Anna Teruzzi, Jorn Bruggeman, Karsten Bolding, Stefano Ciavatta, Vincenzo Vellucci, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, David Antoine, and Paolo Lazzari
Biogeosciences, 20, 4591–4624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4591-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4591-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) interacts with the ambient light and gives the waters of the Mediterranean Sea their colour. We propose a novel parameterization of the CDOM cycle, whose parameter values have been optimized by using the data of the monitoring site BOUSSOLE. Nutrient and light limitations for locally produced CDOM caused aCDOM(λ) to covary with chlorophyll, while the above-average CDOM concentrations observed at this site were maintained by allochthonous sources.
Simone Spada, Anna Teruzzi, Stefano Maset, Stefano Salon, Cosimo Solidoro, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-170, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2023-170, 2023
Preprint under review for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
In geosciences, data assimilation (DA) combines modeled dynamics and observations to reduce simulation uncertainties. Uncertainties can be dynamically and effectively estimated in ensemble DA methods. With respect to current techniques, the novel GHOSH ensemble DA scheme is designed to improve accuracy by reaching a higher approximation order, without increasing computational costs, as demonstrated in idealized Lorenz96 tests and in realistic simulations of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry
Giovanni Coppini, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, Gerasimos Korres, Michalis Ravdas, Rita Lecci, Jenny Pistoia, Anna Chiara Goglio, Massimiliano Drudi, Alessandro Grandi, Ali Aydogdu, Romain Escudier, Andrea Cipollone, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Antonio Mariani, Sergio Cretì, Francesco Palermo, Matteo Scuro, Simona Masina, Nadia Pinardi, Antonio Navarra, Damiano Delrosso, Anna Teruzzi, Valeria Di Biagio, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Gianluca Coidessa, Carolina Amadio, Alberto Brosich, Arnau Miró, Eva Alvarez, Paolo Lazzari, Cosimo Solidoro, Charikleia Oikonomou, and Anna Zacharioudaki
Ocean Sci., 19, 1483–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents the Mediterranean Forecasting System evolution and performance developed in the framework of the Copernicus Marine Service.
Valeria Di Biagio, Riccardo Martellucci, Milena Menna, Anna Teruzzi, Carolina Amadio, Elena Mauri, and Gianpiero Cossarini
State Planet, 1-osr7, 10, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-10-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen is essential to all aerobic organisms, and its content in the marine environment is continuously under assessment. By integrating observations with a model, we describe the dissolved oxygen variability in a sensitive Mediterranean area in the period 1999–2021 and ascribe it to multiple acting physical and biological drivers. Moreover, the reduction recognized in 2021, apparently also due to other mechanisms, requires further monitoring in light of its possible impacts.
Stefania A. Ciliberti, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Jay Pearlman, Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Pierre Bahurel, Fabrice Ardhuin, Alain Arnaud, Mike Bell, Segolene Berthou, Laurent Bertino, Arthur Capet, Eric Chassignet, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Gianpaolo Coro, Stuart Corney, Fraser Davidson, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Renaud Dussurget, Ghada El Serafy, Katja Fennel, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Patrick Heimbach, Fabrice Hernandez, Patrick Hogan, Ibrahim Hoteit, Sudheer Joseph, Simon Josey, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Simone Libralato, Marco Mancini, Pascal Matte, Angelique Melet, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Andrew M. Moore, Antonio Novellino, Andrew Porter, Heather Regan, Laia Romero, Andreas Schiller, John Siddorn, Joanna Staneva, Cecile Thomas-Courcoux, Marina Tonani, Jose Maria Garcia-Valdecasas, Jennifer Veitch, Karina von Schuckmann, Liying Wan, John Wilkin, and Romane Zufic
State Planet, 1-osr7, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, 2023
Joelle Habib, Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, Milad Fakhri, Patrick Marsaleix, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Marine Fourrier, Laurent Coppola, Alexandre Mignot, Laurent Mortier, and Pascal Conan
Biogeosciences, 20, 3203–3228, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3203-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3203-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Rhodes Gyre, eastern Mediterranean Sea, is the main Levantine Intermediate Water formation site. In this study, we use a 3D physical–biogeochemical model to investigate the seasonal and interannual variability of organic carbon dynamics in the gyre. Our results show its autotrophic nature and its high interannual variability, with enhanced primary production, downward exports, and onward exports to the surrounding regions during years marked by intense heat losses and deep mixed layers.
Juan Pablo Almeida, Lorenzo Menichetti, Alf Ekblad, Nicholas P. Rosenstock, and Håkan Wallander
Biogeosciences, 20, 1443–1458, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1443-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1443-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In forests, trees allocate a significant amount of carbon belowground to support mycorrhizal symbiosis. In northern forests nitrogen normally regulates this allocation and consequently mycorrhizal fungi growth. In this study we demonstrate that in a conifer forest from Sweden, fungal growth is regulated by phosphorus instead of nitrogen. This is probably due to an increase in nitrogen deposition to soils caused by decades of human pollution that has altered the ecosystem nutrient regime.
André Valente, Shubha Sathyendranath, Vanda Brotas, Steve Groom, Michael Grant, Thomas Jackson, Andrei Chuprin, Malcolm Taberner, Ruth Airs, David Antoine, Robert Arnone, William M. Balch, Kathryn Barker, Ray Barlow, Simon Bélanger, Jean-François Berthon, Şükrü Beşiktepe, Yngve Borsheim, Astrid Bracher, Vittorio Brando, Robert J. W. Brewin, Elisabetta Canuti, Francisco P. Chavez, Andrés Cianca, Hervé Claustre, Lesley Clementson, Richard Crout, Afonso Ferreira, Scott Freeman, Robert Frouin, Carlos García-Soto, Stuart W. Gibb, Ralf Goericke, Richard Gould, Nathalie Guillocheau, Stanford B. Hooker, Chuamin Hu, Mati Kahru, Milton Kampel, Holger Klein, Susanne Kratzer, Raphael Kudela, Jesus Ledesma, Steven Lohrenz, Hubert Loisel, Antonio Mannino, Victor Martinez-Vicente, Patricia Matrai, David McKee, Brian G. Mitchell, Tiffany Moisan, Enrique Montes, Frank Muller-Karger, Aimee Neeley, Michael Novak, Leonie O'Dowd, Michael Ondrusek, Trevor Platt, Alex J. Poulton, Michel Repecaud, Rüdiger Röttgers, Thomas Schroeder, Timothy Smyth, Denise Smythe-Wright, Heidi M. Sosik, Crystal Thomas, Rob Thomas, Gavin Tilstone, Andreia Tracana, Michael Twardowski, Vincenzo Vellucci, Kenneth Voss, Jeremy Werdell, Marcel Wernand, Bozena Wojtasiewicz, Simon Wright, and Giuseppe Zibordi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5737–5770, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5737-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5737-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A compiled set of in situ data is vital to evaluate the quality of ocean-colour satellite data records. Here we describe the global compilation of bio-optical in situ data (spanning from 1997 to 2021) used for the validation of the ocean-colour products from the ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI). The compilation merges and harmonizes several in situ data sources into a simple format that could be used directly for the evaluation of satellite-derived ocean-colour data.
Valeria Di Biagio, Stefano Salon, Laura Feudale, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Biogeosciences, 19, 5553–5574, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of dissolved oxygen in the ocean is the result of interacting physical and biological processes. Oxygen vertical profiles show a subsurface maximum in a large part of the ocean. We used a numerical model to map this subsurface maximum in the Mediterranean Sea and to link local differences in its properties to the driving processes. This emerging feature can help the marine ecosystem functioning to be better understood, also under the impacts of climate change.
Flavienne Bruyant, Rémi Amiraux, Marie-Pier Amyot, Philippe Archambault, Lise Artigue, Lucas Barbedo de Freitas, Guislain Bécu, Simon Bélanger, Pascaline Bourgain, Annick Bricaud, Etienne Brouard, Camille Brunet, Tonya Burgers, Danielle Caleb, Katrine Chalut, Hervé Claustre, Véronique Cornet-Barthaux, Pierre Coupel, Marine Cusa, Fanny Cusset, Laeticia Dadaglio, Marty Davelaar, Gabrièle Deslongchamps, Céline Dimier, Julie Dinasquet, Dany Dumont, Brent Else, Igor Eulaers, Joannie Ferland, Gabrielle Filteau, Marie-Hélène Forget, Jérome Fort, Louis Fortier, Martí Galí, Morgane Gallinari, Svend-Erik Garbus, Nicole Garcia, Catherine Gérikas Ribeiro, Colline Gombault, Priscilla Gourvil, Clémence Goyens, Cindy Grant, Pierre-Luc Grondin, Pascal Guillot, Sandrine Hillion, Rachel Hussherr, Fabien Joux, Hannah Joy-Warren, Gabriel Joyal, David Kieber, Augustin Lafond, José Lagunas, Patrick Lajeunesse, Catherine Lalande, Jade Larivière, Florence Le Gall, Karine Leblanc, Mathieu Leblanc, Justine Legras, Keith Lévesque, Kate-M. Lewis, Edouard Leymarie, Aude Leynaert, Thomas Linkowski, Martine Lizotte, Adriana Lopes dos Santos, Claudie Marec, Dominique Marie, Guillaume Massé, Philippe Massicotte, Atsushi Matsuoka, Lisa A. Miller, Sharif Mirshak, Nathalie Morata, Brivaela Moriceau, Philippe-Israël Morin, Simon Morisset, Anders Mosbech, Alfonso Mucci, Gabrielle Nadaï, Christian Nozais, Ingrid Obernosterer, Thimoté Paire, Christos Panagiotopoulos, Marie Parenteau, Noémie Pelletier, Marc Picheral, Bernard Quéguiner, Patrick Raimbault, Joséphine Ras, Eric Rehm, Llúcia Ribot Lacosta, Jean-François Rontani, Blanche Saint-Béat, Julie Sansoulet, Noé Sardet, Catherine Schmechtig, Antoine Sciandra, Richard Sempéré, Caroline Sévigny, Jordan Toullec, Margot Tragin, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Annie-Pier Trottier, Daniel Vaulot, Anda Vladoiu, Lei Xue, Gustavo Yunda-Guarin, and Marcel Babin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4607–4642, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a dataset acquired during a research cruise held in Baffin Bay in 2016. We observed that the disappearance of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean increases both the length and spatial extent of the phytoplankton growth season. In the future, this will impact the food webs on which the local populations depend for their food supply and fisheries. This dataset will provide insight into quantifying these impacts and help the decision-making process for policymakers.
Marco Reale, Gianpiero Cossarini, Paolo Lazzari, Tomas Lovato, Giorgio Bolzon, Simona Masina, Cosimo Solidoro, and Stefano Salon
Biogeosciences, 19, 4035–4065, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Future projections under the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 emission scenarios of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry at the end of the 21st century show different levels of decline in nutrients, oxygen and biomasses and an acidification of the water column. The signal intensity is stronger under RCP8.5 and in the eastern Mediterranean. Under RCP4.5, after the second half of the 21st century, biogeochemical variables show a recovery of the values observed at the beginning of the investigated period.
Ginevra Rosati, Donata Canu, Paolo Lazzari, and Cosimo Solidoro
Biogeosciences, 19, 3663–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3663-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3663-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Methylmercury (MeHg) is produced and bioaccumulated in marine food webs, posing concerns for human exposure through seafood consumption. We modeled and analyzed the fate of MeHg in the lower food web of the Mediterranean Sea. The modeled spatial–temporal distribution of plankton bioaccumulation differs from the distribution of MeHg in surface water. We also show that MeHg exposure concentrations in temperate waters can be lowered by winter convection, which is declining due to climate change.
Martí Galí, Marcus Falls, Hervé Claustre, Olivier Aumont, and Raffaele Bernardello
Biogeosciences, 19, 1245–1275, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1245-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1245-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Part of the organic matter produced by plankton in the upper ocean is exported to the deep ocean. This process, known as the biological carbon pump, is key for the regulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide and global climate. However, the dynamics of organic particles below the upper ocean layer are not well understood. Here we compared the measurements acquired by autonomous robots in the top 1000 m of the ocean to a numerical model, which can help improve future climate projections.
Marie Barbieux, Julia Uitz, Alexandre Mignot, Collin Roesler, Hervé Claustre, Bernard Gentili, Vincent Taillandier, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Hubert Loisel, Antoine Poteau, Edouard Leymarie, Christophe Penkerc'h, Catherine Schmechtig, and Annick Bricaud
Biogeosciences, 19, 1165–1194, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1165-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses marine biological production in two Mediterranean systems representative of vast desert-like (oligotrophic) areas encountered in the global ocean. We use a novel approach based on non-intrusive high-frequency in situ measurements by two profiling robots, the BioGeoChemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats. Our results indicate substantial yet variable production rates and contribution to the whole water column of the subsurface layer, typically considered steady and non-productive.
Matthieu Bressac, Thibaut Wagener, Nathalie Leblond, Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, Céline Ridame, Vincent Taillandier, Samuel Albani, Sophie Guasco, Aurélie Dufour, Stéphanie H. M. Jacquet, François Dulac, Karine Desboeufs, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 6435–6453, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6435-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6435-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton growth is limited by the availability of iron in about 50 % of the ocean. Atmospheric deposition of desert dust represents a key source of iron. Here, we present direct observations of dust deposition in the Mediterranean Sea. A key finding is that the input of iron from dust primarily occurred in the deep ocean, while previous studies mainly focused on the ocean surface. This new insight will enable us to better represent controls on global marine productivity in models.
Anna Teruzzi, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, and Gianpiero Cossarini
Biogeosciences, 18, 6147–6166, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During summer, maxima of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration (DCM) occur in the subsurface of the Mediterranean Sea and can play a relevant role in carbon sequestration into the ocean interior. A numerical model based on in situ and satellite observations provides insights into the range of DCM conditions across the relatively small Mediterranean Sea and shows a western DCM that is 25 % shallower and with a higher phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration than in the eastern Mediterranean.
France Van Wambeke, Vincent Taillandier, Karine Desboeufs, Elvira Pulido-Villena, Julie Dinasquet, Anja Engel, Emilio Marañón, Céline Ridame, and Cécile Guieu
Biogeosciences, 18, 5699–5717, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5699-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5699-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Simultaneous in situ measurements of (dry and wet) atmospheric deposition and biogeochemical stocks and fluxes in the sunlit waters of the open Mediterranean Sea revealed complex physical and biological processes occurring within the mixed layer. Nitrogen (N) budgets were computed to compare the sources and sinks of N in the mixed layer. The transitory effect observed after a wet dust deposition impacted the microbial food web down to the deep chlorophyll maximum.
Mara Freilich, Alexandre Mignot, Glenn Flierl, and Raffaele Ferrari
Biogeosciences, 18, 5595–5607, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Observations reveal that in some regions phytoplankton biomass increases during the wintertime when growth conditions are sub-optimal, which has been attributed to a release from grazing during mixed layer deepening. Measurements of grazer populations to support this theory are lacking. We demonstrate that a release from grazing when the winter mixed layer is deepening holds only for certain grazing models, extending the use of phytoplankton observations to make inferences about grazer dynamics.
Paolo Lazzari, Stefano Salon, Elena Terzić, Watson W. Gregg, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Vincenzo Vellucci, Emanuele Organelli, and David Antoine
Ocean Sci., 17, 675–697, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-675-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-675-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Multispectral optical sensors and models are increasingly adopted to study marine systems. In this work, bio-optical mooring and biogeochemical Argo float optical observations are combined with the Ocean-Atmosphere Spectral Irradiance Model (OASIM) to analyse the variability of sunlight at the sea surface. We show that the model skill in simulating data varies according to the wavelength of light and temporal scale considered and that it is significantly affected by cloud dynamics.
Philippe Massicotte, Rainer M. W. Amon, David Antoine, Philippe Archambault, Sergio Balzano, Simon Bélanger, Ronald Benner, Dominique Boeuf, Annick Bricaud, Flavienne Bruyant, Gwenaëlle Chaillou, Malik Chami, Bruno Charrière, Jing Chen, Hervé Claustre, Pierre Coupel, Nicole Delsaut, David Doxaran, Jens Ehn, Cédric Fichot, Marie-Hélène Forget, Pingqing Fu, Jonathan Gagnon, Nicole Garcia, Beat Gasser, Jean-François Ghiglione, Gaby Gorsky, Michel Gosselin, Priscillia Gourvil, Yves Gratton, Pascal Guillot, Hermann J. Heipieper, Serge Heussner, Stanford B. Hooker, Yannick Huot, Christian Jeanthon, Wade Jeffrey, Fabien Joux, Kimitaka Kawamura, Bruno Lansard, Edouard Leymarie, Heike Link, Connie Lovejoy, Claudie Marec, Dominique Marie, Johannie Martin, Jacobo Martín, Guillaume Massé, Atsushi Matsuoka, Vanessa McKague, Alexandre Mignot, William L. Miller, Juan-Carlos Miquel, Alfonso Mucci, Kaori Ono, Eva Ortega-Retuerta, Christos Panagiotopoulos, Tim Papakyriakou, Marc Picheral, Louis Prieur, Patrick Raimbault, Joséphine Ras, Rick A. Reynolds, André Rochon, Jean-François Rontani, Catherine Schmechtig, Sabine Schmidt, Richard Sempéré, Yuan Shen, Guisheng Song, Dariusz Stramski, Eri Tachibana, Alexandre Thirouard, Imma Tolosa, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Mickael Vaïtilingom, Daniel Vaulot, Frédéric Vaultier, John K. Volkman, Huixiang Xie, Guangming Zheng, and Marcel Babin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1561–1592, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The MALINA oceanographic expedition was conducted in the Mackenzie River and the Beaufort Sea systems. The sampling was performed across seven shelf–basin transects to capture the meridional gradient between the estuary and the open ocean. The main goal of this research program was to better understand how processes such as primary production are influencing the fate of organic matter originating from the surrounding terrestrial landscape during its transition toward the Arctic Ocean.
Florian Ricour, Arthur Capet, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Bruno Delille, and Marilaure Grégoire
Biogeosciences, 18, 755–774, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-755-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-755-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper addresses the phenology of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) in the Black Sea (BS). We show that the DCM forms in March at a density level set by the winter mixed layer. It maintains this location until June, suggesting an influence of the DCM on light and nutrient profiles rather than mere adaptation to external factors. In summer, the DCM concentrates ~55 % of the chlorophyll in a 10 m layer at ~35 m depth and should be considered a major feature of the BS phytoplankton dynamics.
Elena Terzić, Arnau Miró, Paolo Lazzari, Emanuele Organelli, and Fabrizio D'Ortenzio
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-473, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-473, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This study integrates numerical simulations (using a multi-spectral optical model) with in-situ measurements of floats and remotely sensed observations from satellites. It aims at improving our current understanding of the impact that different constituents (such as pure water, colored dissolved organic matter, detritus and phytoplankton) have on the in-water light propagation.
Rafael Rasse, Hervé Claustre, and Antoine Poteau
Biogeosciences, 17, 6491–6505, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6491-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6491-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Here, data collected by BGC-Argo floats are used to investigate the origin of the suspended small-particle layer inferred from optical sensors in the oxygen-poor Black Sea. Our results suggest that this layer is at least partially composed of the microbial communities that produce dinitrogen. We propose that oxygen and the optically derived small-particle layer can be used in combination to refine delineation of the effective N2-yielding section of the Black Sea and oxygen-deficient zones.
Valeria Di Biagio, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, and Cosimo Solidoro
Biogeosciences, 17, 5967–5988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5967-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5967-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Events that influence the functioning of the Earth’s ecosystems are of interest in relation to a changing climate. We propose a method to identify and characterise
wavesof extreme events affecting marine ecosystems for multi-week periods over wide areas. Our method can be applied to suitable ecosystem variables and has been used to describe different kinds of extreme event waves of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the Mediterranean Sea, by analysing the output from a high-resolution model.
Giuliana Rossi, Gualtiero Böhm, Angela Saraò, Diego Cotterle, Lorenzo Facchin, Paolo Giurco, Renata Giulia Lucchi, Maria Elena Musco, Francesca Petrera, Stefano Picotti, and Stefano Salon
Geosci. Commun., 3, 381–392, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-381-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-381-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We organized an exhibition on the climate crisis using high-quality images shot by scientists, who are amateur photographers, during their campaigns in glacier regions. Working-age people, attracted by the gorgeous images, received the message that such beauty is in danger of vanishing. Twice, the visitors could talk directly with the experts to discuss geoscience, photography, and aesthetic choices and, of course, climate change, a problem that each of us has to play a part in to solve.
Cécile Guieu, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, François Dulac, Vincent Taillandier, Andrea Doglioli, Anne Petrenko, Stéphanie Barrillon, Marc Mallet, Pierre Nabat, and Karine Desboeufs
Biogeosciences, 17, 5563–5585, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5563-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5563-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We describe here the objectives and strategy of the PEACETIME project and cruise, dedicated to dust deposition and its impacts in the Mediterranean Sea. Our strategy to go a step further forward than in previous approaches in understanding these impacts by catching a real deposition event at sea is detailed. We summarize the work performed at sea, the type of data acquired and their valorization in the papers published in the special issue.
Cited articles
Allen, J. I., Somerfield, P. J., and Gilbert, F. J.: Quantifying uncertainty
in high-resolution coupled hydrodynamic-ecosystem models, J. Mar. Syst., 64,
3–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.02.010, 2007.
Álvarez, E., Lazzari, P., and Cossarini, G.: Phytoplankton diversity
emerging from chromatic adaptation and competition for light, Prog.
Oceanogr., 204, 102789, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102789, 2022.
Argo: Argo Float Data and Metadata from Global Data Assembly Centre (Argo GDAC), SEANOE [data set], https://doi.org/10.17882/42182, 2023.
Aumont, O., Ethé, C., Tagliabue, A., Bopp, L., and Gehlen, M.: PISCES-v2: an ocean biogeochemical model for carbon and ecosystem studies, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2465–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2465-2015, 2015.
Barbieux, M., Uitz, J., Gentili, B., Pasqueron de Fommervault, O., Mignot, A., Poteau, A., Schmechtig, C., Taillandier, V., Leymarie, E., Penkerc'h, C., D'Ortenzio, F., Claustre, H., and Bricaud, A.: Bio-optical characterization of subsurface chlorophyll maxima in the Mediterranean Sea from a Biogeochemical-Argo float database, Biogeosciences, 16, 1321–1342, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1321-2019, 2019.
Biogeochemical-Argo Planning Group: The scientific rationale, design and
implementation plan for a Biogeochemical-Argo float array,
https://doi.org/10.13155/46601, 2016.
Bittig, H. C., Steinhoff, T., Claustre, H., Fiedler, B., Williams, N. L.,
Sauzède, R., Körtzinger, A., and Gattuso, J.-P.: An alternative to
static climatologies: robust estimation of open ocean CO2 variables and
nutrient concentrations from T, S, and O2 data using Bayesian neural
networks, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 328, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00328, 2018.
Bittig, H. C., Maurer, T. L., Plant, J. N., Wong, A. P., Schmechtig, C.,
Claustre, H., Trull, T. W., Udaya Bhaskar, T. V. S., Boss, E., and
Dall'Olmo, G.: A BGC-Argo guide: Planning, deployment, data handling and
usage, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 502, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00502, 2019.
Bock, N., Cornec, M., Claustre, H., and Duhamel, S.: Biogeographical
Classification of the Global Ocean From BGC-Argo Floats, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 36, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GB007233, 2022.
Bojinski, S., Verstraete, M., Peterson, T. C., Richter, C., Simmons, A., and
Zemp, M.: The concept of essential climate variables in support of climate
research, applications, and policy, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95,
1431–1443, 2014.
Bopp, L., Aumont, O., Cadule, P., Alvain, S., and Gehlen, M.: Response of
diatoms distribution to global warming and potential implications: A global
model study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023653,
2005.
Boyer, T. P., Antonov, J. I., Baranova, O. K., Garcia, H. E., Johnson, D.
R., Mishonov, A. V., O'Brien, T. D., Seidov, D., Smolyar, I., and Zweng, M.
M.: World Ocean Database 2013, Silver Spring, MD, National Oceanographic Data Center, 208 pp., (NOAA Atlas NESDIS, 72), https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1454, 2013.
Breitburg, D., Levin, L. A., Oschlies, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F. P.,
Conley, D. J., Garçon, V., Gilbert, D., Gutiérrez, D., Isensee, K.,
Jacinto, G. S., Limburg, K. E., Montes, I., Naqvi, S. W. A., Pitcher, G. C.,
Rabalais, N. N., Roman, M. R., Rose, K. A., Seibel, B. A., Telszewski, M.,
Yasuhara, M., and Zhang, J.: Declining oxygen in the global ocean and
coastal waters, Science, 359, 6371, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240, 2018.
Briggs, N., Perry, M. J., Cetinić, I., Lee, C., D'Asaro, E., Gray, A.
M., and Rehm, E.: High-resolution observations of aggregate flux during a
sub-polar North Atlantic spring bloom, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 58, 1031–1039, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.07.007, 2011.
Busecke, J. J. M., Resplandy, L., Ditkovsky, S. J., and John, J. G.:
Diverging Fates of the Pacific Ocean Oxygen Minimum Zone and Its Core in a
Warming World, AGU Adv., 3, e2021AV000470, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV000470, 2022.
Cabré, A., Marinov, I., Bernardello, R., and Bianchi, D.: Oxygen minimum zones in the tropical Pacific across CMIP5 models: mean state differences and climate change trends, Biogeosciences, 12, 5429–5454, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5429-2015, 2015.
Capuzzo, E., Lynam, C. P., Barry, J., Stephens, D., Forster, R. M.,
Greenwood, N., McQuatters-Gollop, A., Silva, T., van Leeuwen, S. M., and
Engelhard, G. H.: A decline in primary production in the North Sea over 25
years, associated with reductions in zooplankton abundance and fish stock
recruitment, Glob. Change Biol., 24, 352–364,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13916, 2018.
Cermeno, P., Dutkiewicz, S., Harris, R. P., Follows, M., Schofield, O., and
Falkowski, P. G.: The role of nutricline depth in regulating the ocean
carbon cycle, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 20344–20349,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811302106, 2008.
Claustre, H., Johnson, K. S., and Takeshita, Y.: Observing the Global Ocean
with Biogeochemical-Argo, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 12, 23–48,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010956, 2020.
Crowder, L. B., Hazen, E. L., Avissar, N., Bjorkland, R., Latanich, C., and
Ogburn, M. B.: The Impacts of Fisheries on Marine Ecosystems and the
Transition to Ecosystem-Based Management, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 39,
259–278, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173406, 2008.
Cullen, J. J.: Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Layers: Enduring Enigma or
Mystery Solved?, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 7, 207–239,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135111, 2015.
Doney, S. C., Lima, I., Moore, J. K., Lindsay, K., Behrenfeld, M. J.,
Westberry, T. K., Mahowald, N., Glover, D. M., and Takahashi, T.: Skill
metrics for confronting global upper ocean ecosystem-biogeochemistry models
against field and remote sensing data, J. Mar. Syst., 76, 95–112,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.05.015, 2009.
D'Ortenzio, F. and Ribera d'Alcalà, M.: On the trophic regimes of the Mediterranean Sea: a satellite analysis, Biogeosciences, 6, 139–148, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-139-2009, 2009.
D'Ortenzio, F., Taillandier, V., Claustre, H., Prieur, L. M., Leymarie, E.,
Mignot, A., Poteau, A., Penkerc'h, C., and Schmechtig, C. M.: Biogeochemical
Argo: The Test Case of the NAOS Mediterranean Array, Front. Mar. Sci., 7,
p. 120, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00120, 2020.
Dutkiewicz, S., Hickman, A. E., Jahn, O., Gregg, W. W., Mouw, C. B., and Follows, M. J.: Capturing optically important constituents and properties in a marine biogeochemical and ecosystem model, Biogeosciences, 12, 4447–4481, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4447-2015, 2015.
Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L. C. M., Carson, H. S., Thiel, M., Moore, C. J.,
Borerro, J. C., Galgani, F., Ryan, P. G., and Reisser, J.: Plastic Pollution
in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over
250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea, PLoS ONE, 9, e111913,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111913, 2014.
European Union-Copernicus Marine Service: Global Ocean-In-Situ
Near-Real-Time Observations, https://doi.org/10.48670/MOI-00036, 2015.
European Union-Copernicus Marine Service: Global Ocean Biogeochemistry
Analysis and Forecast, Mercator Ocean International [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/MOI-00015, 2019.
European Union-Copernicus Marine Service: Global Ocean 3D chlorophyll-a
concentration, Particulate Backscattering coefficient and Particulate
Organic Carbon, https://doi.org/10.48670/MOI-00046, 2020.
European Union-Copernicus Marine Service: Global Ocean Colour
(Copernicus-GlobColour), Bio-Geo-Chemical, L4 (monthly and interpolated)
from Satellite Observations (Near Real Time),
https://doi.org/10.48670/MOI-00279, 2022.
Fay, A. R. and McKinley, G. A.: Global open-ocean biomes: mean and temporal variability, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 273–284, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-273-2014, 2014.
Fennel, K., Gehlen, M., Brasseur, P., Brown, C. W., Ciavatta, S., Cossarini,
G., Crise, A., Edwards, C. A., Ford, D., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Gregoire, M.,
Jones, E., Kim, H.-C., Lamouroux, J., Murtugudde, R., Perruche, C., and the
GODAE OceanView Marine Ecosystem Analysis and Prediction Task Team:
Advancing Marine Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Reanalyses and Forecasts as
Tools for Monitoring and Managing Ecosystem Health, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 89,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00089, 2019.
Fennel, K., Mattern, J. P., Doney, S. C., Bopp, L., Moore, A. M., Wang, B.,
and Yu, L.: Ocean biogeochemical modelling, Nat. Rev. Methods Primer, 2,
1–21, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-022-00154-2, 2022.
Ford, D.: Assimilating synthetic Biogeochemical-Argo and ocean colour observations into a global ocean model to inform observing system design, Biogeosciences, 18, 509–534, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-509-2021, 2021.
Galí, M., Falls, M., Claustre, H., Aumont, O., and Bernardello, R.: Bridging the gaps between particulate backscattering measurements and modeled particulate organic carbon in the ocean, Biogeosciences, 19, 1245–1275, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1245-2022, 2022.
Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Boyer, T. P., Antonov, J. I., Baranova, O.
K., Zweng, M. M., Reagan, J. R., Johnson, D. R., Mishonov, A. V., and
Levitus, S.: World ocean atlas 2013, Volume 4, Dissolved inorganic nutrients
(phosphate, nitrate, silicate), https://doi.org/10.7289/V5J67DWD, 2013.
Garcia, H. E., Boyer, T. P., Locarnini, R. A., Antonov, J. I., Mishonov, A.
V., Baranova, O. K., Zweng, M. M., Reagan, J. R., Johnson, D. R., and
Levitus, S.: World ocean atlas 2013. Volume 3, Dissolved oxygen, apparent
oxygen utilization, and oxygen saturation, https://doi.org/10.7289/V5XG9P2W, 2014.
Gasparin, F., Cravatte, S., Greiner, E., Perruche, C., Hamon, M., Van
Gennip, S., and Lellouche, J.-M.: Excessive productivity and heat content in
tropical Pacific analyses: Disentangling the effects of in situ and
altimetry assimilation, Ocean Model., 160, 101768,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101768, 2021.
Gehlen, M., Bopp, L., Emprin, N., Aumont, O., Heinze, C., and Ragueneau, O.: Reconciling surface ocean productivity, export fluxes and sediment composition in a global biogeochemical ocean model, Biogeosciences, 3, 521–537, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-521-2006, 2006.
Gehlen, M., Gangstø, R., Schneider, B., Bopp, L., Aumont, O., and Ethe, C.: The fate of pelagic CaCO3 production in a high CO2 ocean: a model study, Biogeosciences, 4, 505–519, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-505-2007, 2007.
Gutknecht, E., Reffray, G., Mignot, A., Dabrowski, T., and Sotillo, M. G.: Modelling the marine ecosystem of Iberia–Biscay–Ireland (IBI) European waters for CMEMS operational applications, Ocean Sci., 15, 1489–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1489-2019, 2019.
Hartigan, J. A. and Wong, M. A.: Algorithm AS 136: A k-means Clustering
Algorithm, Appl. Stat., 28, 100, https://doi.org/10.2307/2346830, 1979.
Hipsey, M. R., Gal, G., Arhonditsis, G. B., Carey, C. C., Elliott, J. A.,
Frassl, M. A., Janse, J. H., de Mora, L., and Robson, B. J.: A system of
metrics for the assessment and improvement of aquatic ecosystem models,
Environ. Model. Softw., 128, 104697,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104697, 2020.
Iida, Y., Takatani, Y., Kojima, A., and Ishii, M.: Global trends of ocean CO
2 sink and ocean acidification: an observation-based reconstruction of
surface ocean inorganic carbon variables, J. Oceanogr., 77, 323–358, 2020.
Johnson, Plant, J. N., Coletti, L. J., Jannasch, H. W., Sakamoto, C. M.,
Riser, S. C., Swift, D. D., Williams, N. L., Boss, E., Haëntjens, N.,
Talley, L. D., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Biogeochemical sensor performance in
the SOCCOM profiling float array: Soccom biogeochemical sensor performance,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 6416–6436,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012838, 2017.
Johnson, Plant, J. N. and Maurer, T. L.: Processing BGC-Argo pH data at the
DAC level, Argo data management, https://doi.org/10.13155/57195, 2018a.
Johnson, Pasqueron De Fommervault, O., Serra, R., D'Ortenzio, F.,
Schmechtig, C., Claustre, H., and Poteau, A.: Processing Bio-Argo nitrate
concentration at the DAC Level, Version 1.1, March 3rd 2018, IFREMER for Argo Data Management, 22 pp., https://doi.org/10.13155/46121, 2018b.
Kheireddine, M., Mayot, N., Ouhssain, M., and Jones, B. H.: Regionalization
of the Red Sea Based on Phytoplankton Phenology: A Satellite Analysis, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017486, 2021.
Lacour, L., Claustre, H., Prieur, L., and D'Ortenzio, F.: Phytoplankton
biomass cycles in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre: A similar mechanism for
two different blooms in the Labrador Sea: The labrador sea blooms, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 42, 5403–5410, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064540, 2015.
Lavigne, H., D'Ortenzio, F., Migon, C., Claustre, H., Testor, P.,
d'Alcalà, M. R., Lavezza, R., Houpert, L., and Prieur, L.: Enhancing the
comprehension of mixed layer depth control on the Mediterranean
phytoplankton phenology: Mediterranean Phytoplankton Phenology, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 118, 3416–3430, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20251, 2013.
Lauvset, S. K., Key, R. M., Olsen, A., van Heuven, S., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Pérez, F. F., Suzuki, T., and Watelet, S.: A new global interior ocean mapped climatology: the
Lazzari, P., Solidoro, C., Ibello, V., Salon, S., Teruzzi, A., Béranger, K., Colella, S., and Crise, A.: Seasonal and inter-annual variability of plankton chlorophyll and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea: a modelling approach, Biogeosciences, 9, 217–233, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-217-2012, 2012.
Lazzari, P., Solidoro, C., Salon, S., and Bolzon, G.: Spatial variability of
phosphate and nitrate in the Mediterranean Sea: A modeling approach, Deep
Sea Res., 108, 39–52,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.12.006, 2016.
Lefèvre, N., Veleda, D., Tyaquiçã, P., Perruche, C.,
Diverrès, D., and Ibánhez, J. S. P.: Basin-Scale Estimate of the
Sea-Air CO2 Flux During the 2010 Warm Event in the Tropical North Atlantic,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 124, 973–986,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004840, 2019.
Lellouche, J.-M., Greiner, E., Le Galloudec, O., Garric, G., Regnier, C., Drevillon, M., Benkiran, M., Testut, C.-E., Bourdalle-Badie, R., Gasparin, F., Hernandez, O., Levier, B., Drillet, Y., Remy, E., and Le Traon, P.-Y.: Recent updates to the Copernicus Marine Service global ocean monitoring and forecasting real-time
Lellouche, J.-M., Le Galloudec, O., Drévillon, M., Régnier, C., Greiner, E., Garric, G., Ferry, N., Desportes, C., Testut, C.-E., Bricaud, C., Bourdallé-Badie, R., Tranchant, B., Benkiran, M., Drillet, Y., Daudin, A., and De Nicola, C.: Evaluation of global monitoring and forecasting systems at Mercator Océan, Ocean Sci., 9, 57–81, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-57-2013, 2013.
Letelier, R. M., Karl, D. M., Abbott, M. R., and Bidigare, R. R.: Light
driven seasonal patterns of chlorophyll and nitrate in the lower euphotic
zone of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 508–519,
2004.
Lynch, D. R., McGillicuddy, D. J., and Werner, F. E.: Skill assessment for
coupled biological/physical models of marine systems, J. Mar. Syst., 1,
1–3, 2009.
Macías, D., Stips, A., and Garcia-Gorriz, E.: The relevance of deep
chlorophyll maximum in the open Mediterranean Sea evaluated through 3D
hydrodynamic-biogeochemical coupled simulations, Ecol. Model., 281, 26–37,
2014.
Mayot, N., D'Ortenzio, F., Ribera d'Alcalà, M., Lavigne, H., and Claustre, H.: Interannual variability of the Mediterranean trophic regimes from ocean color satellites, Biogeosciences, 13, 1901–1917, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1901-2016, 2016.
Mignot, A., Claustre, H., Uitz, J., Poteau, A., D'Ortenzio, F., and Xing, X.:
Understanding the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton biomass and the deep
chlorophyll maximum in oligotrophic environments: A Bio-Argo float
investigation, GGlobal Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 856–876,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004781, 2014.
Mignot, A., Claustre, H., D'Ortenzio, F., Xing, X., Poteau, A., and Ras, J.: From the shape of the vertical profile of in vivo fluorescence to Chlorophyll-a concentration, Biogeosciences, 8, 2391–2406, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2391-2011, 2011.
Mignot, A., D'Ortenzio, F., Taillandier, V., Cossarini, G., and Salon, S.:
Quantifying Observational Errors in Biogeochemical-Argo Oxygen, Nitrate, and
Chlorophyll a Concentrations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 4330–4337,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080541, 2019.
Olsen, A., Key, R. M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Pérez, F. F., and Suzuki, T.: The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2) – an internally consistent data product for the world ocean, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 297–323, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-297-2016, 2016.
Omand, M. M. and Mahadevan, A.: The shape of the oceanic nitracline, Biogeosciences, 12, 3273–3287, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3273-2015, 2015.
Osman, M. B., Das, S. B., Trusel, L. D., Evans, M. J., Fischer, H., Grieman,
M. M., Kipfstuhl, S., McConnell, J. R., and Saltzman, E. S.: Industrial-era
decline in subarctic Atlantic productivity, Nature, 569, 551–555,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1181-8, 2019.
Park, J.-Y., Stock, C. A., Yang, X., Dunne, J. P., Rosati, A., John, J., and
Zhang, S.: Modeling Global Ocean Biogeochemistry With Physical Data
Assimilation: A Pragmatic Solution to the Equatorial Instability, J. Adv.
Model. Earth Syst., 10, 891–906, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001223,
2018.
Paulmier, A. and Ruiz-Pino, D.: Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the modern
ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 80, 113–128, 2009.
Richardson, K. and Bendtsen, J.: Vertical distribution of phytoplankton and
primary production in relation to nutricline depth in the open ocean, Mar.
Ecol. Prog. Ser., 620, 33–46, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12960, 2019.
Rousseeuw, P. J.: Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and
validation of cluster analysis, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 20, 53–65,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7, 1987.
Roxy, M. K., Modi, A., Murtugudde, R., Valsala, V., Panickal, S., Prasanna
Kumar, S., Ravichandran, M., Vichi, M., and Lévy, M.: A reduction in
marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian
Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 826–833,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066979, 2016.
Russell, J. L., Kamenkovich, I., Bitz, C., Ferrari, R., Gille, S. T.,
Goodman, P. J., Hallberg, R., Johnson, K., Khazmutdinova, K., and Marinov,
I.: Metrics for the evaluation of the Southern Ocean in coupled climate
models and earth system models, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 3120–3143,
2018.
Salon, S., Cossarini, G., Bolzon, G., Feudale, L., Lazzari, P., Teruzzi, A., Solidoro, C., and Crise, A.: Novel metrics based on Biogeochemical Argo data to improve the model uncertainty evaluation of the CMEMS Mediterranean marine ecosystem forecasts, Ocean Sci., 15, 997–1022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-997-2019, 2019.
Sauzède, R., Bittig, H. C., Claustre, H., Pasqueron de Fommervault, O.,
Gattuso, J.-P., Legendre, L., and Johnson, K. S.: Estimates of Water-Column
Nutrient Concentrations and Carbonate System Parameters in the Global Ocean:
A Novel Approach Based on Neural Networks, Front. Mar. Sci., 4, p. 128,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00128, 2017.
Schartau, M., Wallhead, P., Hemmings, J., Löptien, U., Kriest, I., Krishna, S., Ward, B. A., Slawig, T., and Oschlies, A.: Reviews and syntheses: parameter identification in marine planktonic ecosystem modelling, Biogeosciences, 14, 1647–1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1647-2017, 2017.
Schmechtig, C., Poteau, A., Claustre, H., D'Ortenzio, F., and Boss, E.:
Processing bio-Argo chlorophyll-a concentration at the DAC level, Ifremer,
https://doi.org/10.13155/39468, 2015.
Schmechtig, C., Claustre, H., Poteau, A., and D'Ortenzio, F.: Bio-Argo
quality control manual for the chlorophyll-a concentration, Ifremer,
https://doi.org/10.13155/35385, 2018.
Schmidt, H., Getzlaff, J., Löptien, U., and Oschlies, A.: Causes of uncertainties in the representation of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone in CMIP5 models, Ocean Sci., 17, 1303–1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1303-2021, 2021.
Schmidtko, S., Stramma, L., and Visbeck, M.: Decline in global oceanic
oxygen content during the past five decades, Nature, 542, 335–339,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21399, 2017.
Schneider, B., Bopp, L., Gehlen, M., Segschneider, J., Frölicher, T. L., Cadule, P., Friedlingstein, P., Doney, S. C., Behrenfeld, M. J., and Joos, F.: Climate-induced interannual variability of marine primary and export production in three global coupled climate carbon cycle models, Biogeosciences, 5, 597–614, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-597-2008, 2008.
Séférian, R., Bopp, L., Gehlen, M., Orr, J. C., Ethé, C.,
Cadule, P., Aumont, O., Salas y Mélia, D., Voldoire, A., and Madec, G.:
Skill assessment of three earth system models with common marine
biogeochemistry, Clim. Dynam., 40, 2549–2573,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1362-8, 2013.
Steinacher, M., Joos, F., Frölicher, T. L., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Cocco, V., Doney, S. C., Gehlen, M., Lindsay, K., Moore, J. K., Schneider, B., and Segschneider, J.: Projected 21st century decrease in marine productivity: a multi-model analysis, Biogeosciences, 7, 979–1005, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-979-2010, 2010.
Stow, C. A., Jolliff, J., McGillicuddy, D. J., Doney, S. C., Allen, J. I.,
Friedrichs, M. A. M., Rose, K. A., and Wallhead, P.: Skill assessment for
coupled biological/physical models of marine systems, J. Mar. Syst., 76,
4–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.03.011, 2009.
Stramma, L., Johnson, G. C., Sprintall, J., and Mohrholz, V.: Expanding
Oxygen-Minimum Zones in the Tropical Oceans, Science, 320, 655–658,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153847, 2008.
Tagliabue, A., Bopp, L., Dutay, J.-C., Bowie, A. R., Chever, F.,
Jean-Baptiste, P., Bucciarelli, E., Lannuzel, D., Remenyi, T., Sarthou, G.,
Aumont, O., Gehlen, M., and Jeandel, C.: Hydrothermal contribution to the
oceanic dissolved iron inventory, Nat. Geosci., 3, 252–256,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo818, 2010.
Terzić, E., Lazzari, P., Organelli, E., Solidoro, C., Salon, S., D'Ortenzio, F., and Conan, P.: Merging bio-optical data from Biogeochemical-Argo floats and models in marine biogeochemistry, Biogeosciences, 16, 2527–2542, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2527-2019, 2019.
Thierry, V., Bittig, H., Gilbert, D., Kobayashi, T., Kanako, S., and Schmid,
C.: Processing Argo oxygen data at the DAC level, Ifremer,
https://doi.org/10.13155/39795, 2018.
Tuan Pham, D., Verron, J., and Christine Roubaud, M.: A singular evolutive
extended Kalman filter for data assimilation in oceanography, J. Mar. Syst.,
16, 323–340, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(97)00109-7, 1998.
Tukey, J. W.: Exploratory Data Analysis, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,
714 pp., 1977.
Ward, B. A., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Anderson, T. R., and Oschlies, A.:
Parameter optimisation techniques and the problem of underdetermination in
marine biogeochemical models, J. Mar. Syst., 81, 34–43,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.12.005, 2010.
Westberry, T. K., Schultz, P., Behrenfeld, M. J., Dunne, J. P., Hiscock, M.
R., Maritorena, S., Sarmiento, J. L., and Siegel, D. A.: Annual cycles of
phytoplankton biomass in the subarctic Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 175–190, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005276,
2016.
Williams, R. G. and Follows, M. J.: Ocean dynamics and the carbon cycle:
Principles and mechanisms, Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511977817, 2011.
Wong, A., Keeley, R., Carval, T., and Argo Data Management Team: Argo
Quality Control Manual for CTD and Trajectory Data,
https://doi.org/10.13155/33951, 2015.
Short summary
Numerical models of ocean biogeochemistry are becoming a major tool to detect and predict the impact of climate change on marine resources and monitor ocean health. Here, we demonstrate the use of the global array of BGC-Argo floats for the assessment of biogeochemical models. We first detail the handling of the BGC-Argo data set for model assessment purposes. We then present 23 assessment metrics to quantify the consistency of BGC model simulations with respect to BGC-Argo data.
Numerical models of ocean biogeochemistry are becoming a major tool to detect and predict the...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint