Articles | Volume 20, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2613-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2613-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Jul 2023
Research article |
| 06 Jul 2023
| 06 Jul 2023
Importance of multiple sources of iron for the upper-ocean biogeochemistry over the northern Indian Ocean
Priyanka Banerjee
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Open Ocean
Anthropogenic carbon storage and its decadal changes in the Atlantic between 1990–2020
Ocean alkalinity enhancement impacts: regrowth of marine microalgae in alkaline mineral concentrations simulating the initial concentrations after ship-based dispersions
Climatic controls on metabolic constraints in the ocean
Effects of grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and secondary calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics: implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement
Short-term response of Emiliania huxleyi growth and morphology to abrupt salinity stress
Assessing the impact of CO2-equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement on microbial metabolic rates in an oligotrophic system
Phosphomonoesterase and phosphodiesterase activities in the eastern Mediterranean in two contrasting seasonal situations
Hydrological cycle amplification imposes spatial pattern on climate change response of ocean pH and carbonate chemistry
Net primary production annual maxima in the North Atlantic projected to shift in the 21st century
Testing the influence of light on nitrite cycling in the eastern tropical North Pacific
Loss of nitrogen via anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in the California Current system during the late Quaternary
Drivers of decadal trends of the ocean carbon sink in the past, present, and future in Earth system models
Technical note: Assessment of float pH data quality control methods – a case study in the subpolar northwest Atlantic Ocean
Linking northeastern North Pacific oxygen changes to upstream surface outcrop variations
Evaluation of CMIP6 Models Performance in Simulating Historical Biogeochemistry across Southern South China Sea
Underestimation of multi-decadal global O2 loss due to an optimal interpolation method
Reviews and syntheses: expanding the global coverage of gross primary production and net community production measurements using Biogeochemical-Argo floats
Assessing the tropical Atlantic biogeochemical processes in the Norwegian Earth System Model
Characteristics of surface physical and biogeochemical parameters within mesoscale eddies in the Southern Ocean
Seasonal dynamics and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the northwestern Mediterranean deep-convection region
The fingerprint of climate variability on the surface ocean cycling of iron and its isotopes
Reconstructing the ocean's mesopelagic zone carbon budget: sensitivity and estimation of parameters associated with prokaryotic remineralization
Evolution of oxygen and stratification in the North Pacific Ocean in CMIP6 Earth System Models
Seasonal cycles of biogeochemical fluxes in the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean: a stable isotope approach
Absence of photophysiological response to iron addition in autumn phytoplankton in the Antarctic sea-ice zone
Optimal parameters for the ocean's nutrient, carbon, and oxygen cycles compensate for circulation biases but replumb the biological pump
Exploring the role of different data types and timescales in the quality of marine biogeochemical model calibration
All about nitrite: exploring nitrite sources and sinks in the eastern tropical North Pacific oxygen minimum zone
Fossil coccolith morphological attributes as a new proxy for deep ocean carbonate chemistry
Reconstructing ocean carbon storage with CMIP6 Earth system models and synthetic Argo observations
Using machine learning and Biogeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats to assess biogeochemical models and optimize observing system design
The representation of alkalinity and the carbonate pump from CMIP5 to CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for the carbon cycle
Model estimates of metazoans' contributions to the biological carbon pump
Tracing differences in iron supply to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge valley between hydrothermal vent sites: implications for the addition of iron to the deep ocean
Nitrite cycling in the primary nitrite maxima of the eastern tropical North Pacific
Hotspots and drivers of compound marine heatwaves and low net primary production extremes
Ecosystem impacts of marine heat waves in the northeast Pacific
Tracing the role of Arctic shelf processes in Si and N cycling and export through the Fram Strait: insights from combined silicon and nitrate isotopes
Controls on the relative abundances and rates of nitrifying microorganisms in the ocean
The response of diazotrophs to nutrient amendment in the South China Sea and western North Pacific
Influence of GEOTRACES data distribution and misfit function choice on objective parameter retrieval in a marine zinc cycle model
Physiological flexibility of phytoplankton impacts modelled chlorophyll and primary production across the North Pacific Ocean
Observation-constrained estimates of the global ocean carbon sink from Earth system models
Early winter barium excess in the southern Indian Ocean as an annual remineralisation proxy (GEOTRACES GIPr07 cruise)
Controlling factors on the global distribution of a representative marine non-cyanobacterial diazotroph phylotype (Gamma A)
Summer trends and drivers of sea surface fCO2 and pH changes observed in the southern Indian Ocean over the last two decades (1998–2019)
Global nutrient cycling by commercially targeted marine fish
Major processes of the dissolved cobalt cycle in the North and equatorial Pacific Ocean
The impact of the South-East Madagascar Bloom on the oceanic CO2 sink
Nitrite regeneration in the oligotrophic Atlantic Ocean
Reiner Steinfeldt, Monika Rhein, and Dagmar Kieke
Biogeosciences, 21, 3839–3867, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3839-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3839-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We calculate the amount of anthropogenic carbon (Cant) in the Atlantic for the years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020. Cant is the carbon that is taken up by the ocean as a result of humanmade CO2 emissions. To determine the amount of Cant, we apply a technique that is based on the observations of other humanmade gases (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons). Regionally, changes in ocean ventilation have an impact on the storage of Cant. Overall, the increase in Cant is driven by the rising CO2 in the atmosphere.
Stephanie Delacroix, Tor Jensen Nystuen, August E. Dessen Tobiesen, Andrew L. King, and Erik Höglund
Biogeosciences, 21, 3677–3690, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3677-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3677-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The addition of alkaline minerals into the ocean might reduce excessive anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Magnesium hydroxide can be added in large amounts because of its low seawater solubility without reaching harmful pH levels. The toxicity effect results of magnesium hydroxide, by simulating the expected concentrations from a ship's dispersion scenario, demonstrated low impacts on both sensitive and local assemblages of marine microalgae when compared to calcium hydroxide.
Precious Mongwe, Matthew Long, Takamitsu Ito, Curtis Deutsch, and Yeray Santana-Falcón
Biogeosciences, 21, 3477–3490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3477-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3477-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use a collection of measurements that capture the physiological sensitivity of organisms to temperature and oxygen and a CESM1 large ensemble to investigate how natural climate variations and climate warming will impact the ability of marine heterotrophic marine organisms to support habitats in the future. We find that warming and dissolved oxygen loss over the next several decades will reduce the volume of ocean habitats and will increase organisms' vulnerability to extremes.
Charly A. Moras, Tyler Cyronak, Lennart T. Bach, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, and Kai G. Schulz
Biogeosciences, 21, 3463–3475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of mineral grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics for ocean alkalinity enhancement. Salinity did not affect the dissolution, but calcium carbonate formed earlier at lower salinities due to the lower magnesium and dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Smaller grain sizes dissolved faster but calcium carbonate precipitated earlier, suggesting that medium grain sizes are optimal for kinetics.
Rosie M. Sheward, Christina Gebühr, Jörg Bollmann, and Jens O. Herrle
Biogeosciences, 21, 3121–3141, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
How quickly do marine microorganisms respond to salinity stress? Our experiments with the calcifying marine plankton Emiliania huxleyi show that growth and cell morphology responded to salinity stress within as little as 24–48 hours, demonstrating that morphology and calcification are sensitive to salinity over a range of timescales. Our results have implications for understanding the short-term role of E. huxleyi in biogeochemical cycles and in size-based paleoproxies for salinity.
Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Nauzet Hernández-Hernández, Joaquín Ortiz, Stephen D. Archer, Andrea Ludwig, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 21, 2859–2876, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our planet is facing a climate crisis. Scientists are working on innovative solutions that will aid in capturing the hard to abate emissions before it is too late. Exciting research reveals that ocean alkalinity enhancement, a key climate change mitigation strategy, does not harm phytoplankton, the cornerstone of marine ecosystems. Through meticulous study, we may have uncovered a positive relationship: up to a specific limit, enhancing ocean alkalinity boosts photosynthesis by certain species.
France Van Wambeke, Pascal Conan, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Vincent Taillandier, Olivier Crispi, Alexandra Pavlidou, Sandra Nunige, Morgane Didry, Christophe Salmeron, and Elvira Pulido-Villena
Biogeosciences, 21, 2621–2640, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Phosphomonoesterase (PME) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities over the epipelagic zone are described in the eastern Mediterranean Sea in winter and autumn. The types of concentration kinetics obtained for PDE (saturation at 50 µM, high Km, high turnover times) compared to those of PME (saturation at 1 µM, low Km, low turnover times) are discussed in regard to the possible inequal distribution of PDE and PME in the size continuum of organic material and accessibility to phosphodiesters.
Allison Hogikyan and Laure Resplandy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1189, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1189, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rising atmospheric CO2 influences ocean carbon chemistry leading to ocean acidification. Global warming introduces spatial patterns in the intensity of ocean acidification. We show that the most prominent spatial patterns are controlled by warming-driven changes in rainfall and evaporation, and not by the direct effect of warming on carbon chemistry and pH. This rainfall/evaporation effect opposes acidification in saltier parts of the ocean and enhances acidification in fresher regions.
Jenny Hieronymus, Magnus Hieronymus, Matthias Gröger, Jörg Schwinger, Raffaele Bernadello, Etienne Tourigny, Valentina Sicardi, Itzel Ruvalcaba Baroni, and Klaus Wyser
Biogeosciences, 21, 2189–2206, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2189-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2189-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The timing of the net primary production annual maxima in the North Atlantic in the period 1750–2100 is investigated using two Earth system models and the high-emissions scenario SSP5-8.5. It is found that, for most of the region, the annual maxima occur progressively earlier, with the most change occurring after the year 2000. Shifts in the seasonality of the primary production may impact the entire ecosystem, which highlights the need for long-term monitoring campaigns in this area.
Nicole M. Travis, Colette L. Kelly, and Karen L. Casciotti
Biogeosciences, 21, 1985–2004, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1985-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1985-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted experimental manipulations of light level on microbial communities from the primary nitrite maximum. Overall, while individual microbial processes have different directions and magnitudes in their response to increasing light, the net community response is a decline in nitrite production with increasing light. We conclude that while increased light may decrease net nitrite production, high-light conditions alone do not exclude nitrification from occurring in the surface ocean.
Zoë Rebecca van Kemenade, Zeynep Erdem, Ellen Christine Hopmans, Jaap Smede Sinninghe Damsté, and Darci Rush
Biogeosciences, 21, 1517–1532, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The California Current system (CCS) hosts the eastern subtropical North Pacific oxygen minimum zone (ESTNP OMZ). This study shows anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria cause a loss of bioavailable nitrogen (N) in the ESTNP OMZ throughout the late Quaternary. Anammox occurred during both glacial and interglacial periods and was driven by the supply of organic matter and changes in ocean currents. These findings may have important consequences for biogeochemical models of the CCS.
Jens Terhaar
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-773, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-773, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the ocean’s importance for the carbon cycle and hence the climate, observing the ocean carbon sink remains challenging. Here, I use an ensemble of 12 Models to understand drivers of decadal trends of the past, present and future ocean carbon sink. I show that 80 % of decadal trends in the multi-model mean ocean carbon sink can be explained by changes in decadal trends of atmospheric CO2. The remaining 20 % are due to internal climate variability and ocean heat uptake.
Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Tobias Steinhoff, Birgit Klein, Henry Bittig, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 21, 1191–1211, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The marine CO2 system can be measured independently and continuously by BGC-Argo floats since numerous pH sensors have been developed to suit these autonomous measurements platforms. By applying the Argo correction routines to float pH data acquired in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean, we report the uncertainty and lack of objective criteria associated with the choice of the reference method as well the reference depth for the pH correction.
Sabine Mecking and Kyla Drushka
Biogeosciences, 21, 1117–1133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates whether northeastern North Pacific oxygen changes may be caused by surface density changes in the northwest as water moves along density horizons from the surface into the subsurface ocean. A correlation is found with a lag that about matches the travel time of water from the northwest to the northeast. Salinity is the main driver causing decadal changes in surface density, whereas salinity and temperature contribute about equally to long-term declining density trends.
Winfred Marshal, Jing Xiang Chung, and Mohd Fadzil Bin Mohd Akhir
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-72, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-72, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study stands out for thoroughly examining CMIP6 ESMs ability to simulate biogeochemical variables in the southern South China Sea, an economically important region. It assesses variables like chlorophyll, phytoplankton, nitrate and oxygen on annual and seasonal scales. While global assessments exist, this study addresses a gap by objectively ranking 13 CMIP6 ocean biogeochemistry models' performance at a regional level, focusing on replicating specific observed biogeochemical variables.
Takamitsu Ito, Hernan E. Garcia, Zhankun Wang, Shoshiro Minobe, Matthew C. Long, Just Cebrian, James Reagan, Tim Boyer, Christopher Paver, Courtney Bouchard, Yohei Takano, Seth Bushinsky, Ahron Cervania, and Curtis A. Deutsch
Biogeosciences, 21, 747–759, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-747-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-747-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to estimate how much oceanic oxygen has been lost and its uncertainties. One major source of uncertainty comes from the statistical gap-filling methods. Outputs from Earth system models are used to generate synthetic observations where oxygen data are extracted from the model output at the location and time of historical oceanographic cruises. Reconstructed oxygen trend is approximately two-thirds of the true trend.
Robert W. Izett, Katja Fennel, Adam C. Stoer, and David P. Nicholson
Biogeosciences, 21, 13–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-13-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-13-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides an overview of the capacity to expand the global coverage of marine primary production estimates using autonomous ocean-going instruments, called Biogeochemical-Argo floats. We review existing approaches to quantifying primary production using floats, provide examples of the current implementation of the methods, and offer insights into how they can be better exploited. This paper is timely, given the ongoing expansion of the Biogeochemical-Argo array.
Shunya Koseki, Lander R. Crespo, Jerry Tjiputra, Filippa Fransner, Noel S. Keenlyside, and David Rivas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2947, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2947, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how the physical biases of an Earth system model influence the marine biogeochemical processes in the tropical Atlantic. With four different configurations of the model, we have shown that the versions with better SST reproduction tend to represent the primary production and sea-air CO2 flux in terms of climatology, seasonal cycle, and responses to climate variability.
Qian Liu, Yingjie Liu, and Xiaofeng Li
Biogeosciences, 20, 4857–4874, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4857-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the Southern Ocean, abundant eddies behave opposite to our expectations. That is, anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddies are cold (warm). By investigating the variations of physical and biochemical parameters in eddies, we find that abnormal eddies have unique and significant effects on modulating the parameters. This study fills a gap in understanding the effects of abnormal eddies on physical and biochemical parameters in the Southern Ocean.
Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, Patrick Marsaleix, Karline Soetaert, Marine Fourrier, Laurent Coppola, Dominique Lefèvre, Franck Touratier, Catherine Goyet, Véronique Guglielmi, Fayçal Kessouri, Pierre Testor, and Xavier Durrieu de Madron
Biogeosciences, 20, 4683–4710, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4683-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4683-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Deep convection plays a key role in the circulation, thermodynamics, and biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, considered to be a hotspot of biodiversity and climate change. In this study, we investigate the seasonal and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the deep-convection area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.
Daniela König and Alessandro Tagliabue
Biogeosciences, 20, 4197–4212, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using model simulations, we show that natural and anthropogenic changes in the global climate leave a distinct fingerprint in the isotopic signatures of iron in the surface ocean. We find that these climate effects on iron isotopes are often caused by the redistribution of iron from different external sources to the ocean, due to changes in ocean currents, and by changes in algal growth, which take up iron. Thus, isotopes may help detect climate-induced changes in iron supply and algal uptake.
Chloé Baumas, Robin Fuchs, Marc Garel, Jean-Christophe Poggiale, Laurent Memery, Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne, and Christian Tamburini
Biogeosciences, 20, 4165–4182, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4165-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4165-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Through the sink of particles in the ocean, carbon (C) is exported and sequestered when reaching 1000 m. Attempts to quantify C exported vs. C consumed by heterotrophs have increased. Yet most of the conducted estimations have led to C demands several times higher than C export. The choice of parameters greatly impacts the results. As theses parameters are overlooked, non-accurate values are often used. In this study we show that C budgets can be well balanced when using appropriate values.
Lyuba Novi, Annalisa Bracco, Takamitsu Ito, and Yohei Takano
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-129, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-129, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
We explored the relationship between oxygen and stratification in the North Pacific Ocean, using a combination of data mining and machine learning. We used isopycnic potential vorticity (IPV) as an indicator to quantify ocean ventilation and we analyzed its predictability, a strong O2-IPV connection and predictability for IPV in the tropical Pacific. This open new routes to monitor ocean O2 through few observational sites co-located with more abundant IPV measurements in the tropical Pacific.
Anna Belcher, Sian F. Henley, Katharine Hendry, Marianne Wootton, Lisa Friberg, Ursula Dallman, Tong Wang, Christopher Coath, and Clara Manno
Biogeosciences, 20, 3573–3591, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3573-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3573-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans play a crucial role in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide, particularly the Southern Ocean. The biological pumping of carbon from the surface to the deep ocean is key to this. Using sediment trap samples from the Scotia Sea, we examine biogeochemical fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and biogenic silica and their stable isotope compositions. We find phytoplankton community structure and physically mediated processes are important controls on particulate fluxes to the deep ocean.
Asmita Singh, Susanne Fietz, Sandy J. Thomalla, Nicolas Sanchez, Murat V. Ardelan, Sébastien Moreau, Hanna M. Kauko, Agneta Fransson, Melissa Chierici, Saumik Samanta, Thato N. Mtshali, Alakendra N. Roychoudhury, and Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh
Biogeosciences, 20, 3073–3091, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3073-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3073-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the scarcity of iron in the Southern Ocean, seasonal blooms occur due to changes in nutrient and light availability. Surprisingly, during an autumn bloom in the Antarctic sea-ice zone, the results from incubation experiments showed no significant photophysiological response of phytoplankton to iron addition. This suggests that ambient iron concentrations were sufficient, challenging the notion of iron deficiency in the Southern Ocean through extended iron-replete post-bloom conditions.
Benoît Pasquier, Mark Holzer, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Richard J. Matear, Nathaniel L. Bindoff, and François W. Primeau
Biogeosciences, 20, 2985–3009, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling the ocean's carbon and oxygen cycles accurately is challenging. Parameter optimization improves the fit to observed tracers but can introduce artifacts in the biological pump. Organic-matter production and subsurface remineralization rates adjust to compensate for circulation biases, changing the pathways and timescales with which nutrients return to the surface. Circulation biases can thus strongly alter the system’s response to ecological change, even when parameters are optimized.
Iris Kriest, Julia Getzlaff, Angela Landolfi, Volkmar Sauerland, Markus Schartau, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 20, 2645–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2645-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2645-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Global biogeochemical ocean models are often subjectively assessed and tuned against observations. We applied different strategies to calibrate a global model against observations. Although the calibrated models show similar tracer distributions at the surface, they differ in global biogeochemical fluxes, especially in global particle flux. Simulated global volume of oxygen minimum zones varies strongly with calibration strategy and over time, rendering its temporal extrapolation difficult.
John C. Tracey, Andrew R. Babbin, Elizabeth Wallace, Xin Sun, Katherine L. DuRussel, Claudia Frey, Donald E. Martocello III, Tyler Tamasi, Sergey Oleynik, and Bess B. Ward
Biogeosciences, 20, 2499–2523, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2499-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen (N) is essential for life; thus, its availability plays a key role in determining marine productivity. Using incubations of seawater spiked with a rare form of N measurable on a mass spectrometer, we quantified microbial pathways that determine marine N availability. The results show that pathways that recycle N have higher rates than those that result in its loss from biomass and present new evidence for anaerobic nitrite oxidation, a process long thought to be strictly aerobic.
Amanda Gerotto, Hongrui Zhang, Renata Hanae Nagai, Heather M. Stoll, Rubens César Lopes Figueira, Chuanlian Liu, and Iván Hernández-Almeida
Biogeosciences, 20, 1725–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1725-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1725-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the analysis of the response of coccolithophores’ morphological attributes in a laboratory dissolution experiment and surface sediment samples from the South China Sea, we proposed that the thickness shape (ks) factor of fossil coccoliths together with the normalized ks variation, which is the ratio of the standard deviation of ks (σ) over the mean ks (σ/ks), is a robust and novel proxy to reconstruct past changes in deep ocean carbon chemistry.
Katherine E. Turner, Doug M. Smith, Anna Katavouta, and Richard G. Williams
Biogeosciences, 20, 1671–1690, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1671-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new method for reconstructing ocean carbon using climate models and temperature and salinity observations. To test this method, we reconstruct modelled carbon using synthetic observations consistent with current sampling programmes. Sensitivity tests show skill in reconstructing carbon trends and variability within the upper 2000 m. Our results indicate that this method can be used for a new global estimate for ocean carbon content.
Alexandre Mignot, Hervé Claustre, Gianpiero Cossarini, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Elodie Gutknecht, Julien Lamouroux, Paolo Lazzari, Coralie Perruche, Stefano Salon, Raphaëlle Sauzède, Vincent Taillandier, and Anna Teruzzi
Biogeosciences, 20, 1405–1422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical models of ocean biogeochemistry are becoming a major tool to detect and predict the impact of climate change on marine resources and monitor ocean health. Here, we demonstrate the use of the global array of BGC-Argo floats for the assessment of biogeochemical models. We first detail the handling of the BGC-Argo data set for model assessment purposes. We then present 23 assessment metrics to quantify the consistency of BGC model simulations with respect to BGC-Argo data.
Alban Planchat, Lester Kwiatkowski, Laurent Bopp, Olivier Torres, James R. Christian, Momme Butenschön, Tomas Lovato, Roland Séférian, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Olivier Aumont, Michio Watanabe, Akitomo Yamamoto, Andrew Yool, Tatiana Ilyina, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Kristen M. Krumhardt, Jörg Schwinger, Jerry Tjiputra, John P. Dunne, and Charles Stock
Biogeosciences, 20, 1195–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity is critical to the uptake of atmospheric carbon and acidification in surface waters. We review the representation of alkalinity and the associated calcium carbonate cycle in Earth system models. While many parameterizations remain present in the latest generation of models, there is a general improvement in the simulated alkalinity distribution. This improvement is related to an increase in the export of biotic calcium carbonate, which closer resembles observations.
Jérôme Pinti, Tim DeVries, Tommy Norin, Camila Serra-Pompei, Roland Proud, David A. Siegel, Thomas Kiørboe, Colleen M. Petrik, Ken H. Andersen, Andrew S. Brierley, and André W. Visser
Biogeosciences, 20, 997–1009, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-997-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-997-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Large numbers of marine organisms such as zooplankton and fish perform daily vertical migration between the surface (at night) and the depths (in the daytime). This fascinating migration is important for the carbon cycle, as these organisms actively bring carbon to depths where it is stored away from the atmosphere for a long time. Here, we quantify the contributions of different animals to this carbon drawdown and storage and show that fish are important to the biological carbon pump.
Alastair J. M. Lough, Alessandro Tagliabue, Clément Demasy, Joseph A. Resing, Travis Mellett, Neil J. Wyatt, and Maeve C. Lohan
Biogeosciences, 20, 405–420, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Iron is a key nutrient for ocean primary productivity. Hydrothermal vents are a source of iron to the oceans, but the size of this source is poorly understood. This study examines the variability in iron inputs between hydrothermal vents in different geological settings. The vents studied release different amounts of Fe, resulting in plumes with similar dissolved iron concentrations but different particulate concentrations. This will help to refine modelling of iron-limited ocean productivity.
Nicole M. Travis, Colette L. Kelly, Margaret R. Mulholland, and Karen L. Casciotti
Biogeosciences, 20, 325–347, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-325-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-325-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The primary nitrite maximum is a ubiquitous upper ocean feature where nitrite accumulates, but we still do not understand its formation and the co-occurring microbial processes involved. Using correlative methods and rates measurements, we found strong spatial patterns between environmental conditions and depths of the nitrite maxima, but not the maximum concentrations. Nitrification was the dominant source of nitrite, with occasional high nitrite production from phytoplankton near the coast.
Natacha Le Grix, Jakob Zscheischler, Keith B. Rodgers, Ryohei Yamaguchi, and Thomas L. Frölicher
Biogeosciences, 19, 5807–5835, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5807-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5807-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Compound events threaten marine ecosystems. Here, we investigate the potentially harmful combination of marine heatwaves with low phytoplankton productivity. Using satellite-based observations, we show that these compound events are frequent in the low latitudes. We then investigate the drivers of these compound events using Earth system models. The models share similar drivers in the low latitudes but disagree in the high latitudes due to divergent factors limiting phytoplankton production.
Abigale M. Wyatt, Laure Resplandy, and Adrian Marchetti
Biogeosciences, 19, 5689–5705, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5689-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5689-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Marine heat waves (MHWs) are a frequent event in the northeast Pacific, with a large impact on the region's ecosystems. Large phytoplankton in the North Pacific Transition Zone are greatly affected by decreased nutrients, with less of an impact in the Alaskan Gyre. For small phytoplankton, MHWs increase the spring small phytoplankton population in both regions thanks to reduced light limitation. In both zones, this results in a significant decrease in the ratio of large to small phytoplankton.
Margot C. F. Debyser, Laetitia Pichevin, Robyn E. Tuerena, Paul A. Dodd, Antonia Doncila, and Raja S. Ganeshram
Biogeosciences, 19, 5499–5520, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5499-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5499-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We focus on the exchange of key nutrients for algae production between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans through the Fram Strait. We show that the export of dissolved silicon here is controlled by the availability of nitrate which is influenced by denitrification on Arctic shelves. We suggest that any future changes in the river inputs of silica and changes in denitrification due to climate change will impact the amount of silicon exported, with impacts on Atlantic algal productivity and ecology.
Emily J. Zakem, Barbara Bayer, Wei Qin, Alyson E. Santoro, Yao Zhang, and Naomi M. Levine
Biogeosciences, 19, 5401–5418, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5401-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5401-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use a microbial ecosystem model to quantitatively explain the mechanisms controlling observed relative abundances and nitrification rates of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms in the ocean. We also estimate how much global carbon fixation can be associated with chemoautotrophic nitrification. Our results improve our understanding of the controls on nitrification, laying the groundwork for more accurate predictions in global climate models.
Zuozhu Wen, Thomas J. Browning, Rongbo Dai, Wenwei Wu, Weiying Li, Xiaohua Hu, Wenfang Lin, Lifang Wang, Xin Liu, Zhimian Cao, Haizheng Hong, and Dalin Shi
Biogeosciences, 19, 5237–5250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5237-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5237-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fe and P are key factors controlling the biogeography and activity of marine N2-fixing microorganisms. We found lower abundance and activity of N2 fixers in the northern South China Sea than around the western boundary of the North Pacific, and N2 fixation rates switched from Fe–P co-limitation to P limitation. We hypothesize the Fe supply rates and Fe utilization strategies of each N2 fixer are important in regulating spatial variability in community structure across the study area.
Claudia Eisenring, Sophy E. Oliver, Samar Khatiwala, and Gregory F. de Souza
Biogeosciences, 19, 5079–5106, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5079-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5079-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Given the sparsity of observational constraints on micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), we assess the sensitivities of a framework for objective parameter optimisation in an oceanic Zn cycling model. Our ensemble of optimisations towards synthetic data with varying kinds of uncertainty shows that deficiencies related to model complexity and the choice of the misfit function generally have a greater impact on the retrieval of model Zn uptake behaviour than does the limitation of data coverage.
Yoshikazu Sasai, Sherwood Lan Smith, Eko Siswanto, Hideharu Sasaki, and Masami Nonaka
Biogeosciences, 19, 4865–4882, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4865-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4865-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have investigated the adaptive response of phytoplankton growth to changing light, nutrients, and temperature over the North Pacific using two physical-biological models. We compare modeled chlorophyll and primary production from an inflexible control model (InFlexPFT), which assumes fixed carbon (C):nitrogen (N):chlorophyll (Chl) ratios, to a recently developed flexible phytoplankton functional type model (FlexPFT), which incorporates photoacclimation and variable C:N:Chl ratios.
Jens Terhaar, Thomas L. Frölicher, and Fortunat Joos
Biogeosciences, 19, 4431–4457, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Estimates of the ocean sink of anthropogenic carbon vary across various approaches. We show that the global ocean carbon sink can be estimated by three parameters, two of which approximate the ocean ventilation in the Southern Ocean and the North Atlantic, and one of which approximates the chemical capacity of the ocean to take up carbon. With observations of these parameters, we estimate that the global ocean carbon sink is 10 % larger than previously assumed, and we cut uncertainties in half.
Natasha René van Horsten, Hélène Planquette, Géraldine Sarthou, Thomas James Ryan-Keogh, Nolwenn Lemaitre, Thato Nicholas Mtshali, Alakendra Roychoudhury, and Eva Bucciarelli
Biogeosciences, 19, 3209–3224, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3209-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3209-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The remineralisation proxy, barite, was measured along 30°E in the southern Indian Ocean during early austral winter. To our knowledge this is the first reported Southern Ocean winter study. Concentrations throughout the water column were comparable to observations during spring to autumn. By linking satellite primary production to this proxy a possible annual timescale is proposed. These findings also suggest possible carbon remineralisation from satellite data on a basin scale.
Zhibo Shao and Ya-Wei Luo
Biogeosciences, 19, 2939–2952, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2939-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2939-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs) may be an important player in fixing N2 in the ocean. By conducting meta-analyses, we found that a representative marine NCD phylotype, Gamma A, tends to inhabit ocean environments with high productivity, low iron concentration and high light intensity. It also appears to be more abundant inside cyclonic eddies. Our study suggests a niche differentiation of NCDs from cyanobacterial diazotrophs as the latter prefers low-productivity and high-iron oceans.
Coraline Leseurre, Claire Lo Monaco, Gilles Reverdin, Nicolas Metzl, Jonathan Fin, Claude Mignon, and Léa Benito
Biogeosciences, 19, 2599–2625, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2599-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2599-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Decadal trends of fugacity of CO2 (fCO2), total alkalinity (AT), total carbon (CT) and pH in surface waters are investigated in different domains of the southern Indian Ocean (45°S–57°S) from ongoing and station observations regularly conducted in summer over the period 1998–2019. The fCO2 increase and pH decrease are mainly driven by anthropogenic CO2 estimated just below the summer mixed layer, as well as by a warming south of the polar front or in the fertilized waters near Kerguelen Island.
Priscilla Le Mézo, Jérôme Guiet, Kim Scherrer, Daniele Bianchi, and Eric Galbraith
Biogeosciences, 19, 2537–2555, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2537-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2537-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies the role of commercially targeted fish biomass in the cycling of three important nutrients (N, P, and Fe), relative to nutrients otherwise available in water and to nutrients required by primary producers, and the impact of fishing. We use a model of commercially targeted fish biomass constrained by fish catch and stock assessment data to assess the contributions of fish at the global scale, at the time of the global peak catch and prior to industrial fishing.
Rebecca Chmiel, Nathan Lanning, Allison Laubach, Jong-Mi Lee, Jessica Fitzsimmons, Mariko Hatta, William Jenkins, Phoebe Lam, Matthew McIlvin, Alessandro Tagliabue, and Mak Saito
Biogeosciences, 19, 2365–2395, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2365-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2365-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved cobalt is present in trace amounts in seawater and is a necessary nutrient for marine microbes. On a transect from the Alaskan coast to Tahiti, we measured seawater concentrations of dissolved cobalt. Here, we describe several interesting features of the Pacific cobalt cycle including cobalt sources along the Alaskan coast and Hawaiian vents, deep-ocean particle formation, cobalt activity in low-oxygen regions, and how our samples compare to a global biogeochemical model’s predictions.
Nicolas Metzl, Claire Lo Monaco, Coraline Leseurre, Céline Ridame, Jonathan Fin, Claude Mignon, Marion Gehlen, and Thi Tuyet Trang Chau
Biogeosciences, 19, 1451–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1451-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1451-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
During an oceanographic cruise conducted in January 2020 in the south-western Indian Ocean, we observed very low CO2 concentrations associated with a strong phytoplankton bloom that occurred south-east of Madagascar. This biological event led to a strong regional CO2 ocean sink not previously observed.
Darren R. Clark, Andrew P. Rees, Charissa M. Ferrera, Lisa Al-Moosawi, Paul J. Somerfield, Carolyn Harris, Graham D. Quartly, Stephen Goult, Glen Tarran, and Gennadi Lessin
Biogeosciences, 19, 1355–1376, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1355-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1355-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of microbial processes were made in the sunlit open ocean during a research cruise (AMT19) between the UK and Chile. These help us to understand how microbial communities maintain the function of remote ecosystems. We find that the nitrogen cycling microbes which produce nitrite respond to changes in the environment. Our insights will aid the development of models that aim to replicate and ultimately project how marine environments may respond to ongoing climate change.
Cited articles
Anand, S. S., Rengarajan, R., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Sudheer, A. K., Bhushan, R., and Singh, S. K.:
Spatial variability of upper ocean POC export in the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean determined using particle-reactive 234Th, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 3753–3770, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012639, 2017.
Anand, S. S., Rengarajan, R., Shenoy, D., Gauns, M., and Naqvi, S. W. A.:
POC export fluxes in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal: A simultaneous
Anderson, L. and Sarmiento, J.:
Redfield ratios of remineralization determined by nutrient data analysis, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 8, 65–80, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB03318, 1994.
Armstrong, R. A., Lee, C., Hedges, J. I., Honjo, S., and Wakeham, S.:
A new, mechanistic model for organic carbon fluxes in the ocean: based on the quantitative association of POC with ballast minerals, Deep-Sea Res., 49, 219–236, 2002.
Banerjee, P. and Kumar, S. P.:
Dust-induced episodic phytoplankton blooms in the Arabian Sea during winter monsoon, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 7123–7138, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010304, 2014.
Banerjee, P., Satheesh, S. K., Moorthy, K. K., Nanjundiah, R. S., and Nair, V. S.:
Long-range transport of mineral dust to the northeast Indian Ocean: Regional versus remote sources and the implications, J. Climate, 32, 1525–1549, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0403.1, 2019.
Barber, R. T., Marra, J., Bidigare, R. C., Codispoti, L. A., Halpern, D., Johnson, Z., Latasa, M., Goericke, R., and Smith, S. L.:
Primary productivity and its regulation in the Arabian Sea during 1995, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 48, 1127–1172, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00134-X, 2001.
Beal, L. M., Ffield, A., and Gordon, A. L.:
Spreading of Red Sea overflow waters in the Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 8549–8564, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900306, 2000.
Bianchi, D., Dunne, J. P., Sarmiento, J. L., and Galbraith, E. D.:
Data-based estimates of suboxia, denitrification, and N2O production in the ocean and their sensitivities to dissolved O2, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB2009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gb004209, 2012.
Blain, S., Quéguiner, B., Armand, L., Belviso, S., Bombled, B., Bopp, L., Bowie, A., Brunet, C., Brussaard, C., Carlotti, F., Christaki, U., Corbière, A., Durand, I., Ebersbach, F., Fuda, J.-L., Garcia, N., Gerringa, L., Griffiths, B., Guigue, C., Guillerm, C., Jacquet, S., Jeandel, C., Laan, P., Lefèvre, D., Lo Monaco, C., Malits, A., Mosseri, J., Obernosterer, I., Park, Y.-H., Picheral, M., Pondaven, P., Remenyi, T., Sandroni, V., Sarthou, G., Savoye, N., Scouarnec, L., Souhaut, M., Thuiller, D., Timmermans, K., Trull, T., Uitz, J., van Beek, P., Veldhuis, M., Vincent, D., Viollier, E., Vong, L., and Wagener, T.:
Effect of natural iron fertilization on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean, Nature, 446, 1070–1074, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05700, 2007.
Boss, E. and Behrenfeld, M.:
In situ evaluation of the initiation of the North Atlantic phytoplankton bloom, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L18603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044174, 2010.
Boyd, P. W. and Ellwood, M. J.:
The biogeochemical cycle of iron in the ocean, Nat. Geosci., 3, 675–682, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo964, 2010.
Buck, K. N., Lohan, M. C., Berger, C. J., and Bruland, K. W.:
Dissolved iron speciation in two distinct river plumes and an estuary: Implications for riverine iron supply, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 843–855, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.2.0843, 2007.
Buesseler, K., Ball, L., Andrews, J., Benitez-Nelson, C., Belastock, R., Chai, F., and Chao, Y.:
Upper ocean export of particulate organic carbon in the Arabian Sea derived from thorium-234, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 45, 2461–2487, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)80022-2, 1998.
Canfield, D. E.:
The geochemistry of river particulates from the continental USA: Major elements, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 61, 3349–3365, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(97)00172-5, 1997.
Chen, G., Han, W., Li, Y., Wang, D., and McPhaden, M. J.:
Seasonal-to-interannual time-scale dynamics of the equatorial undercurrent in the Indian Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 1532–1553, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0225.1, 2015.
Chinni, V. and Singh, S. K.:
Dissolved iron cycling in the Arabian Sea and sub-tropical gyre region of the Indian Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 317, 325–348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.10.026, 2022.
Chinni, V., Singh, S. K., Bhushan, R., Rengarajan, R., and Sarma, V. V. S. S.:
Spatial variability in dissolved iron concentrations in the marginal and open waters of the Indian Ocean, Mar. Chem., 208, 11–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.11.007, 2019.
Conway, T. M. and John, S. G.:
Quantification of dissolved iron sources to the North Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 511, 212–215, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13482, 2014.
Dai, A., Qian, T., Trenberth, K. E., and Milliman, J. D.:
Changes in continental freshwater discharge from 1948 to 2004, J. Climate, 22, 2773–2792, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2592.1, 2009.
Danabasoglu, G., Bates, S. C., Briegleb, B. P., Jayne, S. R., Jochum, M., Large, W. G., Peacock, S., and Yeager, S. G.:
The CCSM4 ocean component, J. Climate, 25, 1361–1389, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00091.1, 2012.
Danabasoglu, G., Lamarque, J.-F., Bacmeister, J., Bailey, D. A., DuVivier, A. K. , Edwards, J., Emmons, L. K., Fasullo, J., Garcia, R., Gettelman, A., Hannay, C., Holland, M. M., Large, W. G., Lauritzen, P. H., Lawrence, D. M., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Lindsay, K., Lipscomb, W. H., Mills, M. J., Neale, R., Oleson, K. W., Otto-Bliesner, B., Phillips, A. S., Sacks, W., Tilmes, S., van Kampenhout, L., Vertenstein, M., Bertini, A., Dennis, J., Deser, C., Fischer, C., Fox-Kemper, B., Kay, J. E., Kinnison, D., Kushner, P. J., Larson, V. E., Long, M. C., Mickelson, S., Moore, J. K., Nienhouse, E., Polvani, L., Rasch, P. J., and Strand, W. G.:
The Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2), J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, e2019MS001916, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001916, 2020.
de Baar, H. J. W., Boyd, P. W., Coale, K. H., Landry, M. R., Tsuda, A., Assmy, P., Bakker, D. C. E., Bozec, Y., Barber, R. T., Brzezinski, M. A., Buesseler, K. O., Boye, M., Croot, P. L., Gervais, F., Gorbunov, M. Y., Harrison, P. J., Hiscock, W. T., Laan, P., Lancelot, C., Law, C. S., Levasseur, M., Marchetti, A., Millero, F. J., Nishioka, J., Nojiri, Y., van Oijen, T., Riebesell, U., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Saito, H., Takeda, S., Timmermans, K. R., Veldhuis, M. J. W., Waite, A. M., and Wong, C.-S.:
Synthesis of iron fertilization experiments: From the Iron Age in the Age of Enlightenment, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C09S16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002601, 2005.
de Baar, H., Gerringa, L., Laan, P., and Timmermans, K.:
Efficiency of carbon removal per added iron in ocean iron fertilization, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 364, 269–282, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07548, 2008.
Dohan, K. and Maximenko, N.:
Monitoring ocean currents with satellite sensors, Oceanography, 23, 94–103, 2010.
Dutkiewicz, S., Ward, B. A., Monteiro, F., and Follows, M. J.:
Interconnection between nitrogen fixers and iron in the Pacific Ocean: Theory and numerical model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB1012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004039, 2012.
Elrod, V. A., Berelson, W. M., Coale, K. H., and Johnson, K. S.:
The flux of iron from continental shelf sediments: A missing source for global budgets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020216, 2004.
Gamo, T., Okamura, K., Hatanaka, H., Hasumoto, H., Komatsu, D., Chinen, M., Mori, M.,Tanaka, J., Hirota, A. and Tsunogai, U.:
Hydrothermal plumes in the Gulf of Aden, as characterized by light transmission, Mn, Fe, CH4 and delta13C-CH4 anomalies, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 121, 62–70, 2015.
Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Boyer, T. P., Antonov, J. I., Baranova, O. K., Zweng, M. M., Reagan, J. R., and Johnson, D. R.:
World Ocean Atlas 2013, Volume 3: Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, and Oxygen Saturation, edited by: Levitus, S. and Mishonov, A., NOAA Atlas NESDIS, 75, Washington, DC: NOAA, 27 pp., 2014a.
Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Boyer, T. P., Antonov, J. I., Baranova, O. K., Zweng, M. M., Reagan, J. R., and Johnson, D. R.:
World Ocean Atlas 2013, Volume 4: Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, silicate), edited by: Levitus, S. and Mishonov, A., NOAA Atlas NESDIS, 76, Washington, DC: NOAA, 25 pp., 2014b.
Garcia H. E., Boyer, T. P., Baranova, O. K., Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., Grodsky, A., Paver, C. R., Weathers, K. W., Smolyar, I. V., Reagan, J. R., Seidov, D., and Zweng, M. M.:
World Ocean Atlas 2018: Product Documentation, edited by: Mishonov, A., NOAA/NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD, 2019.
Geider, R. J. and La Roche, J.:
The role of iron in phytoplankton photosynthesis, and the potential for iron-limitation of primary productivity in the sea, Photosynth. Res., 39, 275–301, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00014588, 1994.
Gent, P. R. and McWilliams, J. C.:
Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150–155, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<0150:IMIOCM>2.0.CO;2, 1990.
GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product Group: The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2021 (IDP2021), NERC EDS British Oceanographic Data Centre NOC, https://doi.org/10.5285/cf2d9ba9-d51d-3b7c-e053-8486abc0f5fd, 2021.
Grand, M. M., Measures, C. I., Hatta, M., Hiscock, W. T., Buck, C. S., and Landing, W. M.:
Dust deposition in the eastern Indian Ocean: The ocean perspective from Antarctica to the Bay of Bengal, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29, 357–374, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gb004898, 2015.
Guieu, C., Al Azhar, M., Aumont, O., Mahowald, N., Lévy, M., Éthé, C., and Lachkar, Z.:
Major impact of dust deposition on the productivity of the Arabian Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6736–6744, 2019.
Gustafsson, O., Kruså, M., Zencak, Z., Sheesley, R. J., Granat, L., Engström, E., Praveen, P. S., Rao, P. S., Leck, C., and Rodhe, H.:
Brown clouds over South Asia: biomass or fossil fuel combustion?, Science, 323, 495–498, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164857, 2009.
Haake, B., Ittekkot, V., Rixen, T., Ramaswamy, V., Nair, R. R., and Curry, W. B.:
Seasonality and interannual variability of particle fluxes to the deep Arabian Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 40, 1323–1344, 1993.
Han, W., McCreary, J. P., Anderson, D. L. T., and Mariano, A. J.:
Dynamics of the eastern surface jets in the equatorial Indian Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 2191–2209, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<2191:DOTESJ>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Harrison, C. S., Long, M. C., Lovenduski, N. S., and Moore, J. K.:
Mesoscale Effects on Carbon Export: A Global Perspective, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 32, 680–703, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005751, 2018.
Helly, J. J. and Levin, L. A.:
Global distribution of naturally occurring marine hypoxia on continental margins, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 51, 1159–1168, 2004.
Holte, J., Talley, L. D., Gilson, J., and Roemmich, D.:
An Argo mixed layer climatology and database, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5618–5626, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073426, 2017.
Huffman, G. J., Adler, R. F., Arkin, P., Chang, A., Ferraro, R., Gruber, A., Janowiak, J., McNab, A., Rudolf, B., and Schneider, U.:
The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Combined Precipitation Dataset, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 5–20, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<0005:TGPCPG>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Ilyina, T., Six, K. D., Segschneider, J., Maier-Reimer, E., Li, H., and Núñez-Riboni, I.:
Global ocean biogeochemistry model HAMOCC: Model architecture and performance as component of the MPI-Earth system model in different CMIP5 experimental realizations, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 5, 287–315, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012MS000178, 2013.
Jickells, T. D., An, Z. S., Andersen, K. K., Baker, A. R., Bergametti, G., Brooks, N., Cao, J. J., Boyd, P. W., Duce, R. A., Hunter, K. A., Kawahata, H., Kubilay, N., laRoche, J., Liss, P. S., Mahowald, N., Prospero, J. M., Ridgwell, A. J., Tegen, I., and Torres, R.:
Global Iron Connections between Desert Dust, Ocean Biogeochemistry, and Climate, Science, 308, 67–71, 2005.
Jin, Q., Wei, J., Pu, B., Yang, Z. L., and Parajuli, S. P.:
High summertime aerosol loadings over the Arabian Sea and their transport pathways, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 10568–10590, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd028588, 2018.
Johnson, K. S., Chavez, F. P., and Friederich, G. E.:
Continental-shelf sediment as a primary source of iron for coastal phytoplankton, Nature, 398, 697–700, https://doi.org/10.1038/19511, 1999.
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.:
The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437–471, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Kawamiya, M. and Oschlies, A.:
Formation of a basin-scale surface chlorophyll pattern by Rossby waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4139–4142, 2001.
Kohfeld, K. E. and Harrison, S. P.:
DIRTMAP: the geological record of dust, Earth-Sci. Rev., 54, 81–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00042-3, 2001.
Kok, J. F., Adebiyi, A. A., Albani, S., Balkanski, Y., Checa-Garcia, R., Chin, M., Colarco, P. R., Hamilton, D. S., Huang, Y., Ito, A., Klose, M., Li, L., Mahowald, N. M., Miller, R. L., Obiso, V., Pérez García-Pando, C., Rocha-Lima, A., and Wan, J. S.:
Contribution of the world's main dust source regions to the global cycle of desert dust, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8169–8193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8169-2021, 2021.
Końe, V., Aumont, O., Lévy, M., and Resplandy, L.:
Physical and Biogeochemical Controls of the Phytoplankton Seasonal Cycle in the Indian Ocean: A Modeling Study, Geoph. Monog. Series, 185, 147–166, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GM000700, 2009.
Kumar, A., Suresh, K., and Rahaman, W.:
Geochemical Characterization of Modern Aeolian Dust over the Northeastern Arabian Sea: Implication for Dust Transport in the Arabian Sea, Sci. Total Environ., 729, 138576, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138576, 2020.
Kuttippurath, J., Sunanda, N., Martin, M. V., and Chakraborty, K.:
Tropical storms trigger phytoplankton blooms in the deserts of north Indian Ocean, NPJ Climate and Atmospheric Science, 4, 11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-021-00166-x, 2021.
Large, W. G. and Yeager, S. G.:
The global climatology of an interannually varying air-sea flux data set, Clim. Dynam., 33, 341–364, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0441-3, 2009.
Large, W. G., McWilliams, J. C., and Doney, S. C.:
Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization, Rev. Geophys., 32, 363–403, 1994.
Léon, J. F. and Legrand, M.:
Mineral dust sources in the surroundings of the North Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1309, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016690, 2003.
Letelier, R. M., Karl, D. M., Abbott, M. R., and Bidigare, R. R.:
Light driven seasonal patterns of chlorophyll and nitrate in the lower euphotic zone of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 508–519, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.2.0508, 2004.
Levitus, S., Boyer, T., Concright, M., Johnson, D., O'Brien, T., Antonov, J., Stephens, C., and Garfield, R.:
Introduction, Vol. I, World Ocean Database 1998, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 18, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 346 pp, 1998.
Lévy, M., Shankar, D., André, J., Shenoi, S., Durand, F., and de Boyer Montégut, C.:
Basin-wide seasonal evolution of the Indian Ocean's phytoplankton blooms, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C12014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004090, 2007.
Liu, J. P., Xue, Z., Ross, K.,Wang, H. J., Yang, Z. S., and Gao, S.:
Fate of sediments delivered to the sea by Asian large rivers: Long-distance transport and formation of remote alongshore clinothems, Sedimentary Record, 7, 4–9, https://doi.org/10.2110/sedred.2009.4.4, 2009.
Liu, X., Ma, P.-L., Wang, H., Tilmes, S., Singh, B., Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., and Rasch, P. J.:
Description and evaluation of a new four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module (MAM4) within version 5.3 of the Community Atmosphere Model, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 505–522, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-505-2016, 2016.
Long, M. C., Moore, J. K., Lindsay, K., Levy, M. N., Doney, S. C., Luo, J. Y., Krumhardt, K. M., Letscher, R. T., Grover, M., and Sylvester, Z. T.:
Simulations with the Marine Biogeochemistry Library (MARBL), J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., accepted, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002647, 2021.
Madhu, N., Jyothibabu, R., Maheswaran, P., Gerson, V. J., Gopalakrishnan, T., and Nair, K.:
Lack of seasonality in phytoplankton standing stock (chlorophyll a) and production in the western Bay of Bengal, Cont. Shelf Res., 26, 1868–1883, 2006.
Madhupratap, M., Prasanna Kumar, S., Bhattathiri, P. M. A., DileepKumar, M., Raghukumar, S., Nair, K. K. C., and Ramaiah, N.:
Mechanism of the biological response to winter cooling in the northeastern Arabian Sea, Nature, 384, 549–552, 1996.
Madhupratap, M., Gauns, M., Ramaiah, N., Kumar, S. P., Muraleedharan, P., de Sousa, S., Sardessai, S., and Muraleedharan, U.:
Biogeochemistry of the Bay of Bengal: physical, chemical and primary productivity characteristics of the central and western Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon 2001, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 881–896, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00611-2, 2003.
Mahowald, N. M., Engelstaedter, S., Luo, C., Sealy, A., Artaxo, P., Benitez-Nelson, C., Bonnet, S., Chen, Y., Chuang, P. Y., Cohen, D. D., Dulac, F., Herut, B., Johansen, A. M., Kubilay, N., Losno, R., Maenhaut, W., Paytan, A., Prospero, J. M., Shank, L. M., and Siefert, R. L.:
Atmospheric iron deposition: global distribution, variability, and human perturbations, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 245–278, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163727, 2009.
Masumoto, Y. and Meyers, G.:
Forced Rossby waves in the southern tropical Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 103, 27589–27602, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JC02546, 1998.
Mayorga, E., Seitzinger, S. P., Harrison, J. A., Dumont, E., Beusen, A. H. W., Bouwman, A. F., Fekete, B. M., Kroeze, C. and van Drecht, G.:
Global Nutrient Export from WaterSheds 2 (NEWS 2): Model development and implementation, Environ. Modell. Softw., 25, 837–853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.01.007, 2010.
McLennan, S. M.:
Relationships between the trace element composition of sedimentary rocks and upper continental crust, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 2, 1021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gc000109, 2001.
McPhaden, M. J., Wang, Y., and Ravichandran, M.:
Volume transports of the Wyrtki jets and their relationship to the Indian Ocean dipole, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 5302–5317, 2015.
Measures, C. I. and Vink, S.:
Seasonal variations in the distribution of Fe and Al in the surface waters of the Arabian Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 46, 1597–1622, 1999.
Mills, M. M., Ridame, C., Davey, M., La Roche, J., and Geider, R. J.:
Iron and phosphorus co-limit nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic, Nature, 429, 292, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02550, 2004.
Moffett, J. W., Goepfert, T. J., and Naqvi, S. W. A.:
Reduced iron associated with secondary nitrite maxima in the Arabian Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 54, 1341–1349, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.04.004, 2007.
Moffett, J. W., Vedamati, J., Goepfert, T. J., Pratihary, A., Gauns, M., and Naqvi, S. W. A.:
Biogeochemistry of iron in the Arabian Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 60, 1671–1688, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10132, 2015.
Moore, C. M., Mills, M. M., Achterberg, E. P., Geider, R. J., La Roche, J., Lucas, M. I., McDonagh, E. I., Pan, X., Poulton, A. J., and Rijkenberg, M. J.:
Large-scale distribution of Atlantic nitrogen fixation controlled by iron availability, Nat. Geosci., 2, 867–871, 2009.
Moore, C. M., Mills, M. M., Arrigo, K. R., Berman-Frank, I., Bopp, L., Boyd, P. W., Galbraith, E. D., Geider, R. J., Guieu, C., Jaccard, S. L., Jickells, T. D., Roche, J. L., Lenton, T. M., Mahowald, N. M., Marañón, E., Marinov, I., Moore, J. K., Nakatsuka, T., Oschlies, A., Saito, M. A., Thingstad, T. F., Tsuda, A., and Ulloa, O.:
Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation, Nat. Geosci., 6, 701–710, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1765, 2013.
Moore, J. K. and Braucher, O.:
Sedimentary and mineral dust sources of dissolved iron to the world ocean, Biogeosciences, 5, 631–656, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-631-2008, 2008.
Moore, J. K., Doney, S. C., and Lindsay, K.:
Upper ocean ecosystem dynamics and iron cycling in a global three-dimensional model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB4028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002220, 2004.
Moore, J. K., Lindsay, K., Doney, S. C., Long, M. C., and Misumi, K.:
Marine Ecosystem Dynamics and Biogeochemical Cycling in the Community Earth System Model CESM1(BGC): Comparison of the 1990s with the 2090s under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 Scenarios, J. Climate, 26, 9291–9312, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00566.1, 2013.
Moorthy, K. K. and Babu, S. S.:
Aerosol black carbon over Bay of Bengal observed from an island location, Port Blair: Temporal features and long-range transport, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D17205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006855, 2006.
Morrison, J. M., Codispoti, L. A., Gaurin, S., Jones, B., Manghanani, V., and Zheng, Z.:
Seasonal variations of hydrographic and nutrient fields during the US JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 45, 2053–2101, 1998.
Morrison, J. M., Codispoti, L. A., Smith, S. L., Wishner, K., Flagg, C., Gardner, W. D., Gaurin, S., Naqvi, S., Manghnani, V., Prosperie, L., and Gundersen, J. S.:
The oxygen minimum zone in the Arabian Sea during 1995, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 46, 1903–1931, 1999.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Moffett, J. W., Gauns, M. U., Narvekar, P. V., Pratihary, A. K., Naik, H., Shenoy, D. M., Jayakumar, D. A., Goepfert, T. J., Patra, P. K., Al-Azri, A., and Ahmed, S. I.:
The Arabian Sea as a high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll region during the late Southwest Monsoon, Biogeosciences, 7, 2091–2100, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2091-2010, 2010.
Nishioka, J., Obata, H., and Tsumune, D.:
Evidence of an extensive spread of hydrothermal dissolved iron in the Indian Ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 361, 26–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.11.040, 2013.
Olsen, A., Key, R. M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Pérez, F. F., and Suzuki, T.:
The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2) – an internally consistent data product for the world ocean, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 297–323, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-297-2016, 2016.
Périgaud, C. and Delecluse, P.:
Annual sea level variations in the southern tropical Indian Ocean from Geosat and shallow water simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20169–20178, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC01961, 1992.
Pham, A. L. D. and Ito, T.:
Anthropogenic iron deposition alters the ecosystem and carbon balance of the Indian Ocean over a centennial timescale, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2020JC016475, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016475, 2021.
Pollard, R. T., Salter, I., Sanders, R. J., Lucas, M. I., Moore, C. M., Mills, R. A., Statham, P. J., Allen, J. T., Baker, A. R., Bakker, D. C. E., Charette, M. A., Fielding, S., Fones, G. R., French, M., Hickman, A. E., Holland, R. J., Hughes, J. A., Jickells, T. D., Lampitt, R. S., Morris, P. J., Nedelec, F. H., Nielsdottir, M., Planquette, H., Popova, E. E., Poulton, A. J., Read, J. F., Seeyave, S., Smith, T., Stinchcombe, M., Taylor, S., Thomalla, S., Venables, H. J., Williamson, R., and Zubkov, M. V.:
Southern Ocean deep-water carbon export enhanced by natural iron fertilization, Nature, 457, 577–580, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07716, 2009.
Prasanna Kumar, S., Madhupratap, M., Dileep Kumar, M., Muraleedharan, P. M., de Souza, S. N., Gauns, M., and Sarma, V. V. S. S.:
High biological productivity in the central Arabian Sea during summer monsoon driven by Ekman pumping and lateral advection, Curr. Sci.-India, 81, 1633–1638, 2001.
Prasanna Kumar, S., Nuncio, M., Narvekar, J., Kumar, A., Sardesai, S., de Souza, S. N., Gauns, M., Ramaiah, N., and Madhupratap, M.:
Are eddies nature's trigger to enhance biological productivity in the Bay of Bengal?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07309, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019274, 2004.
Prasanna Kumar, S., Divya David, T., Byju, P., Narvekar, J., Yoneyama, K., Nakatani, N., Ishida, A., Horii, T., Masumoto, Y., and Mizuno, K.:
Bio-physical coupling and ocean dynamics in the central equatorial Indian Ocean during 2006 Indian Ocean Dipole, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L14601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052609, 2012.
Ramaswamy, V. and Gaye, B.:
Regional variations in the fluxes of foraminifera carbonate, coccolithophorid carbonate and biogenic opal in the northern Indian Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 53, 271–293, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.11.003, 2006.
Ramaswamy, V., Gaye, B., Shirodkar, P. V., Rao, P. S., Chivas, A. R., Wheeler, D., and Thwin, S.:
Distribution and sources of organic carbon, nitrogen and their isotopic signatures in sediments from the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) continental shelf, northern Andaman Sea, Mar. Chem., 111, 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2008.04.006, 2008.
Raven, J. A.:
The iron and molybdenum use efficiencies of plant growth with different energy, carbon and nitrogen sources, New Phytol., 109, 279–287, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1988.tb04196.x, 1988.
Redi, M. H.:
Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1154–1158, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1982)012<1154:OIMBCR>2.0.CO;2, 1982.
Resplandy, L., Lévy, M., Madec, G., Pous, S., Aumont, O., and Kumar, D.:
Contribution of mesoscale processes to nutrient budgets in the Arabian Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C11007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007006, 2011.
Rixen, T., Gaye, B., and Emeis, K.-C.:
The monsoon, carbon fluxes, and the organic carbon pump in the northern Indian Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 175, 24–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.03.001, 2019.
Robinson, R. A. J., Bird, M. I., Oo, N. W., Hoey, T. B., Aye, M. M., Higgitt, D. L., Lud, X. X., Swe, A., Tun, T., and Win, S. L.:
The Irrawaddy river sediment flux to the Indian Ocean: the original nineteenth-century data revisited, J. Geol., 115, 629–640, https://doi.org/10.1086/521607, 2007.
Sander, S. and Koschinsky, A.:
Metal flux from hydrothermal vents increased by organic complexation, Nat. Geosci., 4, 145–150, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1088, 2011.
Sathyendranath, S., Brewin, R. J., Brockmann, C., Brotas, V., Calton, B., Chuprin, A., Cipollini, P., Couto, A. B., Dingle, J., Doerffer, R., Donlon, C., Dowell, M., Farman, A., Grant, M., Groom, S., Horseman, A., Jackson, T., Krasemann, H., Lavender, S., Martinez-Vicente, V., Mazeran, C., Mélin, F., Moore, T. S., Müller, D., Regner, P., Roy, S., Steele, C. J., Steinmetz, F., Swinton, J., Taberner, M., Thompson, A., Valente, A., Zühlke, M., Brando, V. E., Feng, H., Feldman, G., Franz, B. A., Frouin, R., Gould, R. W., Hooker, S. B., Kahru, M., Kratzer, S., Mitchell, B. G., Muller-Karger, F. E., Sosik, H. M., Voss, K. J., Werdell, J., and Platt, T.:
An Ocean-Colour Time Series for Use in Climate Studies: The Experience of the Ocean-Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI), Sensors, 19, 4285, https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194285, 2019.
Schlosser, C., Klar, J. K., Wake, B. D., Snow, J. T., Honey, D. J., Woodward, E. M. S., Lohan, M. C., Achterberg, E. P., and Moore, C. M.:
Seasonal ITCZ migration dynamically controls the location of the (sub)tropical Atlantic biogeochemical divide, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 1438–1442, 2014.
Schmidtko, S., Stramma, L., and Visbeck, M.:
Decline in global oceanic oxygen content during the past five decades, Nature, 542, 335–339, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21399, 2017.
Schott, F. and McCreary, J. P.:
The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 51, 1–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(01)00083-0, 2001.
Sedwick, P. N. and DiTullio, G. R.:
Regulation of algal blooms in Antarctic shelf waters by the release of iron from melting sea ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2515–2518, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL02596, 1997.
Singh, N. D., Chinni, V., and Singh, S. K.:
Dissolved aluminium cycling in the northern, equatorial and subtropical gyre region of the Indian Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 268, 160–185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.09.028, 2020.
Sholkovitz, E. R., Sedwick, P. N., Church, T. M., Baker, A. R., and Powell, C. F.:
Fractional solubility of aerosol iron: Synthesis of a global-scale data set, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 89, 173–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.022, 2012.
Smith, R., Jones, P., Briegleb, B., Bryan, F., Danabasoglu, G., Dennis, J., Dukowicz, J., Eden, C., Fox-Kemper, B., Gent, P., Hecht, M., Jayne, S., Jochum, M., Large, W., Lindsay, K., Maltrud, M., Norton, N., Peacock, S., Vertenstein, M., and Yeager, S.:
The Parallel Ocean Program (POP) reference manual, Ocean component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM), LANL Tech. Report, LAUR-10-01853, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA, 141 pp., 2010.
Smith, S. L.:
Understanding the Arabian Sea: Reflections on the 1994–1996 Arabian Sea Expedition, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 48, 1385–1402, 2001.
Srinivas, B. and Sarin, M. M.:
Atmospheric dry-deposition of mineral dust and anthropogenic trace metals to the Bay of Bengal, J. Mar. Syst., 126, 56–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.11.004, 2013.
Srinivas, B., Sarin, M. M., and Kumar, A.:
Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, Biogeochemistry, 110, 257–268, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-011-9680-1, 2012.
Strutton, P. G., Coles, V. J., Hood, R. R., Matear, R. J., McPhaden, M. J., and Phillips, H. E.:
Biogeochemical variability in the central equatorial Indian Ocean during the monsoon transition, Biogeosciences, 12, 2367–2382, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2367-2015, 2015.
Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A.:
Iron uptake and growth limitation in oceanic and coastal phytoplankton, Mar. Chem., 50, 189–206, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(95)00035-P, 1995.
Tagliabue, A., Bopp, L., Dutay, J.-C., Bowie, A. R., Chever, F., Jean-Baptiste, P., Bucciarelli, E., Lannuzel, D., Remenyi, T., Sarthou, G., Aumont, O., Gehlen, M., and Jeandel, C.:
Hydrothermal contribution to the oceanic dissolved iron inventory, Nat. Geosci., 3, 252–256, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo818, 2010.
Tagliabue, A., Mtshali, T., Aumont, O., Bowie, A. R., Klunder, M. B., Roychoudhury, A. N., and Swart, S.:
A global compilation of dissolved iron measurements: focus on distributions and processes in the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 9, 2333–2349, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2333-2012, 2012.
Tagliabue, A., Aumont, O., and Bopp, L.:
The impact of different external sources of iron on the global carbon cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 920–926, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL059059, 2014.
Tagliabue, A., Aumont, O., De'Ath, R., Dunne, J. P., Dutkiewicz, S., Galbraith, E., Misumi, K., Moore, J. K., Ridgwell, A., Sherman, E., Stock, C., Vichi, M., Völker, C., and Yool, A.:
How well do global ocean biogeochemistry models simulate dissolved iron distributions?, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 149–174, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005289, 2016.
Takeda, S., Kamarani, A., and Kawanobe, K.:
Effects of nitrogen and iron entichments on phytoplankton communities, Mar. Chem., 50, 229–241, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(95)00038-S,1995.
Thushara, V., Vinayachandran, P. N. M., Matthews, A. J., Webber, B. G. M., and Queste, B. Y.:
Vertical distribution of chlorophyll in dynamically distinct regions of the southern Bay of Bengal, Biogeosciences, 16, 1447–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1447-2019, 2019.
Twining, B. S., Rauschenberg, S., Morton, P. L., and Vogt, S.:
Metal contents of phytoplankton and labile particulate material in the North Atlantic Ocean, Progr. Oceanogr., 137, 261–283, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.07.001, 2015.
Twining, B. S., Rauschenberg, S., Baer, S. E., Lomas, M. W., Martiny, A. C., and Antipova, O. M.:
A nutrient limitation mosaic in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 166, 125–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.05.001, 2019.
Twining, B. S., Antipova, O., Chappell, P. D., Cohen, N. R., Jacquot, J. E., Mann, E. L., Marchetti, A., Ohnemus, D. C., Rauschenberg, S., and Tagliabue, A.:
Taxonomic and nutrient controls on phytoplankton iron quotas in the ocean, Limnology and Oceanography Letters, 6, 96–106, https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10179, 2021.
Unger, D., Ittekkot, V., Schäfer, P., Tiemann, J., and Reschke, S.:
Seasonality and interannual variability of particle fluxes to the deep Bay of Bengal: influence of riverine input and oceanographic processes, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 897–923, 2003.
Vialard, J., Duvel, J. P., McPhaden, M. J., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., Ward, B., Key, E., Bourras, D., Weller, R., Minnett, P., Weill, A., Cassou, C., Eymard, L., Fristedt, T., Basdevant, C., Dandonneau, Y., Duteil, O., Izumo, T., de Boyer Montégut, C., Masson, S., and Kennan, S.:
Cirene: Air–Sea Interactions in the Seychelles – Chagos Thermocline Ridge Region, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 45–62, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2499.1, 2009.
Vidya, P. J. and Prasanna Kumar, S.:
Role of mesoscale eddies on the variability of biogenic flux in the northern and central Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 5760–5771, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20423, 2013.
Vidya, P. J., Prasanna Kumar, S., Gauns, M., Verenkar, A., Unger, D., and Ramaswamy, V.:
Influence of physical and biological processes on the seasonal cycle of biogenic flux in the equatorial Indian Ocean, Biogeosciences, 10, 7493–7507, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7493-2013, 2013.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Chauhan, P., Mohan, M., and Nayak, S.:
Biological response of the sea around Sri Lanka to summer monsoon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L0I302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018533, 2004.
Vinayachandran, P. N., Shankar, D., Vernekar, S., Sandeep, K. K., Amol, P., Neema, C. P., and Chatterjee, A.:
A summer monsoon pump to keep the Bay of Bengal salty, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1777–1782, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50274, 2013.
Vu, H. and Sohrin, Y.:
Diverse stoichiometry of dissolved trace metals in the Indian Ocean, Sci. Rep.-UK, 3, p. 1745, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01745, 2013.
Wang, S., Bailey, D., Lindsay, K., Moore, J. K., and Holland, M.:
Impact of sea ice on the marine iron cycle and phytoplankton productivity, Biogeosciences, 11, 4713–4731, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4713-2014, 2014.
Webber, B. G. M., Matthews, A. J., Vinayachandran, P. N., Neema, C. P., Sanchez-Franks, A., Vijith, V., Amol, P., and Baranowski, D. B.:
The dynamics of the Southwest Monsoon current in 2016 from high-resolution in situ observations and models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 2259–2282, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0215.1, 2018.
Wiggert, J. D., and Murtugudde, R. G.:
The sensitivity of the Southwest Monsoon phytoplankton bloom to variations in aeolian iron deposition over the Arabian Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C05005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003514, 2007.
Wyrtki, K.:
An equatorial jet in the Indian Ocean, Science, 181, 262–264, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.181.4096.262, 1973.
Xie, P. and Arkin, P. A.:
Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2539–2558, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2539:GPAYMA>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Yang, X., Zhao, C., Yang, Y., and Fan, H.:
Long-term multi-source data analysis about the characteristics of aerosol optical properties and types over Australia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3803–3825, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3803-2021, 2021.
Yoon, J.-E., Yoo, K.-C., Macdonald, A. M., Yoon, H.-I., Park, K.-T., Yang, E. J., Kim, H.-C., Lee, J. I., Lee, M. K., Jung, J., Park, J., Lee, J., Kim, S., Kim, S.-S., Kim, K., and Kim, I.-N.:
Reviews and syntheses: Ocean iron fertilization experiments – past, present, and future looking to a future Korean Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Southern Ocean (KIFES) project, Biogeosciences, 15, 5847–5889, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5847-2018, 2018.
Zhang, Y., Rossow, W. B., Lacis, A. A., Oinas, V., and Mishchenko, M. I.:
Calculation of radiative fluxes from the surface to top of atmosphere based on ISCCP and other global data sets: Refinements of the radiative transfer model and the input data, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004457, 2004.
Short summary
This study shows that atmospheric deposition is the most important source of iron to the upper northern Indian Ocean for phytoplankton growth. This is followed by iron from continental-shelf sediment. Phytoplankton increase following iron addition is possible only with high background levels of nitrate. Vertical mixing is the most important physical process supplying iron to the upper ocean in this region throughout the year. The importance of ocean currents in supplying iron varies seasonally.
This study shows that atmospheric deposition is the most important source of iron to the upper...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint