Articles | Volume 19, issue 21
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5079-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5079-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Influence of GEOTRACES data distribution and misfit function choice on objective parameter retrieval in a marine zinc cycle model
Claudia Eisenring
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zurich, Clausiusstrasse
25, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Sophy E. Oliver
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road,
Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
Samar Khatiwala
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road,
Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
Gregory F. de Souza
Department of Earth Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zurich, Clausiusstrasse
25, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
No articles found.
Benjamin W. Anthonisz, David K. Hutchinson, Katrin J. Meissner, Samar Khatiwala, and Benoît Pasquier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3378, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3378, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
This paper uses a state-of-the-art climate model to investigate the role of elevated CO2 on rapid changes to ocean biogeochemistry in much hotter world. We find that circulation has to potential to dramatically change as a result of rapid warming, resulting in poor ocean ventilation but surprisingly limited oxygen loss in the deep ocean.
Sophy Oliver, Coralia Cartis, Iris Kriest, Simon F. B Tett, and Samar Khatiwala
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3537–3554, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3537-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3537-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Global ocean biogeochemical models are used within Earth system models which are used to predict future climate change. However, these are very computationally expensive to run and therefore are rarely routinely improved or calibrated to real oceanic observations. Here we apply a new, fast optimisation algorithm to one such model and show that it can calibrate the model much faster than previously managed, therefore encouraging further ocean biogeochemical model improvements.
Cited articles
Baars, O. and Croot, P. L.: The speciation of dissolved zinc in the
Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58, 2720–2732,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.02.003, 2011.
Bevington, P. R. and Robinson, D. K.: Data reduction and error analysis for
the physical sciences, 3rd Edn., Boston, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-247227-8, 2003.
Bruland, K. W.: Oceanographic distributions of cadmium, zinc, nickel, and
copper in the North Pacific, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 47,
176–198, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90035-7, 1980.
Bruland, K. W.: Complexation of zinc by natural organic ligands in the
central North Pacific, Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 269–285, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1989.34.2.0269, 1989.
Moffett, J.: standards and reference materials for intercalibration, https://www.geotraces.org/standards-and-reference-materials/ (last access: 27 October 2022), 2019.
Chester, R. and Jickells, T. D.: Marine geochemistry, 3rd Edn., Chichester,
Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-405-18734-3, 2012.
Cloete, R., Loock, J. C., van Horsten, N. R., Menzel Barraqueta, J. L.,
Fietz, S., Mtshali, T. N., Planquette, H., García-Ibáñez, M.
I., and Roychoudhury, A. N.: Winter dissolved and particulate zinc in the
Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean: Distribution and relation to major
nutrients (GEOTRACES GIpr07 transect), Mar. Chem., 236, 104031,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2021.104031, 2021.
Conway, T. M. and John, S. G.: The biogeochemical cycling of zinc and zinc
isotopes in the North Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28,
1111–1128, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gb004862, 2014.
Conway, T. M. and John, S. G.: The cycling of iron, zinc and cadmium in the
North East Pacific Ocean – Insights from stable isotopes, Geochim.
Cosmochim. Ac., 164, 262–283, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.05.023, 2015.
Conway, T. M., Horner, T. J., Plancherel, Y., and González, A. G.: A
decade of progress in understanding cycles of trace elements and their
isotopes in the oceans, Chem. Geol., 580, 120381, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120381, 2021.
de Souza, G. F., Khatiwala, S. P., Hain, M. P., Little, S. H., and Vance,
D.: On the origin of the marine zinc–silicon correlation, Earth
Planet. Sc. Lett., 492, 22–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.03.050, 2018.
DeVries, T., Liang, J. H., and Deutsch, C.: A mechanistic particle flux
model applied to the oceanic phosphorus cycle, Biogeosciences, 11,
5381–5398, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5381-2014, 2014.
Dietze, H. and Löptien, U.: Revisiting “nutrient trapping” in global
coupled biogeochemical ocean circulation models, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 27, 265–284, https://doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20029, 2013.
Donat, J. R. and Bruland, K. W.: A comparison of two voltammetric techniques
for determining zinc speciation in Northeast Pacific Ocean waters, Mar.
Chem., 28, 301–323, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(90)90050-M, 1990.
Doney, S. C.: Major challenges confronting marine biogeochemical modeling,
Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 705–714, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900039, 1999.
Doney, S. C., Lindsay, K., Caldeira, K., Campin, J. M., Drange, H., Dutay,
J. C., Follows, M., Gao, Y., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos,
F., Madec, G., Maier-Reimer, E., Marshall, J. C., Matear, R. J., Monfray,
P., Mouchet, A., Najjar, R., Orr, J. C., Plattner, G. K., Sarmiento, J.,
Schlitzer, R., Slater, R., Totterdell, I. J., Weirig, M. F., Yamanaka, Y.,
and Yool, A.: Evaluating global ocean carbon models: The importance of
realistic physics, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB3017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002150, 2004.
Dutkiewicz, S., Follows, M. J., and Parekh, P.: Interactions of the iron and
phosphorus cycles: A three-dimensional model study, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 19, GB1021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002342, 2005.
Eisenring, C., Oliver, S. E., Khatiwala, S., and de Souza, G. F.: Code and
data availability of the article “Influence of GEOTRACES data distribution
and misfit function choice on objective parameter retrieval in a marine zinc
cycle model”, ETH Zurich [code], https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000543389, 2022.
Ellwood, M. and van den Berg, C. M. G.: Zinc speciation in the Northeastern
Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 68, 295–306, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00085-7, 2000.
Ellwood, M. J.: Wintertime trace metal (Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb and Co) and
nutrient distributions in the Subantarctic Zone between 40–52∘ S;
155–160∘ E, Mar. Chem., 112, 107–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2008.07.008, 2008.
Ellwood, M. J. and Hunter, K. A.: The incorporation of zinc and iron into
the frustule of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 45, 1517–1524, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.7.1517, 2000.
Ellwood, M. J., Strzepek, R., Chen, X., Trull, T. W., and Boyd, P. W.: Some
observations on the biogeochemical cycling of zinc in the Australian sector
of the Southern Ocean: a dedication to Keith Hunter, Mar. Freshwater
Res., 71, 355–373, https://doi.org/10.1071/mf19200, 2020.
Evans, G. T.: Defining misfit between biogeochemical models and data sets,
J. Mar. Syst. 40/41, 49–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(03)00012-5, 2003.
Falls, M., Bernardello, R., Castrillo, M., Acosta, M., Llort, J., and Galí, M.: Use of genetic algorithms for ocean model parameter optimisation: a case study using PISCES-v2_RC for North Atlantic particulate organic carbon, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5713–5737, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5713-2022, 2022.
Field, C. B., Behrenfeld, M. J., Randerson, J. T., and Falkowski, P.:
Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic
Components, Science,
281, 237–240, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5374.237, 1998.
Frants, M., Holzer, M., DeVries, T., and Matear, R.: Constraints on the
global marine iron cycle from a simple inverse model, J. Geophys.
Res.-Biogeo., 121, 28–51, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jg003111, 2016.
Friedrichs, M. A. M., Hood, R. R., and Wiggert, J. D.: Ecosystem model
complexity versus physical forcing: Quantification of their relative impact
with assimilated Arabian Sea data, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 576–600, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.026, 2006.
Friedrichs, M. A. M., Dusenberry, J. A., Anderson, L. A., Armstrong, R. A.,
Chai, F., Christian, J. R., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J., Fujii, M., Hood, R.,
McGillicuddy, D. J., Moore, J. K., Schartau, M., Spitz, Y. H., and Wiggert,
J. D.: Assessment of skill and portability in regional marine biogeochemical
models: Role of multiple planktonic groups, J. Geophys. Res.,
112, C08001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jc003852, 2007.
Garcia, H., Weathers, K., Paver, C., Smolyar, I., Boyer, T., Locarnini, R.,
Zweng, M., Mishonov, A., Baranova, O., Seidov, D., and Reagan, J.: NOAA
Atlas NESDIS 84 WORLD OCEAN ATLAS 2018, Vol. 4, Dissolved Inorganic
Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate and nitrate + nitrite, silicate) NOAA National
Centers for Environmental Information WORLD OCEAN ATLAS 2018, Vol. 4,
Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate and nitrate + nitrite,
silicate), A. Mishonov Technical Ed., Silver Spring, 2019.
Hansen, N.: The CMA Evolution Strategy: A Comparing Review, in: Towards a
New Evolutionary Computation: Advances in the Estimation of Distribution
Algorithms, edited by: Lozano, J. A., Larrañaga, P., Inza, I., and
Bengoetxea, E., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 75–102,
https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-32494-1_4, 2006.
Hansen, N.: Benchmarking a BI-population CMA-ES on the BBOB-2009 function
testbed, in: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference Companion on Genetic and
Evolutionary Computation Conference: Late Breaking Papers, GECCO 2009, Montreal,
Québec, Canada, 8–12 July 2009, 2389–2396, https://doi.org/10.1145/1570256.1570333, 2009.
Hansen, N.: The CMA Evolution Strategy: A Tutorial, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1604.00772, 2016.
Hansen, N. and Kern, S.: Evaluating the CMA Evolution Strategy on Multimodal
Test Functions, in: Parallel Problem Solving from Nature PPSN VIII, edited by: Yao, X., Burke, E. K., Lozano, J. A., Smith, J., Merelo Guervós, J. J., Bullinaria, J. A., Rowe, J. E., Tiño, P., Kabán, A., and Schwefel, H.-P., LNCS, Springer, 3242, 282–291, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30217-9_29, 2004.
Hansen, N. and Ostermeier, A.: Completely Derandomized Self-Adaptation in
Evolution Strategies, Evol. Comput., 9, 159–195, https://doi.org/10.1162/106365601750190398, 2001.
Hansen, N., Niederberger, A. S. P., Guzzella, L., and Koumoutsakos, P.: A
Method for Handling Uncertainty in Evolutionary Optimization With an
Application to Feedback Control of Combustion, IEEE Trans.
Evolut. Comput., 13, 180–197, https://doi.org/10.1109/TEVC.2008.924423, 2009.
Hansen, N., Auger, A., Ros, R., Finck, S., and Pošík, P.: Comparing
results of 31 algorithms from the black-box optimization benchmarking
BBOB-2009, in: Proceedings of the 12th annual conference companion on Genetic
and evolutionary computation, GECCO 2010, Portland, Oregon, USA, 7–11 July 2010, 1689–1696, https://doi.org/10.1145/1830761.1830790, 2010.
Janssen, D. J. and Cullen, J. T.: Decoupling of zinc and silicic acid in the
subarctic northeast Pacific interior, Mar. Chem., 177, 124–133,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.03.014, 2015.
John, S. G. and Conway, T. M.: A role for scavenging in the marine
biogeochemical cycling of zinc and zinc isotopes, Earth Planet.
Sc. Lett., 394, 159–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.02.053, 2014.
Khatiwala, S.: A computational framework for simulation of biogeochemical
tracers in the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB3001,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002923, 2007.
Khatiwala, S.: Fast spin up of Ocean biogeochemical models using matrix-free
Newton–Krylov, Ocean Model., 23, 121–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.05.002, 2008.
Khatiwala, S.: Transport Matrix Method software for ocean biogeochemical
simulations (2.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1246300, 2018.
Khatiwala, S., Visbeck, M., and Cane, M. A.: Accelerated simulation of
passive tracers in ocean circulation models, Ocean Model., 9,
51–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.04.002, 2005.
Kim, T., Obata, H., Kondo, Y., Ogawa, H., and Gamo, T.: Distribution and
speciation of dissolved zinc in the western North Pacific and its adjacent
seas, Mar. Chem., 173, 330–341, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2014.10.016, 2015.
Kriest, I.: Calibration of a simple and a complex model of global marine
biogeochemistry, Biogeosciences, 14, 4965–4984, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4965-2017, 2017.
Kriest, I., Sauerland, V., Khatiwala, S., Srivastav, A., and Oschlies, A.:
Calibrating a global three-dimensional biogeochemical ocean model
(MOPS-1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 127–154, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-127-2017, 2017.
Kriest, I., Kähler, P., Koeve, W., Kvale, K., Sauerland, V., and
Oschlies, A.: One size fits all? Calibrating an ocean biogeochemistry model
for different circulations, Biogeosciences, 17, 3057–3082,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3057-2020, 2020.
Kwon, E. Y., Holzer, M., Timmermann, A., and Primeau, F.: Estimating
Three-Dimensional Carbon-To-Phosphorus Stoichiometry of Exported Marine
Organic Matter, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 36, e2021GB007154, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GB007154, 2022.
Lemaitre, N., de Souza, G. F., Archer, C., Wang, R.-M., Planquette, H.,
Sarthou, G., and Vance, D.: Pervasive sources of isotopically light zinc in
the North Atlantic Ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 539, 116216,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116216, 2020.
Liao, W. H., Takano, S., Yang, S. C., Huang, K. F., Sohrin, Y., and Ho, T.
Y.: Zn Isotope Composition in the Water Column of the Northwestern Pacific
Ocean: The Importance of External Sources, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 34, e2019GB006379,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006379, 2020.
Lohan, M. C., Crawford, D. W., Purdie, D. A., and Statham, P. J.: Iron and
zinc enrichments in the northeastern subarctic Pacific: Ligand production
and zinc availability in response to phytoplankton growth, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 50, 1427–1437, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2005.50.5.1427, 2005.
Löptien, U. and Dietze, H.: Constraining parameters in marine pelagic
ecosystem models – is it actually feasible with typical observations of
standing stocks?, Ocean Sci., 11, 573–590, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-573-2015, 2015.
Löptien, U. and Dietze, H.: Reciprocal bias compensation and ensuing
uncertainties in model-based climate projections: pelagic biogeochemistry
versus ocean mixing, Biogeosciences, 16, 1865–1881, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1865-2019, 2019.
Lynch, D. R., McGillicuddy, D. J., and Werner, F. E.: Skill assessment for
coupled biological/physical models of marine systems, J. Mar.
Syst., 76, 1–3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.05.002, 2009.
Marinov, I., Gnanadesikan, A., Toggweiler, J. R., and Sarmiento, J. L.: The
Southern Ocean biogeochemical divide, Nature, 441, 964–967, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04883, 2006.
Marsay, C. M., Sanders, R. J., Henson, S. A., Pabortsava, K., Achterberg, E.
P., and Lampitt, R. S.: Attenuation of sinking particulate organic carbon
flux through the mesopelagic ocean, P. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 112, 1089–1094, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1415311112, 2015.
Marshall, J., Adcroft, A., Hill, C., Perelman, L., and Heisey, C.: A
finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean
on parallel computers, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 102,
5753–5766, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC02775, 1997.
Martin, J. H., Knauer, G. A., Karl, D. M., and Broenkow, W. W.: VERTEX:
carbon cycling in the northeast Pacific, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. A, 34, 267–285, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90086-0, 1987.
Middag, R., de Baar, H. J. W., and Bruland, K. W.: The Relationships Between
Dissolved Zinc and Major Nutrients Phosphate and Silicate Along the
GEOTRACES GA02 Transect in the West Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 33, 63–84, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gb006034, 2019.
Moore, C. M., Mills, M. M., Arrigo, K. R., Berman-Frank, I., Bopp, L., Boyd,
P. W., Galbraith, E. D., Geider, R. J., Guieu, C., Jaccard, S. L., Jickells,
T. D., La Roche, J., Lenton, T. M., Mahowald, N. M., Maranon, E., Marinov,
I., Moore, J. K., Nakatsuka, T., Oschlies, A., Saito, M. A., Thingstad, T.
F., Tsuda, A., and Ulloa, O.: Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient
limitation, Nat. Geosci., 6, 701–710, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1765, 2013.
Morel, F. M. M. and Price, N. M.: The Biogeochemical Cycles of Trace Metals
in the Oceans, Science, 300, 944–947, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1083545, 2003.
Morel, F. M. M., Milligan, A. J., and Saito, M. A.: Marine Bioinorganic
Chemistry: The Role of Trace Metals in the Oceanic Cycles of Major
Nutrients, in: Treatise on Geochemistry, edited by: Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K, Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd Edn., Oxford, Elsevier, 123–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.00605-7, 2014.
Najjar, R. G., Jin, X., Louanchi, F., Aumont, O., Caldeira, K., Doney, S.
C., Dutay, J. C., Follows, M., Gruber, N., Joos, F., Lindsay, K.,
Maier-Reimer, E., Matear, R. J., Matsumoto, K., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A.,
Orr, J. C., Plattner, G. K., Sarmiento, J. L., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R. D.,
Weirig, M. F., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A.: Impact of circulation on export
production, dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen in the ocean:
Results from Phase II of the Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison
Project (OCMIP-2), Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB3007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002857, 2007.
Oliver, S. and Tett, S.: OPTCLIMSO Optimisation Framework, Zenodo [code],
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5517610, 2021.
Oliver, S., Cartis, C., Kriest, I., Tett, S. F. B., and Khatiwala, S.: A
derivative-free optimisation method for global ocean biogeochemical models,
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3537–3554, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3537-2022, 2022.
Pasquier, B., Hines, S. K. V., Liang, H., Wu, Y., Goldstein, S. L., and
John, S. G.: GNOM v1.0: an optimized steady-state model of the modern marine
neodymium cycle, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4625–4656, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4625-2022, 2022.
Primeau, F. W., Holzer, M., and DeVries, T.: Southern Ocean nutrient
trapping and the efficiency of the biological pump, J. Geophys.
Res.-Ocean., 118, 2547–2564, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20181, 2013.
Richon, C. and Tagliabue, A.: Insights Into the Major Processes Driving the
Global Distribution of Copper in the Ocean From a Global Model, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 33, 1594–1610, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006280, 2019.
Roshan, S., Wu, J., and Jenkins, W. J.: Long-range transport of hydrothermal
dissolved Zn in the tropical South Pacific, Mar. Chem., 183, 25–32,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2016.05.005, 2016.
Roshan, S., DeVries, T., Wu, J., and Chen, G.: The Internal Cycling of Zinc
in the Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 32, 1833–1849, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006045, 2018.
Roshan, S., DeVries, T., Wu, J., John, S., and Weber, T.: Reversible
scavenging traps hydrothermal iron in the deep ocean, Earth Planet.
Sc. Lett., 542, 116297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116297, 2020.
Sarmiento, J. L., Gruber, N., Brzezinski, M. A., and Dunne, J. P.:
High-latitude controls of thermocline nutrients and low latitude biological
productivity, Nature, 427, 56–60, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02127, 2004.
Sarmiento, J. L., Simeon, J., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., and
Schlitzer, R.: Deep ocean biogeochemistry of silicic acid and nitrate,
Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB1S90, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002720, 2007.
Sauerland, V., Kriest, I., Oschlies, A., and Srivastav, A.: Multiobjective
Calibration of a Global Biogeochemical Ocean Model Against Nutrients,
Oxygen, and Oxygen Minimum Zones, J. Adv. Model. Earth
Syst., 11, 1285–1308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001510, 2019.
Schartau, M., Oschlies, A., and Willebrand, J.: Parameter estimates of a
zero-dimensional ecosystem model applying the adjoint method, Deep-Sea
Res. Pt. II, 48, 1769–1800, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00161-2, 2001.
Seegers, B. N., Stumpf, R. P., Schaeffer, B. A., Loftin, K. A., and Werdell,
P. J.: Performance metrics for the assessment of satellite data products: an
ocean color case study, Opt. Express, 26, 7404–7422, https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.007404, 2018.
Shaked, Y., Xu, Y., Leblanc, K., and Morel, F. M. M.: Zinc availability and
alkaline phosphatase activity in Emiliania huxleyi: Implications for Zn-P
co-limitation in the ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 299–309,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1.0299, 2006.
Sieber, M., Conway, T. M., de Souza, G. F., Hassler, C. S., Ellwood, M. J.,
and Vance, D.: Cycling of zinc and its isotopes across multiple zones of the
Southern Ocean: Insights from the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 268, 310–324, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.09.039, 2020.
Sinha, B., Buitenhuis, E. T., Quéré, C. L., and Anderson, T. R.:
Comparison of the emergent behavior of a complex ecosystem model in two
ocean general circulation models, Prog. Oceanogr., 84, 204–224,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.10.003, 2010.
Sinoir, M., Ellwood, M. J., Butler, E. C. V., Bowie, A. R., Mongin, M., and
Hassler, C. S.: Zinc cycling in the Tasman Sea: Distribution, speciation and
relation to phytoplankton community, Mar. Chem., 182, 25–37,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2016.03.006, 2016.
Stammer, D., Ueyoshi, K., Köhl, A., Large, W. G., Josey, S. A., and
Wunsch, C.: Estimating air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum
through global ocean data assimilation, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 109, C05023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002082, 2004.
Stow, C. A., Jolliff, J., McGillicuddy, D. J., Doney, S. C., Allen, J. I.,
Friedrichs, M. A. M., Rose, K. A., and Wallhead, P.: Skill assessment for
coupled biological/physical models of marine systems, J. Mar.
Syst., 76, 4–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.03.011, 2009.
Sugino, K. and Oka, A.: Zinc and silicon biogeochemical decoupling in the
North Pacific Ocean, J. Oceanogr., C05023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-022-00663-4, 2022.
Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A.: Feedback interactions between zinc and
phytoplankton in seawater, Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 25–40, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1992.37.1.0025, 1992.
Tagliabue, A., Bowie, A. R., Boyd, P. W., Buck, K. N., Johnson, K. S., and
Saito, M. A.: The integral role of iron in ocean biogeochemistry, Nature, 543, 51–59, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21058, 2017.
Tagliabue, A., Bowie, A. R., DeVries, T., Ellwood, M. J., Landing, W. M.,
Milne, A., Ohnemus, D. C., Twining, B. S., and Boyd, P. W.: The interplay
between regeneration and scavenging fluxes drives ocean iron cycling, Nat.
Commun., 10, 4960–4960, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12775-5, 2019.
Taylor, K. E.: Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single
diagram, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 7183–7192,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900719, 2001.
Tett, S. F. B., Rowlands, D. J., Mineter, M. J., and Cartis, C.: Can
Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation Measurements Constrain Climate Predictions? Part
II: Climate Sensitivity, J. Clim., 26, 9367–9383, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00596.1, 2013.
Thiele, G. and Sarmiento, J. L.: Tracer dating and ocean ventilation,
J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 95, 9377–9391, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC095iC06p09377, 1990.
Tjiputra, J. F., Polzin, D., and Winguth, A. M. E.: Assimilation of seasonal
chlorophyll and nutrient data into an adjoint three-dimensional ocean carbon
cycle model: Sensitivity analysis and ecosystem parameter optimization,
Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB1001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002745, 2007.
Trudinger, C. M., Raupach, M. R., Rayner, P. J., Kattge, J., Liu, Q., Pak,
B., Reichstein, M., Renzullo, L., Richardson, A. D., Roxburgh, S. H.,
Styles, J., Wang, Y. P., Briggs, P., Barrett, D., and Nikolova, S.: OptIC
project: An intercomparison of optimization techniques for parameter
estimation in terrestrial biogeochemical models, J. Geophys.
Res.-Biogeo., 112, G02027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000367, 2007.
Twining, B. S. and Baines, S. B.: The Trace Metal Composition of Marine
Phytoplankton, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 5, 191–215, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172322, 2013.
Twining, B. S., Baines, S. B., Fisher, N. S., Maser, J., Vogt, S., Jacobsen,
C., Tovar-Sanchez, A., and Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S. A.: Quantifying Trace
Elements in Individual Aquatic Protist Cells with a Synchrotron X-ray
Fluorescence Microprobe, Anal. Chem, 75, 3806–3816,
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac034227z, 2003.
Twining, B. S., Nodder, S. D., King, A. L., Hutchins, D. A., LeCleir, G. R.,
DeBruyn, J. M., Maas, E. W., Vogt, S., Wilhelm, S. W., and Boyd, P. W.:
Differential remineralization of major and trace elements in sinking
diatoms, Limnol. Oceanogr., 59, 689–704, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.3.0689, 2014.
van Hulten, M., Middag, R., Dutay, J.-C., de Baar, H., Roy-Barman, M.,
Gehlen, M., Tagliabue, A., and Sterl, A.: Manganese in the west Atlantic
Ocean in the context of the first global ocean circulation model of
manganese, Biogeosciences, 14, 1123–1152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1123-2017, 2017.
Vance, D., de Souza, G. F., Zhao, Y., Cullen, J. T., and Lohan, M. C.: The
relationship between zinc, its isotopes, and the major nutrients in the
North-East Pacific, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 525, 115748,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115748, 2019.
Vance, D., Little, Susan H., de Souza, Gregory F., Khatiwala, S., Lohan,
Maeve C., and Middag, R.: Silicon and zinc biogeochemical cycles coupled
through the Southern Ocean, Nat. Geosci., 10, 202–206, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2890, 2017.
Wang, R. M., Archer, C., Bowie, A. R., and Vance, D.: Zinc and nickel
isotopes in seawater from the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean: The
impact of natural iron fertilization versus Southern Ocean hydrography and
biogeochemistry, Chem. Geol., 511, 452–464, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.09.010, 2019.
Ward, B. A., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Anderson, T. R., and Oschlies, A.:
Parameter optimisation techniques and the problem of underdetermination in
marine biogeochemical models, J. Mar. Syst., 81, 34–43,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.12.005, 2010.
Weber, T., John, S., Tagliabue, A., and DeVries, T.: Biological uptake and
reversible scavenging of zinc in the global ocean, Science, 361, 72–76, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap8532, 2018.
Weber, T., Cram, J. A., Leung, S. W., DeVries, T., and Deutsch, C.: Deep
ocean nutrients imply large latitudinal variation in particle transfer
efficiency, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113,
8606–8611, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604414113, 2016.
Wunsch, C. and Heimbach, P.: Practical global oceanic state estimation,
Physica D, 230, 197–208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2006.09.040, 2007.
Wunsch, C. and Heimbach, P.: How long to oceanic tracer and proxy
equilibrium?, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 637–651, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.01.006, 2008.
Short summary
Given the sparsity of observational constraints on micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), we assess the sensitivities of a framework for objective parameter optimisation in an oceanic Zn cycling model. Our ensemble of optimisations towards synthetic data with varying kinds of uncertainty shows that deficiencies related to model complexity and the choice of the misfit function generally have a greater impact on the retrieval of model Zn uptake behaviour than does the limitation of data coverage.
Given the sparsity of observational constraints on micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), we assess...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint