Articles | Volume 19, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5313-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5313-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Reviews and syntheses
| 
23 Nov 2022
Reviews and syntheses |
| 23 Nov 2022
Reviews and syntheses: A framework to observe, understand and project ecosystem response to environmental change in the East Antarctic Southern Ocean
Julian Gutt
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Stefanie Arndt
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
David Keith Alan Barnes
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, CB3 OET, UK
Horst Bornemann
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Thomas Brey
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity,
Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Olaf Eisen
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
Hauke Flores
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Huw Griffiths
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, CB3 OET, UK
Christian Haas
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Stefan Hain
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Tore Hattermann
Norwegian Polar Institute, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, 9007, Tromsø,
Norway
Christoph Held
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Mario Hoppema
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Enrique Isla
Marine Geosciences Department, Institute of Marine Sciences-CSIC, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
Markus Janout
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Céline Le Bohec
Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000,
Strasbourg, France
Département de Biologie Polaire, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, MC
98000, Monaco City, Monaco
Heike Link
Department Maritime Systems, University of Rostock, 18059 Kiel,
Germany
Felix Christopher Mark
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Sebastien Moreau
Norwegian Polar Institute, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, 9007, Tromsø,
Norway
Scarlett Trimborn
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Ilse van Opzeeland
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity,
Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Hans-Otto Pörtner
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Fokje Schaafsma
Wageningen Marine Research, Ankerpark 27, 17871 AG Den Helder, the
Netherlands
Katharina Teschke
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity,
Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Sandra Tippenhauer
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Anton Van de Putte
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
Marine Biology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
Daniel Zitterbart
Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054,
Erlangen, Germany
Dieter Piepenburg
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity,
Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Institute for Ecosystem Research, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel,
Germany
Related authors
Dieter Piepenburg, Alexander Buschmann, Amelie Driemel, Hannes Grobe, Julian Gutt, Stefanie Schumacher, Alexandra Segelken-Voigt, and Rainer Sieger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 461–469, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-461-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-461-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
An ocean floor observation system (OFOS) was used to collect seabed imagery on two cruises of the RV Polarstern, ANT-XXIX/3 (PS81) to the Antarctic Peninsula from January to March 2013 and ANT-XXXI/2 (PS96) to the Weddell Sea from December 2015 to February 2016. We report on the image and data collections gathered during these cruises. Seabed images, including metadata, are available from the data publisher PANGAEA via https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.872719 (PS81) and https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.862097 (PS96).
Elin Darelius, Vår Dundas, Markus Janout, and Sandra Tippenhauer
Ocean Sci., 19, 671–683, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-671-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctica's ice shelves are melting from below as ocean currents bring warm water into the ice shelf cavities. The melt rates of the large Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf in the southern Weddell Sea are currently low, as the water in the cavity is cold. Here, we present data from a scientific cruise to the region in 2021 and show that the warmest water at the upper part of the continental slope is now about 0.1°C warmer than in previous observations, while the surface water is fresher than before.
Neil Swart, Torge Martin, Rebecca Beadling, Jia-Jia Chen, Mathew H. England, Riccardo Farneti, Stephen M. Griffies, Tore Hatterman, F. Alexander Haumann, Qian Li, John Marshall, Morven Muilwijk, Andrew G. Pauling, Ariaan Purich, Inga J. Smith, and Max Thomas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-198, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-198, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Current climate models typically do not include full representations icesheets. As the climate warms and the icesheets melt, they add freshwater to the ocean. This freshwater can influence climate change, for example by causing more sea-ice to form. In this paper we propose a set of experiments to test the influence of this missing meltwater from Antarctica, using multiple different climate models.
Zhuo Wang, Ailsa Chung, Daniel Steinhage, Frédéric Parrenin, Johannes Freitag, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-35, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-35, 2023
Preprint under review for TC
Short summary
Short summary
We combine the observed internal layer stratigraphy with 1D ice flow model in the Dome Fuji (DF) region. From the modelling results we map the age of ice, the basal thermal condition and accumulation rate. We identify four potential candidates for old ice based on age and age density of ice. Map of basal thermal condition implies melting prevails over stagnant ice here. We interpolate the age of basal ice of 1345.8 ka, melt rate of 0.11 mm/a and accumulation rate of 0.022 m/a at DF.
Ole Zeising, Tamara Annina Gerber, Olaf Eisen, M. Reza Ershadi, Nicolas Stoll, Ilka Weikusat, and Angelika Humbert
The Cryosphere, 17, 1097–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1097-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1097-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The flow of glaciers and ice streams is influenced by crystal fabric orientation. Besides sparse ice cores, these can be investigated by radar measurements. Here, we present an improved method which allows us to infer the horizontal fabric asymmetry using polarimetric phase-sensitive radar data. A validation of the method on a deep ice core from the Greenland Ice Sheet shows an excellent agreement, which is a large improvement over previously used methods.
Ailsa Chung, Frédéric Parrenin, Daniel Steinhage, Robert Mulvaney, Carlos Martín, Marie G. P. Cavitte, David A. Lilien, Veit Helm, Drew Taylor, Prasad Gogineni, Catherine Ritz, Massimo Frezzotti, Charles O'Neill, Heinrich Miller, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, and Olaf Eisen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-157, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-157, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combined a numerical model with radar measurements in order to determine the age of ice in the Dome C region of Antarctica. Our results show that at the current ice core drilling site on Little Dome C, the maximum age of the ice is around 1.5 Ma. We also highlight a new potential drill site called North Patch with ice up to 2 Ma. Finally, we explore the nature of a stagnant ice layer at the base of the ice sheet which has been independently observed and modelled but is not well understood.
Abhay Prakash, Qin Zhou, Tore Hattermann, and Nina Kirchner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-73, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-73, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal sea ice arch formation in the Nares Strait has shielded the Petermann Glacier Ice Shelf from enhanced basal melting. However, with the sustained decline of the Arctic sea ice predicted to continue, the ice shelf is likely to be exposed to a year round mobile and thin sea ice cover. In such a scenario, our model results show that amplification of thermal driving and friction velocity in the ice shelf cavity driven by the surface forcing modulations amplify the basal melting.
Asmita Singh, Susanne Fietz, Sandy J. Thomalla, Nicolas Sanchez, Murat V. Ardelan, Sébastien Moreau, Hanna M. Kauko, Agneta Fransson, Melissa Chierici, Saumik Samanta, Thato N. Mtshali, Alakendra N. Roychoudhury, and Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-245, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-245, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the low bioavailability of the micronutrient iron (Fe), the highly productive Southern Ocean experiences seasonal blooms due to changes in nutrient and light supply. The photophysiological response of phytoplankton to Fe addition was studied using five short-term incubations during an austral autumn bloom in the Antarctic Sea-Ice Zone. Phytoplankton exhibited no photophysiological response to Fe implying no Fe limitation as ambient Fe concentrations fulfilled their cellular requirements.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Simone Alin, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Leticia Barbero, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Li-Qing Jiang, Steve D. Jones, Claire Lo Monaco, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543–5572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2022 is the fourth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1085 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
Hanna M. Kauko, Philipp Assmy, Ilka Peeken, Magdalena Różańska-Pluta, Józef M. Wiktor, Gunnar Bratbak, Asmita Singh, Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh, and Sebastien Moreau
Biogeosciences, 19, 5449–5482, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This article studies phytoplankton (microscopic
plantsin the ocean capable of photosynthesis) in Kong Håkon VII Hav in the Southern Ocean. Different species play different roles in the ecosystem, and it is therefore important to assess the species composition. We observed that phytoplankton blooms in this area are formed by large diatoms with strong silica armors, which can lead to high silica (and sometimes carbon) export to depth and be important prey for krill.
Vjeran Višnjević, Reinhard Drews, Clemens Schannwell, Inka Koch, Steven Franke, Daniela Jansen, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 16, 4763–4777, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4763-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4763-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a simple way to model the internal layers of an ice shelf and apply the method to the Roi Baudouin Ice Shelf in East Antarctica. Modeled results are compared to measurements obtained by radar. We distinguish between ice directly formed on the shelf and ice transported from the ice sheet, and we map the spatial changes in the volume of the locally accumulated ice. In this context, we discuss the sensitivity of the ice shelf to future changes in surface accumulation and basal melt.
Alice C. Frémand, Peter Fretwell, Julien Bodart, Hamish D. Pritchard, Alan Aitken, Jonathan L. Bamber, Robin Bell, Cesido Bianchi, Robert G. Bingham, Donald D. Blankenship, Gino Casassa, Ginny Catania, Knut Christianson, Howard Conway, Hugh F. J. Corr, Xiangbin Cui, Daniel Damaske, Volkmar Damm, Reinhard Drews, Graeme Eagles, Olaf Eisen, Hannes Eisermann, Fausto Ferraccioli, Elena Field, René Forsberg, Steven Franke, Shuji Fujita, Yonggyu Gim, Vikram Goel, Siva Prasad Gogineni, Jamin Greenbaum, Benjamin Hills, Richard C. A. Hindmarsh, Per Holmlund, Nicholas Holschuh, John W. Holt, Angelika Humbert, Robert W. Jacobel, Daniela Jansen, Adrian Jenkins, Wilfried Jokat, Tom Jordan, Edward King, Jack Kohler, William Krabill, Kirsty Langley, Joohan Lee, German Leitchenkov, Carlton Leuschen, Bruce Luyendyk, Joseph MacGregor, Emma MacKie, Kenichi Matsuoka, Mathieu Morlinghem, Jeremie Mouginot, Frank O. Nitsche, Yoshifumi Nogi, Ole A. Nost, John Paden, Frank Pattyn, Sergey V. Popov, Mette Riger-Kusk, Eric Rignot, David M. Rippin, Andres Rivera, Jason Roberts, Neil Ross, Antonia Ruppel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Andrew M. Smith, Daniel Steinhage, Michael Studinger, Bo Sun, Ignazio Tabacco, Kirsty Tinto, Stefano Urbini, David Vaughan, Brian C. Welch, Douglas S. Wilson, Duncan A. Young, and Achille Zirizzotti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-355, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-355, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the release of over 60 years of ice thickness, bed and surface elevation data acquired over Antarctica by the international community. These data are a crucial component of the Antarctic Bedmap initiative which aims to produce a new map and datasets of Antarctic ice thickness and bed topography for the international glaciology and geophysical community.
Elise S. Droste, Mario Hoppema, Melchor González-Dávila, Juana Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Bastien Y. Queste, Giorgio Dall'Olmo, Hugh J. Venables, Gerd Rohardt, Sharyn Ossebaar, Daniel Schuller, Sunke Trace-Kleeberg, and Dorothee C. E. Bakker
Ocean Sci., 18, 1293–1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1293-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1293-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tides affect the marine carbonate chemistry of a coastal polynya neighbouring the Ekström Ice Shelf by movement of seawater with different physical and biogeochemical properties. The result is that the coastal polynya in the summer can switch between being a sink or a source of CO2 multiple times a day. We encourage consideration of tides when collecting in polar coastal regions to account for tide-driven variability and to avoid overestimations or underestimations of air–sea CO2 exchange.
Hein J. W. de Baar, Mario Hoppema, and Elizabeth M. Jones
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-676, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-676, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
There is confusion in the literature on interactions of dissolved phosphate and sulphate with the alkalinity of seawater. These do play a minor role in the titration to determine alkalinity. However, a perceived biological role of phosphate and sulphate has been suggested in the value of Oceanic Alkalinity. We think this is mistaken. Some other minor issues additionally have led to confusion on the exact description of Alkalinity. We treat those against a theoretical and empirical background.
Chen Zhao, Rupert Gladstone, Benjamin Keith Galton-Fenzi, David Gwyther, and Tore Hattermann
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5421–5439, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5421-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5421-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use a coupled ice–ocean model to explore an oscillation feature found in several contributing models to MISOMIP1. The oscillation is closely related to the discretized grounding line retreat and likely strengthened by the buoyancy–melt feedback and/or melt–geometry feedback near the grounding line, and frequent ice–ocean coupling. Our model choices have a non-trivial impact on mean melt and ocean circulation strength, which might be interesting for the coupled ice–ocean community.
David N. Wagner, Matthew D. Shupe, Christopher Cox, Ola G. Persson, Taneil Uttal, Markus M. Frey, Amélie Kirchgaessner, Martin Schneebeli, Matthias Jaggi, Amy R. Macfarlane, Polona Itkin, Stefanie Arndt, Stefan Hendricks, Daniela Krampe, Marcel Nicolaus, Robert Ricker, Julia Regnery, Nikolai Kolabutin, Egor Shimanshuck, Marc Oggier, Ian Raphael, Julienne Stroeve, and Michael Lehning
The Cryosphere, 16, 2373–2402, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2373-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2373-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on measurements of the snow cover over sea ice and atmospheric measurements, we estimate snowfall and snow accumulation for the MOSAiC ice floe, between November 2019 and May 2020. For this period, we estimate 98–114 mm of precipitation. We suggest that about 34 mm of snow water equivalent accumulated until the end of April 2020 and that at least about 50 % of the precipitated snow was eroded or sublimated. Further, we suggest explanations for potential snowfall overestimation.
Astrid Oetting, Emma C. Smith, Jan Erik Arndt, Boris Dorschel, Reinhard Drews, Todd A. Ehlers, Christoph Gaedicke, Coen Hofstede, Johann P. Klages, Gerhard Kuhn, Astrid Lambrecht, Andreas Läufer, Christoph Mayer, Ralf Tiedemann, Frank Wilhelms, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 16, 2051–2066, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2051-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2051-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study combines a variety of geophysical measurements in front of and beneath the Ekström Ice Shelf in order to identify and interpret geomorphological evidences of past ice sheet flow, extent and retreat.
The maximal extent of grounded ice in this region was 11 km away from the continental shelf break.
The thickness of palaeo-ice on the calving front around the LGM was estimated to be at least 305 to 320 m.
We provide essential boundary conditions for palaeo-ice-sheet models.
M. Reza Ershadi, Reinhard Drews, Carlos Martín, Olaf Eisen, Catherine Ritz, Hugh Corr, Julia Christmann, Ole Zeising, Angelika Humbert, and Robert Mulvaney
The Cryosphere, 16, 1719–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1719-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1719-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Radio waves transmitted through ice split up and inform us about the ice sheet interior and orientation of single ice crystals. This can be used to infer how ice flows and improve projections on how it will evolve in the future. Here we used an inverse approach and developed a new algorithm to infer ice properties from observed radar data. We applied this technique to the radar data obtained at two EPICA drilling sites, where ice cores were used to validate our results.
Klaus Dethloff, Wieslaw Maslowski, Stefan Hendricks, Younjoo J. Lee, Helge F. Goessling, Thomas Krumpen, Christian Haas, Dörthe Handorf, Robert Ricker, Vladimir Bessonov, John J. Cassano, Jaclyn Clement Kinney, Robert Osinski, Markus Rex, Annette Rinke, Julia Sokolova, and Anja Sommerfeld
The Cryosphere, 16, 981–1005, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-981-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-981-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice thickness anomalies during the MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) winter in January, February and March 2020 were simulated with the coupled Regional Arctic climate System Model (RASM) and compared with CryoSat-2/SMOS satellite data. Hindcast and ensemble simulations indicate that the sea ice anomalies are driven by nonlinear interactions between ice growth processes and wind-driven sea-ice transports, with dynamics playing a dominant role.
Steven Franke, Daniela Jansen, Tobias Binder, John D. Paden, Nils Dörr, Tamara A. Gerber, Heinrich Miller, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Veit Helm, Daniel Steinhage, Ilka Weikusat, Frank Wilhelms, and Olaf Eisen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 763–779, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-763-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-763-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS) is the largest ice stream in Greenland. In order to better understand the past and future dynamics of the NEGIS, we present a high-resolution airborne radar data set (EGRIP-NOR-2018) for the onset region of the NEGIS. The survey area is centered at the location of the drill site of the East Greenland Ice-Core Project (EastGRIP), and radar profiles cover both shear margins and are aligned parallel to several flow lines.
Arttu Jutila, Stefan Hendricks, Robert Ricker, Luisa von Albedyll, Thomas Krumpen, and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 16, 259–275, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-259-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-259-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sea-ice thickness retrieval from satellite altimeters relies on assumed sea-ice density values because density cannot be measured from space. We derived bulk densities for different ice types using airborne laser, radar, and electromagnetic induction sounding measurements. Compared to previous studies, we found high bulk density values due to ice deformation and younger ice cover. Using sea-ice freeboard, we derived a sea-ice bulk density parameterisation that can be applied to satellite data.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Sara Jutterström, Steve D. Jones, Maren K. Karlsen, Claire Lo Monaco, Patrick Michaelis, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, Rik Wanninkhof, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5565–5589, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2021 is the third update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 989 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2020.
Nele Lamping, Juliane Müller, Jens Hefter, Gesine Mollenhauer, Christian Haas, Xiaoxu Shi, Maria-Elena Vorrath, Gerrit Lohmann, and Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand
Clim. Past, 17, 2305–2326, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed biomarker concentrations on surface sediment samples from the Antarctic continental margin. Highly branched isoprenoids and GDGTs are used for reconstructing recent sea-ice distribution patterns and ocean temperatures respectively. We compared our biomarker-based results with data obtained from satellite observations and estimated from a numerical model and find reasonable agreements. Further, we address caveats and provide recommendations for future investigations.
Stefanie Arndt, Christian Haas, Hanno Meyer, Ilka Peeken, and Thomas Krumpen
The Cryosphere, 15, 4165–4178, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4165-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4165-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present here snow and ice core data from the northwestern Weddell Sea in late austral summer 2019, which allow insights into possible reasons for the recent low summer sea ice extent in the Weddell Sea. We suggest that the fraction of superimposed ice and snow ice can be used here as a sensitive indicator. However, snow and ice properties were not exceptional, suggesting that the summer surface energy balance and related seasonal transition of snow properties have changed little in the past.
Thomas Krumpen, Luisa von Albedyll, Helge F. Goessling, Stefan Hendricks, Bennet Juhls, Gunnar Spreen, Sascha Willmes, H. Jakob Belter, Klaus Dethloff, Christian Haas, Lars Kaleschke, Christian Katlein, Xiangshan Tian-Kunze, Robert Ricker, Philip Rostosky, Janna Rückert, Suman Singha, and Julia Sokolova
The Cryosphere, 15, 3897–3920, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3897-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3897-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use satellite data records collected along the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) drift to categorize ice conditions that shaped and characterized the floe and surroundings during the expedition. A comparison with previous years is made whenever possible. The aim of this analysis is to provide a basis and reference for subsequent research in the six main research areas of atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, biogeochemistry, remote sensing and ecology.
Johannes Sutter, Hubertus Fischer, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 15, 3839–3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3839-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3839-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Projections of global sea-level changes in a warming world require ice-sheet models. We expand the calibration of these models by making use of the internal architecture of the Antarctic ice sheet, which is formed by its evolution over many millennia. We propose that using our novel approach to constrain ice sheet models, we will be able to both sharpen our understanding of past and future sea-level changes and identify weaknesses in the parameterisation of current continental-scale models.
Jens A. Hölemann, Bennet Juhls, Dorothea Bauch, Markus Janout, Boris P. Koch, and Birgit Heim
Biogeosciences, 18, 3637–3655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3637-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3637-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic Ocean receives large amounts of river water rich in terrestrial dissolved organic matter (tDOM), which is an important component of the Arctic carbon cycle. Our analysis shows that mixing of three major freshwater sources is the main factor that regulates the distribution of tDOM concentrations in the Siberian shelf seas. In this context, the formation and melting of the land-fast ice in the Laptev Sea and the peak spring discharge of the Lena River are of particular importance.
H. Jakob Belter, Thomas Krumpen, Luisa von Albedyll, Tatiana A. Alekseeva, Gerit Birnbaum, Sergei V. Frolov, Stefan Hendricks, Andreas Herber, Igor Polyakov, Ian Raphael, Robert Ricker, Sergei S. Serovetnikov, Melinda Webster, and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 15, 2575–2591, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2575-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2575-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Summer sea ice thickness observations based on electromagnetic induction measurements north of Fram Strait show a 20 % reduction in mean and modal ice thickness from 2001–2020. The observed variability is caused by changes in drift speeds and consequential variations in sea ice age and number of freezing-degree days. Increased ocean heat fluxes measured upstream in the source regions of Arctic ice seem to precondition ice thickness, which is potentially still measurable more than a year later.
Heike Link
Polarforschung, 89, 47–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-89-47-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-89-47-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The working group "Biological and Ecological Processes" is a network of the German Association for Polar Research (DGP). It connects biologists with different research backgrounds and a variety of institutions. This still recent working group holds the potential to, e.g., foster new approaches across marine and terrestrial research in polar regions.
Gemma M. Brett, Gregory H. Leonard, Wolfgang Rack, Christian Haas, Patricia J. Langhorne, and Anne Irvin
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-61, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-61, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Using a geophysical technique, we observe temporal variability in the influence of ice shelf meltwater on coastal sea ice which forms platelet ice crystals which contribute to the thickness of the sea ice and accumulate into a thick mass called a sub-ice platelet layer (SIPL). The variability observed in the SIPL indicated that circulation of ice shelf meltwater out from the cavity in McMurdo Sound is influenced by tides and strong offshore winds which affect surface ocean circulation.
Luisa von Albedyll, Christian Haas, and Wolfgang Dierking
The Cryosphere, 15, 2167–2186, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2167-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2167-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Convergent sea ice motion produces a thick ice cover through ridging. We studied sea ice deformation derived from high-resolution satellite imagery and related it to the corresponding thickness change. We found that deformation explains the observed dynamic thickness change. We show that deformation can be used to model realistic ice thickness distributions. Our results revealed new relationships between thickness redistribution and deformation that could improve sea ice models.
David A. Lilien, Daniel Steinhage, Drew Taylor, Frédéric Parrenin, Catherine Ritz, Robert Mulvaney, Carlos Martín, Jie-Bang Yan, Charles O'Neill, Massimo Frezzotti, Heinrich Miller, Prasad Gogineni, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 15, 1881–1888, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1881-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1881-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We collected radar data between EDC, an ice core spanning ~800 000 years, and BELDC, the site chosen for a new
oldest icecore at nearby Little Dome C. These data allow us to identify 50 % older internal horizons than previously traced in the area. We fit a model to the ages of those horizons at BELDC to determine the age of deep ice there. We find that there is likely to be 1.5 Myr old ice ~265 m above the bed, with sufficient resolution to preserve desired climatic information.
Philippe Massicotte, Rainer M. W. Amon, David Antoine, Philippe Archambault, Sergio Balzano, Simon Bélanger, Ronald Benner, Dominique Boeuf, Annick Bricaud, Flavienne Bruyant, Gwenaëlle Chaillou, Malik Chami, Bruno Charrière, Jing Chen, Hervé Claustre, Pierre Coupel, Nicole Delsaut, David Doxaran, Jens Ehn, Cédric Fichot, Marie-Hélène Forget, Pingqing Fu, Jonathan Gagnon, Nicole Garcia, Beat Gasser, Jean-François Ghiglione, Gaby Gorsky, Michel Gosselin, Priscillia Gourvil, Yves Gratton, Pascal Guillot, Hermann J. Heipieper, Serge Heussner, Stanford B. Hooker, Yannick Huot, Christian Jeanthon, Wade Jeffrey, Fabien Joux, Kimitaka Kawamura, Bruno Lansard, Edouard Leymarie, Heike Link, Connie Lovejoy, Claudie Marec, Dominique Marie, Johannie Martin, Jacobo Martín, Guillaume Massé, Atsushi Matsuoka, Vanessa McKague, Alexandre Mignot, William L. Miller, Juan-Carlos Miquel, Alfonso Mucci, Kaori Ono, Eva Ortega-Retuerta, Christos Panagiotopoulos, Tim Papakyriakou, Marc Picheral, Louis Prieur, Patrick Raimbault, Joséphine Ras, Rick A. Reynolds, André Rochon, Jean-François Rontani, Catherine Schmechtig, Sabine Schmidt, Richard Sempéré, Yuan Shen, Guisheng Song, Dariusz Stramski, Eri Tachibana, Alexandre Thirouard, Imma Tolosa, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Mickael Vaïtilingom, Daniel Vaulot, Frédéric Vaultier, John K. Volkman, Huixiang Xie, Guangming Zheng, and Marcel Babin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1561–1592, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The MALINA oceanographic expedition was conducted in the Mackenzie River and the Beaufort Sea systems. The sampling was performed across seven shelf–basin transects to capture the meridional gradient between the estuary and the open ocean. The main goal of this research program was to better understand how processes such as primary production are influencing the fate of organic matter originating from the surrounding terrestrial landscape during its transition toward the Arctic Ocean.
Coen Hofstede, Sebastian Beyer, Hugh Corr, Olaf Eisen, Tore Hattermann, Veit Helm, Niklas Neckel, Emma C. Smith, Daniel Steinhage, Ole Zeising, and Angelika Humbert
The Cryosphere, 15, 1517–1535, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1517-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1517-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Support Force Glacier rapidly flows into Filcher Ice Shelf of Antarctica. As we know little about this glacier and its subglacial drainage, we used seismic energy to map the transition area from grounded to floating ice where a drainage channel enters the ocean cavity. Soft sediments close to the grounding line are probably transported by this drainage channel. The constant ice thickness over the steeply dipping seabed of the ocean cavity suggests a stable transition and little basal melting.
Phillip Williamson, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Steve Widdicombe, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
Biogeosciences, 18, 1787–1792, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1787-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1787-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The reliability of ocean acidification research was challenged in early 2020 when a high-profile paper failed to corroborate previously observed impacts of high CO2 on the behaviour of coral reef fish. We now know the reason why: the
replicatedstudies differed in many ways. Open-minded and collaborative assessment of all research results, both negative and positive, remains the best way to develop process-based understanding of the impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms.
Stefan Kowalewski, Veit Helm, Elizabeth Mary Morris, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 15, 1285–1305, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1285-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1285-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents estimates of total mass input for the Pine Island Glacier (PIG) over the period 2005–2014 from airborne radar measurements. Our analysis reveals a total mass input similar to an earlier estimate for the period 1985–2009 and same area. This suggests a stationary total mass input contrary to the accelerated mass loss of PIG over the past decades. However, we also find that its uncertainty is highly sensitive to the geostatistical assumptions required for its calculation.
Autun Purser, Simon Dreutter, Huw Griffiths, Laura Hehemann, Kerstin Jerosch, Axel Nordhausen, Dieter Piepenburg, Claudio Richter, Henning Schröder, and Boris Dorschel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 609–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-609-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-609-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset comprises 26-megapixel seafloor images collected from below ice and steeply sloped regions of the Southern Ocean (the western Weddell Sea; the Powell Basin; and the rapidly shallowing, iceberg-scoured Nachtigaller Shoal). These data were collected with the Ocean Floor Observation and Bathymetry System (OFOBS), an advanced towed camera platform incorporating various sonar devices to aid in hazard avoidance and seafloor mapping, for use in challenging, high-relief seafloor areas.
Rupert Gladstone, Benjamin Galton-Fenzi, David Gwyther, Qin Zhou, Tore Hattermann, Chen Zhao, Lenneke Jong, Yuwei Xia, Xiaoran Guo, Konstantinos Petrakopoulos, Thomas Zwinger, Daniel Shapero, and John Moore
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 889–905, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-889-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-889-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Retreat of the Antarctic ice sheet, and hence its contribution to sea level rise, is highly sensitive to melting of its floating ice shelves. This melt is caused by warm ocean currents coming into contact with the ice. Computer models used for future ice sheet projections are not able to realistically evolve these melt rates. We describe a new coupling framework to enable ice sheet and ocean computer models to interact, allowing projection of the evolution of melt and its impact on sea level.
Christian Haas, Patricia J. Langhorne, Wolfgang Rack, Greg H. Leonard, Gemma M. Brett, Daniel Price, Justin F. Beckers, and Alex J. Gough
The Cryosphere, 15, 247–264, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-247-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-247-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a method to remotely detect proxy signals of Antarctic ice shelf melt under adjacent sea ice. It is based on aircraft surveys with electromagnetic induction sounding. We found year-to-year variability of the ice shelf melt proxy in McMurdo Sound and spatial fine structure that support assumptions about the melt of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. With this method it will be possible to map and detect locations of intense ice shelf melt along the coast of Antarctica.
Are Olsen, Nico Lange, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Sara Jutterström, Camilla S. Landa, Siv K. Lauvset, Patrick Michaelis, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, Rik Wanninkhof, and Ryan J. Woosley
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3653–3678, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by chemical analysis of water bottle samples at scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2020 is the second update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 946 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2019.
Maria-Elena Vorrath, Juliane Müller, Lorena Rebolledo, Paola Cárdenas, Xiaoxu Shi, Oliver Esper, Thomas Opel, Walter Geibert, Práxedes Muñoz, Christian Haas, Gerhard Kuhn, Carina B. Lange, Gerrit Lohmann, and Gesine Mollenhauer
Clim. Past, 16, 2459–2483, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2459-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2459-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We tested the applicability of the organic biomarker IPSO25 for sea ice reconstructions in the industrial era at the western Antarctic Peninsula. We successfully evaluated our data with satellite sea ice observations. The comparison with marine and ice core records revealed that sea ice interpretations must consider climatic and sea ice dynamics. Sea ice biomarker production is mainly influenced by the Southern Annular Mode, while the El Niño–Southern Oscillation seems to have a minor impact.
Joshua King, Stephen Howell, Mike Brady, Peter Toose, Chris Derksen, Christian Haas, and Justin Beckers
The Cryosphere, 14, 4323–4339, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4323-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4323-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Physical measurements of snow on sea ice are sparse, making it difficulty to evaluate satellite estimates or model representations. Here, we introduce new measurements of snow properties on sea ice to better understand variability at distances less than 200 m. Our work shows that similarities in the snow structure are found at longer distances on younger ice than older ice.
Clemens Schannwell, Reinhard Drews, Todd A. Ehlers, Olaf Eisen, Christoph Mayer, Mika Malinen, Emma C. Smith, and Hannes Eisermann
The Cryosphere, 14, 3917–3934, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3917-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3917-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To reduce uncertainties associated with sea level rise projections, an accurate representation of ice flow is paramount. Most ice sheet models rely on simplified versions of the underlying ice flow equations. Due to the high computational costs, ice sheet models based on the complete ice flow equations have been restricted to < 1000 years. Here, we present a new model setup that extends the applicability of such models by an order of magnitude, permitting simulations of 40 000 years.
Alexander H. Weinhart, Johannes Freitag, Maria Hörhold, Sepp Kipfstuhl, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 14, 3663–3685, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3663-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3663-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
From 1 m snow profiles along a traverse on the East Antarctic Plateau, we calculated a representative surface snow density of 355 kg m−3 for this region with an error less than 1.5 %.
This density is 10 % higher and density fluctuations seem to happen on smaller scales than climate model outputs suggest. Our study can help improve the parameterization of surface snow density in climate models to reduce the error in future sea level predictions.
Claudia Wekerle, Tore Hattermann, Qiang Wang, Laura Crews, Wilken-Jon von Appen, and Sergey Danilov
Ocean Sci., 16, 1225–1246, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1225-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1225-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The high-resolution ocean models ROMS and FESOM configured for the Fram Strait reveal very energetic ocean conditions there. The two main currents meander strongly and shed circular currents of water, called eddies. Our analysis shows that this region is characterised by small and short-lived eddies (on average around a 5 km radius and 10 d lifetime). Both models agree on eddy properties and show similar patterns of baroclinic and barotropic instability of the West Spitsbergen Current.
Nicolas C. Jourdain, Xylar Asay-Davis, Tore Hattermann, Fiammetta Straneo, Hélène Seroussi, Christopher M. Little, and Sophie Nowicki
The Cryosphere, 14, 3111–3134, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3111-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3111-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To predict the future Antarctic contribution to sea level rise, we need to use ice sheet models. The Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for AR6 (ISMIP6) builds an ensemble of ice sheet projections constrained by atmosphere and ocean projections from the 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). In this work, we present and assess a method to derive ice shelf basal melting in ISMIP6 from the CMIP6 ocean outputs, and we give examples of projected melt rates.
Hélène Seroussi, Sophie Nowicki, Antony J. Payne, Heiko Goelzer, William H. Lipscomb, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Cécile Agosta, Torsten Albrecht, Xylar Asay-Davis, Alice Barthel, Reinhard Calov, Richard Cullather, Christophe Dumas, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Rupert Gladstone, Nicholas R. Golledge, Jonathan M. Gregory, Ralf Greve, Tore Hattermann, Matthew J. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Philippe Huybrechts, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Thomas Kleiner, Eric Larour, Gunter R. Leguy, Daniel P. Lowry, Chistopher M. Little, Mathieu Morlighem, Frank Pattyn, Tyler Pelle, Stephen F. Price, Aurélien Quiquet, Ronja Reese, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Andrew Shepherd, Erika Simon, Robin S. Smith, Fiammetta Straneo, Sainan Sun, Luke D. Trusel, Jonas Van Breedam, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Ricarda Winkelmann, Chen Zhao, Tong Zhang, and Thomas Zwinger
The Cryosphere, 14, 3033–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Antarctic ice sheet has been losing mass over at least the past 3 decades in response to changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions. This study presents an ensemble of model simulations of the Antarctic evolution over the 2015–2100 period based on various ice sheet models, climate forcings and emission scenarios. Results suggest that the West Antarctic ice sheet will continue losing a large amount of ice, while the East Antarctic ice sheet could experience increased snow accumulation.
Stefanie Arndt, Mario Hoppmann, Holger Schmithüsen, Alexander D. Fraser, and Marcel Nicolaus
The Cryosphere, 14, 2775–2793, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2775-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2775-2020, 2020
Daniel Broullón, Fiz F. Pérez, Antón Velo, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Taro Takahashi, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, and Alex Kozyr
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1725–1743, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1725-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1725-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This work offers a vision of the global ocean regarding the carbon cycle and the implications of ocean acidification through a climatology of a changing variable in the context of climate change: total dissolved inorganic carbon. The climatology was designed through artificial intelligence techniques to represent the mean state of the present ocean. It is very useful to introduce in models to evaluate the state of the ocean from different perspectives.
H. Jakob Belter, Thomas Krumpen, Stefan Hendricks, Jens Hoelemann, Markus A. Janout, Robert Ricker, and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 14, 2189–2203, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2189-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2189-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The validation of satellite sea ice thickness (SIT) climate data records with newly acquired moored sonar SIT data shows that satellite products provide modal rather than mean SIT in the Laptev Sea region. This tendency of satellite-based SIT products to underestimate mean SIT needs to be considered for investigations of sea ice volume transports. Validation of satellite SIT in the first-year-ice-dominated Laptev Sea will support algorithm development for more reliable SIT records in the Arctic.
Thomas Krumpen, Florent Birrien, Frank Kauker, Thomas Rackow, Luisa von Albedyll, Michael Angelopoulos, H. Jakob Belter, Vladimir Bessonov, Ellen Damm, Klaus Dethloff, Jari Haapala, Christian Haas, Carolynn Harris, Stefan Hendricks, Jens Hoelemann, Mario Hoppmann, Lars Kaleschke, Michael Karcher, Nikolai Kolabutin, Ruibo Lei, Josefine Lenz, Anne Morgenstern, Marcel Nicolaus, Uwe Nixdorf, Tomash Petrovsky, Benjamin Rabe, Lasse Rabenstein, Markus Rex, Robert Ricker, Jan Rohde, Egor Shimanchuk, Suman Singha, Vasily Smolyanitsky, Vladimir Sokolov, Tim Stanton, Anna Timofeeva, Michel Tsamados, and Daniel Watkins
The Cryosphere, 14, 2173–2187, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2173-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2173-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In October 2019 the research vessel Polarstern was moored to an ice floe in order to travel with it on the 1-year-long MOSAiC journey through the Arctic. Here we provide historical context of the floe's evolution and initial state for upcoming studies. We show that the ice encountered on site was exceptionally thin and was formed on the shallow Siberian shelf. The analyses presented provide the initial state for the analysis and interpretation of upcoming biogeochemical and ecological studies.
Jutta E. Wollenburg, Morten Iversen, Christian Katlein, Thomas Krumpen, Marcel Nicolaus, Giulia Castellani, Ilka Peeken, and Hauke Flores
The Cryosphere, 14, 1795–1808, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1795-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1795-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on an observed omnipresence of gypsum crystals, we concluded that their release from melting sea ice is a general feature in the Arctic Ocean. Individual gypsum crystals sank at more than 7000 m d−1, suggesting that they are an important ballast mineral. Previous observations found gypsum inside phytoplankton aggregates at 2000 m depth, supporting gypsum as an important driver for pelagic-benthic coupling in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean.
Katharina Teschke, Hendrik Pehlke, Volker Siegel, Horst Bornemann, Rainer Knust, and Thomas Brey
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1003–1023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1003-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1003-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Successful nature conservation depends on well-founded decisions. Such decisions rely on valid and comprehensive information and data. This paper compiles data sources on the environment and ecology of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica), primarily to support the development of a marine protected area in this region. However, future projects can also benefit from our systematic data overview, as it can be used to develop specific data collections, thus saving a time-consuming data search from scratch.
Achim Heilig, Olaf Eisen, Martin Schneebeli, Michael MacFerrin, C. Max Stevens, Baptiste Vandecrux, and Konrad Steffen
The Cryosphere, 14, 385–402, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-385-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-385-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the spatial representativeness of point observations of snow accumulation in SW Greenland. Such analyses have rarely been conducted but are necessary to link regional-scale observations from, e.g., remote-sensing data to firn cores and snow pits. The presented data reveal a low regional variability in density but snow depth can vary significantly. It is necessary to combine pits with spatial snow depth data to increase the regional representativeness of accumulation observations.
Clemens Schannwell, Reinhard Drews, Todd A. Ehlers, Olaf Eisen, Christoph Mayer, and Fabien Gillet-Chaulet
The Cryosphere, 13, 2673–2691, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2673-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2673-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Ice rises are important ice-sheet features that archive the ice sheet's history in their internal structure. Here we use a 3-D numerical ice-sheet model to simulate mechanisms that lead to changes in the geometry of the internal structure. We find that changes in snowfall result in much larger and faster changes than similar changes in ice-shelf geometry. This result is integral to fully unlocking the potential of ice rises as ice-dynamic archives and potential ice-core drilling sites.
Katrin Lindbäck, Geir Moholdt, Keith W. Nicholls, Tore Hattermann, Bhanu Pratap, Meloth Thamban, and Kenichi Matsuoka
The Cryosphere, 13, 2579–2595, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2579-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2579-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we used a ground-penetrating radar technique to measure melting at high precision under Nivlisen, an ice shelf in central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. We found that summer-warmed ocean surface waters can increase melting close to the ice shelf front. Our study shows the use of and need for measurements in the field to monitor Antarctica's coastal margins; these detailed variations in basal melting are not captured in satellite data but are vital to predict future changes.
Are Olsen, Nico Lange, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, Marta Álvarez, Susan Becker, Henry C. Bittig, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Steve D. Jones, Sara Jutterström, Maren K. Karlsen, Alex Kozyr, Siv K. Lauvset, Claire Lo Monaco, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Maciej Telszewski, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, and Rik Wanninkhof
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1437–1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1437-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1437-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by chemical analysis of water bottle samples at scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2019 is the first update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 840 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2017.
Scarlett Trimborn, Silke Thoms, Pascal Karitter, and Kai Bischof
Biogeosciences, 16, 2997–3008, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2997-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2997-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Ecophysiological studies on Antarctic cryptophytes to assess whether climatic changes such as ocean acidification and enhanced stratification affect their growth in Antarctic coastal waters in the future are lacking so far. Our results reveal beneficial effects of ocean acidification in conjunction with enhanced irradiance on growth and photosynthesis of the Antarctic cyrptophyte Geminigera cryophila. Hence, cryptophytes such as G. cryophila may be potential winners of these climatic changes.
Maria-Elena Vorrath, Juliane Müller, Oliver Esper, Gesine Mollenhauer, Christian Haas, Enno Schefuß, and Kirsten Fahl
Biogeosciences, 16, 2961–2981, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2961-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2961-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The study highlights new approaches in the investigation of past sea ice in Antarctica to reconstruct the climate conditions in earth's history and reveal its future development under global warming. We examined the distribution of organic remains from different algae at the Western Antarctic Peninsula and compared it to fossil and satellite records. We evaluated IPSO25 – the sea ice proxy for the Southern Ocean with 25 carbon atoms – as a useful tool for sea ice reconstructions in this region.
Daniel Broullón, Fiz F. Pérez, Antón Velo, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Taro Takahashi, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, Melchor González-Dávila, Emil Jeansson, Alex Kozyr, and Steven M. A. C. van Heuven
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1109–1127, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1109-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1109-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we are contributing to the knowledge of the consequences of climate change in the ocean. We have focused on a variable related to this process: total alkalinity. We have designed a monthly climatology of total alkalinity using artificial intelligence techniques, that is, a representation of the average capacity of the ocean in the last decades to decelerate the consequences of climate change. The climatology is especially useful to infer the evolution of the ocean through models.
Svetlana N. Losa, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Martin Losch, Julia Oelker, Mariana A. Soppa, Scarlett Trimborn, Hongyan Xi, and Astrid Bracher
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-289, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-289, 2019
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights recent advances and challenges of applying coupled physical-biogeochemical modeling for investigating the distribution of the key phytoplankton groups in the Southern Ocean. By leveraging satellite and in situ observations we define numerical ecological model requirements in the phytoplankton trait specification and level of physiological and morphological differentiation for capturing and explaining the observed biogeography of diatoms, coccolithophores and Phaeocystis.
Valentin Ludwig, Gunnar Spreen, Christian Haas, Larysa Istomina, Frank Kauker, and Dmitrii Murashkin
The Cryosphere, 13, 2051–2073, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2051-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2051-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Sea-ice concentration, the fraction of an area covered by sea ice, can be observed from satellites with different methods. We combine two methods to obtain a product which is better than either of the input measurements alone. The benefit of our product is demonstrated by observing the formation of an open water area which can now be observed with more detail. Additionally, we find that the open water area formed because the sea ice drifted in the opposite direction and faster than usual.
Johannes Sutter, Hubertus Fischer, Klaus Grosfeld, Nanna B. Karlsson, Thomas Kleiner, Brice Van Liefferinge, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 13, 2023–2041, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2023-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2023-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Antarctic Ice Sheet may have played an important role in moderating the transition between warm and cold climate epochs over the last million years. We find that the Antarctic Ice Sheet grew considerably about 0.9 Myr ago, a time when ice-age–warm-age cycles changed from a
40 000 to a 100 000 year periodicity. Our findings also suggest that ice as old as 1.5 Myr still exists at the bottom of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet despite the major climate reorganisations in the past.
Anna Winter, Daniel Steinhage, Timothy T. Creyts, Thomas Kleiner, and Olaf Eisen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1069–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1069-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1069-2019, 2019
Stefanie Arndt and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 13, 1943–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1943-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1943-2019, 2019
Tetsuro Taranczewski, Johannes Freitag, Olaf Eisen, Bo Vinther, Sonja Wahl, and Sepp Kipfstuhl
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2018-280, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2018-280, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We used melt layers detected in ice cores from the Renland ice cap in East Greenland to find evidence of past climate trends in this region. Our record provides such information for the past 10,000 years. We developed an attempt to increase the reliability of such a record by correcting deformation-induced biases. It proves that such simple to obtain melt records can be used to gather information about paleoclimate especially for regions where climate records are sparse.
Corinne Le Quéré, Robbie M. Andrew, Pierre Friedlingstein, Stephen Sitch, Judith Hauck, Julia Pongratz, Penelope A. Pickers, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Glen P. Peters, Josep G. Canadell, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Leticia Barbero, Ana Bastos, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Philippe Ciais, Scott C. Doney, Thanos Gkritzalis, Daniel S. Goll, Ian Harris, Vanessa Haverd, Forrest M. Hoffman, Mario Hoppema, Richard A. Houghton, George Hurtt, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Truls Johannessen, Chris D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Craig Neill, Are Olsen, Tsueno Ono, Prabir Patra, Anna Peregon, Wouter Peters, Philippe Peylin, Benjamin Pfeil, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Matthias Rocher, Christian Rödenbeck, Ute Schuster, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Adrienne Sutton, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Francesco N. Tubiello, Ingrid T. van der Laan-Luijkx, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Viovy, Anthony P. Walker, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Rebecca Wright, Sönke Zaehle, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 2141–2194, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2018 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Laura F. Korte, Franziska Pausch, Scarlett Trimborn, Corina P. D. Brussaard, Geert-Jan A. Brummer, Michèlle van der Does, Catarina V. Guerreiro, Laura T. Schreuder, Chris I. Munday, and Jan-Berend W. Stuut
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-484, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-484, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
This paper shows the differences of nutrient release after dry and wet Saharan dust deposition in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean at 12° N. Incubation experiments were conducted along an east-west transect. Large differences were observed between both deposition types with wet deposition being the dominant source of phosphate, silicate, and iron. Both deposition types suggest that Saharan dust particles might be incorporated into marine snow aggregates and act as ballast mineral.
Iina Ronkainen, Jonni Lehtiranta, Mikko Lensu, Eero Rinne, Jari Haapala, and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 12, 3459–3476, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3459-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3459-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the sea ice thickness variability in the Bay of Bothnia using various observational data sets. For the first time we use helicopter and shipborne electromagnetic soundings to study changes in drift ice of the Bay of Bothnia. Our results show that the interannual variability of ice thickness is larger in the drift ice zone than in the fast ice zone. Furthermore, the mean thickness of heavily ridged ice near the coast can be several times larger than that of fast ice.
Brice Van Liefferinge, Frank Pattyn, Marie G. P. Cavitte, Nanna B. Karlsson, Duncan A. Young, Johannes Sutter, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 12, 2773–2787, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2773-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2773-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our paper provides an important review of the state of knowledge for oldest-ice prospection, but also adds new basal geothermal heat flux constraints from recently acquired high-definition radar data sets. This is the first paper to contrast the two primary target regions for oldest ice: Dome C and Dome Fuji. Moreover, we provide statistical comparisons of all available data sets and a summary of the community's criteria for the retrieval of interpretable oldest ice since the 2013 effort.
Nanna B. Karlsson, Tobias Binder, Graeme Eagles, Veit Helm, Frank Pattyn, Brice Van Liefferinge, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 12, 2413–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2413-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2413-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the probability that the Dome Fuji region in East Antarctica contains ice more than 1.5 Ma old. The retrieval of a continuous ice-core record extending beyond 1 Ma is imperative to understand why the frequency of ice ages changed from 40 to 100 ka approximately 1 Ma ago.
We use a new radar dataset to improve the ice thickness maps, and apply a thermokinematic model to predict basal temperature and age of the ice. Our results indicate several areas of interest.
Achim Heilig, Olaf Eisen, Michael MacFerrin, Marco Tedesco, and Xavier Fettweis
The Cryosphere, 12, 1851–1866, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1851-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1851-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents data on temporal changes in snow and firn, which were not available before. We present data on water infiltration in the percolation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet that improve our understanding of liquid water retention in snow and firn and mass transfer. We compare those findings with model simulations. It appears that simulated accumulation in terms of SWE is fairly accurate, while modeling of the individual parameters density and liquid water content is incorrect.
Johanna Kerch, Anja Diez, Ilka Weikusat, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 12, 1715–1734, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1715-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1715-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effect of crystal anisotropy on seismic velocities in glacier ice by calculating seismic phase velocities using the exact c axis angles to describe the crystal orientations in ice-core samples for an alpine and a polar ice core. Our results provide uncertainty estimates for earlier established approximative calculations. Additionally, our findings highlight the variation in seismic velocity at non-vertical incidence as a function of the horizontal azimuth of the seismic plane.
Paul J. Kushner, Lawrence R. Mudryk, William Merryfield, Jaison T. Ambadan, Aaron Berg, Adéline Bichet, Ross Brown, Chris Derksen, Stephen J. Déry, Arlan Dirkson, Greg Flato, Christopher G. Fletcher, John C. Fyfe, Nathan Gillett, Christian Haas, Stephen Howell, Frédéric Laliberté, Kelly McCusker, Michael Sigmond, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Neil F. Tandon, Chad Thackeray, Bruno Tremblay, and Francis W. Zwiers
The Cryosphere, 12, 1137–1156, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1137-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1137-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here, the Canadian research network CanSISE uses state-of-the-art observations of snow and sea ice to assess how Canada's climate model and climate prediction systems capture variability in snow, sea ice, and related climate parameters. We find that the system performs well, accounting for observational uncertainty (especially for snow), model uncertainty, and chaotic climate variability. Even for variables like sea ice, where improvement is needed, useful prediction tools can be developed.
Sayaka Yasunaka, Eko Siswanto, Are Olsen, Mario Hoppema, Eiji Watanabe, Agneta Fransson, Melissa Chierici, Akihiko Murata, Siv K. Lauvset, Rik Wanninkhof, Taro Takahashi, Naohiro Kosugi, Abdirahman M. Omar, Steven van Heuven, and Jeremy T. Mathis
Biogeosciences, 15, 1643–1661, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1643-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1643-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We estimated monthly air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas north of 60° N from 1997 to 2014, after mapping pCO2 in the surface water using a self-organizing map technique. The addition of Chl a as a parameter enabled us to improve the estimate of pCO2 via better representation of its decline in spring. The uncertainty in the CO2 flux estimate was reduced, and a net annual Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake of 180 ± 130 Tg C y−1 was determined to be significant.
Christoph Florian Schaller, Johannes Freitag, and Olaf Eisen
Clim. Past, 13, 1685–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1685-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1685-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In order to interpret the paleoclimatic record stored in the air enclosed in polar ice cores, it is crucial to understand the fundamental lock-in process. In our study, we present the first extensive data set of direct firn microstructure measurements and use it to show that the critical porosity of gas enclosure is independent of the climatic site conditions (such as temperature and accumulation rate). This leads to significant changes in dating and interpretation of ice-core gas records.
Dieter Piepenburg, Alexander Buschmann, Amelie Driemel, Hannes Grobe, Julian Gutt, Stefanie Schumacher, Alexandra Segelken-Voigt, and Rainer Sieger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 461–469, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-461-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-461-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
An ocean floor observation system (OFOS) was used to collect seabed imagery on two cruises of the RV Polarstern, ANT-XXIX/3 (PS81) to the Antarctic Peninsula from January to March 2013 and ANT-XXXI/2 (PS96) to the Weddell Sea from December 2015 to February 2016. We report on the image and data collections gathered during these cruises. Seabed images, including metadata, are available from the data publisher PANGAEA via https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.872719 (PS81) and https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.862097 (PS96).
Robert Ricker, Stefan Hendricks, Lars Kaleschke, Xiangshan Tian-Kunze, Jennifer King, and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 11, 1607–1623, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1607-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1607-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We developed the first merging of CryoSat-2 and SMOS sea-ice thickness retrievals. ESA’s Earth Explorer SMOS satellite can detect thin sea ice, whereas its companion CryoSat-2, designed to observe thicker perennial sea ice, lacks sensitivity. Using these satellite missions together completes the picture of the changing Arctic sea ice and provides a more accurate and comprehensive view on the actual state of Arctic sea-ice thickness.
Stefania Milano, Gernot Nehrke, Alan D. Wanamaker Jr., Irene Ballesta-Artero, Thomas Brey, and Bernd R. Schöne
Biogeosciences, 14, 1577–1591, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1577-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1577-2017, 2017
Amelie Driemel, Eberhard Fahrbach, Gerd Rohardt, Agnieszka Beszczynska-Möller, Antje Boetius, Gereon Budéus, Boris Cisewski, Ralph Engbrodt, Steffen Gauger, Walter Geibert, Patrizia Geprägs, Dieter Gerdes, Rainer Gersonde, Arnold L. Gordon, Hannes Grobe, Hartmut H. Hellmer, Enrique Isla, Stanley S. Jacobs, Markus Janout, Wilfried Jokat, Michael Klages, Gerhard Kuhn, Jens Meincke, Sven Ober, Svein Østerhus, Ray G. Peterson, Benjamin Rabe, Bert Rudels, Ursula Schauer, Michael Schröder, Stefanie Schumacher, Rainer Sieger, Jüri Sildam, Thomas Soltwedel, Elena Stangeew, Manfred Stein, Volker H Strass, Jörn Thiede, Sandra Tippenhauer, Cornelis Veth, Wilken-Jon von Appen, Marie-France Weirig, Andreas Wisotzki, Dieter A. Wolf-Gladrow, and Torsten Kanzow
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 211–220, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-211-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-211-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Our oceans are always in motion – huge water masses are circulated by winds and by global seawater density gradients resulting from different water temperatures and salinities. Measuring temperature and salinity of the world's oceans is crucial e.g. to understand our climate. Since 1983, the research icebreaker Polarstern has been the basis of numerous water profile measurements in the Arctic and the Antarctic. We report on a unique collection of 33 years of polar salinity and temperature data.
Anna Winter, Daniel Steinhage, Emily J. Arnold, Donald D. Blankenship, Marie G. P. Cavitte, Hugh F. J. Corr, John D. Paden, Stefano Urbini, Duncan A. Young, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 11, 653–668, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-653-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-653-2017, 2017
Corinne Le Quéré, Robbie M. Andrew, Josep G. Canadell, Stephen Sitch, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Glen P. Peters, Andrew C. Manning, Thomas A. Boden, Pieter P. Tans, Richard A. Houghton, Ralph F. Keeling, Simone Alin, Oliver D. Andrews, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Philippe Ciais, Kim Currie, Christine Delire, Scott C. Doney, Pierre Friedlingstein, Thanos Gkritzalis, Ian Harris, Judith Hauck, Vanessa Haverd, Mario Hoppema, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Atul K. Jain, Etsushi Kato, Arne Körtzinger, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Danica Lombardozzi, Joe R. Melton, Nicolas Metzl, Frank Millero, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Kevin O'Brien, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Christian Rödenbeck, Joe Salisbury, Ute Schuster, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Benjamin D. Stocker, Adrienne J. Sutton, Taro Takahashi, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Ingrid T. van der Laan-Luijkx, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Viovy, Anthony P. Walker, Andrew J. Wiltshire, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 605–649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-605-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-605-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2016 is the 11th annual update of emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. This data synthesis brings together measurements, statistical information, and analyses of model results in order to provide an assessment of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties for years 1959 to 2015, with a projection for year 2016.
Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Benjamin Pfeil, Camilla S. Landa, Nicolas Metzl, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Karl Smith, Cathy Cosca, Sumiko Harasawa, Stephen D. Jones, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Yukihiro Nojiri, Ute Schuster, Tobias Steinhoff, Colm Sweeney, Taro Takahashi, Bronte Tilbrook, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Simone R. Alin, Carlos F. Balestrini, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Alejandro A. Bianchi, Frédéric Bonou, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Eugene F. Burger, Wei-Jun Cai, Robert D. Castle, Liqi Chen, Melissa Chierici, Kim Currie, Wiley Evans, Charles Featherstone, Richard A. Feely, Agneta Fransson, Catherine Goyet, Naomi Greenwood, Luke Gregor, Steven Hankin, Nick J. Hardman-Mountford, Jérôme Harlay, Judith Hauck, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Christopher W. Hunt, Betty Huss, J. Severino P. Ibánhez, Truls Johannessen, Ralph Keeling, Vassilis Kitidis, Arne Körtzinger, Alex Kozyr, Evangelia Krasakopoulou, Akira Kuwata, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Claire Lo Monaco, Ansley Manke, Jeremy T. Mathis, Liliane Merlivat, Frank J. Millero, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, David R. Munro, Akihiko Murata, Timothy Newberger, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Kristina Paterson, David Pearce, Denis Pierrot, Lisa L. Robbins, Shu Saito, Joe Salisbury, Reiner Schlitzer, Bernd Schneider, Roland Schweitzer, Rainer Sieger, Ingunn Skjelvan, Kevin F. Sullivan, Stewart C. Sutherland, Adrienne J. Sutton, Kazuaki Tadokoro, Maciej Telszewski, Matthias Tuma, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, Doug Vandemark, Brian Ward, Andrew J. Watson, and Suqing Xu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (www.socat.info) has 14.5 million CO2 (carbon dioxide) values for the years 1957 to 2014 covering the global oceans and coastal seas. Version 3 is an update to version 2 with a longer record and 44 % more CO2 values. The CO2 measurements have been made on ships, fixed moorings and drifting buoys. SOCAT enables quantification of the ocean carbon sink and ocean acidification, as well as model evaluation, thus informing climate negotiations.
Christoph Florian Schaller, Johannes Freitag, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Thomas Laepple, Hans Christian Steen-Larsen, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 10, 1991–2002, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1991-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1991-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Along a traverse through North Greenland in May 2015 we collected snow cores up to 2 m in depth and analyzed their properties (e.g., density). A new technique for this sampling and an adapted algorithm for comparing data sets from different positions and aligning stratigraphic features are presented. We find good agreement of the density layering in the snowpack over hundreds of kilometers. This allows the construction of a representative density profile that is statistically validated.
Are Olsen, Robert M. Key, Steven van Heuven, Siv K. Lauvset, Anton Velo, Xiaohua Lin, Carsten Schirnick, Alex Kozyr, Toste Tanhua, Mario Hoppema, Sara Jutterström, Reiner Steinfeldt, Emil Jeansson, Masao Ishii, Fiz F. Pérez, and Toru Suzuki
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 297–323, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-297-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-297-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The GLODAPv2 data product collects data from more than 700 hydrographic cruises into a global and internally calibrated product. It provides access to the data from almost all ocean carbon cruises carried out since the 1970s and is a unique resource for marine science, in particular regarding the ocean carbon cycle. GLODAPv2 will form the foundation for future routine synthesis of hydrographic data of the same sort.
Siv K. Lauvset, Robert M. Key, Are Olsen, Steven van Heuven, Anton Velo, Xiaohua Lin, Carsten Schirnick, Alex Kozyr, Toste Tanhua, Mario Hoppema, Sara Jutterström, Reiner Steinfeldt, Emil Jeansson, Masao Ishii, Fiz F. Perez, Toru Suzuki, and Sylvain Watelet
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 325–340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-325-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-325-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the mapped climatologies that are part of the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Version 2 (GLODAPv2). GLODAPv2 is a uniformly calibrated open ocean data product on inorganic carbon and carbon-relevant variables. Global mapped climatologies of the total dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, saturation state of calcite and aragonite, anthropogenic carbon, preindustrial carbon content, inorganic macronutrients, oxygen, salinity, and temperature have been created.
T. Krumpen, R. Gerdes, C. Haas, S. Hendricks, A. Herber, V. Selyuzhenok, L. Smedsrud, and G. Spreen
The Cryosphere, 10, 523–534, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-523-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-523-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present an extensive data set of ground-based and airborne electromagnetic ice thickness measurements covering Fram Strait in summer between 2001 and 2012. An investigation of back trajectories of surveyed sea ice using satellite-based sea ice motion data allows us to examine the connection between thickness variability, ice age and source area. In addition, we determine across and along strait gradients in ice thickness and associated volume fluxes.
Tim Stöven, Toste Tanhua, Mario Hoppema, and Wilken-Jon von Appen
Ocean Sci., 12, 319–333, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-319-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-319-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The article describes transient tracer distributions of CFC-12 and SF6 in the Fram Strait in 2012. The SF6 excess and the anthropogenic carbon content in this area was estimated assuming a standard parameterization of the inverse-Gaussian–transit-time distribution. Hydrographic data were obtained along a mooring array at 78°50’N and a mean velocity field was used for flux estimates.
N. Wever, L. Schmid, A. Heilig, O. Eisen, C. Fierz, and M. Lehning
The Cryosphere, 9, 2271–2293, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2271-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2271-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A verification of the physics based SNOWPACK model with field observations showed that typical snowpack properties like density and temperature are adequately simulated. Also two water transport schemes were verified, showing that although Richards equation improves snowpack runoff and several aspects of the internal snowpack structure, the bucket scheme appeared to have a higher agreement with the snow microstructure. The choice of water transport scheme may depend on the intended application.
T. Stöven, T. Tanhua, M. Hoppema, and J. L. Bullister
Ocean Sci., 11, 699–718, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-699-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-699-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We use a suite of transient tracer measurements from a Southern Ocean sector southeast of Africa collected from 1998 and 2012 to quantify ventilation and change in ventilation. We found that the ventilation can be constrained by an inverse Gaussian transit time distribution north of the Subantarctic Front. We do not find any significant changes in upper ocean ventilation during this time period.
C. Le Quéré, R. Moriarty, R. M. Andrew, G. P. Peters, P. Ciais, P. Friedlingstein, S. D. Jones, S. Sitch, P. Tans, A. Arneth, T. A. Boden, L. Bopp, Y. Bozec, J. G. Canadell, L. P. Chini, F. Chevallier, C. E. Cosca, I. Harris, M. Hoppema, R. A. Houghton, J. I. House, A. K. Jain, T. Johannessen, E. Kato, R. F. Keeling, V. Kitidis, K. Klein Goldewijk, C. Koven, C. S. Landa, P. Landschützer, A. Lenton, I. D. Lima, G. Marland, J. T. Mathis, N. Metzl, Y. Nojiri, A. Olsen, T. Ono, S. Peng, W. Peters, B. Pfeil, B. Poulter, M. R. Raupach, P. Regnier, C. Rödenbeck, S. Saito, J. E. Salisbury, U. Schuster, J. Schwinger, R. Séférian, J. Segschneider, T. Steinhoff, B. D. Stocker, A. J. Sutton, T. Takahashi, B. Tilbrook, G. R. van der Werf, N. Viovy, Y.-P. Wang, R. Wanninkhof, A. Wiltshire, and N. Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 47–85, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-47-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-47-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from human activities (burning fossil fuels and cement production, deforestation and other land-use change) are set to rise again in 2014.
This study (updated yearly) makes an accurate assessment of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and their redistribution between the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in order to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change.
A. Diez and O. Eisen
The Cryosphere, 9, 367–384, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-367-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-367-2015, 2015
A. Diez, O. Eisen, C. Hofstede, A. Lambrecht, C. Mayer, H. Miller, D. Steinhage, T. Binder, and I. Weikusat
The Cryosphere, 9, 385–398, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-385-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-385-2015, 2015
S. Arndt and M. Nicolaus
The Cryosphere, 8, 2219–2233, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-2219-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-2219-2014, 2014
I. A. Dmitrenko, S. A. Kirillov, N. Serra, N. V. Koldunov, V. V. Ivanov, U. Schauer, I. V. Polyakov, D. Barber, M. Janout, V. S. Lien, M. Makhotin, and Y. Aksenov
Ocean Sci., 10, 719–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-719-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-719-2014, 2014
D. Price, W. Rack, P. J. Langhorne, C. Haas, G. Leonard, and K. Barnsdale
The Cryosphere, 8, 1031–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1031-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1031-2014, 2014
S. Willmes, M. Nicolaus, and C. Haas
The Cryosphere, 8, 891–904, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-891-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-891-2014, 2014
D. C. E. Bakker, B. Pfeil, K. Smith, S. Hankin, A. Olsen, S. R. Alin, C. Cosca, S. Harasawa, A. Kozyr, Y. Nojiri, K. M. O'Brien, U. Schuster, M. Telszewski, B. Tilbrook, C. Wada, J. Akl, L. Barbero, N. R. Bates, J. Boutin, Y. Bozec, W.-J. Cai, R. D. Castle, F. P. Chavez, L. Chen, M. Chierici, K. Currie, H. J. W. de Baar, W. Evans, R. A. Feely, A. Fransson, Z. Gao, B. Hales, N. J. Hardman-Mountford, M. Hoppema, W.-J. Huang, C. W. Hunt, B. Huss, T. Ichikawa, T. Johannessen, E. M. Jones, S. D. Jones, S. Jutterström, V. Kitidis, A. Körtzinger, P. Landschützer, S. K. Lauvset, N. Lefèvre, A. B. Manke, J. T. Mathis, L. Merlivat, N. Metzl, A. Murata, T. Newberger, A. M. Omar, T. Ono, G.-H. Park, K. Paterson, D. Pierrot, A. F. Ríos, C. L. Sabine, S. Saito, J. Salisbury, V. V. S. S. Sarma, R. Schlitzer, R. Sieger, I. Skjelvan, T. Steinhoff, K. F. Sullivan, H. Sun, A. J. Sutton, T. Suzuki, C. Sweeney, T. Takahashi, J. Tjiputra, N. Tsurushima, S. M. A. C. van Heuven, D. Vandemark, P. Vlahos, D. W. R. Wallace, R. Wanninkhof, and A. J. Watson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 69–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014, 2014
A. Lenton, B. Tilbrook, R. M. Law, D. Bakker, S. C. Doney, N. Gruber, M. Ishii, M. Hoppema, N. S. Lovenduski, R. J. Matear, B. I. McNeil, N. Metzl, S. E. Mikaloff Fletcher, P. M. S. Monteiro, C. Rödenbeck, C. Sweeney, and T. Takahashi
Biogeosciences, 10, 4037–4054, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4037-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4037-2013, 2013
L. Rabenstein, T. Krumpen, S. Hendricks, C. Koeberle, C. Haas, and J. A. Hoelemann
The Cryosphere, 7, 947–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-947-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-947-2013, 2013
T. Krumpen, M. Janout, K. I. Hodges, R. Gerdes, F. Girard-Ardhuin, J. A. Hölemann, and S. Willmes
The Cryosphere, 7, 349–363, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-349-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-349-2013, 2013
C. Wegner, D. Bauch, J. A. Hölemann, M. A. Janout, B. Heim, A. Novikhin, H. Kassens, and L. Timokhov
Biogeosciences, 10, 1117–1129, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1117-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1117-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Earth System Science/Response to Global Change: Climate Change
Ideas and perspectives: Alleviation of functional limitations by soil organisms is key to climate feedbacks from arctic soils
A comparison of the climate and carbon cycle effects of carbon removal by afforestation and an equivalent reduction in fossil fuel emissions
Stability of alkalinity in ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) approaches – consequences for durability of CO2 storage
Ideas and perspectives: Land–ocean connectivity through groundwater
Bioclimatic change as a function of global warming from CMIP6 climate projections
The potential of an increased deciduous forest fraction to mitigate the effects of heat extremes in Europe
Reconciling different approaches to quantifying land surface temperature impacts of afforestation using satellite observations
Drivers of intermodel uncertainty in land carbon sink projections
Acidification impacts and acclimation potential of Caribbean benthic foraminifera assemblages in naturally discharging low-pH water
Monitoring vegetation condition using microwave remote sensing: the standardized vegetation optical depth index (SVODI)
Evaluation of soil carbon simulation in CMIP6 Earth system models
Burned Area and Carbon Emissions Across Northwestern Boreal North America from 2001–2019
Diazotrophy as a key driver of the response of marine net primary productivity to climate change
Impact of negative and positive CO2 emissions on global warming metrics using an ensemble of Earth system model simulations
Quantifying land carbon cycle feedbacks under negative CO2 emissions
Acidification, deoxygenation, and nutrient and biomass declines in a warming Mediterranean Sea
Ocean alkalinity enhancement – avoiding runaway CaCO3 precipitation during quick and hydrated lime dissolution
Assessment of the impacts of biological nitrogen fixation structural uncertainty in CMIP6 earth system models
Soil carbon loss in warmed subarctic grasslands is rapid and restricted to topsoil
The European forest carbon budget under future climate conditions and current management practices
The influence of mesoscale climate drivers on hypoxia in a fjord-like deep coastal inlet and its potential implications regarding climate change: examining a decade of water quality data
Contrasting responses of phytoplankton productivity between coastal and offshore surface waters in the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea to short-term seawater acidification
Modeling interactions between tides, storm surges, and river discharges in the Kapuas River delta
The application of dendrometers to alpine dwarf shrubs – a case study to investigate stem growth responses to environmental conditions
Climate, land cover and topography: essential ingredients in predicting wetland permanence
Not all biodiversity rich spots are climate refugia
Evaluating the dendroclimatological potential of blue intensity on multiple conifer species from Tasmania and New Zealand
Anthropogenic CO2-mediated freshwater acidification limits survival, calcification, metabolism, and behaviour in stress-tolerant freshwater crustaceans
Quantifying the role of moss in terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics in northern high latitudes
On the influence of erect shrubs on the irradiance profile in snow
Tolerance of tropical marine microphytobenthos exposed to elevated irradiance and temperature
Persistent impacts of the 2018 drought on forest disturbance regimes in Europe
Reviews and syntheses: Arctic fire regimes and emissions in the 21st century
Slowdown of the greening trend in natural vegetation with further rise in atmospheric CO2
Effects of elevated CO2 and extreme climatic events on forage quality and in vitro rumen fermentation in permanent grassland
Cushion bog plant community responses to passive warming in southern Patagonia
Blue carbon stocks and exchanges along the California coast
Oceanic primary production decline halved in eddy-resolving simulations of global warming
Assessing climate change impacts on live fuel moisture and wildfire risk using a hydrodynamic vegetation model
Does drought advance the onset of autumn leaf senescence in temperate deciduous forest trees?
Ocean carbon cycle feedbacks in CMIP6 models: contributions from different basins
Sensitivity of 21st-century projected ocean new production changes to idealized biogeochemical model structure
Ocean carbon uptake under aggressive emission mitigation
Effects of Earth system feedbacks on the potential mitigation of large-scale tropical forest restoration
Wetter environment and increased grazing reduced the area burned in northern Eurasia from 2002 to 2016
Physiological responses of Skeletonema costatum to the interactions of seawater acidification and the combination of photoperiod and temperature
Technical note: Interpreting pH changes
Timing of drought in the growing season and strong legacy effects determine the annual productivity of temperate grasses in a changing climate
Contrasting responses of woody and herbaceous vegetation to altered rainfall characteristics in the Sahel
Reduced growth with increased quotas of particulate organic and inorganic carbon in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi under future ocean climate change conditions
Gesche Blume-Werry, Jonatan Klaminder, Eveline J. Krab, and Sylvain Monteux
Biogeosciences, 20, 1979–1990, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1979-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1979-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Northern soils store a lot of carbon. Most research has focused on how this carbon storage is regulated by cold temperatures. However, it is soil organisms, from minute bacteria to large earthworms, that decompose the organic material. Novel soil organisms from further south could increase decomposition rates more than climate change does and lead to carbon losses. We therefore advocate for including soil organisms when predicting the fate of soil functions in warming northern ecosystems.
Koramanghat Unnikrishnan Jayakrishnan and Govindasamy Bala
Biogeosciences, 20, 1863–1877, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1863-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1863-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Afforestation and reducing fossil fuel emissions are two important mitigation strategies to reduce the amount of global warming. Our work shows that reducing fossil fuel emissions is relatively more effective than afforestation for the same amount of carbon removed from the atmosphere. However, understanding of the processes that govern the biophysical effects of afforestation should be improved before considering our results for climate policy.
Jens Hartmann, Niels Suitner, Carl Lim, Julieta Schneider, Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Phil Renforth, Jan Taucher, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 781–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
CO2 can be stored in the ocean via increasing alkalinity of ocean water. Alkalinity can be created via dissolution of alkaline materials, like limestone or soda. Presented research studies boundaries for increasing alkalinity in seawater. The best way to increase alkalinity was found using an equilibrated solution, for example as produced from reactors. Adding particles for dissolution into seawater on the other hand produces the risk of losing alkalinity and degassing of CO2 to the atmosphere.
Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Amir Haroon, Hermann W. Bange, Ercan Erkul, Marion Jegen, Nils Moosdorf, Jens Schneider von Deimling, Christian Berndt, Michael Ernst Böttcher, Jasper Hoffmann, Volker Liebetrau, Ulf Mallast, Gudrun Massmann, Aaron Micallef, Holly A. Michael, Hendrik Paasche, Wolfgang Rabbel, Isaac Santos, Jan Scholten, Katrin Schwalenberg, Beata Szymczycha, Ariel T. Thomas, Joonas J. Virtasalo, Hannelore Waska, and Bradley A. Weymer
Biogeosciences, 20, 647–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater flows at the land–ocean transition and the extent of freshened groundwater below the seafloor are increasingly relevant in marine sciences, both because they are a highly uncertain term of biogeochemical budgets and due to the emerging interest in the latter as a resource. Here, we discuss our perspectives on future research directions to better understand land–ocean connectivity through groundwater and its potential responses to natural and human-induced environmental changes.
Morgan Sparey, Peter Cox, and Mark S. Williamson
Biogeosciences, 20, 451–488, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-451-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-451-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate climate models are vital for mitigating climate change; however, projections often disagree. Using Köppen–Geiger bioclimate classifications we show that CMIP6 climate models agree well on the fraction of global land surface that will change classification per degree of global warming. We find that 13 % of land will change climate per degree of warming from 1 to 3 K; thus, stabilising warming at 1.5 rather than 2 K would save over 7.5 million square kilometres from bioclimatic change.
Marcus Breil, Annabell Weber, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-18, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-18, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
A promising strategy to mitigate burdens of heat extremes in Europe is to replace dark coniferous forests with brighter deciduous forests. A reduced absorption of solar radiation would be the consequence, which should reduce the intensities of heat periods. In this study we can show that there is a certain cooling effect of deciduous forest on heat period intensities in Europe, however, the magnitude of the temperature reduction is quite small.
Huanhuan Wang, Chao Yue, and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Biogeosciences, 20, 75–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-75-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-75-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provided a synthesis of three influential methods to quantify afforestation impact on surface temperature. Results showed that actual effect following afforestation was highly dependent on afforestation fraction. When full afforestation is assumed, the actual effect approaches the potential effect. We provided evidence the afforestation faction is a key factor in reconciling different methods and emphasized that it should be considered for surface cooling impacts in policy evaluation.
Ryan S. Padrón, Lukas Gudmundsson, Laibao Liu, Vincent Humphrey, and Sonia I. Seneviratne
Biogeosciences, 19, 5435–5448, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5435-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5435-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The answer to how much carbon land ecosystems are projected to remove from the atmosphere until 2100 is different for each Earth system model. We find that differences across models are primarily explained by the annual land carbon sink dependence on temperature and soil moisture, followed by the dependence on CO2 air concentration, and by average climate conditions. Our insights on why each model projects a relatively high or low land carbon sink can help to reduce the underlying uncertainty.
Daniel François, Adina Paytan, Olga Maria Oliveira de Araújo, Ricardo Tadeu Lopes, and Cátia Fernandes Barbosa
Biogeosciences, 19, 5269–5285, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5269-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5269-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our analysis revealed that under the two most conservative acidification projections foraminifera assemblages did not display considerable changes. However, a significant decrease in species richness was observed when pH decreases to 7.7 pH units, indicating adverse effects under high-acidification scenarios. A micro-CT analysis revealed that calcified tests of Archaias angulatus were of lower density in low pH, suggesting no acclimation capacity for this species.
Leander Moesinger, Ruxandra-Maria Zotta, Robin van der Schalie, Tracy Scanlon, Richard de Jeu, and Wouter Dorigo
Biogeosciences, 19, 5107–5123, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The standardized vegetation optical depth index (SVODI) can be used to monitor the vegetation condition, such as whether the vegetation is unusually dry or wet. SVODI has global coverage, spans the past 3 decades and is derived from multiple spaceborne passive microwave sensors of that period. SVODI is based on a new probabilistic merging method that allows the merging of normally distributed data even if the data are not gap-free.
Rebecca M. Varney, Sarah E. Chadburn, Eleanor J. Burke, and Peter M. Cox
Biogeosciences, 19, 4671–4704, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4671-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4671-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil carbon is the Earth’s largest terrestrial carbon store, and the response to climate change represents one of the key uncertainties in obtaining accurate global carbon budgets required to successfully militate against climate change. The ability of climate models to simulate present-day soil carbon is therefore vital. This study assesses soil carbon simulation in the latest ensemble of models which allows key areas for future model development to be identified.
Stefano Potter, Sol Cooperdock, Sander Veraverbeke, Xanthe Walker, Michelle C. Mack, Scott J. Goetz, Jennifer Baltzer, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, Arden Burrell, Catherine Dieleman, Nancy French, Stijn Hantson, Elizabeth E. Hoy, Liza Jenkins, Jill F. Johnstone, Evan S. Kane, Susan M. Natali, James T. Randerson, Merritt R. Turetsky, Ellen Whitman, Elizabeth Wiggins, and Brendan M. Rogers
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-364, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-364, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we developed a new burned area detection algorithm between 2001–2019 across Alaska and Canada at 500 m resolution. We estimate 2.37 million hectares burned annually between 2001–2019 over the domain emitting 79.3 Tg C per year, with a mean combustion rate of 3.13 kg C m-2. We found larger fire years were generally associated with greater mean combustion. The burned area and combustion data sets described here can be used for local to continental-scale applications of boreal fire science.
Laurent Bopp, Olivier Aumont, Lester Kwiatkowski, Corentin Clerc, Léonard Dupont, Christian Ethé, Thomas Gorgues, Roland Séférian, and Alessandro Tagliabue
Biogeosciences, 19, 4267–4285, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4267-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4267-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of anthropogenic climate change on the biological production of phytoplankton in the ocean is a cause for concern because its evolution could affect the response of marine ecosystems to climate change. Here, we identify biological N fixation and its response to future climate change as a key process in shaping the future evolution of marine phytoplankton production. Our results show that further study of how this nitrogen fixation responds to environmental change is essential.
Negar Vakilifard, Richard G. Williams, Philip B. Holden, Katherine Turner, Neil R. Edwards, and David J. Beerling
Biogeosciences, 19, 4249–4265, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4249-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4249-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To remain within the Paris climate agreement, there is an increasing need to develop and implement carbon capture and sequestration techniques. The global climate benefits of implementing negative emission technologies over the next century are assessed using an Earth system model covering a wide range of plausible climate states. In some model realisations, there is continued warming after emissions cease. This continued warming is avoided if negative emissions are incorporated.
V. Rachel Chimuka, Claude-Michel Nzotungicimpaye, and Kirsten Zickfeld
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-168, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-168, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Our findings suggest that carbon cycle feedbacks differ under increasing and decreasing atmospheric CO2 levels, and the sign and magnitude of the differences depends on the approach taken to quantify the feedbacks. Our study proposes a more accurate approach for quantifying carbon cycle feedbacks under decreasing CO2 levels and provides insights into the role of carbon cycle feedbacks in determining the effectiveness of carbon dioxide removal in reducing CO2 levels.
Marco Reale, Gianpiero Cossarini, Paolo Lazzari, Tomas Lovato, Giorgio Bolzon, Simona Masina, Cosimo Solidoro, and Stefano Salon
Biogeosciences, 19, 4035–4065, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Future projections under the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 emission scenarios of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry at the end of the 21st century show different levels of decline in nutrients, oxygen and biomasses and an acidification of the water column. The signal intensity is stronger under RCP8.5 and in the eastern Mediterranean. Under RCP4.5, after the second half of the 21st century, biogeochemical variables show a recovery of the values observed at the beginning of the investigated period.
Charly A. Moras, Lennart T. Bach, Tyler Cyronak, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, and Kai G. Schulz
Biogeosciences, 19, 3537–3557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3537-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3537-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research presents the first laboratory results of quick and hydrated lime dissolution in natural seawater. These two minerals are of great interest for ocean alkalinity enhancement, a strategy aiming to decrease atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Following the dissolution of these minerals, we identified several hurdles and presented ways to avoid them or completely negate them. Finally, we proceeded to various simulations in today’s oceans to implement the strategy at its highest potential.
Taraka Davies-Barnard, Sönke Zaehle, and Pierre Friedlingstein
Biogeosciences, 19, 3491–3503, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3491-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biological nitrogen fixation is the largest natural input of new nitrogen onto land. Earth system models mainly represent global total terrestrial biological nitrogen fixation within observational uncertainties but overestimate tropical fixation. The model range of increase in biological nitrogen fixation in the SSP3-7.0 scenario is 3 % to 87 %. While biological nitrogen fixation is a key source of new nitrogen, its predictive power for net primary productivity in models is limited.
Niel Verbrigghe, Niki I. W. Leblans, Bjarni D. Sigurdsson, Sara Vicca, Chao Fang, Lucia Fuchslueger, Jennifer L. Soong, James T. Weedon, Christopher Poeplau, Cristina Ariza-Carricondo, Michael Bahn, Bertrand Guenet, Per Gundersen, Gunnhildur E. Gunnarsdóttir, Thomas Kätterer, Zhanfeng Liu, Marja Maljanen, Sara Marañón-Jiménez, Kathiravan Meeran, Edda S. Oddsdóttir, Ivika Ostonen, Josep Peñuelas, Andreas Richter, Jordi Sardans, Páll Sigurðsson, Margaret S. Torn, Peter M. Van Bodegom, Erik Verbruggen, Tom W. N. Walker, Håkan Wallander, and Ivan A. Janssens
Biogeosciences, 19, 3381–3393, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3381-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3381-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In subarctic grassland on a geothermal warming gradient, we found large reductions in topsoil carbon stocks, with carbon stocks linearly declining with warming intensity. Most importantly, however, we observed that soil carbon stocks stabilised within 5 years of warming and remained unaffected by warming thereafter, even after > 50 years of warming. Moreover, in contrast to the large topsoil carbon losses, subsoil carbon stocks remained unaffected after > 50 years of soil warming.
Roberto Pilli, Ramdane Alkama, Alessandro Cescatti, Werner A. Kurz, and Giacomo Grassi
Biogeosciences, 19, 3263–3284, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3263-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3263-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To become carbon neutral by 2050, the European Union (EU27) forest C sink should increase to −450 Mt CO2 yr-1. Our study highlights that under current management practices (i.e. excluding any policy scenario) the forest C sink of the EU27 member states and the UK may decrease to about −250 Mt CO2eq yr-1 in 2050. The expected impacts of future climate change, however, add a considerable uncertainty, potentially nearly doubling or halving the sink associated with forest management.
Johnathan Daniel Maxey, Neil David Hartstein, Aazani Mujahid, and Moritz Müller
Biogeosciences, 19, 3131–3150, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3131-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3131-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Deep coastal inlets are important sites for regulating land-based organic pollution before it enters coastal oceans. This study focused on how large climate forces, rainfall, and river flow impact organic loading and oxygen conditions in a coastal inlet in Tasmania. Increases in rainfall were linked to higher organic loading and lower oxygen in basin waters. Finally we observed a significant correlation between the Southern Annular Mode and oxygen concentrations in the system's basin waters.
Guang Gao, Tifeng Wang, Jiazhen Sun, Xin Zhao, Lifang Wang, Xianghui Guo, and Kunshan Gao
Biogeosciences, 19, 2795–2804, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2795-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2795-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
After conducting large-scale deck-incubation experiments, we found that seawater acidification (SA) increased primary production (PP) in coastal waters but reduced it in pelagic zones, which is mainly regulated by local pH, light intensity, salinity, and community structure. In future oceans, SA combined with decreased upward transports of nutrients may synergistically reduce PP in pelagic zones.
Joko Sampurno, Valentin Vallaeys, Randy Ardianto, and Emmanuel Hanert
Biogeosciences, 19, 2741–2757, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2741-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2741-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study is the first assessment to evaluate the interactions between river discharges, tides, and storm surges and how they can drive compound flooding in the Kapuas River delta. We successfully created a realistic hydrodynamic model whose domain covers the land–sea continuum using a wetting–drying algorithm in a data-scarce environment. We then proposed a new method to delineate compound flooding hazard zones along the river channels based on the maximum water level profiles.
Svenja Dobbert, Roland Pape, and Jörg Löffler
Biogeosciences, 19, 1933–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1933-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1933-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how vegetation might respond to climate change is especially important in arctic–alpine ecosystems, where major shifts in shrub growth have been observed. We studied how such changes come to pass and how future changes might look by measuring hourly variations in the stem diameter of dwarf shrubs from one common species. From these data, we are able to discern information about growth mechanisms and can thus show the complexity of shrub growth and micro-environment relations.
Jody Daniel, Rebecca C. Rooney, and Derek T. Robinson
Biogeosciences, 19, 1547–1570, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1547-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1547-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The threat posed by climate change to prairie pothole wetlands is well documented, but gaps remain in our ability to make meaningful predictions about how prairie pothole wetlands will respond. We integrate aspects of topography, land cover/land use and climate to model the permanence class of tens of thousands of wetlands at the western edge of the Prairie Pothole Region.
Ádám T. Kocsis, Qianshuo Zhao, Mark J. Costello, and Wolfgang Kiessling
Biogeosciences, 18, 6567–6578, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6567-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6567-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biodiversity is under threat from the effects of global warming, and assessing the effects of climate change on areas of high species richness is of prime importance to conservation. Terrestrial and freshwater rich spots have been and will be less affected by climate change than other areas. However, marine rich spots of biodiversity are expected to experience more pronounced warming.
Rob Wilson, Kathy Allen, Patrick Baker, Gretel Boswijk, Brendan Buckley, Edward Cook, Rosanne D'Arrigo, Dan Druckenbrod, Anthony Fowler, Margaux Grandjean, Paul Krusic, and Jonathan Palmer
Biogeosciences, 18, 6393–6421, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6393-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6393-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We explore blue intensity (BI) – a low-cost method for measuring ring density – to enhance palaeoclimatology in Australasia. Calibration experiments, using several conifer species from Tasmania and New Zealand, model 50–80 % of the summer temperature variance. The implications of these results have profound consequences for high-resolution paleoclimatology in Australasia, as the speed and cheapness of BI generation could lead to a step change in our understanding of past climate in the region.
Alex R. Quijada-Rodriguez, Pou-Long Kuan, Po-Hsuan Sung, Mao-Ting Hsu, Garett J. P. Allen, Pung Pung Hwang, Yung-Che Tseng, and Dirk Weihrauch
Biogeosciences, 18, 6287–6300, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6287-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6287-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic CO2 is chronically acidifying aquatic ecosystems. We aimed to determine the impact of future freshwater acidification on the physiology and behaviour of an important aquaculture crustacean, Chinese mitten crabs. We report that elevated freshwater CO2 levels lead to impairment of calcification, locomotor behaviour, and survival and reduced metabolism in this species. Results suggest that present-day calcifying invertebrates could be heavily affected by freshwater acidification.
Junrong Zha and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 18, 6245–6269, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6245-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6245-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study incorporated moss into an extant biogeochemistry model to simulate the role of moss in carbon dynamics in the Arctic. The interactions between higher plants and mosses and their competition for energy, water, and nutrients are considered in our study. We found that, compared with the previous model without moss, the new model estimated a much higher carbon accumulation in the region during the last century and this century.
Maria Belke-Brea, Florent Domine, Ghislain Picard, Mathieu Barrere, and Laurent Arnaud
Biogeosciences, 18, 5851–5869, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5851-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5851-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Expanding shrubs in the Arctic change snowpacks into a mix of snow, impurities and buried branches. Snow is a translucent medium into which light penetrates and gets partly absorbed by branches or impurities. Measurements of light attenuation in snow in Northern Quebec, Canada, showed (1) black-carbon-dominated light attenuation in snowpacks without shrubs and (2) buried branches influence radiation attenuation in snow locally, leading to melting and pockets of large crystals close to branches.
Sazlina Salleh and Andrew McMinn
Biogeosciences, 18, 5313–5326, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5313-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5313-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The benthic diatom communities in Tanjung Rhu, Malaysia, were regularly exposed to high light and temperature variability during the tidal cycle, resulting in low photosynthetic efficiency. We examined the impact of high temperatures on diatoms' photosynthetic capacities, and temperatures beyond 50 °C caused severe photoinhibition. At the same time, those diatoms exposed to temperatures of 40 °C did not show any sign of photoinhibition.
Cornelius Senf and Rupert Seidl
Biogeosciences, 18, 5223–5230, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5223-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5223-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Europe was affected by an extreme drought in 2018. We show that this drought has increased forest disturbances across Europe, especially central and eastern Europe. Disturbance levels observed 2018–2020 were the highest on record for 30 years. Increased forest disturbances were correlated with low moisture and high atmospheric water demand. The unprecedented impacts of the 2018 drought on forest disturbances demonstrate an urgent need to adapt Europe’s forests to a hotter and drier future.
Jessica L. McCarty, Juha Aalto, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Steve R. Arnold, Sabine Eckhardt, Zbigniew Klimont, Justin J. Fain, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Ari Venäläinen, Nadezhda M. Tchebakova, Elena I. Parfenova, Kaarle Kupiainen, Amber J. Soja, Lin Huang, and Simon Wilson
Biogeosciences, 18, 5053–5083, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5053-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5053-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fires, including extreme fire seasons, and fire emissions are more common in the Arctic. A review and synthesis of current scientific literature find climate change and human activity in the north are fuelling an emerging Arctic fire regime, causing more black carbon and methane emissions within the Arctic. Uncertainties persist in characterizing future fire landscapes, and thus emissions, as well as policy-relevant challenges in understanding, monitoring, and managing Arctic fire regimes.
Alexander J. Winkler, Ranga B. Myneni, Alexis Hannart, Stephen Sitch, Vanessa Haverd, Danica Lombardozzi, Vivek K. Arora, Julia Pongratz, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Daniel S. Goll, Etsushi Kato, Hanqin Tian, Almut Arneth, Pierre Friedlingstein, Atul K. Jain, Sönke Zaehle, and Victor Brovkin
Biogeosciences, 18, 4985–5010, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4985-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4985-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite observations since the early 1980s show that Earth's greening trend is slowing down and that browning clusters have been emerging, especially in the last 2 decades. A collection of model simulations in conjunction with causal theory points at climatic changes as a key driver of vegetation changes in natural ecosystems. Most models underestimate the observed vegetation browning, especially in tropical rainforests, which could be due to an excessive CO2 fertilization effect in models.
Vincent Niderkorn, Annette Morvan-Bertrand, Aline Le Morvan, Angela Augusti, Marie-Laure Decau, and Catherine Picon-Cochard
Biogeosciences, 18, 4841–4853, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4841-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4841-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change can change vegetation characteristics in grasslands with a potential impact on forage chemical composition and quality, as well as its use by ruminants. Using controlled conditions mimicking a future climatic scenario, we show that forage quality and ruminant digestion are affected in opposite ways by elevated atmospheric CO2 and an extreme event (heat wave, severe drought), indicating that different factors of climate change have to be considered together.
Verónica Pancotto, David Holl, Julio Escobar, María Florencia Castagnani, and Lars Kutzbach
Biogeosciences, 18, 4817–4839, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4817-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4817-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the response of a wetland plant community to elevated temperature conditions in a cushion bog on Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. We measured carbon dioxide fluxes at experimentally warmed plots and at control plots. Warmed plant communities sequestered between 55 % and 85 % less carbon dioxide than untreated control cushions over the main growing season. Our results suggest that even moderate future warming could decrease the carbon sink function of austral cushion bogs.
Melissa A. Ward, Tessa M. Hill, Chelsey Souza, Tessa Filipczyk, Aurora M. Ricart, Sarah Merolla, Lena R. Capece, Brady C O'Donnell, Kristen Elsmore, Walter C. Oechel, and Kathryn M. Beheshti
Biogeosciences, 18, 4717–4732, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4717-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4717-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Salt marshes and seagrass meadows ("blue carbon" habitats) can sequester and store high levels of organic carbon (OC), helping to mitigate climate change. In California blue carbon sediments, we quantified OC storage and exchange between these habitats. We find that (1) these salt marshes store about twice as much OC as seagrass meadows do and (2), while OC from seagrass meadows is deposited into neighboring salt marshes, little of this material is sequestered as "long-term" carbon.
Damien Couespel, Marina Lévy, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 18, 4321–4349, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4321-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4321-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An alarming consequence of climate change is the oceanic primary production decline projected by Earth system models. These coarse-resolution models parameterize oceanic eddies. Here, idealized simulations of global warming with increasing resolution show that the decline in primary production in the eddy-resolved simulations is half as large as in the eddy-parameterized simulations. This stems from the high sensitivity of the subsurface nutrient transport to model resolution.
Wu Ma, Lu Zhai, Alexandria Pivovaroff, Jacquelyn Shuman, Polly Buotte, Junyan Ding, Bradley Christoffersen, Ryan Knox, Max Moritz, Rosie A. Fisher, Charles D. Koven, Lara Kueppers, and Chonggang Xu
Biogeosciences, 18, 4005–4020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4005-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4005-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use a hydrodynamic demographic vegetation model to estimate live fuel moisture dynamics of chaparral shrubs, a dominant vegetation type in fire-prone southern California. Our results suggest that multivariate climate change could cause a significant net reduction in live fuel moisture and thus exacerbate future wildfire danger in chaparral shrub systems.
Bertold Mariën, Inge Dox, Hans J. De Boeck, Patrick Willems, Sebastien Leys, Dimitri Papadimitriou, and Matteo Campioli
Biogeosciences, 18, 3309–3330, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The drivers of the onset of autumn leaf senescence for several deciduous tree species are still unclear. Therefore, we addressed (i) if drought impacts the timing of autumn leaf senescence and (ii) if the relationship between drought and autumn leaf senescence depends on the tree species. Our study suggests that the timing of autumn leaf senescence is conservative across years and species and even independent of drought stress.
Anna Katavouta and Richard G. Williams
Biogeosciences, 18, 3189–3218, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3189-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3189-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Diagnostics of the latest-generation Earth system models reveal the ocean will continue to absorb a large fraction of the anthropogenic carbon released to the atmosphere in the next century, with the Atlantic Ocean storing a large amount of this carbon relative to its size. The ability of the ocean to absorb carbon will reduce in the future as the ocean warms and acidifies. This reduction is larger in the Atlantic Ocean due to a weakening of the meridional overturning with changes in climate.
Genevieve Jay Brett, Daniel B. Whitt, Matthew C. Long, Frank Bryan, Kate Feloy, and Kelvin J. Richards
Biogeosciences, 18, 3123–3145, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3123-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3123-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify one form of uncertainty in modeled 21st-century changes in phytoplankton growth. The supply of nutrients from deep to surface waters decreases in the warmer future ocean, but the effect on phytoplankton growth also depends on changes in available light, how much light and nutrient the plankton need, and how fast they can grow. These phytoplankton properties can be summarized as a biological timescale: when it is short, future growth decreases twice as much as when it is long.
Sean M. Ridge and Galen A. McKinley
Biogeosciences, 18, 2711–2725, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2711-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2711-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Approximately 40 % of the CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production have been absorbed by the ocean. The goal of the UNFCCC Paris Agreement is to reduce humanity's emissions so as to limit global warming to no more than 2 °C, and ideally less than 1.5 °C. If we achieve this level of mitigation, the ocean's uptake of carbon will be strongly reduced. Excess carbon trapped in the near-surface ocean will begin to mix back to the surface and will limit additional uptake.
Alexander Koch, Chris Brierley, and Simon L. Lewis
Biogeosciences, 18, 2627–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2627-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2627-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Estimates of large-scale tree planting and forest restoration as a carbon sequestration tool typically miss a crucial aspect: the Earth system response to the increased land carbon sink from new vegetation. We assess the impact of tropical forest restoration using an Earth system model under a scenario that limits warming to 2 °C. Almost two-thirds of the carbon impact of forest restoration is offset by negative carbon cycle feedbacks, suggesting a more modest benefit than in previous studies.
Wei Min Hao, Matthew C. Reeves, L. Scott Baggett, Yves Balkanski, Philippe Ciais, Bryce L. Nordgren, Alexander Petkov, Rachel E. Corley, Florent Mouillot, Shawn P. Urbanski, and Chao Yue
Biogeosciences, 18, 2559–2572, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2559-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2559-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We examined the trends in the spatial and temporal distribution of the area burned in northern Eurasia from 2002 to 2016. The annual area burned in this region declined by 53 % during the 15-year period under analysis. Grassland fires in Kazakhstan dominated the fire activity, comprising 47 % of the area burned but accounting for 84 % of the decline. A wetter climate and the increase in grazing livestock in Kazakhstan are the major factors contributing to the decline in the area burned.
Hangxiao Li, Tianpeng Xu, Jing Ma, Futian Li, and Juntian Xu
Biogeosciences, 18, 1439–1449, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1439-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1439-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Few studies have investigated effects of ocean acidification and seasonal changes in temperature and day length on marine diatoms. We cultured a marine diatom under two CO2 levels and three combinations of temperature and day length, simulating different seasons, to investigate combined effects of these factors. Acidification had contrasting effects under different combinations, indicating that the future ocean may show different effects on diatoms in different clusters of factors.
Andrea J. Fassbender, James C. Orr, and Andrew G. Dickson
Biogeosciences, 18, 1407–1415, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A decline in upper-ocean pH with time is typically ascribed to ocean acidification. A more quantitative interpretation is often confused by failing to recognize the implications of pH being a logarithmic transform of hydrogen ion concentration rather than an absolute measure. This can lead to an unwitting misinterpretation of pH data. We provide three real-world examples illustrating this and recommend the reporting of both hydrogen ion concentration and pH in studies of ocean chemical change.
Claudia Hahn, Andreas Lüscher, Sara Ernst-Hasler, Matthias Suter, and Ansgar Kahmen
Biogeosciences, 18, 585–604, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-585-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-585-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
While existing studies focus on the immediate effects of drought events on grassland productivity, long-term effects are mostly neglected. But, to conclude universal outcomes, studies must consider comprehensive ecosystem mechanisms. In our study, we found that the resistance of growth rates to drought in grasses varies across seasons, and positive legacy effects of drought indicate a high resilience. The high resilience compensates for immediate drought effects on grasses to a large extent.
Wim Verbruggen, Guy Schurgers, Stéphanie Horion, Jonas Ardö, Paulo N. Bernardino, Bernard Cappelaere, Jérôme Demarty, Rasmus Fensholt, Laurent Kergoat, Thomas Sibret, Torbern Tagesson, and Hans Verbeeck
Biogeosciences, 18, 77–93, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-77-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-77-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A large part of Earth's land surface is covered by dryland ecosystems, which are subject to climate extremes that are projected to increase under future climate scenarios. By using a mathematical vegetation model, we studied the impact of single years of extreme rainfall on the vegetation in the Sahel. We found a contrasting response of grasses and trees to these extremes, strongly dependent on the way precipitation is spread over the rainy season, as well as a long-term impact on CO2 uptake.
Yong Zhang, Sinéad Collins, and Kunshan Gao
Biogeosciences, 17, 6357–6375, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6357-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6357-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Our results show that ocean acidification, warming, increased light exposure and reduced nutrient availability significantly reduce the growth rate but increase particulate organic and inorganic carbon in cells in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, indicating biogeochemical consequences of future ocean changes on the calcifying microalga. Concurrent changes in nutrient concentrations and pCO2 levels predominantly affected E. huxleyi growth, photosynthetic carbon fixation and calcification.
Cited articles
Arndt, J. E., Schenke, H. W., Jakobsson, M., Nitsche, F. O., Buys, G.,
Goleby, B., Rebesco, M., Bohoyo, F., Hong, J., Black, J., Greku, R.,
Udintsev, G., Barrios, F., Reynoso-Peralta, W., Taisei, M., and Wigley, R.: The
International Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) – digital bathymetric
model, Version 1.0 – A new bathymetric compilation covering circum-Antarctic
waters, Geophys, Res. Lett., 40, 3111–3117,
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50413, 2013.
Arndt, S., Hoppmann, M., Schmithüsen, H., Fraser, A. D., and Nicolaus, M.: Seasonal and interannual variability of landfast sea ice in Atka Bay, Weddell Sea, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 14, 2775–2793, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2775-2020, 2020.
Arntz, W. E. and Clarke, A. (Eds.): Ecological Studies in the Antarctic Sea
Ice Zone, Springer, Berlin, Germany, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59419-9, 2002.
Arrigo, K. R., Dijken, G., and Long, M.: Coastal Southern Ocean: A strong
anthropogenic CO2 sink, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L21602,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035624, 2008.
Arrigo, K. R., van Dijken, G. L., and Strong, A. L.: Environmental controls
of marine productivity hot spots around Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 5545–5565, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010888,
2015.
Atkinson, A., Hill, S. L., Pakhomov, E. A., Siegel, Reiss, C. S., Loeb, V.
J., Steinberg, D. K., Schmidt,K., Tarling, G. A., Gerrish, L., and Sailley,
S. F.: Krill (Euphausia superba) distribution contracts southward during rapid regional
warming, Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 142–147,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0370-z, 2019.
Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C. S., Metzl, N., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S. D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S. R., Balestrini, C. F., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bianchi, A. A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E. F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ibánhez, J. S. P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lo Monaco, C., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F. J., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K. F., Sutherland, S. C., Sutton, A. J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A. J., and Xu, S.: A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016.
Balaguer, J., Koch, F., Hassler, C., and Trimborn, S.: Iron and manganese
co-limit the growth of two phytoplankton groups dominant at two locations of
the Drake Passage, Biol. Comm., 5, 207, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03148-8,
2022.
Barbier, E. B.: Valuing ecosystem services as productive inputs, Econ.
Policy, 22, 177–229,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2007.00174.x, 2007.
Barnes, D. K. A.: Antarctic sea ice losses drive gains in benthic carbon
drawdown, Curr. Biol., 25, 789–790, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.042, 2015.
Barnes, D. K. A. and Kuklinski, P.: Bryozoans of the Weddell Sea continental
shelf, slope and abyss: did marine life colonize the Antarctic shelf from
deep water, outlying islands or in situ refugia following glaciations?, J.
Biogeogr., 37, 1648–1656,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02320.x. 2010.
Barnes, D. K. A., Fleming, A., Sands, C. J., Quartino, M. L., Deregibus, D.,
Chester, J., and Quartino, M. L.: Icebergs, sea ice, blue carbon and
Antarctic climate feedbacks, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 376,
20170176, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0176, 2018.
Beja, J., Vandepitte, L., Benson, A., Van de Putte, A.,
Lear, D., De Pooter, D.,
Moncoiffé, G., Nicholls, J.,
Wambiji, N., Miloslavich, P., and
Gerovasileiou, V.: Chapter Two – Data services in ocean science with
a focus on the biology, in: Ocean Science Data, edited by: Manzella, G. and
Novellino, A., Elsevier, 67–129,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823427-3.00006-2, 2021.
Berger, S., Drews, R., Helm, V., Sun, S., and Pattyn, F.: Detecting high spatial variability of ice shelf basal mass balance, Roi Baudouin Ice Shelf, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 11, 2675–2690, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2675-2017, 2017.
Bester, M. N., Wege, M., Oosthuizen, W. C., and Bornemann, H.: Ross seal
distribution in the Weddell Sea: fact and fallacy, Polar Biol., 43, 35–41,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02610-4, 2020.
Bittig, H. C., Körtzinger, A., Neill, C., van Ooijen, E., Plant, J. N.,
Hahn, J., Johnson, K. S., Yang, B., and Emerson, S. R.: Oxygen optode
sensors: principle, characterization, calibration, and application in the
ocean, Front. Mar. Sci., 4, 429, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00429, 2018.
Böckmann, S., Koch, F., Meyer, B., Pausch, F., Iversen, M., Driscoll,
R., Laglera, L. M., Hassler, C., and Trimborn, S.: Salp fecal pellets release
more bioavailable iron to Southern Ocean phytoplankton than krill fecal
pellets, Curr. Biol. 31, 2737–2746,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.033, 2021.
Boss, E., Guidi, L., Richardson, M. J., Stemmann, L., Gardner, W., Bishop,
J. K. B., Anderson, R. F., and Sherrell, R. M.: Optical techniques for
remote and in-situ characterization of particles pertinent to GEOTRACES,
Prog. Oceanogr., 133, 43–54,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.09.007, 2015.
Brandt, A., Gutt, J., Hildebrandt, M., Pawlowski, J., Schwendner, J.,
Soltwedel, T., and Thomsen, L.: Cutting the umbilical: new technological
perspectives in benthic deep-sea research, J. Mar. Sci. Eng, 4, 36,
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse4020036, 2016.
Brasier, M. J., Barnes, D., Bax, N., Brandt, A., Christianson, A. B.,
Constable, A. J., Downey, R., Figuerola, B., Griffiths, H., Gutt, J.,
Lockhart, S., Morley, S. A., Post, A. L., Van de Putte, A., Saeedi, H.,
Stark, J. S., Sumner, M., and Waller, C. L.: Responses of Southern Ocean
seafloor habitats and communities to global and local drivers of change,
Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 622721,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.622721, 2021.
Brett, G. M., Irvin, A., Rack, W., Haas, C., Langhorne, P. J., and Leonard,
G. H.: Variability in the distribution of fast ice and the sub-ice platelet
layer near McMurdo Ice Shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, 2019JC015678,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015678, 2020.
Brown, M. S., Munro, D. R., Feehan, C. J., Sweeney, C., Ducklow, H. W., and
Schofield, O. M.: Enhanced oceanic CO2 uptake along the rapidly
changing West Antarctic Peninsula, Nat. Clim. Chang., 9, 678–683,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0552-3, 2019.
Burkhard, B., Kroll, F., Nedkovb, S., and Müller, F.: Mapping ecosystem
service supply, demand and budgets, Ecol. Indic., 21, 17–29,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.06.019, 2012.
Cape, M. R., Vernet, M., Kahru, M., and Spreen, G.: Polynya dynamics drive
primary production in the Larsen A and B embayments following ice shelf
collapse, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 572–594, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009441,
2014.
Castellani, G., Veyssière, G., Karcher, M., Stroeve, J., Banas, S. N.,
Bouman, A. H., Brierley, S. A., Connan, S., Cottier, F., Große, F.,
Hobbs, L., Katlein, C., Light, B., McKee, D., Orkney, A., Proud, R., and
Schourup-Kristensen, V.: Shine a light: Under-ice light and its ecological
implications in a changing Arctic Ocean, Ambio, 51, 307–317,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01662-3, 2022
Catarci, C.: World markets and industry of selected commercially exploited
aquatic species with an international conservation profile, FAO Fisheries
Circular, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, ISSN
0429-9329, 2004.
Cavanagh, R., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Grant, S. M. Barnes, D. K. A., Hughes,
K. A., Halfter, S., Meredith, M. P., Murphy, E. J., Trebilco, R., and Hill,
S. L.: Future risk for Southern Ocean ecosystems: changing physical
environments and anthropogenic pressures in an Earth system, Front. Mar.
Sci., 7, 615214, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.615214,
2021.
Cheung, W. W. L., Lam, V. W. Y., and Pauly, D.: Modelling present and
climate-shifted distribution of marine fishes and invertebrates, Fish. Cent.
Res. Rep., 16, 1–72, 2008.
Cisewski, B. and Strass, V. H.: Acoustic insights into the zooplankton
dynamics of the eastern Weddell Sea, Progr. Oceanogr., 144, 62–92,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.03.005, 2016.
Clarke, A., Arntz, W. E., and Smith, C. R. (Eds.): EASIZ: Ecology of the
Antarctic Sea Ice Zone, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 803–1140,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.05.001, 2006.
Constable, A. J., Costa, D. P., Schofield, O., Newman, L., Urban Jr, E. R.,
Fulton, E. A., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Ballerini, T., Boyd, P. W., Brandt, A.,
de la Mare, W. K., Edwards, M., Eléaume, M., Emmerson, L., Fennel, K.,
Fielding, S., Griffiths, H., Gutt, J., Hindell, M. A., Hofmann, E. E.,
Jennings, S., La, H.-S., McCurdy, A., Mitchell, B. G., Moltmann, T.,
Muelbert, M., Murphy, E., Press, A. J., Raymond, B., Reid, K., Reiss, C.,
Rice, J., Salter, I., Smith, D. C., Song, S., Southwell, C., Swadling, K.
M., Van de Putte, A., and Willis, Z.: Developing priority variables
(“ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables” – eEOVs) for observing dynamics and
change in Southern Ocean ecosystems, J. Mar. Syst., 161, 26–41,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.05.003, 2016.
Cristofari, R., Liu, X., Bonadonna, F., Cherel, Y., Pistorius, P., Le Maho,
Y., Raybaud, V., Stenseth, N. C., Le Bohec, C., and Trucchi, E.:
Climate-driven range shifts of the king penguin in a fragmented ecosystem,
Nat. Clim. Chang., 8, 245–251,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0084-2, 2018.
Daae, K., Hattermann, T., Darelius, E., Mueller, R. D., Naughten, K. A.,
Timmermann, R., and Hellmer, H. H.: Necessary conditions for warm inflow
toward the Filchner Ice Shelf, Weddell Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47,
e2020GL089237, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089237, 2020.
David, C. L., Schaafsma, F. L., van Franeker, J. A., Pakhomov, E. A., Hunt,
B. P. V., Lange, B. A., Castellani, G., Brandt, A., and Flores, H.: Sea-ice
habitat minimizes grazing impact and predation risk for larval Antarctic
krill, Polar Biol., 44, 1175–1193,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02868-7, 2021.
Dayton, P. K., Kim, S., Jarrell, S. C., Oliver, J. S., Hammerstrom, K.,
Fisher, J. L., O'Connor, K., Barber, J. S., Robilliard, G., Bary, J.,
Thurber, A. R., and Conlan, K.: Recruitment, growth and mortality of an
Antarctic hexactinellid sponge, Anoxycalyx joubini, PLOS ONE, 8, e56939,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056939, 2013.
Dayton, P. K., Jarrell, S. C., Kim, S., Parnell, P. E., Thrush, S. F.,
Hammerstrom, K., and Leichter, J. J.: Benthic responses to an Antarctic
regime shift: food particle size and recruitment biology, Ecol. Appl., 29, e01823, https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1823, 2019.
De Broyer, C., Koubbi, P., Griffiths, H. J., Raymond, B., d'Udekem d'Acoz,
C., Van de Putte, A. P., Danis, B., David, B., Grant, S., Gutt, J., Held,
C., Hosie, G., Huettmann, F., Post, A., and Ropert-Coudert, Y.:
Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean, SCAR, Cambridge, ISBN 978-0-948277-28-3, 2014.
de Lavergne, C., Palter, J. B., Galbraith, E. D., Bernardello, R., and
Marinov, I.: Cessation of deep convection in the open Southern Ocean under
anthropogenic climate change, Nat. Commun., 4, 278–282, 2014.
de Steur, L., Gutt, J., and Moreau, S.: Report from the workshop on the
development of the Weddell Sea-Dronning Maud Land Regional Working Group,
SOOS Report Series, 9, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3941419, 2019.
Deininger, M., Koellner, T., Brey, T., and Teschke, K.: Towards mapping and
assessing antarctic marine ecosystem services – The weddell sea case study,
Ecosyst., 22, 174–192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.11.001, 2016.
Díaz. S., Pascual, U., Stenseke, M., Martín-López, B., Watson,
R. T., Molnár, Z., Hill, R., Chan, K. M. A., Baste, I. A., Brauman, K.
A., Polasky, S., Church, A., Lonsdale, M., Larigauderie, A., Leadley, P. W.,
van Oudenhoven, A. P. E., van der Plaat, F., Schröter, M., Lavorel, S.,
Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., Bukvareva, E., Davies, K., Demissew, S., Erpul, G.,
Failler, P., Guerra, C. A., Hewitt, C. L., Keune, H., Lindley, S., and
Shirayama, Y.: Assessing nature's contributions to people, Science,
359, 270–272, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap8826, 2018.
Dorschel, B., Hehemann, L., Viquerat, S., Warnke, F., Dreutter, S., Schulze
Tenberge, Y., Accetella, D., An, L., Barrios, F., Bazhenova, E. A., Black,
J., Bohoyo, F., Davey, C., de Santis, L., Escutia Dotti, C., Fremand, A. C.,
Fretwell, P. T., Gales, J. A., Gao, J., Gasperini, L., Greenbaum, J. S.,
Henderson Jencks, J., Hogan, K. A., Hong, J. K., Jakobsson, M., Jensen, L.,
Kool, J., Larin, S., Larter, R. D., Leitchenkov, G. L., Loubrieu, B.,
Mackay, K., Mayer, L., Millan, R., Morlighem, M., Navidad, F., Nitsche,
F.-O., Nogi, Y., Pertuisot, C., Post, A. L., Pritchard, H. D., Purser, A.,
Rebesco, M., Rignot, E., Roberts, J. L., Rovere, M., Ryzhov, I., Sauli, C.,
Schmitt, T., Silvano, A., Smith, J. E., Snaith, H., Tate, A., Tinto, K.,
Vandenbossche, P., Weatherall, P., Wintersteller, P., Yang, C., Zhang, T.,
and Arndt, J. E.:: The International Bathymetric
Chart of the Southern Ocean Version 2 (IBCSO v2), PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.937574, 2022.
Douglass, L. L., Turner, J., Grantham, H. S., Kaiser, S., Constable, A.,
Nicoll, R., Raymond, B., Post, A., Brandt, A., and Beaver, D.: A
Hierarchical Classification of Benthic Biodiversity and Assessment of
Protected Areas in the Southern Ocean, PLOS ONE 9, e100551,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100551, 2014
Ducklow, H. W., Baker, K., Martinson, D. G., Quetin, L. B., Ross, R. M.,
Smith, R. C., Stammerjohn, S. E., Vernet, M., and Fraser, W.: Marine pelagic
ecosystems: the West Antarctic Peninsula, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 362, 67–94, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1955,
2006.
Eayrs, C., Li, X., Raphael, M. N., and Holland, D. M.: Rapid decline in
Antarctic sea ice in recent years hints at future change, Nat. Geosci., 14,
460–464, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00768-3, 2021.
Eisen, O., Berger, S., and Hoffmann, H.: Kottas-Kohnentraverse-Dichte
2018/2019, in: Expeditions to Antarctica: ANT-Land 2018/19 Neumayer Station
III, Kohnen Station, Flight Operations and Field Campaigns, edited by:
Fromm, T., Oberdieck, C., Heitland, T., and Köhler, P.: Berichte zur
Polar- und Meeresforschung, 733, 1–143, https://doi.org/10.2312/BzPM_0733_2019, 2019.
Eisen, O., Zeising, O., Steinhage, D., Berger, S., Hattermann, T., Pattyn,
F., Trumpik, N., Wehner, I., Korger, I., and Stakemann, J.: MIMO-EIS –
Monitoring melt where Ice Meets Ocean – Continuous observation of ice-shelf
basal melt on Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica, in: Expeditions to
Antarctica: ANT-Land 2019/20 Neumayer Station III, Kohnen Station, Flight
Operations and Field Campaigns, edited by: Fromm, T., Oberdieck, C., Matz,
T., and Wesche, C.: Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung, 745, 1–118,
https://doi.org/10.2312/BzPM_0745_2020, 2020.
Fahrbach, E., Hoppema, M., Rohardt, G., Schröder, M., and Wisotzki, A.:
Causes of deep-water variation: Comment on the paper by L. H. Smedsrud
“Warming of the deep water in the Weddell Sea along the Greenwich meridian:
1977–2001”, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 53, 574–577,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.12.003, 2006.
Fahrbach, E., Hoppema, M., Rohardt, G., Boebel, O., Klatt, O., and Wisotzki,
A.: Warming of deep and abyssal water masses along the Greenwich meridian on
decadal time-scales: The Weddell gyre as a heat buffer, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58, 2509–2523,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.06.007, 2011.
Filun, D., Thomisch, K., Boebel, O., Brey, T., Širović, A.,
Spiesecke, S., and Van Opzeeland, I.: Frozen verses: Antarctic minke whales
(Balaenoptera bonaerensis) call predominantly during austral winter, R. Soc. Open Sci., 7,
192112, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.192112, 2020.
Fischer, M., Bossdorf, O., Gockel S, Hänsel, F., Hemp, A.,
Hessenmöller, D., Korte, G., Nieschulze, J. Pfeiffer, S., Prati, D.,
Renner, S., Schöning, I., Schumacher, U., Wells, K., Buscot, F., Kalko,
E. K. V., Linsenmair, K. E., Schulze, E.-D., and Weisser, W. W.:
Implementing large-scale and long-term functional biodiversity research: The
Biodiversity Exploratories, Basic Appl. Ecol., 11, 473–485,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2010.07.009, 2010.
Flores, H., Atkinson, A., Kawaguchi, S., Krafft, B. A., Milinevsky, G.,
Nicol, S., Reiss, C., Tarling, G. A., Werner, R., Bravo Rebolledo, E.,
Cirelli, V., Cuzin-Roudy, J., Fielding, S., van Franeker, J. A., Groeneveld,
J. J., Haraldsson, M., Lombana, A., Marschoff, E., Meyer, B., Pakhomov, E.
A., Van de Putte, A. P., Rombolá, E., Schmidt, K., Siegel, V., Teschke,
M., Tonkes, H., Toullec, J. Y., Trathan, P. N., Tremblay, N., and Werner,
T.: Impact of climate change on Antarctic krill, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser.,
458, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09831, 2012.
Flores, H., Hunt, B. P. V., Kruse, S., Pakhomov, E. A., Siegel, V., van
Franeker, J. A., Strass, V., van de Putte, A. P., Meesters, E. H. W. G., and
Bathmann, U. V.: Seasonal changes in the vertical distribution and community
structure of Antarctic macrozooplankton and micronekton, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I,
84, 127–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2013.11.001, 2014.
Fretwell, P. T., LaRue, M. A., Morin, P., Kooyman, G. L., Wienecke, B.,
Ratcliffe, N., Fox, A. J., Fleming, A. H., Porter, C., and Trathan, P. N.:
An Emperor Penguin Population Estimate: The First Global Synoptic Survey of
a Species from Space, PLOS ONE, 7, e33751,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033751, 2012.
Frölicher, T. L., Rodgers, K. B., Stock, C. A., and Cheung, W. W. L.:
Sources of uncertainties in 21st century projections of potential ocean
ecosystem stressors, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 1224–1243,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005338, 2016.
Graham, R. M., De Boer, A. M., van Sebille, E., Kohfeld, K. E., and
Schlosser, C.: Inferring source regions and supply mechanisms of iron in the
Southern Ocean from satellite chlorophyll data, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 104, 9–25,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.05.007, 2015.
Grant, S. M., Hill, S. L., Trathan, P. N., and Murphy, E. J.: Ecosystem
services of the Southern Ocean: trade-offs in decision-making, Antarct.
Sci., 25, 603–617, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102013000308, 2013.
Griffiths, H. J., Meijers, A. J. S., and Bracegirdle, T. J.: More losers
than winners in a century of future Southern Ocean seafloor warming, Nat.
Clim. Change, 7, 749–755, 2017.
Gurarie, E., Bengtson, J. L., Bester, M. N., Blix, A. S., Bornemann, H.,
Cameron, M., Nordøy, E. S., Plötz, J., Steinhage, D., and Boveng, P.:
Distribution, density and abundance of Antarctic ice seals in Queen Maud
Land and the eastern Weddell Sea, Polar Biol., 40, 1149–1165,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-016-2029-4, 2017.
Gutt, J. and Piepenburg, D.: Scale-dependent impact on diversity of
Antarctic benthos caused by grounding of icebergs, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser.,
253, 77–83, 2003.
Gutt, J., Barratt, I., Domack, E., d'Udekem d'Acoz, C., Dimmler, W.,
Grémare, A., Heilmayer, O., Isla, E., Janussen, D., Jorgensen, E., Kock,
K.-H., Lehnert, L. S., López-Gonzáles, P., Langner, S., Linse, K.,
Manjón-Cabeza, M. E., Meißner, M., Montiel, A., Raes, M., Robert,
H., Rose, A., Sañé Schepisi, E., Saucède, T., Scheidat, M., Schenke, H.-W., Seiler, J., and Smith, C.: Biodiversity change after
climate-induced ice-shelf collapse in the Antarctic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58,
74–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.024, 2011.
Gutt, J., Griffiths, H. J., and Jones, C. D.: Circum-polar overview and
spatial heterogeneity of Antarctic macrobenthic communities, Mar.
Biodivers., 43, 481–487, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-013-0152-9, 2013a.
Gutt, J., Böhmer, A., and Dimmler, W.: Antarctic sponge spicule mats
shape macrobenthic diversity and act as a silicon trap, Mar. Ecol. Prog.
Ser., 480, 57–71, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10226, 2013b.
Gutt, J., Adams, B., Bracegirdle, T., Cowan, D., Cummings, V., di Prisco,
G., Gradinger, R., Isla, E., McIntyre, T., Murphy, E., Peck, L., Schloss,
I., Smith, C., Suckling, C., Takahashi, A., Verde, C., Wall, D. H., and
Xavier, J.: Antarctic Thresholds – Ecosystem Resilience and Adaptation a new
SCAR-Biology Programme, Polarforsch., 82, 147–150, 2013c.
Gutt, J., Bertler, N., Bracegirdle, T. J., Buschmann, A., Comiso, J., Hosie,
G., Isla, E., Schloss, I. R., Smith, C. R., Tournadre, J., and Xavier, J.
C.: The Southern Ocean ecosystem under multiple climate stresses – an
integrated circumpolar assessment, Glob. Chang. Biol., 21, 1434–1453,
https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12794, 2015.
Gutt, J., Isla, E., Bertler, N., Bodeker, G. E., Bracegirdle, T. J.,
Cavanagh, R. D., Comiso, J. C., Convey, P., Cummings, V., De Conto, R.,
DeMaster, D., di Prisco, G., d'Ovidio, F., Griffiths, H. J., Khan, A. L.,
López- Martínez, J., Murray, A. E., Nielsen, U. N., Ott, S. , Post,
A., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Saucède, T., Schererm R., Schiaparelli, S.,
Schloss, I. R., Smith, C. R., Stefels, J., Stevens, C., Strugnell, J. M.,
Trimborn, S., Verde, C., Verleyen, E., Wall, D. H., Wilson, N. G., and
Xavier, J. C.: Cross-disciplinarity in the advance of Antarctic ecosystem
research, Mar. Genom., 37, 1–17,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2017.09.0062017, 2018.
Gutt, J. and Dieckmann, G.: The Southern Ocean: an extreme environment or
just home of unique ecosystems?, in: Life in extreme environments – Insights
in biological capability, Ecological Reviews, edited by: di Prisco, G.,
Edwards, H., Elster, J., and Huiskes, A., Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 218–233, ISBN 978-1-108-72420-3,
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108683319, 2021.
Gutt, J., Isla, E., Xavier, J. C., Adams, B. J., Ahn, I.-Y., Cheng, C.-H.H.,
Colesi, C., Cummings, V. J., di Prisco, G., Griffiths, H., Hawes, I., Hogg,
I., McIntyre, T., Meiners, K. M., Pearce, D. A., Peck, L., Piepenburg, D.,
Reisinger, R. R., Saba, G. K., Schloss, I. R., Signori, C. N., Smith, C. R.,
Vacchi, M., Verde, C., and Wall, D. H.: Antarctic ecosystems in transition
– life between stresses and opportunities, Biol. Rev., 96, 798–821,
https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12679, 2021.
Haas, C., Langhorne, P. J., Rack, W., Leonard, G. H., Brett, G. M., Price, D., Beckers, J. F., and Gough, A. J.: Airborne mapping of the sub-ice platelet layer under fast ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 15, 247–264, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-247-2021, 2021.
Hancock, A. M., King, C. K., Stark, J. S., McMinn, A., and Davidson, A. T.:
Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic marine organisms: A
meta-analysis, Ecol. Evol., 10, 4495–4514, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6205, 2020.
Hattermann, T., Nøst, O. A., Lilly, J. M., and Smedsrud, L. H.: Two years
of oceanic observations below the Fimbul IceShelf, Antarctica, Geophys. Res.
Lett. 39, L12605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051012, 2012.
Hattermann, T., Smedsrud, L. H., Nøst, O. A., Lilly, J. M.,
and Galton-Fenzi, B. K.: Eddy-resolving simulations of the Fimbul Ice Shelf
cavity circulation: Basal melting and exchange with open ocean, Ocean Model,
82, 28–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.07.004, 2014.
Hattermann, T.: Antarctic thermocline dynamics along a narrow shelf with
easterly winds, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 2419–2443,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0064.1, 2018.
Hattermann, T., Smedsrud, L. H., Nøst, O. A., Lilly, J. M.,
and Galton-Fenzi, B. K.: Eddy-resolving simulations of the Fimbul Ice Shelf
cavity circulation: Basal melting and exchange with open ocean, Ocean Model,
82, 28–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.07.004, 2014.
Hellmer, H. H., Kasuker, F., Timmermann, R., Determann, J., and Rae, J.:
Twenty-first-century warming of a large Antarctic ice-shelf cavity by a
redirected coastal current, Nature, 485, 225–228, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11064,
2012.
Hempel, G. (Ed.): Weddell Sea Ecology, Results of EPOS European “Polarstern”
Study, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 103642775977, 1993.
Herraiz-Borreguero, L., Lannuzel D., van der Merwe P., Treverrow A., and
Pedro, J. B.: Large flux of iron from the Amery Ice Shelf marine ice to Prydz
Bay, East Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 6009–6020,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011687, 2016.
Heywood, K. J., Locarnini, R. A., Frew, R. D., Dennis, P. F., and King, B.
A.: Transport and water masses of the Antarctic Slope Front system in the
eastern Weddell Sea, Ocean, ice and atmosphere: interactions at the
Antarctic continental margin, edited by: Jacobs, S. S and Weiss, R. F., Antarct.
Res. Ser., 75, American Geophysical Union, 203–214, 1998.
Hill, S. L., Atkinson, A., Pakhomov, E. A., and Siegel, V.: Evidence for a
decline in the population density of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba still stands, A
comment on Cox et al., J. Crustac. Biol., 39, 316–322,
https://doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruz004, 2019.
Hindell, M. A., Reisinger, R. R., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Hückstädt, L.
A., Trathan, P. N., Bornemann, H., Charrassin, J.-B., Costa, D. P., Danis,
B., Lea, M.-A., Thompson, D., Torres, L. G., Van de Putte, A. P., Ainley, D.
G., Alderman, R., Andrews-Goff, V., Arthur, B., Ballard, G., Bengtson, J.,
Bester, M. N., Boehme, L., Bost, C.-A., Boveng, P., Cleeland, J.,
Constantine, R., Crawford, R. J. M., Dalla Rosa, L., de Bruyn, P. J. N.,
Delord, K., Descamps, S., Double, M., Dugger, K., Emmerson, L., Fedak, M.,
Friedlaender, A., Gales, N., Goebel, M., Goetz, K. T., Guine, C.,
Goldsworthy, S. D., Harcourt, R., Hinke, J., Jerosch, K., Kato, A., Kerry,
K. R., Kirkwood, R., Kooyman, G. L., Kovacs, K. M., Lawton, K., Lowther, A.,
Lydersen, C., Lyver, P., Makhado, A. B., Márquez, M. E. I., McDonald,
B., McMahon, C., Muelbert, M., Nachtsheim, D., Nicholls, K., Nordøy, E.
S., Olmastroni, S., Phillips, R. A., Pistorius, P., Plötz, J., Pütz,
K., Ratcliffe, N., Ryan, P. G., Santos, M., Blix, A. S., Southwell, C.,
Staniland, I., Takahashi, A., Tarroux, A., Trivelpiece, W., Weimerskirch,
H., Wienecke, B., Wotherspoon, S., Jonsen, I. D., and Raymond, B.: Tracking
of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems, Nature, 580,
87–92, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2126-y, 2020.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and Bruno, J. F.: The impact of climate change on the
world's marine ecosystems, Science, 328, 1523–1528,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189930, 2010.
Hoppema, M.: Weddell Sea turned from source to sink for atmospheric CO2
between pre-industrial time and present, Glob. Planet. Change, 40, 219–231,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2003.08.001, 2004.
Hoppema, M., Bakker, K., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., van Ooijen, J. C., and de
Baar, H. J. W.: Distributions, trends and inter-annual variability of
nutrients along a repeat section through the Weddell Sea (1996–2011), Mar.
Chem., 177, 545–553, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-018-1131-2,
2015
Houstin, A., Zitterbart, D. P., Heerah, K., Eisen, O., Planas-Bielsa, V.,
Fabry, B., and Le Bohec, C.: Juvenile emperor penguin range calls for
extended conservation measures in the Southern Ocean, bioRxiv, preprint:
https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.06.438390, 2021.
Houstin, A., Zitterbart, D. P., Winterl, A., Richter, S., Planas-Bielsa, V.,
Chevallier, D., Ancel, A., Fournier, J., Fabry, B., and Le Bohec, C.:
Biologging of emperor penguins – Attachment techniques and associated
deployment performance, PLOS ONE, 17, e0265849,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265849, 2022.
IPCC: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, in: Contribution of
Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors,
S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y, Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M.
I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K.,
Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge
University Press, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/about/how-to-cite-this-report/ (last access: 21 November 2022), in press., 2021.
IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, in:
Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.
C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E. S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Craig,
M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., and Rama, B., Cambridge University Press, https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf, last access: 22 November 2022.
Isla, E., Gerdes, D., Palanques, A., Teixidó, N., Arntz, W., and Puig,
P.: Relationships between Antarctic coastal and deep-sea particle fluxes:
implications for the deep-sea benthos, Polar Biol., 29, 249,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-005-0046-9, 2006.
Isla, E., Gerdes, D., Palanques, A., and Arntz, W. E.: Downward particle
fluxes, wind and a phytoplankton bloom over a polar continental shelf: a
stormy impulse for the biological pump, Mar. Geol., 259, 59–72,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.12.011, 2009.
Isla, E. and Gerdes, D.: Ongoing ocean warming threatens the rich and
diverse microbenthic communities of the Antarctic continental shelf, Prog.
Oceanogr, 178, 102180, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16093-z, 2019.
Jackson, K., Wilkinson, J., Maksym, T., Meldrum, D., Beckers, J., Haas, C.,
and MacKenzie, D.: A novel and low cost sea ice mass balance buoy, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 2676–2688, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00058.1, 2013.
Janssen, A. R., Badhe, R., Bransome, N. C., Bricher, P., Cavanagh, R., de
Bruin, T., Elshout, P., Grant, S., Griffin, E., Grilly, E., Henley, S. F.,
Hofmann, E. E., Johnston, N. M., Karentz, D., Kent, R., Lynnes, A., Martin,
T., Miloslavich, P., Murphy, E., Nolan, J. E., Sikes, E., Sparrow, M.,
Tacoma, M., Williams, M. J. M., Arata, J. A., Bowman, J., Corney, S., Lau,
S. C. Y., Manno, C., Mohan, R., Nielsen, H., van Leeuwe, M. A., Waller, C.,
Xavier, J. C., and Van de Putte, A. P.: Southern Ocean Action Plan
(2021–2030) in support of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for
Sustainable Development, 69 pp., https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6412191, 2022.
Jones, E. M., Fenton, M., Meredith, M. P., Clargob, N. M., Ossebaar, S.,
Ducklowd, H. W., Venables, H. J., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Ocean acidification
and calcium carbonate saturation states in the coastal zone of the West
Antarctic Peninsula, Deep Sea Res. Pt. II, 139, 181–194,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.01.007, 2017.
Jullion, L., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Meredith, M. P., Holland, P. R.,
Courtois, P., and King, B. A.: Decadal freshening of the Antarctic Bottom
Water exported from the Weddell Sea, J. Climate, 26, 8111–8125,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00765.1, 2013.
Jullion, L., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Bacon, S., Meredith, M. P., Brown, P.
J., Torres-Valdes, S., Speer, K. G., Holland, P. R., Dong, J., Bakker, D.,
Hoppema, M., Loose, B., Venables, H. J., Jenkins, W. J., Messias, M.-J., and
Fahrbach, E.: The contribution of the Weddell Gyre to the lower limb of the
global overturning circulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 3357–3377,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009725, 2014.
Jurasinski, G. and Beierkuhnlein, C.: Spatial patterns of
biodiversity-assessing vegetation using hexagonal grids, Biol. Environ.,
106, 401–411, 2006.
Jutila, A., King, J., Paden, J., Ricker, R., Hendricks, S., Polashenski, C.,
Helm, V., Binder, T., and Haas, C.: High-resolution snow depth on arctic sea
ice from low-altitude airborne microwave radar data, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 60, 4300716, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2021.3063756,
2022.
Kauko, H. M., Hattermann, T., Ryan-Keogh, T., Singh, A., de Steur, L.,
Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Falkenhaug, T., Hallfredsson, E. H., Bratbak,
G., Tsagaraki, T., Berge, T., Zhou, Q., and Moreau, S.: Phenology and
environmental control of phytoplankton blooms in the Kong Håkon VII Hav
in the Southern Ocean, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 623856,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.623856, 2021.
Kennicutt II, M. C., Chown, S. L., Cassano, J. J., Liggett, D., Peck, L. S.,
Massom, R., Rintoul, S. R., Storey, J., Vaughan, D. G., Wilson, T. J.,
Allison, I., Ayton, J., Badhe, R., Baeseman, J., Barrett, P. J., Bell, R.
E., Bertler, N., Bo, S., Brandt, A., Bromwich, D., Cary, S. C., Clark, M.
S., Convey, P., Costa, E. S., Cowan, D., DeConto, R., Dunbar, R., Elfring,
C., Escutia, C., Francis, J., Fricker, H. A., Fukuchi, M., Gilbert, N.,
Gutt, J., Havermans, C., Hik, D., Hosie, G., Jones, C., Kim, Y. D., Le
Mahon, Y., Lee, S. H., Leppe, M., Leychenkov, G., Li, X., Lipenkov, V.,
Lochte, K., López-Martínez, J., Lüdecke, C., Lyons, W.,
Marenssi, S., Miller, H., Morozova, P., Naish, T., Nayak, S., Ravindra, R.,
Retamales, J., Ricci, C. A., Rogan-Finnemore, M., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Samah,
A. A., Sanson, L., Scambos, T., Schloss, I. R., Shiraishi, K., Siegert, M.
J., Simões, J. C., Storey, B., Sparrow, M. D., Wall, D. H., Walsh, J.
C., Wilson, G., Winther, J. G., Xavier, J. C., Yang, H., and Sutherland, W.
J.: A roadmap for Antarctic and Southern Ocean science for the next two
decades and beyond, Antarct. Sci., 27, 3–18,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102014000674, 2014.
Kennicutt II, M. C., Bromwich, D., Liggett, D., Njåstad, B., Peck, L.,
Rintoul, S. R., Ritz, C., Siegert, M. J., Aitken, A., Brooks, C. M.,
Cassano, J., Chaturvedi, S., Chen, D., Dodds, K., Golledge, N. R., Le Bohec,
C., Leppe, M., Murray, A., Nath, P. C., Raphael, M. N., Rogan-Finnemore, M.,
Schroeder, D. M., Talley, L., Travouillon, T., Vaughan, D. G., Wang, L.,
Weatherwax, A. T., Yang, H., and Chown, S. L.: Sustained Antarctic Research:
A 21st Century Imperative, One Earth, 1, 95–113,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2019.08.014, 2019.
Kim, S., Hammerstrom, K., and Dayton, P.: Epifauna community response to
iceberg-mediated environmental change in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica Mar.
Ecol. Prog. Ser., 613, 1–14,
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12899, 2019.
Kohlbach, D., Graeve, M., Lange, B. A., David, C., Schaafsma, F. L., van
Franeker, J. A., Vortkamp, M., Brandt, A., and Flores, H.: Dependency of
Antarctic zooplankton species on ice algae-produced carbon suggests a sea
ice-driven pelagic ecosystem during winter, Glob. Change Biol., 24,
4667–4681, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14392, 2018.
Krüger, L., Ramos, J. A., Xavier, J. C., Grémillet, D.,
González-Solís, J., Petry, M. V., Phillips, R. A., Wanless, R. M.,
and Paiva, V. H.: Projected distributions of Southern Ocean albatrosses,
petrels and fisheries as a consequence of climatic change, Ecography, 41,
195–208, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02590, 2018.
Kusahara, K. and Hasumi, H.: Modeling Antarctic ice shelf responses to
future climate changes and impacts on the ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
118, 2454–2475, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20166, 2013.
Labrousse, S., Fraser, A. D., Sumner, M., Tamura, T., Pinaud, D., Wienecke,
B., Kirkwood, R., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Reisinger, R., Jonsen, I.,
Porter-Smith, R., Barbraud, C., Bost, C., Ji, R., and Jenouvrier, S.:
Dynamic fine-scale sea icescape shapes adult emperor penguin foraging
habitat in east Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 11206–11218,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084347, 2019.
Lai, C.-Z., DeGrandpre, M. D., and Darlington, R. C.: Autonomous optofluidic
chemical analyzers for marine applications: insights from the submersible
autonomous moored instruments (SAMI) for pH and pCO2, Front. Mar. Sci., 4,
438, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00438, 2018.
Lancaster, L. T., Dudaniec, R. Y., Chauhan, P., Wellenreuther, M., Svensson,
E. I., and Hansson, B.: Gene expression under thermal stress varies across a
geographical range expansion front, Mol. Ecol., 25, 1141–1156,
https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13548, 2016.
LaRue, M., Salas, L., Nur, N., Ainley, D., Stammerjohn, S., Pennycook, J.,
Dozier, M., Saints, J., Stamatiou, K., Barrington, L., and Rotella, J.:
Insights from the first global population estimate of Weddell seals in
Antarctica, Sci. Adv., 7, eabh3674,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh3674, 2021.
Laufkötter, C., Vogt, M., Gruber, N., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P., Hauck, J., John, J. G., Lima, I. D., Seferian, R., and Völker, C.: Projected decreases in future marine export production: the role of the carbon flux through the upper ocean ecosystem, Biogeosciences, 13, 4023–4047, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4023-2016, 2016.
Lavergne, T., Sørensen, A. M., Kern, S., Tonboe, R., Notz, D., Aaboe, S., Bell, L., Dybkjær, G., Eastwood, S., Gabarro, C., Heygster, G., Killie, M. A., Brandt Kreiner, M., Lavelle, J., Saldo, R., Sandven, S., and Pedersen, L. T.: Version 2 of the EUMETSAT OSI SAF and ESA CCI sea-ice concentration climate data records, The Cryosphere, 13, 49–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-49-2019, 2019.
Lavergne, T., Kern, S., Aaboe, S., Derby, L., Dybkjaer, G., Garric, G.,
Heil, P., Hendricks, S., Holfort, J., Howell, S., Key, J., Lieser, J. L.,
Maksym, T., Maslowski, W., Meier, W., Munoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J.,
Özsoy, B., Rabe, B., Rack, W., Raphael, M., de Rosnay, P., Smolyanitsky,
V., Tietsche, S., Ukita, J., Vichi, M., Wagner, P., Willmes, S., and Zhao,
X.: A New Structure for the Sea Ice Essential Climate Variables of the
Global Climate Observing System, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 103, 1502–1521,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0227.1, 2022.
Le Paih, N., Hattermann, T., Boebel, O., Kanzow, T., Lüpkes, C.,
Rohardt, G., Strass, V., and Herbette, S.: Coherent seasonal acceleration of
the Weddell Sea boundary current system driven by upstream winds, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2020JC016316,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016316, 2020.
Lenton, A., Tilbrook, B., Law, R. M., Bakker, D., Doney, S. C., Gruber, N., Ishii, M., Hoppema, M., Lovenduski, N. S., Matear, R. J., McNeil, B. I., Metzl, N., Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Monteiro, P. M. S., Rödenbeck, C., Sweeney, C., and Takahashi, T.: Sea–air CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean for the period 1990–2009, Biogeosciences, 10, 4037–4054, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4037-2013, 2013.
Lin, D., Crabtree, J., Dillo, I., Downs, R. R., Edmunds, R., Giaretta, D.,
De Giusti, M., L'Hours, H., Hugo, W., Jenkyns, R., Khodiyar, V., Martone, M.
E., Mokrane, M., Navale, V., Petters, J., Sierman, B., Sokolova, D. V.,
Stockhause, M., and Westbrook, J.: The TRUST Principles for digital
repositories, Sci. Data, 7, 144, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0486-7,
2020.
Lin, Y., Moreno, C., Marchetti, A., Ducklow, H., Schofield, O., Delage, E.,
Meredith, M., Li, Z., Eveillard, D., Chaffron, S., and Cassar, N.: Decline
in plankton diversity and carbon flux with reduced sea ice extent along the
Western Antarctic Peninsula, Nat. Commun., 12, 4948,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25235-w, 2021.
Liu, X. and Millero, F. J.: The solubility of iron in seawater, Mar. Chem.
77, 43–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00074-3,
2002.
Lowther, A., von Quillfeldt, C., Assmy, P., De Steur, L., Deschamps, S.,
Divine, D., Elvevold, S., Forwick, M., Fransson, A., Fraser, A., Gerland,
S., Granskog, M., Hallanger, I., Hattermann, T., Itkin, M., Hop., H., Husum,
K., Kovacs, K., Lydersen, C., Matsuoka, K., Miettinen, A., Moholdt, G.,
Moreau, S., Myhre, P. I., Orme, L., Pavlova, O., and Tandberg, A. H.: A
review of the scientific knowledge of the seascape off Dronning Maud Land,
Antarctica, Polar Biol., 45, 1313–1349, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-022-03059-8, 2022.
MacGilchrist, G. A., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Brown, P. J., Jullion, L.,
Bacon, S., Bakker, D. C. E., Hoppema, M., Meredith, M. P., and
Torres-Valdés, S.: Reframing the carbon cycle of the subpolarSouthern
Ocean, Sci. Adv., 5, eaav6410, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav6410,
2019.
Malpress, V., Bestley, S., Corney, S., Welsford, D., Labrousse, S., Sumner,
M., and Hindell, M.: Bio-physical characterisation of polynyas as a key
foraging habitat for juvenile male southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) in Prydz Bay,
East Antarctica, PLOS ONE, 12, e0184536,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184536, 2017.
Matsuoka, K., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Moholdt, G., Bentley, M. J., Pritchard,
H. D., Brown, J., Conway, H., Drews, R., Durand, G., Goldberg, D.,
Hattermann, T., Kingslake, J., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Martín, C.,
Mulvaney, R., Nicholls, K. W., Pattyn, F., Ross, N. L., Scambos, T., and
Whitehouse, P. L.: Antarctic ice rises and rumples: Their properties and
significance for ice-sheet dynamics and evolution, Earth-Sci. Rev., 150,
724–745, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.09.004, 2015.
McGillicuddy, D. J., Sedwick, P. N., Dinniman, M. S., Arrigo, K. R., Bibby,
T. S., Greenan, B. J. W., Hofmann, E. E., Klinck, J. M., Smith, W. O., Mack,
S. L., Marsay, C. M., Sohst, B. M., and van Dijken, G. L.: Iron supply and
demand in an Antarctic shelf ecosystem, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 8088–8097,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065727, 2015.
McIntyre, T., Bornemann, H., Plötz, J., Tosh, C. A., and Bester, M. N.:
Deep divers in even deeper seas: habitat use of male southern elephant seals
from Marion Island, Ant. Sci., 24, 561–570,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102012000570, 2012.
Meiners, K. M., Vancoppenolle, M., Carnat, G., Castellani, G., Delille, B.,
Delille, D., Dieckmann, G. S., Flores, H., Fripiat, F., Grotti, M., Lange,
B. A., Lannuzel, D., Martin, A., McMinn, A., Nomura, D., Peeken, I., Rivaro,
P., Ryan, K. G., Stefels, J., Swadling, K. M., Thomas, D. N., Tison, J.-L.,
van der Merwe, P., van Leeuwe, M. A., Weldrick, C., and Yang, E. J.:
chlorophyll a in Antarctic land fast sea ice: A first synthesis of
historical ice core data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 8444–8459,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014245, 2018.
Menze, S., Zitterbart, D. P., van Opzeeland, I., and Boebel, O.: The
influence of sea ice, wind speed and marine mammals on Southern Ocean
ambient sound, R. Soc. Open Sci., 4, 160370,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160370, 2017.
Meredith, M., Sommerkorn, M., Cassotta, S., Derksen, C., Ekaykin, A.,
Hollowed, A., Kofinas, G., Mackintosh, A., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Muelbert,
M. M. C., Ottersen, G., Pritchard, H., and Schuur, E. A. G.: Polar Regions,
in: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate,
edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai,
P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai,
M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., and Weyer, N. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 203–320.
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.005.2019.
Meyer, B., Freier, U., Grimm, V., Groeneveld, J., Hunt, B. P., Kerwath, S.,
King, R., Klaas, C., Pakhomov, E., Meiners, K. M., Melbourne-Thomas, J.,
Murphy, E. J., Thorpe, S. E., Stammerjohn, S., Wolf-Gladrow, D., Auerswald,
L., Götz, A., Halbach, L., Jarman, S., Kawaguchi, S., Krumpen, T.,
Nehrke, G., Ricker, R., Sumner, M., Teschke, M., Trebilco, R., and Yilmaz,
N. I.: The winter pack-ice zone provides a sheltered but food-poor habitat
for larval Antarctic krill, Nat. Ecol. Evol., 1, 1853–1861,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0368-3, 2017.
Miller, L. A., Fripiat, F., Else, B. G. T., Bowman, J. S., Brown, K. A.,
Collins, R. E., Ewert, M., Fransson, Gosselin, M., Lannuzel, D., Meiners, K.
M., Christine Michel, C., Nishioka, J., Nomura, D., Papadimitriou, S.,
Russell, L. M., Sørensen, L. L., Thomas, D. N., Tison, J.-L., van Leeuwe,
M. A., Vancoppenolle, M., Wolff, E. W., and Zhou, J.: Methods for
biogeochemical studies of sea ice: The state of the art, caveats, and
recommendations, Elementa, 3, 000038,
https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000038, 2015.
Moline, M. A., Claustre, H., Frazer, T. K., Schofield, O., and Vernet, M.:
Alteration of the food web along the Antarctic Peninsula in response to a
regional warming trend, Glob. Chang. Biol., 10, 1973–1980,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00825.x, 2004.
Montes-Hugo, M., Doney, S. C., Ducklow, H. W., Fraser, W., Martinson, D.,
Stammerjohn, S. E., and Schofield, O.: Recent changes in phytoplankton
communities associated with rapid regional climate change along the western
Antarctic Peninsula, Science, 323, 1470–1473, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164533, 2009.
Monti-Birkenmeier, M., Diociaiuti T., Umani, S. F., and Meyer, B.:
Microzooplankton composition in the winter sea ice of the Weddell Sea,
Antarct. Sci., 29, 299–310, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102016000717, 2017
Moore, S. E. and Grebmeier, J. M.: The Distributed Biological Observatory:
Linking Physics to Biology in the Pacific Arctic Region, Arctic, 71, 1–7,
2018.
Morley, S. A., Abele, D., Barnes, D. K. A., Cárdenas, C. A., Cotté,
C., Gutt, J., Henley, S. F., Höfer, K. A. J., Hughes, K. A., Martin, S.
M., Moffat, C., Raphael, M. N., Stammerjohn, S. E., Suckling, C. C.,
Tulloch, W. J. D., Waller, C. L., and Constable, A. J.: Global drivers on
Southern Ocean ecosystems: changing physical environments and anthrogenic
pressures in an Earth system, Front. Mar. Sci, 7, 547188,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.547188, 2020.
Nachtsheim, D. A., Ryan, S., Schröder, M., Jensen, L., Oosthuizen, W.
C., Bester, M. N., Hagen, W., and Bornemann, H.: Foraging behaviour of
Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in connection to oceanographic conditions in the southern
Weddell Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 173, 165–179,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.02.013, 2019.
Naeem, S.: Chapter 4 Ecological consequences of declining biodiversity: a
biodiversity–ecosystem function (BEF) framework for marine systems, in:
Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Frameworks, methodologies,
and integration, edited by: Solan, M., Aspden, R. J., and Paterson, D. M.,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K., 34–51,
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199642250.001.0001.
Newman, L., Heil, P., Trebilco, R., Katsumata, K., Constable, A. J., van
Wijk, E., Assmann, K., Beja, J., Bricher, P., Coleman, R., Costa, D., Diggs,
S., Farneti, R., Fawcett, S., Gille, S. T., Hendry, K. R., Henley, S. F.,
Hofmann, E., Maksym, T., Mazloff, M., Meijers, A. J. S., Meredith, M. P.,
Moreau, S., Ozsoy, B., Robertson, R., Schloss, I. R., Schofield, O., Shi,
J., Sikes, E. L., Smith, I. J., Swart, S., Wahlin, A., Williams, G.,
Williams, M. J. M., Herraiz-Borreguero, L., Kern, S., Lieser, J., Massom,
R., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Miloslavich, P., and Spreen, G.: Delivering
sustained, coordinated and integrated observations of the Southern Ocean for
global impact, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 433,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00433, 2019.
Nicholls, K. W., Østerhus, S., Makinson, K., Gammelsrød, T., and
Fahrbach, E.: Ice-ocean processes over the continental shelf of the southern
Weddell Sea, Antarctica: A review, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG3003,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RG000250, 2009.
Nicolaus, M., Hoppmann, M., Arndt, S., Hendricks, S., Katlein, C., Nicolaus,
A., Rossmann, L., Schiller, M. and Schwegmann, S.: Snow depth and air
temperature seasonality on sea ice derived from snow buoy measurements,
Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 655446, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.655446, 2021.
Nightingale, A. M., Beaton, A. D., and Mowlem, M. C.: Trends in microfluidic
systems for in situ chemical analysis of natural waters, Sens. Act. B Chem.,
221, 1398–1405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.07.091,
2015.
Nøst, O. A., Biuw, M., Tverberg, V., Lydersen, C., Hattermann, T., Zhou,
Q., Smedsrud, L. H., and Kovacs, K. M.: Eddy overturning of the Antarctic
Slope Front controls glacial melting in the Eastern Weddell Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
116, C11014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC006965, 2011.
Núñez-Riboni, I. and Fahrbach, E.: Seasonal variability of the
Antarctic Coastal Current and its driving mechanisms in the Weddell Sea,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56, 1927–1941,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.06.005, 2009.
Oellermann, M., Strugnell, J., Lieb, B., and Mark, F. C.: Positive selection
in octopus haemocyanin reveals functional links to temperature adaptation,
BMC Evol. Biol., 15, 133, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0411-4, 2015.
Oetting, A., Smith, E. C., Arndt, J. E., Dorschel, B., Drews, R., Ehlers, T. A., Gaedicke, C., Hofstede, C., Klages, J. P., Kuhn, G., Lambrecht, A., Läufer, A., Mayer, C., Tiedemann, R., Wilhelms, F., and Eisen, O.: Geomorphology and shallow sub-sea-floor structures underneath the Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 16, 2051–2066, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2051-2022, 2022.
Okazaki, R. R., Sutton, A. J., Feely, R. A., Dickson, A. G., Alin, S. R.,
Sabine, C. L., Bunje, P. M. E., and Virmani, J. I.: Evaluation of marine pH
sensors under controlled and natural conditions for the Wendy Schmidt Ocean
Health XPRIZE, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 15, 586–600, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10189, 2017.
Oosthuizen, W. C., Reisinger, R. R., Bester, M. N., Steinhage, D., Auel, H.,
Flores, H., Knust, R., Ryan, S., and Bornemann, H.: Habitat-based density
models of pack ice seal distribution in the southern Weddell Sea,
Antarctica, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 673, 211–227, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13787,
2021.
Parkinson, C. L.: A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases
followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 14414–14423,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906556116, 2019.
Pausch, F., Koch, F., Hassler, C., Bracher, A., Bischof, K., and Trimborn,
S.: Responses of a natural phytoplankton community from the Drake Passage to
two predicted climate change scenarios, Front. Mar. Sci., 9, 759501,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.759501, 2022.
Peck, L. S., Barnes, D. K. A., Cook, A. J., Fleming, A. H., and Clarke, A.:
Negative feedback in the cold: Ice retreat produces new carbon sinks in
Antarctica, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 2614–2623.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02071.x, 2010.
Pereira, H. M., Ferrier, S., Walters, M., Geller, G. N., Jongman, R. H. G.,
Scholes, R. J., Bruford, M. W., Brummitt, N., Butchart, S. H. M., ACardoso,
A. C., Coops, N. C., Dulloo, E., Faith, D. P., Freyhof, J., R., Gregory, R.
D., Heip, C., Höft, R., Hurtt, G., Jetz, W., Karp, D. S., McGeoch, M.
A., Obura, D., Onoda, Y., Pettorelli, N., Reyers, B., Sayre, R.,
Scharlemann, J. P. M., Stuart, S. N., Turak, E., Walpole, M., and Wegmann,
M.: Essential Biodiversity Variables, Science, 339, 277–278,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1229931, 2013.
Pertierra, L. R., Santos-Martin, F., Hughes, K. A., Avila, C., Caceres, C.
O., De Filippo, D., Gonzalez, S., Grant, S. M., Lynch, H., Marina-Montes,
C., Quesada, A., Tejedo, P., Tin, T., and Benayas, J.: Ecosystem services in
Antarctica: Global assessment of the current state, future challenges and
managing opportunities, Ecosyst. Serv., 49, 101299,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101299, 2021.
Piazza, P., Cummings, V., Guzzi, A., Ian Hawes, Lohrer, A., Marini, S.,
Marriott, P., Menna, F., Nocerino, E., Peirano, A., Kim, S., and
Schiaparelli, S.: Underwater photogrammetry in Antarctica: long-term
observations in benthic ecosystems and legacy data rescue, Polar Biol., 42,
1061–1079, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02480-w, 2019.
Pineda-Metz, S. E. A., Gerdes, D., and Richter, C.: Benthic fauna declined
on a whitening Antarctic continental shelf, Nat. Commun., 11, 2226,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16093-z, 2020.
Pinkerton, M. H., Boyd, P. W., Deppeler, S., Hayward, A., Höfer, J., and
Moreau, S.: Evidence for the impact of climate change on primary producers
in the Southern Ocean, Front. Ecol. Evol., 9, 592027,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.592027, 2021.
Pörtner, H. O., Scholes, R. J., Agard, J., Archer, E., Arneth, A., Bai,
X., Barnes, D., Burrows, M., Chan, L., Cheung, W. L., Diamond, S., Donatti,
C., Duarte, C., Eisenhauer, N., Foden, W., Gasalla, M. A., Handa, C.,
Hickler, T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Ichii, K., Jacob, U., Insarov, G.,
Kiessling, W., Leadley, P., Leemans, R., Levin, L., Lim, M., Maharaj, S.,
Managi, S., Marquet, P. A., McElwee, P., Midgley, G., Oberdorff, T., Obura,
D., Osman, E., Pandit, R., Pascual, U., Pires, A. P. F., Popp, A.,
Reyes-García, V., Sankaran, M., Settele, J., Shin, Y. J., Sintayehu, D.
W., Smith, P., Steiner, N., Strassburg, B., Sukumar, R., Trisos, C., Val, A.
L., Wu, J., Aldrian, E., Parmesan, C., Pichs-Madruga, R., Roberts, D. C.,
Rogers, A. D., Díaz, S., Fischer, M., Hashimoto, S., Lavorel, S., Wu,
N., and Ngo, H. T.: IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop report on biodiversity
and climate change, IPBES and IPCC, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4782538, 2021.
Purser, A, Hehemann, L., Boehringer, L., Tippenhauer, S., Wege, M.,
Bornemann, H., Pineda-Metz, S. E. A., Flintrop, C. M., Koch, F., Hellmer, H.
H., Burkhardt-Holm, P., Janout, M., Werner, E., Glemser, B., Balaguer, J.,
Rogge, A., Holtappels, M., and Wenzhoefer, F.: A vast icefish breeding
colony discovered in the Antarctic, Curr. Biol., 32, 842–850,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.022, 2022.
Rackow, T, Danilov, S, Goessling, H. F., Hellmer, H. H., Sein, D. V.,
Semmler, T., Sidorenko, D., and Jung, T.: Delayed Antarctic sea-ice decline
in high-resolution climate change simulations, Nat. Commun., 13, 637,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28259-y, 2022.
Raguá-Gil, J. M., Gutt, J., Clarke, A., and Arntz, W. E.: Antarctic
shallow-water mega-epibenthos: shaped by circumpolar dispersion or local
conditions?, Mar. Biol., 144, 829–839, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1269-3, 2004.
Reisinger, R. R., Corney, S., Raymond, B., Lombard, A. T., Bester, M. N.,
Crawford, R. J. M., Davies, D., Bruyn, P. J. N., Dilley, B. J., Kirkman, S.
P., Makhado, A. B., Ryan, P. G., Schoombie, S., Stevens, K. L., Tosh, C. A.,
Wege, M., Whitehead, T. O., Sumner, M. D., Wotherspoon, S., Friedlaender, A.
S., Cotté, C., Hindell, M. A., Ropert-Coudert, Y., and Pistorius, P. A.:
Habitat model forecasts suggest potential redistribution of marine predators
in the southern Indian Ocean, Divers. Distrib., 28, 142–159,
https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13447, 2022a.
Reisinger, R. R., Brooks, C. M., Raymond, B., Freer, J. J., Cotté, C.,
Xavier, J. C., Trathan, P.N., Bornemann, H., Charrassin, J. B., Costa, D.
P., Danis, B., Hückstädt, L., Jonsen, I. D., Lea, M. A., Torres, L.,
Van de Putte, A., Wotherspoon, S., Friedlaender, A. S., Ropert-Coudert, Y.,
and Hindell, M.: Predator-derived bioregions in the Southern Ocean:
Characteristics, drivers and representation in marine protected areas,
Biol. Conserv., 272, 109630,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109630, 2022b.
Richter, S., Gerum, R., Schneider, W., Fabry, B, and Zitterbart, D. P.: A
remote-controlled observatory for behavioural and ecological research: A
case study on Emperor penguins, Methods Ecol. Evol. 9, 1–11,
https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12971, 2018.
Roca, I., Kaleschke, L., and Van Opzeeland, I.: Sea ice anomalies affect the
acoustic presence of Antarctic pinnipeds in their breeding areas, Front.
Ecol. Environ., in press., 2022.
Rogers, A. D., Frinault, B. A. V., Barnes, D. K. A., Bindoff, N. L., Downie,
R., Ducklow, H. W., Friedlaender, A. S., Hart, T., Hill, S. L., Hofmann, E.
E., Linse, K., McMahon, C. R., Murphy, E. J., Pakhomov, E. A., Reygondeau,
G., Staniland, I. J., Wolf-Gladrow, D. A., and Wright, R. M.: Antarctic
futures: An assessment of climate-driven changes in ecosystem structure,
function, and service provisioning in the southern ocean, Annu. Rev. Mar.
Sci., 12, 87–120,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-011028, 2020.
Ropert-Coudert, Y., Van de Putte, A., Reisinger, R., Bornemann, H.,
Charrassin, J.-B., Costa, D., Danis, B., Huckstadt, L., Jonsen, I., Lea,
M.-A., Thompson, D., Torres, L., Trathan, P., Wotherspoon, S., Ainley, D.,
Alderman, R., Andrews-Goff, V., Arthur, B., Ballard, G., Bengtson, J.,
Bester, M., Blix, A. S., Boehme, L,. Bost, C.-A., Boveng, P., Cleeland, J.,
Constantine, R., Crawford, R., Dalla Rosa, L., de Bruyn, P. J. N., Delord,
K., Descamps, S., Double, M. C., Emmerson, L., Fedak, M., Friedlaender, A.,
Gales, N., Goebel, M., Goetz, K., Guinet, C., Goldsworthy, S., Harcourt, R.,
Hinke, J., Jerosch, K., Kato, A., Kerry, K., Kirkwood, R., Kooyman, G.,
Kovacs, K., Lawton, K., Lowther, A., Lydersen, C., Lyver, P., Makhado, A.,
Márquez, M., McDonald, B., McMahon, C., Muelbert, M., Nachtsheim, D.,
Nicholls, K., Nordøy, E., Olmastroni, S., Phillips, R., Pistorius, P.,
Plötz, J., Pütz, K., Ratcliffe, N., Ryan, P., Santos, M., Southwell,
C., Staniland, I., Takahashi, A., Tarroux, A., Trivelpiece, W., Wakefield,
E., Weimerskirch, H., Wienecke, B., Xavier, J., Raymond, B., and Hindell,
M.: The retrospective analysis of antarctic tracking data project, Sci.
Data, 7, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0406-x, 2020.
Sahade, R., Lagger, C., Torre, L., Momo, F., Monien, P., Schloss, I.,
Barnes, D. K. A., Servetto, N., Tarantelli, S., Tatia, M., Zamboni, N., and
Abele, D.: Climate change and glacier retreat drive shifts in an Antarctic
benthic ecosystem, Sci. Adv., 1, e1500050,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500050, 2015.
Sakamoto, C., M., Johnson, K. S., Coletti, L. J., and Jannasch, H. W.:
Pressure correction for the computation of nitrate concentrationsin seawater
using an in situ ultraviolet spectrophotometer, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth.,
15, 897–902, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10209, 2017.
Sañe, E., Isla, E., Gerdes, D., Montiel, A., and Gili, J.-M.: Benthic
macrofauna assemblages and biochemical properties of sediments in two
Antarctic regions differently affected by climate change, Cont. Shelf Res.,
35, 53–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2011.12.008, 2012.
Säring, F., Veit-Köhler, G., Seifert, D., Liskow, I., and Link, H.: Sea-ice–related environmental drivers affect meiofauna and macrofauna communities differently at large scales (Southern Ocean, Antarctic), Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 700, 13–37, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14188, 2022
Schaafsma, F. L., Kohlbach, D., David, C., Lange, B. A., Graeve, M.,
Flores, H., and van Franeker, J. A.: Spatio-temporal variability in the
winter diet of larval and juvenile Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, in ice-covered waters,
Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 580, 101–115, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12309,
2017.
Schall, E., Thomisch, K., Boebel, O., Gerlach, G., Woods, S. M., El-Gabbas,
A., S., and Van Opzeeland, I.: Multi-year presence of humpback whales in the
Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean but not during El Niño, Commun.
Biol., 4, 790, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02332-6,
2021.
Schöning, T., Bergmann, M., Ontrup, J., Taylor, J., Dannheim, J., Gutt,
J., Purser, A., and Nattkemper, T. W.: Semi-automated image analysis for the
assessment of megafaunal densities at the Arctic deep-sea observatory
Hausgarten, PLOS ONE, 7, e38179, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone0038179, 2012.
Seifert, M., Rost, B., Trimborn, S., and Hauck, J.: Meta-analysis of
multiple driver effects on marine phytoplankton highlights modulating role
of pCO2, Glob. Change Biol., 26, 6787–6804, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15341, 2020.
Simpson, R. D.: The “ecosystem service framework”: a critical assessment, in: Valuation of Regulating Services of Ecosystems, Methodology and Applications (1st ed.), edited by: Kumar, P. and Wood, M., Routledge, 40 et sqq., https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203847602, 2010.
Smedsrud, L. H.: Warming of the deep water in the Weddell Sea along the
Greenwich meridian: 1977–2001, Deep-Sea Res, 52, 241–258, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.10.004, 2005.
Smith, E. C., Hattermann, T., Kuhn, G., Gaedicke, C., Berger, S., Drews, R.,
Ehlers, T. A., Franke, D., Gromig, R., Hofstede, C., Lambrecht, A.,
Läufer, A., Mayer, C., Tiedemann, R., Wilhelms, F., and Eisen, O.:
Detailed seismic bathymetry beneath Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica:
Implications for glacial history and ice-ocean interaction, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 47, e2019GL086187, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086187,
2020.
Smith, P., Arneth, A., Barnes, D. K. A., Ichii, K., Marquet, P. A., Popp,
A., Pörtner, H. O., Rogers, A. D., Scholes, R. J., Strassburg, B., Wu,
J., and Ngo, H.: How do we best synergize climate mitigation actions to
co-benefit biodiversity?, Glob. Change Biol., 28, 2555–2577,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16056, 2022.
Smith, R. C., Fraser, W. R., Stammerjohn, S. E., and Vernet, M.: Palmer
Long-Term Ecological Research on the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem, in: Antarctic Research Series, edited by: Domack,
E., Levente, A., Burnet, A., Bindschadler, R., Convey, P., and Kirby, M., American Geophysical
Union, 131–144, https://doi.org/10.1029/AR079p0131, 2013.
Somero, G. N.: The physiology of global change: linking patterns to
mechanisms, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 4, 39–61,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100935, 2012.
Steiner, N., Bowman, J. Campbell, K.; Chierici, M., Eronen-Rasimus, E.,
Falardeau, M., Flores, H., Fransson, A., Herr, H., Insley, S., Kauko, H.,
Lannuzel, D., Loseto, L., Lynnes, A., Majewski, A., Meiners, K., Miller, L.,
Michel, L., Moreau, S., Nacke, M., Nomura, D., Tedesco, L., van Franeker, J.
A., van Leeuwe, M., and Wongpan, P.: Climate change impacts on sea-ice
ecosystems and associated ecosystem services, Elementa, 9, 00007,
https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00007, 2021.
Strass, V. H., Rohardt, G., Kanzow, T., Hoppema, M., and Boebel, O.:
Multidecadal warming and density loss in the deep Weddell Sea, Antarctica,
J. Climate, 33, 9863–9881,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0271, 2020.
Strobel, A., Bennecke, S., Leo, E., Mintenbeck, K., Portner, H. O., and
Mark, F. C.: Metabolic shifts in the Antarctic fish Notothenia rossii in response to rising
temperature and pCO2, Front. Zool., 9, 28, https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-9-28,
2012.
Sun, S., Hattermann, T., Pattyn, F., Nicholls, K. W., Drews, R., and Berger,
S.: Topographic shelf waves control seasonal melting near Antarctic ice
shelf grounding lines, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 9824–9832,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083881, 2019.
Tagliabue, A. and Arrigo, K. R.: Decadal trends in air-sea CO2 exchange
in the Ross Sea (Antarctica), Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 5271–5278,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069071, 2016.
Teschke, K., Beaver, D., Bester, M. N., Bombosch, A., Bornemann, H., Brandt,
A., Brtnik, P., de Broyer, C., Burkhardt, E., Dieckmann, G., Douglass, L.,
Flores, H., Gerdes, D., Griffiths, H. J., Gutt, J., Hain, S., Hauck, J.,
Hellmer, H., Herata, H., Hoppema, M., Isla, E., Jerosch, K., Kock, K.-H.,
Krause, R., Kuhn, G., Lemke, P., Liebschner, A., Linse, K., Miller, H.,
Mintenbeck, K., Nixdorf, U., Pehlke, H., Post, A., Schröder, M., Shust,
K. V., Schwegmann, S., Siegel, V., Strass, V., Thomisch, K., Timmermann, R.,
Trathan, P. N., van de Putte, A., van Franeker, J., van Opzeeland, I. C.,
von Nordheim, H., and Brey, T.: Scientific background document in support of
a CCAMLR MPA in the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) – Version 2016 – Part A:
General context of the establishment of MPAs and background information on
the Weddell Sea MPA planning area, WG-EMM-16/01, CCAMLR, Hobart, 112 pp.,
2016.
Teschke, K., Pehlke, H., Siegel, V., Bornemann, H., Knust, R., and Brey, T.: An integrated compilation of data sources for the development of a marine protected area in the Weddell Sea, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1003–1023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1003-2020, 2020a.
Teschke, K., Brtnik, P., Hain, S., Herata, H., Liebschner, A., Pehlke, H.,
and Brey, T.: Planning marine protected areas under the CCAMLR regime – The
case of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica), Mar. Policy, 124, 104370,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104370, 2020b.
Thomisch, K., Boebel, O., Clark, C. W., Hagen, W., Spiesecke, S.,
Zitterbart, D. P., and Van Opzeeland, I.: Spatio-temporal patterns in
acoustic presence and distribution of Antarctic blue whales Balaenoptera
musculus intermedia in the Weddell Sea, Endanger, Species Res., 30, 239–253,
https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00739, 2016.
Thompson, A. F., Stewart, A. L., Spence, P., and Heywood, K. J.: The
Antarctic slope current in a changing climate, Rev. Geophys., 56, 741–770,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000624, 2018.
Thompson, D. W. J., Solomon, S., Kushner, P. J., England, M. H., Grise, K.
M., and Karoly, D. J.: Signatures of the Antarctic ozone hole in Southern
Hemisphere surface climate change, Nat. Geosci., 4, 741–749,
https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1296, 2011.
Timmermann, R. and Goeller, S.: Response to Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf cavity warming in a coupled ocean–ice sheet model – Part 1: The ocean perspective, Ocean Sci., 13, 765–776, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-765-2017, 2017.
Trimborn, S., Brenneis, T., Hoppe, C. J. M., Laglera, L. M., Norman, L.,
Santos-Echeandía, J., Völkner, C., Wolf-Gladrow, D., and Hassler,
C. S.: Iron sources alter the response of Southern Ocean phytoplankton to
ocean acidification, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 578, 35–50, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12250, 2017.
Turner, J. and Comiso, J.: Solve Antarctica's sea ice puzzle, Nature, 547,
275–277, https://doi.org/10.1038/547275a, 2017.
Turner, J., Barrand, N. E., Bracegirdle, T. J., Convey, P., Hodgson, D.,
Jarvis, M., Jenkins, A., Marshall, G., Meredith, M. P., Roscoe, H.,
Shanklin, J., French, J., Goosse, H., Gutt, J., Jacobs, S., Kennicutt II, M.
C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Mayewski, P., Navarro, F., Robinson, S., Scambos,
T., Sparrow, M., Summerhayes, C., Speer, K., and Klepikov, A.: Antarctic
climate change and the environment: an update, Polar. Rec., 50, 237–259,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247413000296, 2014.
Turner, J., Phillips, T., Marshall, G. J., Hosking, J. S., Pope, J. O.,
Bracegirdle, T. J., and Deb, P.: Unprecedented springtime retreat of
Antarctic sea ice in 2016, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6868–6875,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073656, 2017.
Turner, J., Holmes, C., Caton Harrison, T., Phillips, T., Jena, B.,
Reeves-Francois, T., Fogt, R., Thomas, E. R., and Bajish, C. C.: Record low
Antarctic sea ice cover in February 2022, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49,
e2022GL098904, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098904, 2022.
Usbeck, R., Rutgers van der Loeff, M., Hoppema, M., and Schlitzer, R.:
Shallow remineralization in the Weddell Gyre, Geochem. Geophys.
Geosys., 3, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000182, 2002.
Van de Putte, A. P., Griffiths, H. J., Brooks, C., Bricher, P., Sweetlove,
M., Halfter, S., and Raymond, B.: From data to marine ecosystem assessments
of the Southern Ocean: Achievements, challenges, and lessons for the future,
Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 637063, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.637063, 2021.
van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Hoppema, M., Huhn, O., Slagter, H. A., and de Baar,
H. J. W.: Direct observation of increasing CO2 in the Weddell Gyre
along the Prime Meridian during 1973–2008, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58, 2613–2635,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.08.007, 2011.
Van Opzeeland, I., Van Parijs, S., Bornemann, H., Frickenhaus, S.,
Kindermann, L., Klinck, H., Plötz, J., and Boebel, O.: Acoustic ecology
of Antarctic pinnipeds, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 414, 267–291,
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08683, 2010.
Vancoppenolle, M., Meiners, K., Michel, C., Bopp, L., Brabant, F., Carnat,
G., Delille, B., Lannuzel, D., Madec, G., Moreau, S., Tison, J.-L., and van
der Merwe, P.: Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging
views and challenges, Quat. Sci. Rev., 79, 207–230,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.011, 2013.
Verbitsky, J.: Ecosystem services and Antarctica: The time has come?, Ecosys.
Serv., 29, 381–394, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.10.015,
2018.
Vernet, M., Geibert, W., Hoppema, M., Brown, P., Haas, C., Hellmer, H. H.,
Jokat, W., Jullion, L., Mazloff, M., Bakker, D. C. E., Brearley, A., Croot,
P., Hattermann, T., Hauck, J., Hillenbrand, C. D., Hoppe, J. C. M., Huhn,
O., Koch, B. P., Lechtenfeld, O. J., Meredith, M. P., Naveira Garabato, A.
C., Nöthig, E. M., Peeken, I., Polzin, K., Rutgers van der Loeff, M. M.,
Schmidtko, S., Schröder, M., Strass, V. H., Torres-Valdés, S., and
Verdy, A.: The Weddell Gyre, Southern Ocean: Present knowledge and future
challenges, Rev. Geophys., 57, 623–708,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000604, 2019.
Walther, G. R., Post, E., Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C., Beebee, T.
J. C., Fromentin, J. M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., and Bairlein, F.: Ecological
responses to recent climate change, Nature, 416, 389–395, 2002.
Watanabe, Y., Bornemann, H., Liebsch, N., Plötz, J., Sato, K., Naito,
Y., and Miyazaki, N.: Seal-mounted cameras detect invertebrate fauna on the
underside of an Antarctic ice shelf, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 309,
297–300, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps309297, 2006.
Wege, M., Salas, L., and LaRue, M.: Citizen science and habitat modelling
facilitates conservation planning for crabeater seals in the Weddell Sea,
Divers. Distrib., 26, 1291–1304, https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13120,
2020.
Wege, M., Bornemann, H., Blix, A. S., Nordøy, E. S., Biddle, L. C., and
Bester, M. N.: Distribution and habitat suitability of Ross seals in a
warming Ocean, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 1–15,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.659430, 2021a.
Wege, M., Salas, L., and LaRue, M.: Ice matters: Life-history strategies of
two Antarctic seals dictate climate change eventualities in the Weddell Sea,
Glob. Change Biol., 27, 6252–6262, https://doi.org./10.1111/gcb.15828,
2021b.
Weller, R., Levin, I., Wagenbach, D., and Minikin, A.: The air chemistry
observatory at Neumayer Stations (GvN and NM-II) Antarctica, Polarforschung
76, 39–46, 2006.
Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J.,
Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., Blomberg, N., Boiten, J.-W., da Silva
Santos, L. B., Bourne, P. E., Bouwman, J., Brookes, A. J., Clark, T.,
Crosas, M., Dillo, I., Dumon, O., Edmunds, S, Evelo, C. T., Finkers, R.,
Gonzalez-Beltran, A., Gray, A. J. G., Groth, P., Goble, C., Grethe, J. S.,
Heringa, J., 't Hoen, P. A. C., Hooft, R., Kuhn, T., Kok, R., Kok, J.,
Lusher, S. J., Martone, M. E., Mons, A., Packer, A. L., Persson, B.,
Rocca-Serra, P., Roos, M., van Schaik, R., Sansone, S.-A., Schultes, E.,
Sengstag, T., Slater, T., Strawn, G., Swertz, M. A., Thompson, M., van der
Lei, J., van Mulligen, E., Velterop, J., Waagmeester, A., Wittenburg, P.,
Wolstencroft, K., Zhao, J., and Mons, B.: The FAIR Guiding Principles for
scientific data management and stewardship, Sci. Data, 3, 160018,
https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18, 2016.
Windisch, H. S., Frickenhaus, S., John, U., Knust, R., Pörtner, H.-O.,
and Lucassen, M.: Stress response or beneficial temperature acclimation:
transcriptomic signatures in Antarctic fish (Pachycara brachycephalum), Mol. Ecol., 23, 3469–3482,
https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12822, 2014.
Xavier, J. C., Mateev, D., Capper, L., Wilmotte, A., and Walton, D. W. H.:
Education and outreach by the Antarctic Treaty parties, observers and
experts under the framework of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings,
Polar. Rec., 55, 241–244, https://doi.org/10.1017/S003224741800044X, 2019.
Ye, Y., Völker, C., and Gledhill, M.: Exploring the iron-binding
potential of the ocean using a combined pH and DOC parameterization, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 34, e2019GB006425, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006425,
2020.
Younger, J. L., Emmerson, L. M., and Miller, K. J.: The influence of
historical climate changes on Southern Ocean marine predator populations: a
comparative analysis, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 474–493, 2016.
Zhou, Q., Hattermann, T., Nøst, O. A., Biuw, M., Kovacs, K. M., and
Lydersen, C.: Wind driven spreading of freshwater beneath the ice shelves in
the Eastern Weddell Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 3818–3833,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009556, 2014.
Zwerschke, N., Sands, C. J., Roman-Gonzalez, A., Barnes, D. K. A., Guzzi,
A., Jenkins, S., Muñoz-Ramírez, C., and Scourse, J.: Quantification
of blue carbon pathways contributing to negative feedback on climate change
following glacier retreat in West Antarctic fjords, Glob. Change Biol.,
28, 8–20, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15898, 2022.
Short summary
Long-term ecological observations are key to assess, understand and predict impacts of environmental change on biotas. We present a multidisciplinary framework for such largely lacking investigations in the East Antarctic Southern Ocean, combined with case studies, experimental and modelling work. As climate change is still minor here but is projected to start soon, the timely implementation of this framework provides the unique opportunity to document its ecological impacts from the very onset.
Long-term ecological observations are key to assess, understand and predict impacts of...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint