Articles | Volume 19, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5313-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5313-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Reviews and syntheses
| 
23 Nov 2022
Reviews and syntheses |
| 23 Nov 2022
| 23 Nov 2022
Reviews and syntheses: A framework to observe, understand and project ecosystem response to environmental change in the East Antarctic Southern Ocean
Julian Gutt
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Stefanie Arndt
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
David Keith Alan Barnes
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, CB3 OET, UK
Horst Bornemann
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Thomas Brey
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity,
Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Olaf Eisen
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
Hauke Flores
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Huw Griffiths
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, CB3 OET, UK
Christian Haas
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Stefan Hain
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Tore Hattermann
Norwegian Polar Institute, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, 9007, Tromsø,
Norway
Christoph Held
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Mario Hoppema
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Enrique Isla
Marine Geosciences Department, Institute of Marine Sciences-CSIC, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
Markus Janout
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Céline Le Bohec
Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000,
Strasbourg, France
Département de Biologie Polaire, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, MC
98000, Monaco City, Monaco
Heike Link
Department Maritime Systems, University of Rostock, 18059 Kiel,
Germany
Felix Christopher Mark
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Sebastien Moreau
Norwegian Polar Institute, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, 9007, Tromsø,
Norway
Scarlett Trimborn
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Ilse van Opzeeland
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity,
Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Hans-Otto Pörtner
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Fokje Schaafsma
Wageningen Marine Research, Ankerpark 27, 17871 AG Den Helder, the
Netherlands
Katharina Teschke
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity,
Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Sandra Tippenhauer
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Anton Van de Putte
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
Marine Biology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
Daniel Zitterbart
Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054,
Erlangen, Germany
Dieter Piepenburg
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity,
Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Institute for Ecosystem Research, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel,
Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Shenjie Zhou, Pierre Dutrieux, Claudia F. Giulivi, Adrian Jenkins, Alessandro Silvano, Christopher Auckland, E. Povl Abrahamsen, Michael Meredith, Irena Vaňková, Keith Nicholls, Peter E. D. Davis, Svein Østerhus, Arnold L. Gordon, Christopher J. Zappa, Tiago S. Dotto, Ted Scambos, Kathryn L. Gunn, Stephen R. Rintoul, Shigeru Aoki, Craig Stevens, Chengyan Liu, Sukyoung Yun, Tae-Wan Kim, Won Sang Lee, Markus Janout, Tore Hattermann, Julius Lauber, Elin Darelius, Anna Wåhlin, Leo Middleton, Pasquale Castagno, Giorgio Budillon, Karen J. Heywood, Jennifer Graham, Stephen Dye, Daisuke Hirano, and Una Kim Miller
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 5693–5706, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5693-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5693-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We created the first standardised dataset of in-situ ocean measurements time series from around Antarctica collected since 1970s. This includes temperature, salinity, pressure, and currents recorded by instruments deployed in icy, challenging conditions. Our analysis highlights the dominance of tidal currents and separates these from other patterns to study regional energy distribution. This unique dataset offers a foundation for future research on Antarctic ocean dynamics and ice interactions.
Robert G. Bingham, Julien A. Bodart, Marie G. P. Cavitte, Ailsa Chung, Rebecca J. Sanderson, Johannes C. R. Sutter, Olaf Eisen, Nanna B. Karlsson, Joseph A. MacGregor, Neil Ross, Duncan A. Young, David W. Ashmore, Andreas Born, Winnie Chu, Xiangbin Cui, Reinhard Drews, Steven Franke, Vikram Goel, John W. Goodge, A. Clara J. Henry, Antoine Hermant, Benjamin H. Hills, Nicholas Holschuh, Michelle R. Koutnik, Gwendolyn J.-M. C. Leysinger Vieli, Emma J. MacKie, Elisa Mantelli, Carlos Martín, Felix S. L. Ng, Falk M. Oraschewski, Felipe Napoleoni, Frédéric Parrenin, Sergey V. Popov, Therese Rieckh, Rebecca Schlegel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Xueyuan Tang, Thomas O. Teisberg, Kate Winter, Shuai Yan, Harry Davis, Christine F. Dow, Tyler J. Fudge, Tom A. Jordan, Bernd Kulessa, Kenichi Matsuoka, Clara J. Nyqvist, Maryam Rahnemoonfar, Matthew R. Siegfried, Shivangini Singh, Vjeran Višnjević, Rodrigo Zamora, and Alexandra Zuhr
The Cryosphere, 19, 4611–4655, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4611-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4611-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The ice sheets covering Antarctica have built up over millenia through successive snowfall events which become buried and preserved as internal surfaces of equal age detectable with ice-penetrating radar. This paper describes an international initiative working together on these archival data to build a comprehensive 3-D picture of how old the ice is everywhere across Antarctica and how this is being used to reconstruct past and to predict future ice and climate behaviour.
Ailsa Chung, Frédéric Parrenin, Robert Mulvaney, Luca Vittuari, Massimo Frezzotti, Antonio Zanutta, David A. Lilien, Marie G. P. Cavitte, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 19, 4125–4140, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4125-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4125-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We applied an ice flow model to a flow line from the summit of Dome C to the Beyond EPICA ice core drill site on Little Dome C in Antarctica. Results show that the oldest ice at the drill site may be 1.12 Ma (at an age density of 20 kyr m-1) and originate from around 15 km upstream. We also discuss the nature of the 200–250 m thick basal layer which could be composed of stagnant ice, disturbed ice or even accreted ice (possibly containing debris).
Friedrich J. Bohn, Giles B. Sioen, Ana Bastos, Yolandi Ernst, Marcin P. Jarzebski, Niak S. Koh, Romina Martin, Anja Rammig, Alex Godoy-Faúndez, Alexandros Gasparatos, Alvaro G. Gutiérrez, Amanda J. Aceituno, Andra-Ioana Horcea-Milcu, Andrea Marais-Potgieter, Ayyoob Sharifi, Caroline Howe, Cornelia B. Krug, Eduardo E. Acosta, Emmanuel F. Nzunda, Erik Andersson, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Helen Sooväli-Sepping, Ishihara Hiroe, Ivan Palmegiani, Kaera Coetzer, Kirsten Thonike, Krizler Tanalgo, Lisa Biber-Freudenberger, Nicholas O. Oguge, Mi S. Park, Milena Gross, Pablo De La Cruz, Paula R. Prist, Peng Bi, Rivera Diego, Roman Isaac, Rosemary McFarlane, Sinikka J. Paulus, Stefanie Burkhart, Sung-Ching Lee, Susanne Müller, Uchi D. Terhile, Wan-Yu Shih, William K. Smith, Viola Hakkarainen, Virginia Murray, Yuki Yoshida, Yohannes T. Damtew, and Zeenat Niazi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3619, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3619, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this series is to provide decision-makers with valuable insights into the current state of biosphere research. Firstly, it is intended to ensure the flow of information between the comprehensive assessment reports of the IPCC and IPBES. On the other hand, it is intended to support economic and political decisions closely related to the biosphere with scientifically sound findings – including uncertainties – and comprehensive polysolutions, helping to solve the earth system polycrisis.
Morven Muilwijk, Tore Hattermann, Rebecca L. Beadling, Neil C. Swart, Aleksi Nummelin, Chuncheng Guo, David M. Chandler, Petra Langebroek, Shenjie Zhou, Pierre Dutrieux, Jia-Jia Chen, Christopher Danek, Matthew H. England, Stephen M. Griffies, F. Alexander Haumann, André Jüling, Ombeline Jouet, Qian Li, Torge Martin, John Marshall, Andrew G. Pauling, Ariaan Purich, Zihan Song, Inga J. Smith, Max Thomas, Irene Trombini, Eveline van der Linden, and Xiaoqi Xu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3747, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3747, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic meltwater affects ocean stratification and temperature, which in turn influences the rate of ice shelf melting—a coupling missing in most climate models. We analyze a suite of climate models with added meltwater to explore this feedback in different regions. While meltwater generally enhances ocean warming and melt, in West Antarctica most models simulate coastal cooling, suggesting a negative feedback that could slow future ice loss there.
Neil Ross, Rebecca J. Sanderson, Bernd Kulessa, Martin Siegert, Guy J. G. Paxman, Keir A. Nichols, Matthew R. Siegfried, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Michael J. Bentley, Tom A. Jordan, Christine L. Batchelor, David Small, Olaf Eisen, Kate Winter, Robert G. Bingham, S. Louise Callard, Rachel Carr, Christine F. Dow, Helen A. Fricker, Emily Hill, Benjamin H. Hills, Coen Hofstede, Hafeez Jeofry, Felipe Napoleoni, and Wilson Sauthoff
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3625, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3625, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
We review previous research into a group of fast-flowing Antarctic ice streams, the Foundation-Patuxent-Academy System. Previously, we knew relatively little how these ice streams flow, how they interact with the ocean, what their geological history was, and how they might evolve in a warming world. By reviewing existing information on these ice streams, we identify the future research needed to determine how they function, and their potential contribution to global sea level rise.
Ole Zeising, Tore Hattermann, Lars Kaleschke, Sophie Berger, Olaf Boebel, Reinhard Drews, M. Reza Ershadi, Tanja Fromm, Frank Pattyn, Daniel Steinhage, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 19, 2837–2854, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2837-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2837-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Basal melting of ice shelves impacts the mass loss of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. This study focuses on the Ekström Ice Shelf in East Antarctica, using multiyear data from an autonomous radar system. Results show a surprising seasonal pattern of high melt rates in winter and spring. The seasonalities of sea-ice growth and ocean density indicate that, in winter, dense water enhances plume activity and melt rates. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for improving future mass balance projections.
Guillaume Liniger, Delphine Lannuzel, Sébastien Moreau, Michael S. Dinniman, and Peter G. Strutton
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3149, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3149, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study investigates the links between the phytoplankton bloom and environmental parameters in the Amundsen polynyas (areas of open water within sea ice). Between 1998 and 2017, we find that changes in melting ice shelves may have different impacts on biological productivity between the Pine Island (PIP) and Amundsen Sea (ASP) polynyas. While ice shelf melting seems to play an important role for phytoplankton growth in the ASP, light and warmer waters appear to be more important in the PIP.
Claire K. Yung, Xylar S. Asay-Davis, Alistair Adcroft, Christopher Y. S. Bull, Jan De Rydt, Michael S. Dinniman, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Daniel Goldberg, David E. Gwyther, Robert Hallberg, Matthew Harrison, Tore Hattermann, David M. Holland, Denise Holland, Paul R. Holland, James R. Jordan, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Kazuya Kusahara, Gustavo Marques, Pierre Mathiot, Dimitris Menemenlis, Adele K. Morrison, Yoshihiro Nakayama, Olga Sergienko, Robin S. Smith, Alon Stern, Ralph Timmermann, and Qin Zhou
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1942, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1942, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
ISOMIP+ compares 12 ocean models that simulate ice-ocean interactions in a common, idealised, static ice shelf cavity setup, aiming to assess and understand inter-model variability. Models simulate similar basal melt rate patterns, ocean profiles and circulation but differ in ice-ocean boundary layer properties and spatial distributions of melting. Ice-ocean boundary layer representation is a key area for future work, as are realistic-domain ice sheet-ocean model intercomparisons.
Hameed Moqadam and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 19, 2159–2196, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2159-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2159-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This is an overview of methodologies that have been applied to map the internal reflection horizons, or ice-layer boundaries, of ice sheets on Earth and other planets. We briefly explain radar applications in glaciology and the methods which have been used and published. There are summaries of the published work of the last 2 decades. Finally, we conclude by introducing the gaps and opportunities for further advancement in this field, and we present possible future directions.
Steven Franke, Mara Neudert, Veit Helm, Arttu Jutila, Océane Hames, Niklas Neckel, Stefanie Arndt, and Christian Haas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2657, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2657, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research explored how icebergs affect the distribution of snow and flooding on Antarctic coastal sea ice. Using aircraft-based radar and laser scanning, we found that icebergs create thick snow drifts on their wind-facing sides and leave snow-free zones in their lee. The weight of these snow drifts often causes the ice below to flood, forming slush. These patterns, driven by wind and iceberg placement, are crucial for understanding sea ice changes and improving climate models.
Tamara Annina Gerber, David A. Lilien, Niels F. Nymand, Daniel Steinhage, Olaf Eisen, and Dorthe Dahl-Jensen
The Cryosphere, 19, 1955–1971, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1955-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1955-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how anisotropic scattering and birefringence affect radar signals in ice sheets. Using data from northeast Greenland, we show that anisotropic scattering – driven by subtle ice crystal orientation changes – dominates the azimuthal power response. We find a strong link between scattering strength, orientation, and stratigraphy. This suggests anisotropic scattering can reveal crystal fabric orientation and differentiate ice units from distinct climatic periods.
Li-Qing Jiang, Amanda Fay, Jens Daniel Müller, Lydia Keppler, Dustin Carroll, Siv K. Lauvset, Tim DeVries, Judith Hauck, Christian Rödenbeck, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Metzl, Andrea J. Fassbender, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Peter Landschützer, Rik Wanninkhof, Christopher Sabine, Simone R. Alin, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Matthew P. Humphreys, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Nicole Besemer, Henry C. Bittig, Albert E. Boyd, Daniel Broullón, Wei-Jun Cai, Brendan R. Carter, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Frédéric Cyr, John E. Dore, Ian Enochs, Richard A. Feely, Hernan E. Garcia, Marion Gehlen, Lucas Gloege, Melchor González-Dávila, Nicolas Gruber, Yosuke Iida, Masao Ishii, Esther Kennedy, Alex Kozyr, Nico Lange, Claire Lo Monaco, Derek P. Manzello, Galen A. McKinley, Natalie M. Monacci, Xose A. Padin, Ana M. Palacio-Castro, Fiz F. Pérez, Alizée Roobaert, J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Jonathan Sharp, Adrienne Sutton, Jim Swift, Toste Tanhua, Maciej Telszewski, Jens Terhaar, Ruben van Hooidonk, Anton Velo, Andrew J. Watson, Angelicque E. White, Zelun Wu, Hyelim Yoo, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This review article provides an overview of 60 existing ocean carbonate chemistry data products, encompassing a broad range of types, including compilations of cruise datasets, gap-filled observational products, model simulations, and more. It is designed to help researchers identify and access the data products that best support their scientific objectives, thereby facilitating progress in understanding the ocean's changing carbonate chemistry.
Charlotte M. Carter, Steven Franke, Daniela Jansen, Chris R. Stokes, Veit Helm, John Paden, and Olaf Eisen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1743, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1743, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The landscapes beneath actively fast-flowing ice in Greenland have not been explored in detail, as digital elevation models do not have a high enough resolution to see these subglacial features. We use swath radar imaging to visualise these landforms at a high resolution, revealing a landscape that would usually be assumed to be indicative of faster ice flow than the current velocities. Interpretation of the landscape also gives an indication of the properties of the bed beneath the ice stream.
Letizia Tedesco, Giulia Castellani, Pedro Duarte, Meibing Jin, Sebastien Moreau, Eric Mortenson, Benjamin Tobey Saenz, Nadja Steiner, and Martin Vancoppenolle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1107, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1107, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice is home to tiny algae that support polar marine life, but understanding how they grow and interact with their environment remains challenging. We compared six computer models that simulate these algae and nutrients in sea ice, testing them against real-world data from Arctic sea ice. Our results show that while models can capture algal growth, they struggle to represent nutrient changes. Improving these models will help in understanding how climate change affects polar marine ecosystems.
Vår Dundas, Kjersti Daae, Elin Darelius, Markus Janout, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, and Svein Østerhus
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1537, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1537, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Moored observations confirm that strong westward ocean surface stress events ("storms'') can increase the speed of the Antarctic Slope Current and the circulation in the Filchner Trough region. Roughly one-third of the identified storm events cause an increased southward current speed on the shelf. This enhances the southward transport of heat already present on the shelf and the likelihood that this heat reaches the ice shelf front before it is lost to the atmosphere during winter.
Yubing Cheng, Bin Cheng, Roberta Pirazzini, Amy R. Macfarlane, Timo Vihma, Wolfgang Dorn, Ruzica Dadic, Martin Schneebeli, Stefanie Arndt, and Annette Rinke
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1164, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1164, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We study snow density from the MOSAiC expedition. Several snow density schemes were tested and compared with observation. A thermodynamic ice model was employed to assess the impact of snow density and precipitation on the thermal regime of sea ice. The parameterized mean snow densities are consistent with observations. Increased snow density reduces snow and ice temperatures, promoting ice growth, while increased precipitation leads to warmer snow and ice temperatures and reduced ice thickness.
Ole Pinner, Friederike Pollmann, Markus Janout, Gunnar Voet, and Torsten Kanzow
Ocean Sci., 21, 701–726, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-701-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-701-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Weddell Sea Bottom Water gravity current transports dense water from the continental shelf to the deep sea and is crucial for the formation of new deep-sea water. Building on vertical profiles and time series measured in the northwestern Weddell Sea, we apply three methods to distinguish turbulence caused by internal waves from that by other sources. We find that in the upper part of the gravity current, internal waves are important for the mixing of less dense water down into the current.
Lena G. Buth, Thomas Krumpen, Niklas Neckel, Melinda A. Webster, Gerit Birnbaum, Niels Fuchs, Philipp Heuser, Ole Johannsen, and Christian Haas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1103, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1103, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic sea ice is becoming smoother, raising the question of how these changes affect melt pond coverage and thereby surface albedo. Using airborne imagery and laser altimeter data, we investigated how pressure ridges influence melt ponds. The presence of ridges does not directly control pond fraction, but it does influence pond size distribution and pond geometry. Small ponds have a more complex shape on rough ice than on smooth ice, while the opposite is true for large ponds.
Steven Franke, Daniel Steinhage, Veit Helm, Alexandra M. Zuhr, Julien A. Bodart, Olaf Eisen, and Paul Bons
The Cryosphere, 19, 1153–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1153-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1153-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study presents internal reflection horizons (IRHs) over an area of 450 000 km² from western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, spanning 4.8–91 ka. Using radar and ice core data, nine IRHs were dated and correlated with volcanic events. The data enhance our understanding of the ice sheet's age–depth architecture, accumulation, and dynamics. The findings inform ice flow models and contribute to Antarctic-wide comparisons of IRHs, supporting efforts toward a 3D age–depth ice sheet model.
Rui Xu, Chaofang Zhao, Stefanie Arndt, and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 18, 5769–5788, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5769-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5769-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The onset of snowmelt on Antarctic sea ice is an important indicator of sea ice change. In this study, we used two radar scatterometers to detect the onset of snowmelt on perennial Antarctic sea ice. Results show that since 2007, snowmelt onset has demonstrated strong interannual and regional variabilities. We also found that the difference in snowmelt onsets between the two scatterometers is closely related to snow metamorphism.
Julius Lauber, Tore Hattermann, Laura de Steur, Elin Darelius, and Agneta Fransson
Ocean Sci., 20, 1585–1610, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1585-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1585-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Recent studies have highlighted the potential vulnerability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to atmospheric and oceanic changes. We present new insights from observations from three oceanic moorings below Fimbulisen Ice Shelf from 2009 to 2023. We find that relatively warm water masses reach below the ice shelf both close to the surface and at depth with implications for the basal melting of Fimbulisen.
Qin Zhou, Chen Zhao, Rupert Gladstone, Tore Hattermann, David Gwyther, and Benjamin Galton-Fenzi
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8243–8265, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8243-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8243-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce an accelerated forcing approach to address timescale discrepancies between the ice sheets and ocean components in coupled modelling by reducing the ocean simulation duration. The approach is evaluated using idealized coupled models, and its limitations in real-world applications are discussed. Our results suggest it can be a valuable tool for process-oriented coupled ice sheet–ocean modelling and downscaling climate simulations with such models.
Emma Pearce, Dimitri Zigone, Coen Hofstede, Andreas Fichtner, Joachim Rimpot, Sune Olander Rasmussen, Johannes Freitag, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 18, 4917–4932, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4917-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4917-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study near EastGRIP camp in Greenland shows varying firn properties by direction (crucial for studying ice stream stability, structure, surface mass balance, and past climate conditions). We used dispersion curve analysis of Love and Rayleigh waves to show firn is nonuniform along and across the flow of an ice stream due to wind patterns, seasonal variability, and the proximity to the edge of the ice stream. This method better informs firn structure, advancing ice stream understanding.
Lu Zhou, Julienne Stroeve, Vishnu Nandan, Rosemary Willatt, Shiming Xu, Weixin Zhu, Sahra Kacimi, Stefanie Arndt, and Zifan Yang
The Cryosphere, 18, 4399–4434, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4399-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4399-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Snow over Antarctic sea ice, influenced by highly variable meteorological conditions and heavy snowfall, has a complex stratigraphy and profound impact on the microwave signature. We employ advanced radiation transfer models to analyse the effects of complex snow properties on brightness temperatures over the sea ice in the Southern Ocean. Great potential lies in the understanding of snow processes and the application to satellite retrievals.
Yi Zhou, Xianwei Wang, Ruibo Lei, Arttu Jutila, Donald K. Perovich, Luisa von Albedyll, Dmitry V. Divine, Yu Zhang, and Christian Haas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2821, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2821, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how the bulk density of Arctic sea ice varies seasonally, a factor often overlooked in satellite measurements of sea ice thickness. From October to April, we found significant seasonal variations in sea ice bulk density at different spatial scales using direct observations as well as airborne and satellite data. New models were then developed to indirectly predict sea ice bulk density. This advance can improve our ability to monitor changes in Arctic sea ice.
Falk M. Oraschewski, Inka Koch, M. Reza Ershadi, Jonathan D. Hawkins, Olaf Eisen, and Reinhard Drews
The Cryosphere, 18, 3875–3889, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3875-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3875-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mountain glaciers have a layered structure which contains information about past snow accumulation and ice flow. Using ground-penetrating radar instruments, the internal structure can be observed. The detection of layers in the deeper parts of a glacier is often difficult. Here, we present a new approach for imaging the englacial structure of an Alpine glacier (Colle Gnifetti, Switzerland and Italy) using a phase-sensitive radar that can detect reflection depth changes at sub-wavelength scales.
Gemma M. Brett, Greg H. Leonard, Wolfgang Rack, Christian Haas, Patricia J. Langhorne, Natalie J. Robinson, and Anne Irvin
The Cryosphere, 18, 3049–3066, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial meltwater with ice crystals flows from beneath ice shelves, causing thicker sea ice with sub-ice platelet layers (SIPLs) beneath. Thicker sea ice and SIPL reveal where and how much meltwater is outflowing. We collected continuous measurements of sea ice and SIPL. In winter, we observed rapid SIPL growth with strong winds. In spring, SIPLs grew when tides caused offshore circulation. Wind-driven and tidal circulation influence glacial meltwater outflow from ice shelf cavities.
Niels Fuchs, Luisa von Albedyll, Gerit Birnbaum, Felix Linhardt, Natascha Oppelt, and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 18, 2991–3015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2991-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2991-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Melt ponds are key components of the Arctic sea ice system, yet methods to derive comprehensive pond depth data are missing. We present a shallow-water bathymetry retrieval to derive this elementary pond property at high spatial resolution from aerial images. The retrieval method is presented in a user-friendly way to facilitate replication. Furthermore, we provide pond properties on the MOSAiC expedition floe, giving insights into the three-dimensional pond evolution before and after drainage.
Ivan Kuznetsov, Benjamin Rabe, Alexey Androsov, Ying-Chih Fang, Mario Hoppmann, Alejandra Quintanilla-Zurita, Sven Harig, Sandra Tippenhauer, Kirstin Schulz, Volker Mohrholz, Ilker Fer, Vera Fofonova, and Markus Janout
Ocean Sci., 20, 759–777, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-759-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-759-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research introduces a tool for dynamically mapping the Arctic Ocean using data from the MOSAiC experiment. Incorporating extensive data into a model clarifies the ocean's structure and movement. Our findings on temperature, salinity, and currents reveal how water layers mix and identify areas of intense water movement. This enhances understanding of Arctic Ocean dynamics and supports climate impact studies. Our work is vital for comprehending this key region in global climate science.
Malte Meinshausen, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Kathleen Beyer, Greg Bodeker, Olivier Boucher, Josep G. Canadell, John S. Daniel, Aïda Diongue-Niang, Fatima Driouech, Erich Fischer, Piers Forster, Michael Grose, Gerrit Hansen, Zeke Hausfather, Tatiana Ilyina, Jarmo S. Kikstra, Joyce Kimutai, Andrew D. King, June-Yi Lee, Chris Lennard, Tabea Lissner, Alexander Nauels, Glen P. Peters, Anna Pirani, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Hans Pörtner, Joeri Rogelj, Maisa Rojas, Joyashree Roy, Bjørn H. Samset, Benjamin M. Sanderson, Roland Séférian, Sonia Seneviratne, Christopher J. Smith, Sophie Szopa, Adelle Thomas, Diana Urge-Vorsatz, Guus J. M. Velders, Tokuta Yokohata, Tilo Ziehn, and Zebedee Nicholls
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 4533–4559, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4533-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4533-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The scientific community is considering new scenarios to succeed RCPs and SSPs for the next generation of Earth system model runs to project future climate change. To contribute to that effort, we reflect on relevant policy and scientific research questions and suggest categories for representative emission pathways. These categories are tailored to the Paris Agreement long-term temperature goal, high-risk outcomes in the absence of further climate policy and worlds “that could have been”.
Yi Zhou, Xianwei Wang, Ruibo Lei, Luisa von Albedyll, Donald K. Perovich, Yu Zhang, and Christian Haas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1240, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1240, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how the density of Arctic sea ice varies seasonally, a factor often overlooked in satellite measurements of sea ice thickness. From October to April, using direct observations and satellite data, we found that sea ice density decreases significantly until mid-January due to increased porosity as the ice ages, and then stabilizes until April. We then developed new models to estimate sea ice density. This advance can improve our ability to monitor changes in Arctic sea ice.
Karl Kortum, Suman Singha, Gunnar Spreen, Nils Hutter, Arttu Jutila, and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 18, 2207–2222, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2207-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2207-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A dataset of 20 radar satellite acquisitions and near-simultaneous helicopter-based surveys of the ice topography during the MOSAiC expedition is constructed and used to train a variety of deep learning algorithms. The results give realistic insights into the accuracy of retrieval of measured ice classes using modern deep learning models. The models able to learn from the spatial distribution of the measured sea ice classes are shown to have a clear advantage over those that cannot.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2047–2072, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2023 is the fifth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1108 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
Stefanie Arndt, Nina Maaß, Leonard Rossmann, and Marcel Nicolaus
The Cryosphere, 18, 2001–2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2001-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2001-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctic sea ice maintains year-round snow cover, crucial for its energy and mass budgets. Despite its significance, snow depth remains poorly understood. Over the last decades, Snow Buoys have been deployed extensively on the sea ice to measure snow accumulation but not actual depth due to snow transformation into meteoric ice. Therefore, in this study we utilize sea ice and snow models to estimate meteoric ice fractions in order to calculate actual snow depth in the Weddell Sea.
Moein Mellat, Amy R. Macfarlane, Camilla F. Brunello, Martin Werner, Martin Schneebeli, Ruzica Dadic, Stefanie Arndt, Kaisa-Riikka Mustonen, Jeffrey M. Welker, and Hanno Meyer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-719, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-719, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Our research, utilizing data from the Arctic MOSAiC expedition, reveals how snow on Arctic sea ice changes due to weather conditions. By analyzing snow samples collected over a year, we found differences in snow layers that tell us about their origins and how they've been affected by the environment. We discovered variations in snow and vapour that reflect the influence of weather patterns and surface processes like wind and sublimation.
Luisa von Albedyll, Stefan Hendricks, Nils Hutter, Dmitrii Murashkin, Lars Kaleschke, Sascha Willmes, Linda Thielke, Xiangshan Tian-Kunze, Gunnar Spreen, and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 18, 1259–1285, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1259-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1259-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Leads (openings in sea ice cover) are created by sea ice dynamics. Because they are important for many processes in the Arctic winter climate, we aim to detect them with satellites. We present two new techniques to detect lead widths of a few hundred meters at high spatial resolution (700 m) and independent of clouds or sun illumination. We use the MOSAiC drift 2019–2020 in the Arctic for our case study and compare our new products to other existing lead products.
Dieter Piepenburg, Thomas Brey, Katharina Teschke, Jennifer Dannheim, Paul Kloss, Marianne Rehage, Miriam L. S. Hansen, and Casper Kraan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1177–1184, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Research on ecological footprints of climate change and human impacts in Arctic seas is still hampered by problems in accessing sound data, which is unevenly distributed among regions and faunal groups. To address this issue, we present the PAN-Arctic data collection of benthic BIOtas (PANABIO). It provides open access to valuable biodiversity information by integrating data from various sources and of various formats and offers versatile exploration tools for data filtering and mapping.
Neil C. Swart, Torge Martin, Rebecca Beadling, Jia-Jia Chen, Christopher Danek, Matthew H. England, Riccardo Farneti, Stephen M. Griffies, Tore Hattermann, Judith Hauck, F. Alexander Haumann, André Jüling, Qian Li, John Marshall, Morven Muilwijk, Andrew G. Pauling, Ariaan Purich, Inga J. Smith, and Max Thomas
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7289–7309, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7289-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7289-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Current climate models typically do not include full representation of ice sheets. As the climate warms and the ice sheets melt, they add freshwater to the ocean. This freshwater can influence climate change, for example by causing more sea ice to form. In this paper we propose a set of experiments to test the influence of this missing meltwater from Antarctica using multiple different climate models.
Abhay Prakash, Qin Zhou, Tore Hattermann, and Nina Kirchner
The Cryosphere, 17, 5255–5281, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5255-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5255-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice arch formation in the Nares Strait has shielded the Petermann Glacier ice shelf from enhanced basal melting. However, with the sustained decline of the Arctic sea ice predicted to continue, the ice shelf is likely to be exposed to a year-round mobile and thin sea ice cover. In such a scenario, our modelled results show that elevated temperatures, and more importantly, a stronger ocean circulation in the ice shelf cavity, could result in up to two-thirds increase in basal melt.
Céline Heuzé, Oliver Huhn, Maren Walter, Natalia Sukhikh, Salar Karam, Wiebke Körtke, Myriel Vredenborg, Klaus Bulsiewicz, Jürgen Sültenfuß, Ying-Chih Fang, Christian Mertens, Benjamin Rabe, Sandra Tippenhauer, Jacob Allerholt, Hailun He, David Kuhlmey, Ivan Kuznetsov, and Maria Mallet
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5517–5534, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5517-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5517-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Gases dissolved in the ocean water not used by the ecosystem (or "passive tracers") are invaluable to track water over long distances and investigate the processes that modify its properties. Unfortunately, especially so in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean, such gas measurements are sparse. We here present a data set of several passive tracers (anthropogenic gases, noble gases and their isotopes) collected over the full ocean depth, weekly, during the 1-year drift in the Arctic during MOSAiC.
Hélène Seroussi, Vincent Verjans, Sophie Nowicki, Antony J. Payne, Heiko Goelzer, William H. Lipscomb, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Cécile Agosta, Torsten Albrecht, Xylar Asay-Davis, Alice Barthel, Reinhard Calov, Richard Cullather, Christophe Dumas, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Rupert Gladstone, Nicholas R. Golledge, Jonathan M. Gregory, Ralf Greve, Tore Hattermann, Matthew J. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Philippe Huybrechts, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Thomas Kleiner, Eric Larour, Gunter R. Leguy, Daniel P. Lowry, Chistopher M. Little, Mathieu Morlighem, Frank Pattyn, Tyler Pelle, Stephen F. Price, Aurélien Quiquet, Ronja Reese, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Andrew Shepherd, Erika Simon, Robin S. Smith, Fiammetta Straneo, Sainan Sun, Luke D. Trusel, Jonas Van Breedam, Peter Van Katwyk, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Ricarda Winkelmann, Chen Zhao, Tong Zhang, and Thomas Zwinger
The Cryosphere, 17, 5197–5217, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Mass loss from Antarctica is a key contributor to sea level rise over the 21st century, and the associated uncertainty dominates sea level projections. We highlight here the Antarctic glaciers showing the largest changes and quantify the main sources of uncertainty in their future evolution using an ensemble of ice flow models. We show that on top of Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, Totten and Moscow University glaciers show rapid changes and a strong sensitivity to warmer ocean conditions.
Ladina Steiner, Holger Schmithüsen, Jens Wickert, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 17, 4903–4916, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4903-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4903-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The present study illustrates the potential of a combined Global Navigation Satellite System reflectometry and refractometry (GNSS-RR) method for accurate, simultaneous, and continuous estimation of in situ snow accumulation, snow water equivalent, and snow density time series. The combined GNSS-RR method was successfully applied on a fast-moving, polar ice shelf. The combined GNSS-RR approach could be highly advantageous for a continuous quantification of ice sheet surface mass balances.
Alexandra M. Zuhr, Erik Loebel, Marek Muchow, Donovan Dennis, Luisa von Albedyll, Frigga Kruse, Heidemarie Kassens, Johanna Grabow, Dieter Piepenburg, Sören Brandt, Rainer Lehmann, Marlene Jessen, Friederike Krüger, Monika Kallfelz, Andreas Preußer, Matthias Braun, Thorsten Seehaus, Frank Lisker, Daniela Röhnert, and Mirko Scheinert
Polarforschung, 91, 73–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-91-73-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-91-73-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Polar research is an interdisciplinary and multi-faceted field of research. Its diversity ranges from history to geology and geophysics to social sciences and education. This article provides insights into the different areas of German polar research. This was made possible by a seminar series, POLARSTUNDE, established in the summer of 2020 and organized by the German Society of Polar Research and the German National Committee of the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS Germany).
Zhuo Wang, Ailsa Chung, Daniel Steinhage, Frédéric Parrenin, Johannes Freitag, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 17, 4297–4314, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4297-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4297-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combine radar-based observed internal layer stratigraphy of the ice sheet with a 1-D ice flow model in the Dome Fuji region. This results in maps of age and age density of the basal ice, the basal thermal conditions, and reconstructed accumulation rates. Based on modeled age we then identify four potential candidates for ice which is potentially 1.5 Myr old. Our map of basal thermal conditions indicates that melting prevails over the presence of stagnant ice in the study area.
Ailsa Chung, Frédéric Parrenin, Daniel Steinhage, Robert Mulvaney, Carlos Martín, Marie G. P. Cavitte, David A. Lilien, Veit Helm, Drew Taylor, Prasad Gogineni, Catherine Ritz, Massimo Frezzotti, Charles O'Neill, Heinrich Miller, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 17, 3461–3483, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3461-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3461-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combined a numerical model with radar measurements in order to determine the age of ice in the Dome C region of Antarctica. Our results show that at the current ice core drilling sites on Little Dome C, the maximum age of the ice is almost 1.5 Ma. We also highlight a new potential drill site called North Patch with ice up to 2 Ma. Finally, we explore the nature of a stagnant ice layer at the base of the ice sheet which has been independently observed and modelled but is not well understood.
Asmita Singh, Susanne Fietz, Sandy J. Thomalla, Nicolas Sanchez, Murat V. Ardelan, Sébastien Moreau, Hanna M. Kauko, Agneta Fransson, Melissa Chierici, Saumik Samanta, Thato N. Mtshali, Alakendra N. Roychoudhury, and Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh
Biogeosciences, 20, 3073–3091, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3073-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3073-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the scarcity of iron in the Southern Ocean, seasonal blooms occur due to changes in nutrient and light availability. Surprisingly, during an autumn bloom in the Antarctic sea-ice zone, the results from incubation experiments showed no significant photophysiological response of phytoplankton to iron addition. This suggests that ambient iron concentrations were sufficient, challenging the notion of iron deficiency in the Southern Ocean through extended iron-replete post-bloom conditions.
Alice C. Frémand, Peter Fretwell, Julien A. Bodart, Hamish D. Pritchard, Alan Aitken, Jonathan L. Bamber, Robin Bell, Cesidio Bianchi, Robert G. Bingham, Donald D. Blankenship, Gino Casassa, Ginny Catania, Knut Christianson, Howard Conway, Hugh F. J. Corr, Xiangbin Cui, Detlef Damaske, Volkmar Damm, Reinhard Drews, Graeme Eagles, Olaf Eisen, Hannes Eisermann, Fausto Ferraccioli, Elena Field, René Forsberg, Steven Franke, Shuji Fujita, Yonggyu Gim, Vikram Goel, Siva Prasad Gogineni, Jamin Greenbaum, Benjamin Hills, Richard C. A. Hindmarsh, Andrew O. Hoffman, Per Holmlund, Nicholas Holschuh, John W. Holt, Annika N. Horlings, Angelika Humbert, Robert W. Jacobel, Daniela Jansen, Adrian Jenkins, Wilfried Jokat, Tom Jordan, Edward King, Jack Kohler, William Krabill, Mette Kusk Gillespie, Kirsty Langley, Joohan Lee, German Leitchenkov, Carlton Leuschen, Bruce Luyendyk, Joseph MacGregor, Emma MacKie, Kenichi Matsuoka, Mathieu Morlighem, Jérémie Mouginot, Frank O. Nitsche, Yoshifumi Nogi, Ole A. Nost, John Paden, Frank Pattyn, Sergey V. Popov, Eric Rignot, David M. Rippin, Andrés Rivera, Jason Roberts, Neil Ross, Anotonia Ruppel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Andrew M. Smith, Daniel Steinhage, Michael Studinger, Bo Sun, Ignazio Tabacco, Kirsty Tinto, Stefano Urbini, David Vaughan, Brian C. Welch, Douglas S. Wilson, Duncan A. Young, and Achille Zirizzotti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2695–2710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the release of over 60 years of ice thickness, bed elevation, and surface elevation data acquired over Antarctica by the international community. These data are a crucial component of the Antarctic Bedmap initiative which aims to produce a new map and datasets of Antarctic ice thickness and bed topography for the international glaciology and geophysical community.
Elin Darelius, Vår Dundas, Markus Janout, and Sandra Tippenhauer
Ocean Sci., 19, 671–683, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-671-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Antarctica's ice shelves are melting from below as ocean currents bring warm water into the ice shelf cavities. The melt rates of the large Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf in the southern Weddell Sea are currently low, as the water in the cavity is cold. Here, we present data from a scientific cruise to the region in 2021 and show that the warmest water at the upper part of the continental slope is now about 0.1°C warmer than in previous observations, while the surface water is fresher than before.
Ole Zeising, Tamara Annina Gerber, Olaf Eisen, M. Reza Ershadi, Nicolas Stoll, Ilka Weikusat, and Angelika Humbert
The Cryosphere, 17, 1097–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1097-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1097-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The flow of glaciers and ice streams is influenced by crystal fabric orientation. Besides sparse ice cores, these can be investigated by radar measurements. Here, we present an improved method which allows us to infer the horizontal fabric asymmetry using polarimetric phase-sensitive radar data. A validation of the method on a deep ice core from the Greenland Ice Sheet shows an excellent agreement, which is a large improvement over previously used methods.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Simone Alin, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Leticia Barbero, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Li-Qing Jiang, Steve D. Jones, Claire Lo Monaco, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543–5572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2022 is the fourth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1085 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
Hanna M. Kauko, Philipp Assmy, Ilka Peeken, Magdalena Różańska-Pluta, Józef M. Wiktor, Gunnar Bratbak, Asmita Singh, Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh, and Sebastien Moreau
Biogeosciences, 19, 5449–5482, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This article studies phytoplankton (microscopic
plantsin the ocean capable of photosynthesis) in Kong Håkon VII Hav in the Southern Ocean. Different species play different roles in the ecosystem, and it is therefore important to assess the species composition. We observed that phytoplankton blooms in this area are formed by large diatoms with strong silica armors, which can lead to high silica (and sometimes carbon) export to depth and be important prey for krill.
Vjeran Višnjević, Reinhard Drews, Clemens Schannwell, Inka Koch, Steven Franke, Daniela Jansen, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 16, 4763–4777, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4763-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4763-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a simple way to model the internal layers of an ice shelf and apply the method to the Roi Baudouin Ice Shelf in East Antarctica. Modeled results are compared to measurements obtained by radar. We distinguish between ice directly formed on the shelf and ice transported from the ice sheet, and we map the spatial changes in the volume of the locally accumulated ice. In this context, we discuss the sensitivity of the ice shelf to future changes in surface accumulation and basal melt.
Elise S. Droste, Mario Hoppema, Melchor González-Dávila, Juana Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Bastien Y. Queste, Giorgio Dall'Olmo, Hugh J. Venables, Gerd Rohardt, Sharyn Ossebaar, Daniel Schuller, Sunke Trace-Kleeberg, and Dorothee C. E. Bakker
Ocean Sci., 18, 1293–1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1293-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1293-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tides affect the marine carbonate chemistry of a coastal polynya neighbouring the Ekström Ice Shelf by movement of seawater with different physical and biogeochemical properties. The result is that the coastal polynya in the summer can switch between being a sink or a source of CO2 multiple times a day. We encourage consideration of tides when collecting in polar coastal regions to account for tide-driven variability and to avoid overestimations or underestimations of air–sea CO2 exchange.
Hein J. W. de Baar, Mario Hoppema, and Elizabeth M. Jones
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-676, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-676, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
There is confusion in the literature on interactions of dissolved phosphate and sulphate with the alkalinity of seawater. These do play a minor role in the titration to determine alkalinity. However, a perceived biological role of phosphate and sulphate has been suggested in the value of Oceanic Alkalinity. We think this is mistaken. Some other minor issues additionally have led to confusion on the exact description of Alkalinity. We treat those against a theoretical and empirical background.
Chen Zhao, Rupert Gladstone, Benjamin Keith Galton-Fenzi, David Gwyther, and Tore Hattermann
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5421–5439, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5421-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5421-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use a coupled ice–ocean model to explore an oscillation feature found in several contributing models to MISOMIP1. The oscillation is closely related to the discretized grounding line retreat and likely strengthened by the buoyancy–melt feedback and/or melt–geometry feedback near the grounding line, and frequent ice–ocean coupling. Our model choices have a non-trivial impact on mean melt and ocean circulation strength, which might be interesting for the coupled ice–ocean community.
David N. Wagner, Matthew D. Shupe, Christopher Cox, Ola G. Persson, Taneil Uttal, Markus M. Frey, Amélie Kirchgaessner, Martin Schneebeli, Matthias Jaggi, Amy R. Macfarlane, Polona Itkin, Stefanie Arndt, Stefan Hendricks, Daniela Krampe, Marcel Nicolaus, Robert Ricker, Julia Regnery, Nikolai Kolabutin, Egor Shimanshuck, Marc Oggier, Ian Raphael, Julienne Stroeve, and Michael Lehning
The Cryosphere, 16, 2373–2402, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2373-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2373-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on measurements of the snow cover over sea ice and atmospheric measurements, we estimate snowfall and snow accumulation for the MOSAiC ice floe, between November 2019 and May 2020. For this period, we estimate 98–114 mm of precipitation. We suggest that about 34 mm of snow water equivalent accumulated until the end of April 2020 and that at least about 50 % of the precipitated snow was eroded or sublimated. Further, we suggest explanations for potential snowfall overestimation.
Astrid Oetting, Emma C. Smith, Jan Erik Arndt, Boris Dorschel, Reinhard Drews, Todd A. Ehlers, Christoph Gaedicke, Coen Hofstede, Johann P. Klages, Gerhard Kuhn, Astrid Lambrecht, Andreas Läufer, Christoph Mayer, Ralf Tiedemann, Frank Wilhelms, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 16, 2051–2066, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2051-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2051-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study combines a variety of geophysical measurements in front of and beneath the Ekström Ice Shelf in order to identify and interpret geomorphological evidences of past ice sheet flow, extent and retreat.
The maximal extent of grounded ice in this region was 11 km away from the continental shelf break.
The thickness of palaeo-ice on the calving front around the LGM was estimated to be at least 305 to 320 m.
We provide essential boundary conditions for palaeo-ice-sheet models.
M. Reza Ershadi, Reinhard Drews, Carlos Martín, Olaf Eisen, Catherine Ritz, Hugh Corr, Julia Christmann, Ole Zeising, Angelika Humbert, and Robert Mulvaney
The Cryosphere, 16, 1719–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1719-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1719-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Radio waves transmitted through ice split up and inform us about the ice sheet interior and orientation of single ice crystals. This can be used to infer how ice flows and improve projections on how it will evolve in the future. Here we used an inverse approach and developed a new algorithm to infer ice properties from observed radar data. We applied this technique to the radar data obtained at two EPICA drilling sites, where ice cores were used to validate our results.
Klaus Dethloff, Wieslaw Maslowski, Stefan Hendricks, Younjoo J. Lee, Helge F. Goessling, Thomas Krumpen, Christian Haas, Dörthe Handorf, Robert Ricker, Vladimir Bessonov, John J. Cassano, Jaclyn Clement Kinney, Robert Osinski, Markus Rex, Annette Rinke, Julia Sokolova, and Anja Sommerfeld
The Cryosphere, 16, 981–1005, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-981-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-981-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice thickness anomalies during the MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) winter in January, February and March 2020 were simulated with the coupled Regional Arctic climate System Model (RASM) and compared with CryoSat-2/SMOS satellite data. Hindcast and ensemble simulations indicate that the sea ice anomalies are driven by nonlinear interactions between ice growth processes and wind-driven sea-ice transports, with dynamics playing a dominant role.
Steven Franke, Daniela Jansen, Tobias Binder, John D. Paden, Nils Dörr, Tamara A. Gerber, Heinrich Miller, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Veit Helm, Daniel Steinhage, Ilka Weikusat, Frank Wilhelms, and Olaf Eisen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 763–779, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-763-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-763-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS) is the largest ice stream in Greenland. In order to better understand the past and future dynamics of the NEGIS, we present a high-resolution airborne radar data set (EGRIP-NOR-2018) for the onset region of the NEGIS. The survey area is centered at the location of the drill site of the East Greenland Ice-Core Project (EastGRIP), and radar profiles cover both shear margins and are aligned parallel to several flow lines.
Arttu Jutila, Stefan Hendricks, Robert Ricker, Luisa von Albedyll, Thomas Krumpen, and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 16, 259–275, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-259-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-259-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sea-ice thickness retrieval from satellite altimeters relies on assumed sea-ice density values because density cannot be measured from space. We derived bulk densities for different ice types using airborne laser, radar, and electromagnetic induction sounding measurements. Compared to previous studies, we found high bulk density values due to ice deformation and younger ice cover. Using sea-ice freeboard, we derived a sea-ice bulk density parameterisation that can be applied to satellite data.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Sara Jutterström, Steve D. Jones, Maren K. Karlsen, Claire Lo Monaco, Patrick Michaelis, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, Rik Wanninkhof, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5565–5589, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2021 is the third update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 989 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2020.
Nele Lamping, Juliane Müller, Jens Hefter, Gesine Mollenhauer, Christian Haas, Xiaoxu Shi, Maria-Elena Vorrath, Gerrit Lohmann, and Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand
Clim. Past, 17, 2305–2326, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed biomarker concentrations on surface sediment samples from the Antarctic continental margin. Highly branched isoprenoids and GDGTs are used for reconstructing recent sea-ice distribution patterns and ocean temperatures respectively. We compared our biomarker-based results with data obtained from satellite observations and estimated from a numerical model and find reasonable agreements. Further, we address caveats and provide recommendations for future investigations.
Stefanie Arndt, Christian Haas, Hanno Meyer, Ilka Peeken, and Thomas Krumpen
The Cryosphere, 15, 4165–4178, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4165-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4165-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present here snow and ice core data from the northwestern Weddell Sea in late austral summer 2019, which allow insights into possible reasons for the recent low summer sea ice extent in the Weddell Sea. We suggest that the fraction of superimposed ice and snow ice can be used here as a sensitive indicator. However, snow and ice properties were not exceptional, suggesting that the summer surface energy balance and related seasonal transition of snow properties have changed little in the past.
Thomas Krumpen, Luisa von Albedyll, Helge F. Goessling, Stefan Hendricks, Bennet Juhls, Gunnar Spreen, Sascha Willmes, H. Jakob Belter, Klaus Dethloff, Christian Haas, Lars Kaleschke, Christian Katlein, Xiangshan Tian-Kunze, Robert Ricker, Philip Rostosky, Janna Rückert, Suman Singha, and Julia Sokolova
The Cryosphere, 15, 3897–3920, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3897-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3897-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use satellite data records collected along the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) drift to categorize ice conditions that shaped and characterized the floe and surroundings during the expedition. A comparison with previous years is made whenever possible. The aim of this analysis is to provide a basis and reference for subsequent research in the six main research areas of atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, biogeochemistry, remote sensing and ecology.
Johannes Sutter, Hubertus Fischer, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 15, 3839–3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3839-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3839-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Projections of global sea-level changes in a warming world require ice-sheet models. We expand the calibration of these models by making use of the internal architecture of the Antarctic ice sheet, which is formed by its evolution over many millennia. We propose that using our novel approach to constrain ice sheet models, we will be able to both sharpen our understanding of past and future sea-level changes and identify weaknesses in the parameterisation of current continental-scale models.
Jens A. Hölemann, Bennet Juhls, Dorothea Bauch, Markus Janout, Boris P. Koch, and Birgit Heim
Biogeosciences, 18, 3637–3655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3637-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3637-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic Ocean receives large amounts of river water rich in terrestrial dissolved organic matter (tDOM), which is an important component of the Arctic carbon cycle. Our analysis shows that mixing of three major freshwater sources is the main factor that regulates the distribution of tDOM concentrations in the Siberian shelf seas. In this context, the formation and melting of the land-fast ice in the Laptev Sea and the peak spring discharge of the Lena River are of particular importance.
H. Jakob Belter, Thomas Krumpen, Luisa von Albedyll, Tatiana A. Alekseeva, Gerit Birnbaum, Sergei V. Frolov, Stefan Hendricks, Andreas Herber, Igor Polyakov, Ian Raphael, Robert Ricker, Sergei S. Serovetnikov, Melinda Webster, and Christian Haas
The Cryosphere, 15, 2575–2591, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2575-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2575-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Summer sea ice thickness observations based on electromagnetic induction measurements north of Fram Strait show a 20 % reduction in mean and modal ice thickness from 2001–2020. The observed variability is caused by changes in drift speeds and consequential variations in sea ice age and number of freezing-degree days. Increased ocean heat fluxes measured upstream in the source regions of Arctic ice seem to precondition ice thickness, which is potentially still measurable more than a year later.
Heike Link
Polarforschung, 89, 47–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-89-47-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-89-47-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The working group "Biological and Ecological Processes" is a network of the German Association for Polar Research (DGP). It connects biologists with different research backgrounds and a variety of institutions. This still recent working group holds the potential to, e.g., foster new approaches across marine and terrestrial research in polar regions.
Gemma M. Brett, Gregory H. Leonard, Wolfgang Rack, Christian Haas, Patricia J. Langhorne, and Anne Irvin
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-61, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-61, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Using a geophysical technique, we observe temporal variability in the influence of ice shelf meltwater on coastal sea ice which forms platelet ice crystals which contribute to the thickness of the sea ice and accumulate into a thick mass called a sub-ice platelet layer (SIPL). The variability observed in the SIPL indicated that circulation of ice shelf meltwater out from the cavity in McMurdo Sound is influenced by tides and strong offshore winds which affect surface ocean circulation.
Luisa von Albedyll, Christian Haas, and Wolfgang Dierking
The Cryosphere, 15, 2167–2186, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2167-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2167-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Convergent sea ice motion produces a thick ice cover through ridging. We studied sea ice deformation derived from high-resolution satellite imagery and related it to the corresponding thickness change. We found that deformation explains the observed dynamic thickness change. We show that deformation can be used to model realistic ice thickness distributions. Our results revealed new relationships between thickness redistribution and deformation that could improve sea ice models.
David A. Lilien, Daniel Steinhage, Drew Taylor, Frédéric Parrenin, Catherine Ritz, Robert Mulvaney, Carlos Martín, Jie-Bang Yan, Charles O'Neill, Massimo Frezzotti, Heinrich Miller, Prasad Gogineni, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 15, 1881–1888, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1881-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1881-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We collected radar data between EDC, an ice core spanning ~800 000 years, and BELDC, the site chosen for a new
oldest icecore at nearby Little Dome C. These data allow us to identify 50 % older internal horizons than previously traced in the area. We fit a model to the ages of those horizons at BELDC to determine the age of deep ice there. We find that there is likely to be 1.5 Myr old ice ~265 m above the bed, with sufficient resolution to preserve desired climatic information.
Philippe Massicotte, Rainer M. W. Amon, David Antoine, Philippe Archambault, Sergio Balzano, Simon Bélanger, Ronald Benner, Dominique Boeuf, Annick Bricaud, Flavienne Bruyant, Gwenaëlle Chaillou, Malik Chami, Bruno Charrière, Jing Chen, Hervé Claustre, Pierre Coupel, Nicole Delsaut, David Doxaran, Jens Ehn, Cédric Fichot, Marie-Hélène Forget, Pingqing Fu, Jonathan Gagnon, Nicole Garcia, Beat Gasser, Jean-François Ghiglione, Gaby Gorsky, Michel Gosselin, Priscillia Gourvil, Yves Gratton, Pascal Guillot, Hermann J. Heipieper, Serge Heussner, Stanford B. Hooker, Yannick Huot, Christian Jeanthon, Wade Jeffrey, Fabien Joux, Kimitaka Kawamura, Bruno Lansard, Edouard Leymarie, Heike Link, Connie Lovejoy, Claudie Marec, Dominique Marie, Johannie Martin, Jacobo Martín, Guillaume Massé, Atsushi Matsuoka, Vanessa McKague, Alexandre Mignot, William L. Miller, Juan-Carlos Miquel, Alfonso Mucci, Kaori Ono, Eva Ortega-Retuerta, Christos Panagiotopoulos, Tim Papakyriakou, Marc Picheral, Louis Prieur, Patrick Raimbault, Joséphine Ras, Rick A. Reynolds, André Rochon, Jean-François Rontani, Catherine Schmechtig, Sabine Schmidt, Richard Sempéré, Yuan Shen, Guisheng Song, Dariusz Stramski, Eri Tachibana, Alexandre Thirouard, Imma Tolosa, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Mickael Vaïtilingom, Daniel Vaulot, Frédéric Vaultier, John K. Volkman, Huixiang Xie, Guangming Zheng, and Marcel Babin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1561–1592, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The MALINA oceanographic expedition was conducted in the Mackenzie River and the Beaufort Sea systems. The sampling was performed across seven shelf–basin transects to capture the meridional gradient between the estuary and the open ocean. The main goal of this research program was to better understand how processes such as primary production are influencing the fate of organic matter originating from the surrounding terrestrial landscape during its transition toward the Arctic Ocean.
Coen Hofstede, Sebastian Beyer, Hugh Corr, Olaf Eisen, Tore Hattermann, Veit Helm, Niklas Neckel, Emma C. Smith, Daniel Steinhage, Ole Zeising, and Angelika Humbert
The Cryosphere, 15, 1517–1535, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1517-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1517-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Support Force Glacier rapidly flows into Filcher Ice Shelf of Antarctica. As we know little about this glacier and its subglacial drainage, we used seismic energy to map the transition area from grounded to floating ice where a drainage channel enters the ocean cavity. Soft sediments close to the grounding line are probably transported by this drainage channel. The constant ice thickness over the steeply dipping seabed of the ocean cavity suggests a stable transition and little basal melting.
Phillip Williamson, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Steve Widdicombe, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
Biogeosciences, 18, 1787–1792, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1787-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1787-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The reliability of ocean acidification research was challenged in early 2020 when a high-profile paper failed to corroborate previously observed impacts of high CO2 on the behaviour of coral reef fish. We now know the reason why: the
replicatedstudies differed in many ways. Open-minded and collaborative assessment of all research results, both negative and positive, remains the best way to develop process-based understanding of the impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms.
Stefan Kowalewski, Veit Helm, Elizabeth Mary Morris, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 15, 1285–1305, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1285-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1285-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents estimates of total mass input for the Pine Island Glacier (PIG) over the period 2005–2014 from airborne radar measurements. Our analysis reveals a total mass input similar to an earlier estimate for the period 1985–2009 and same area. This suggests a stationary total mass input contrary to the accelerated mass loss of PIG over the past decades. However, we also find that its uncertainty is highly sensitive to the geostatistical assumptions required for its calculation.
Autun Purser, Simon Dreutter, Huw Griffiths, Laura Hehemann, Kerstin Jerosch, Axel Nordhausen, Dieter Piepenburg, Claudio Richter, Henning Schröder, and Boris Dorschel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 609–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-609-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-609-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset comprises 26-megapixel seafloor images collected from below ice and steeply sloped regions of the Southern Ocean (the western Weddell Sea; the Powell Basin; and the rapidly shallowing, iceberg-scoured Nachtigaller Shoal). These data were collected with the Ocean Floor Observation and Bathymetry System (OFOBS), an advanced towed camera platform incorporating various sonar devices to aid in hazard avoidance and seafloor mapping, for use in challenging, high-relief seafloor areas.
Rupert Gladstone, Benjamin Galton-Fenzi, David Gwyther, Qin Zhou, Tore Hattermann, Chen Zhao, Lenneke Jong, Yuwei Xia, Xiaoran Guo, Konstantinos Petrakopoulos, Thomas Zwinger, Daniel Shapero, and John Moore
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 889–905, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-889-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-889-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Retreat of the Antarctic ice sheet, and hence its contribution to sea level rise, is highly sensitive to melting of its floating ice shelves. This melt is caused by warm ocean currents coming into contact with the ice. Computer models used for future ice sheet projections are not able to realistically evolve these melt rates. We describe a new coupling framework to enable ice sheet and ocean computer models to interact, allowing projection of the evolution of melt and its impact on sea level.
Christian Haas, Patricia J. Langhorne, Wolfgang Rack, Greg H. Leonard, Gemma M. Brett, Daniel Price, Justin F. Beckers, and Alex J. Gough
The Cryosphere, 15, 247–264, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-247-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-247-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a method to remotely detect proxy signals of Antarctic ice shelf melt under adjacent sea ice. It is based on aircraft surveys with electromagnetic induction sounding. We found year-to-year variability of the ice shelf melt proxy in McMurdo Sound and spatial fine structure that support assumptions about the melt of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. With this method it will be possible to map and detect locations of intense ice shelf melt along the coast of Antarctica.
Are Olsen, Nico Lange, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Sara Jutterström, Camilla S. Landa, Siv K. Lauvset, Patrick Michaelis, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, Rik Wanninkhof, and Ryan J. Woosley
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3653–3678, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by chemical analysis of water bottle samples at scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2020 is the second update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 946 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2019.
Maria-Elena Vorrath, Juliane Müller, Lorena Rebolledo, Paola Cárdenas, Xiaoxu Shi, Oliver Esper, Thomas Opel, Walter Geibert, Práxedes Muñoz, Christian Haas, Gerhard Kuhn, Carina B. Lange, Gerrit Lohmann, and Gesine Mollenhauer
Clim. Past, 16, 2459–2483, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2459-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2459-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We tested the applicability of the organic biomarker IPSO25 for sea ice reconstructions in the industrial era at the western Antarctic Peninsula. We successfully evaluated our data with satellite sea ice observations. The comparison with marine and ice core records revealed that sea ice interpretations must consider climatic and sea ice dynamics. Sea ice biomarker production is mainly influenced by the Southern Annular Mode, while the El Niño–Southern Oscillation seems to have a minor impact.
Joshua King, Stephen Howell, Mike Brady, Peter Toose, Chris Derksen, Christian Haas, and Justin Beckers
The Cryosphere, 14, 4323–4339, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4323-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4323-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Physical measurements of snow on sea ice are sparse, making it difficulty to evaluate satellite estimates or model representations. Here, we introduce new measurements of snow properties on sea ice to better understand variability at distances less than 200 m. Our work shows that similarities in the snow structure are found at longer distances on younger ice than older ice.
Clemens Schannwell, Reinhard Drews, Todd A. Ehlers, Olaf Eisen, Christoph Mayer, Mika Malinen, Emma C. Smith, and Hannes Eisermann
The Cryosphere, 14, 3917–3934, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3917-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3917-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To reduce uncertainties associated with sea level rise projections, an accurate representation of ice flow is paramount. Most ice sheet models rely on simplified versions of the underlying ice flow equations. Due to the high computational costs, ice sheet models based on the complete ice flow equations have been restricted to < 1000 years. Here, we present a new model setup that extends the applicability of such models by an order of magnitude, permitting simulations of 40 000 years.
Alexander H. Weinhart, Johannes Freitag, Maria Hörhold, Sepp Kipfstuhl, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere, 14, 3663–3685, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3663-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3663-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
From 1 m snow profiles along a traverse on the East Antarctic Plateau, we calculated a representative surface snow density of 355 kg m−3 for this region with an error less than 1.5 %.
This density is 10 % higher and density fluctuations seem to happen on smaller scales than climate model outputs suggest. Our study can help improve the parameterization of surface snow density in climate models to reduce the error in future sea level predictions.
Cited articles
Arndt, J. E., Schenke, H. W., Jakobsson, M., Nitsche, F. O., Buys, G.,
Goleby, B., Rebesco, M., Bohoyo, F., Hong, J., Black, J., Greku, R.,
Udintsev, G., Barrios, F., Reynoso-Peralta, W., Taisei, M., and Wigley, R.: The
International Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) – digital bathymetric
model, Version 1.0 – A new bathymetric compilation covering circum-Antarctic
waters, Geophys, Res. Lett., 40, 3111–3117,
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50413, 2013.
Arndt, S., Hoppmann, M., Schmithüsen, H., Fraser, A. D., and Nicolaus, M.: Seasonal and interannual variability of landfast sea ice in Atka Bay, Weddell Sea, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 14, 2775–2793, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2775-2020, 2020.
Arntz, W. E. and Clarke, A. (Eds.): Ecological Studies in the Antarctic Sea
Ice Zone, Springer, Berlin, Germany, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59419-9, 2002.
Arrigo, K. R., Dijken, G., and Long, M.: Coastal Southern Ocean: A strong
anthropogenic CO2 sink, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L21602,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035624, 2008.
Arrigo, K. R., van Dijken, G. L., and Strong, A. L.: Environmental controls
of marine productivity hot spots around Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 5545–5565, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010888,
2015.
Atkinson, A., Hill, S. L., Pakhomov, E. A., Siegel, Reiss, C. S., Loeb, V.
J., Steinberg, D. K., Schmidt,K., Tarling, G. A., Gerrish, L., and Sailley,
S. F.: Krill (Euphausia superba) distribution contracts southward during rapid regional
warming, Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 142–147,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0370-z, 2019.
Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C. S., Metzl, N., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S. D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S. R., Balestrini, C. F., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bianchi, A. A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E. F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ibánhez, J. S. P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lo Monaco, C., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F. J., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K. F., Sutherland, S. C., Sutton, A. J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A. J., and Xu, S.: A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016.
Balaguer, J., Koch, F., Hassler, C., and Trimborn, S.: Iron and manganese
co-limit the growth of two phytoplankton groups dominant at two locations of
the Drake Passage, Biol. Comm., 5, 207, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03148-8,
2022.
Barbier, E. B.: Valuing ecosystem services as productive inputs, Econ.
Policy, 22, 177–229,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2007.00174.x, 2007.
Barnes, D. K. A.: Antarctic sea ice losses drive gains in benthic carbon
drawdown, Curr. Biol., 25, 789–790, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.042, 2015.
Barnes, D. K. A. and Kuklinski, P.: Bryozoans of the Weddell Sea continental
shelf, slope and abyss: did marine life colonize the Antarctic shelf from
deep water, outlying islands or in situ refugia following glaciations?, J.
Biogeogr., 37, 1648–1656,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02320.x. 2010.
Barnes, D. K. A., Fleming, A., Sands, C. J., Quartino, M. L., Deregibus, D.,
Chester, J., and Quartino, M. L.: Icebergs, sea ice, blue carbon and
Antarctic climate feedbacks, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 376,
20170176, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0176, 2018.
Beja, J., Vandepitte, L., Benson, A., Van de Putte, A.,
Lear, D., De Pooter, D.,
Moncoiffé, G., Nicholls, J.,
Wambiji, N., Miloslavich, P., and
Gerovasileiou, V.: Chapter Two – Data services in ocean science with
a focus on the biology, in: Ocean Science Data, edited by: Manzella, G. and
Novellino, A., Elsevier, 67–129,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823427-3.00006-2, 2021.
Berger, S., Drews, R., Helm, V., Sun, S., and Pattyn, F.: Detecting high spatial variability of ice shelf basal mass balance, Roi Baudouin Ice Shelf, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 11, 2675–2690, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2675-2017, 2017.
Bester, M. N., Wege, M., Oosthuizen, W. C., and Bornemann, H.: Ross seal
distribution in the Weddell Sea: fact and fallacy, Polar Biol., 43, 35–41,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02610-4, 2020.
Bittig, H. C., Körtzinger, A., Neill, C., van Ooijen, E., Plant, J. N.,
Hahn, J., Johnson, K. S., Yang, B., and Emerson, S. R.: Oxygen optode
sensors: principle, characterization, calibration, and application in the
ocean, Front. Mar. Sci., 4, 429, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00429, 2018.
Böckmann, S., Koch, F., Meyer, B., Pausch, F., Iversen, M., Driscoll,
R., Laglera, L. M., Hassler, C., and Trimborn, S.: Salp fecal pellets release
more bioavailable iron to Southern Ocean phytoplankton than krill fecal
pellets, Curr. Biol. 31, 2737–2746,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.033, 2021.
Boss, E., Guidi, L., Richardson, M. J., Stemmann, L., Gardner, W., Bishop,
J. K. B., Anderson, R. F., and Sherrell, R. M.: Optical techniques for
remote and in-situ characterization of particles pertinent to GEOTRACES,
Prog. Oceanogr., 133, 43–54,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.09.007, 2015.
Brandt, A., Gutt, J., Hildebrandt, M., Pawlowski, J., Schwendner, J.,
Soltwedel, T., and Thomsen, L.: Cutting the umbilical: new technological
perspectives in benthic deep-sea research, J. Mar. Sci. Eng, 4, 36,
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse4020036, 2016.
Brasier, M. J., Barnes, D., Bax, N., Brandt, A., Christianson, A. B.,
Constable, A. J., Downey, R., Figuerola, B., Griffiths, H., Gutt, J.,
Lockhart, S., Morley, S. A., Post, A. L., Van de Putte, A., Saeedi, H.,
Stark, J. S., Sumner, M., and Waller, C. L.: Responses of Southern Ocean
seafloor habitats and communities to global and local drivers of change,
Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 622721,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.622721, 2021.
Brett, G. M., Irvin, A., Rack, W., Haas, C., Langhorne, P. J., and Leonard,
G. H.: Variability in the distribution of fast ice and the sub-ice platelet
layer near McMurdo Ice Shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, 2019JC015678,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015678, 2020.
Brown, M. S., Munro, D. R., Feehan, C. J., Sweeney, C., Ducklow, H. W., and
Schofield, O. M.: Enhanced oceanic CO2 uptake along the rapidly
changing West Antarctic Peninsula, Nat. Clim. Chang., 9, 678–683,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0552-3, 2019.
Burkhard, B., Kroll, F., Nedkovb, S., and Müller, F.: Mapping ecosystem
service supply, demand and budgets, Ecol. Indic., 21, 17–29,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.06.019, 2012.
Cape, M. R., Vernet, M., Kahru, M., and Spreen, G.: Polynya dynamics drive
primary production in the Larsen A and B embayments following ice shelf
collapse, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 572–594, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009441,
2014.
Castellani, G., Veyssière, G., Karcher, M., Stroeve, J., Banas, S. N.,
Bouman, A. H., Brierley, S. A., Connan, S., Cottier, F., Große, F.,
Hobbs, L., Katlein, C., Light, B., McKee, D., Orkney, A., Proud, R., and
Schourup-Kristensen, V.: Shine a light: Under-ice light and its ecological
implications in a changing Arctic Ocean, Ambio, 51, 307–317,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01662-3, 2022
Catarci, C.: World markets and industry of selected commercially exploited
aquatic species with an international conservation profile, FAO Fisheries
Circular, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, ISSN
0429-9329, 2004.
Cavanagh, R., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Grant, S. M. Barnes, D. K. A., Hughes,
K. A., Halfter, S., Meredith, M. P., Murphy, E. J., Trebilco, R., and Hill,
S. L.: Future risk for Southern Ocean ecosystems: changing physical
environments and anthropogenic pressures in an Earth system, Front. Mar.
Sci., 7, 615214, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.615214,
2021.
Cheung, W. W. L., Lam, V. W. Y., and Pauly, D.: Modelling present and
climate-shifted distribution of marine fishes and invertebrates, Fish. Cent.
Res. Rep., 16, 1–72, 2008.
Cisewski, B. and Strass, V. H.: Acoustic insights into the zooplankton
dynamics of the eastern Weddell Sea, Progr. Oceanogr., 144, 62–92,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.03.005, 2016.
Clarke, A., Arntz, W. E., and Smith, C. R. (Eds.): EASIZ: Ecology of the
Antarctic Sea Ice Zone, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 803–1140,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.05.001, 2006.
Constable, A. J., Costa, D. P., Schofield, O., Newman, L., Urban Jr, E. R.,
Fulton, E. A., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Ballerini, T., Boyd, P. W., Brandt, A.,
de la Mare, W. K., Edwards, M., Eléaume, M., Emmerson, L., Fennel, K.,
Fielding, S., Griffiths, H., Gutt, J., Hindell, M. A., Hofmann, E. E.,
Jennings, S., La, H.-S., McCurdy, A., Mitchell, B. G., Moltmann, T.,
Muelbert, M., Murphy, E., Press, A. J., Raymond, B., Reid, K., Reiss, C.,
Rice, J., Salter, I., Smith, D. C., Song, S., Southwell, C., Swadling, K.
M., Van de Putte, A., and Willis, Z.: Developing priority variables
(“ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables” – eEOVs) for observing dynamics and
change in Southern Ocean ecosystems, J. Mar. Syst., 161, 26–41,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.05.003, 2016.
Cristofari, R., Liu, X., Bonadonna, F., Cherel, Y., Pistorius, P., Le Maho,
Y., Raybaud, V., Stenseth, N. C., Le Bohec, C., and Trucchi, E.:
Climate-driven range shifts of the king penguin in a fragmented ecosystem,
Nat. Clim. Chang., 8, 245–251,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0084-2, 2018.
Daae, K., Hattermann, T., Darelius, E., Mueller, R. D., Naughten, K. A.,
Timmermann, R., and Hellmer, H. H.: Necessary conditions for warm inflow
toward the Filchner Ice Shelf, Weddell Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47,
e2020GL089237, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089237, 2020.
David, C. L., Schaafsma, F. L., van Franeker, J. A., Pakhomov, E. A., Hunt,
B. P. V., Lange, B. A., Castellani, G., Brandt, A., and Flores, H.: Sea-ice
habitat minimizes grazing impact and predation risk for larval Antarctic
krill, Polar Biol., 44, 1175–1193,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02868-7, 2021.
Dayton, P. K., Kim, S., Jarrell, S. C., Oliver, J. S., Hammerstrom, K.,
Fisher, J. L., O'Connor, K., Barber, J. S., Robilliard, G., Bary, J.,
Thurber, A. R., and Conlan, K.: Recruitment, growth and mortality of an
Antarctic hexactinellid sponge, Anoxycalyx joubini, PLOS ONE, 8, e56939,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056939, 2013.
Dayton, P. K., Jarrell, S. C., Kim, S., Parnell, P. E., Thrush, S. F.,
Hammerstrom, K., and Leichter, J. J.: Benthic responses to an Antarctic
regime shift: food particle size and recruitment biology, Ecol. Appl., 29, e01823, https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1823, 2019.
De Broyer, C., Koubbi, P., Griffiths, H. J., Raymond, B., d'Udekem d'Acoz,
C., Van de Putte, A. P., Danis, B., David, B., Grant, S., Gutt, J., Held,
C., Hosie, G., Huettmann, F., Post, A., and Ropert-Coudert, Y.:
Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean, SCAR, Cambridge, ISBN 978-0-948277-28-3, 2014.
de Lavergne, C., Palter, J. B., Galbraith, E. D., Bernardello, R., and
Marinov, I.: Cessation of deep convection in the open Southern Ocean under
anthropogenic climate change, Nat. Commun., 4, 278–282, 2014.
de Steur, L., Gutt, J., and Moreau, S.: Report from the workshop on the
development of the Weddell Sea-Dronning Maud Land Regional Working Group,
SOOS Report Series, 9, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3941419, 2019.
Deininger, M., Koellner, T., Brey, T., and Teschke, K.: Towards mapping and
assessing antarctic marine ecosystem services – The weddell sea case study,
Ecosyst., 22, 174–192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.11.001, 2016.
Díaz. S., Pascual, U., Stenseke, M., Martín-López, B., Watson,
R. T., Molnár, Z., Hill, R., Chan, K. M. A., Baste, I. A., Brauman, K.
A., Polasky, S., Church, A., Lonsdale, M., Larigauderie, A., Leadley, P. W.,
van Oudenhoven, A. P. E., van der Plaat, F., Schröter, M., Lavorel, S.,
Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., Bukvareva, E., Davies, K., Demissew, S., Erpul, G.,
Failler, P., Guerra, C. A., Hewitt, C. L., Keune, H., Lindley, S., and
Shirayama, Y.: Assessing nature's contributions to people, Science,
359, 270–272, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap8826, 2018.
Dorschel, B., Hehemann, L., Viquerat, S., Warnke, F., Dreutter, S., Schulze
Tenberge, Y., Accetella, D., An, L., Barrios, F., Bazhenova, E. A., Black,
J., Bohoyo, F., Davey, C., de Santis, L., Escutia Dotti, C., Fremand, A. C.,
Fretwell, P. T., Gales, J. A., Gao, J., Gasperini, L., Greenbaum, J. S.,
Henderson Jencks, J., Hogan, K. A., Hong, J. K., Jakobsson, M., Jensen, L.,
Kool, J., Larin, S., Larter, R. D., Leitchenkov, G. L., Loubrieu, B.,
Mackay, K., Mayer, L., Millan, R., Morlighem, M., Navidad, F., Nitsche,
F.-O., Nogi, Y., Pertuisot, C., Post, A. L., Pritchard, H. D., Purser, A.,
Rebesco, M., Rignot, E., Roberts, J. L., Rovere, M., Ryzhov, I., Sauli, C.,
Schmitt, T., Silvano, A., Smith, J. E., Snaith, H., Tate, A., Tinto, K.,
Vandenbossche, P., Weatherall, P., Wintersteller, P., Yang, C., Zhang, T.,
and Arndt, J. E.:: The International Bathymetric
Chart of the Southern Ocean Version 2 (IBCSO v2), PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.937574, 2022.
Douglass, L. L., Turner, J., Grantham, H. S., Kaiser, S., Constable, A.,
Nicoll, R., Raymond, B., Post, A., Brandt, A., and Beaver, D.: A
Hierarchical Classification of Benthic Biodiversity and Assessment of
Protected Areas in the Southern Ocean, PLOS ONE 9, e100551,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100551, 2014
Ducklow, H. W., Baker, K., Martinson, D. G., Quetin, L. B., Ross, R. M.,
Smith, R. C., Stammerjohn, S. E., Vernet, M., and Fraser, W.: Marine pelagic
ecosystems: the West Antarctic Peninsula, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 362, 67–94, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1955,
2006.
Eayrs, C., Li, X., Raphael, M. N., and Holland, D. M.: Rapid decline in
Antarctic sea ice in recent years hints at future change, Nat. Geosci., 14,
460–464, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00768-3, 2021.
Eisen, O., Berger, S., and Hoffmann, H.: Kottas-Kohnentraverse-Dichte
2018/2019, in: Expeditions to Antarctica: ANT-Land 2018/19 Neumayer Station
III, Kohnen Station, Flight Operations and Field Campaigns, edited by:
Fromm, T., Oberdieck, C., Heitland, T., and Köhler, P.: Berichte zur
Polar- und Meeresforschung, 733, 1–143, https://doi.org/10.2312/BzPM_0733_2019, 2019.
Eisen, O., Zeising, O., Steinhage, D., Berger, S., Hattermann, T., Pattyn,
F., Trumpik, N., Wehner, I., Korger, I., and Stakemann, J.: MIMO-EIS –
Monitoring melt where Ice Meets Ocean – Continuous observation of ice-shelf
basal melt on Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica, in: Expeditions to
Antarctica: ANT-Land 2019/20 Neumayer Station III, Kohnen Station, Flight
Operations and Field Campaigns, edited by: Fromm, T., Oberdieck, C., Matz,
T., and Wesche, C.: Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung, 745, 1–118,
https://doi.org/10.2312/BzPM_0745_2020, 2020.
Fahrbach, E., Hoppema, M., Rohardt, G., Schröder, M., and Wisotzki, A.:
Causes of deep-water variation: Comment on the paper by L. H. Smedsrud
“Warming of the deep water in the Weddell Sea along the Greenwich meridian:
1977–2001”, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 53, 574–577,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.12.003, 2006.
Fahrbach, E., Hoppema, M., Rohardt, G., Boebel, O., Klatt, O., and Wisotzki,
A.: Warming of deep and abyssal water masses along the Greenwich meridian on
decadal time-scales: The Weddell gyre as a heat buffer, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58, 2509–2523,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.06.007, 2011.
Filun, D., Thomisch, K., Boebel, O., Brey, T., Širović, A.,
Spiesecke, S., and Van Opzeeland, I.: Frozen verses: Antarctic minke whales
(Balaenoptera bonaerensis) call predominantly during austral winter, R. Soc. Open Sci., 7,
192112, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.192112, 2020.
Fischer, M., Bossdorf, O., Gockel S, Hänsel, F., Hemp, A.,
Hessenmöller, D., Korte, G., Nieschulze, J. Pfeiffer, S., Prati, D.,
Renner, S., Schöning, I., Schumacher, U., Wells, K., Buscot, F., Kalko,
E. K. V., Linsenmair, K. E., Schulze, E.-D., and Weisser, W. W.:
Implementing large-scale and long-term functional biodiversity research: The
Biodiversity Exploratories, Basic Appl. Ecol., 11, 473–485,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2010.07.009, 2010.
Flores, H., Atkinson, A., Kawaguchi, S., Krafft, B. A., Milinevsky, G.,
Nicol, S., Reiss, C., Tarling, G. A., Werner, R., Bravo Rebolledo, E.,
Cirelli, V., Cuzin-Roudy, J., Fielding, S., van Franeker, J. A., Groeneveld,
J. J., Haraldsson, M., Lombana, A., Marschoff, E., Meyer, B., Pakhomov, E.
A., Van de Putte, A. P., Rombolá, E., Schmidt, K., Siegel, V., Teschke,
M., Tonkes, H., Toullec, J. Y., Trathan, P. N., Tremblay, N., and Werner,
T.: Impact of climate change on Antarctic krill, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser.,
458, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09831, 2012.
Flores, H., Hunt, B. P. V., Kruse, S., Pakhomov, E. A., Siegel, V., van
Franeker, J. A., Strass, V., van de Putte, A. P., Meesters, E. H. W. G., and
Bathmann, U. V.: Seasonal changes in the vertical distribution and community
structure of Antarctic macrozooplankton and micronekton, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I,
84, 127–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2013.11.001, 2014.
Fretwell, P. T., LaRue, M. A., Morin, P., Kooyman, G. L., Wienecke, B.,
Ratcliffe, N., Fox, A. J., Fleming, A. H., Porter, C., and Trathan, P. N.:
An Emperor Penguin Population Estimate: The First Global Synoptic Survey of
a Species from Space, PLOS ONE, 7, e33751,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033751, 2012.
Frölicher, T. L., Rodgers, K. B., Stock, C. A., and Cheung, W. W. L.:
Sources of uncertainties in 21st century projections of potential ocean
ecosystem stressors, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 30, 1224–1243,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005338, 2016.
Graham, R. M., De Boer, A. M., van Sebille, E., Kohfeld, K. E., and
Schlosser, C.: Inferring source regions and supply mechanisms of iron in the
Southern Ocean from satellite chlorophyll data, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 104, 9–25,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.05.007, 2015.
Grant, S. M., Hill, S. L., Trathan, P. N., and Murphy, E. J.: Ecosystem
services of the Southern Ocean: trade-offs in decision-making, Antarct.
Sci., 25, 603–617, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102013000308, 2013.
Griffiths, H. J., Meijers, A. J. S., and Bracegirdle, T. J.: More losers
than winners in a century of future Southern Ocean seafloor warming, Nat.
Clim. Change, 7, 749–755, 2017.
Gurarie, E., Bengtson, J. L., Bester, M. N., Blix, A. S., Bornemann, H.,
Cameron, M., Nordøy, E. S., Plötz, J., Steinhage, D., and Boveng, P.:
Distribution, density and abundance of Antarctic ice seals in Queen Maud
Land and the eastern Weddell Sea, Polar Biol., 40, 1149–1165,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-016-2029-4, 2017.
Gutt, J. and Piepenburg, D.: Scale-dependent impact on diversity of
Antarctic benthos caused by grounding of icebergs, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser.,
253, 77–83, 2003.
Gutt, J., Barratt, I., Domack, E., d'Udekem d'Acoz, C., Dimmler, W.,
Grémare, A., Heilmayer, O., Isla, E., Janussen, D., Jorgensen, E., Kock,
K.-H., Lehnert, L. S., López-Gonzáles, P., Langner, S., Linse, K.,
Manjón-Cabeza, M. E., Meißner, M., Montiel, A., Raes, M., Robert,
H., Rose, A., Sañé Schepisi, E., Saucède, T., Scheidat, M., Schenke, H.-W., Seiler, J., and Smith, C.: Biodiversity change after
climate-induced ice-shelf collapse in the Antarctic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58,
74–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.024, 2011.
Gutt, J., Griffiths, H. J., and Jones, C. D.: Circum-polar overview and
spatial heterogeneity of Antarctic macrobenthic communities, Mar.
Biodivers., 43, 481–487, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-013-0152-9, 2013a.
Gutt, J., Böhmer, A., and Dimmler, W.: Antarctic sponge spicule mats
shape macrobenthic diversity and act as a silicon trap, Mar. Ecol. Prog.
Ser., 480, 57–71, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10226, 2013b.
Gutt, J., Adams, B., Bracegirdle, T., Cowan, D., Cummings, V., di Prisco,
G., Gradinger, R., Isla, E., McIntyre, T., Murphy, E., Peck, L., Schloss,
I., Smith, C., Suckling, C., Takahashi, A., Verde, C., Wall, D. H., and
Xavier, J.: Antarctic Thresholds – Ecosystem Resilience and Adaptation a new
SCAR-Biology Programme, Polarforsch., 82, 147–150, 2013c.
Gutt, J., Bertler, N., Bracegirdle, T. J., Buschmann, A., Comiso, J., Hosie,
G., Isla, E., Schloss, I. R., Smith, C. R., Tournadre, J., and Xavier, J.
C.: The Southern Ocean ecosystem under multiple climate stresses – an
integrated circumpolar assessment, Glob. Chang. Biol., 21, 1434–1453,
https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12794, 2015.
Gutt, J., Isla, E., Bertler, N., Bodeker, G. E., Bracegirdle, T. J.,
Cavanagh, R. D., Comiso, J. C., Convey, P., Cummings, V., De Conto, R.,
DeMaster, D., di Prisco, G., d'Ovidio, F., Griffiths, H. J., Khan, A. L.,
López- Martínez, J., Murray, A. E., Nielsen, U. N., Ott, S. , Post,
A., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Saucède, T., Schererm R., Schiaparelli, S.,
Schloss, I. R., Smith, C. R., Stefels, J., Stevens, C., Strugnell, J. M.,
Trimborn, S., Verde, C., Verleyen, E., Wall, D. H., Wilson, N. G., and
Xavier, J. C.: Cross-disciplinarity in the advance of Antarctic ecosystem
research, Mar. Genom., 37, 1–17,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2017.09.0062017, 2018.
Gutt, J. and Dieckmann, G.: The Southern Ocean: an extreme environment or
just home of unique ecosystems?, in: Life in extreme environments – Insights
in biological capability, Ecological Reviews, edited by: di Prisco, G.,
Edwards, H., Elster, J., and Huiskes, A., Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 218–233, ISBN 978-1-108-72420-3,
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108683319, 2021.
Gutt, J., Isla, E., Xavier, J. C., Adams, B. J., Ahn, I.-Y., Cheng, C.-H.H.,
Colesi, C., Cummings, V. J., di Prisco, G., Griffiths, H., Hawes, I., Hogg,
I., McIntyre, T., Meiners, K. M., Pearce, D. A., Peck, L., Piepenburg, D.,
Reisinger, R. R., Saba, G. K., Schloss, I. R., Signori, C. N., Smith, C. R.,
Vacchi, M., Verde, C., and Wall, D. H.: Antarctic ecosystems in transition
– life between stresses and opportunities, Biol. Rev., 96, 798–821,
https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12679, 2021.
Haas, C., Langhorne, P. J., Rack, W., Leonard, G. H., Brett, G. M., Price, D., Beckers, J. F., and Gough, A. J.: Airborne mapping of the sub-ice platelet layer under fast ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 15, 247–264, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-247-2021, 2021.
Hancock, A. M., King, C. K., Stark, J. S., McMinn, A., and Davidson, A. T.:
Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic marine organisms: A
meta-analysis, Ecol. Evol., 10, 4495–4514, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6205, 2020.
Hattermann, T., Nøst, O. A., Lilly, J. M., and Smedsrud, L. H.: Two years
of oceanic observations below the Fimbul IceShelf, Antarctica, Geophys. Res.
Lett. 39, L12605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051012, 2012.
Hattermann, T., Smedsrud, L. H., Nøst, O. A., Lilly, J. M.,
and Galton-Fenzi, B. K.: Eddy-resolving simulations of the Fimbul Ice Shelf
cavity circulation: Basal melting and exchange with open ocean, Ocean Model,
82, 28–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.07.004, 2014.
Hattermann, T.: Antarctic thermocline dynamics along a narrow shelf with
easterly winds, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 2419–2443,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0064.1, 2018.
Hattermann, T., Smedsrud, L. H., Nøst, O. A., Lilly, J. M.,
and Galton-Fenzi, B. K.: Eddy-resolving simulations of the Fimbul Ice Shelf
cavity circulation: Basal melting and exchange with open ocean, Ocean Model,
82, 28–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.07.004, 2014.
Hellmer, H. H., Kasuker, F., Timmermann, R., Determann, J., and Rae, J.:
Twenty-first-century warming of a large Antarctic ice-shelf cavity by a
redirected coastal current, Nature, 485, 225–228, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11064,
2012.
Hempel, G. (Ed.): Weddell Sea Ecology, Results of EPOS European “Polarstern”
Study, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 103642775977, 1993.
Herraiz-Borreguero, L., Lannuzel D., van der Merwe P., Treverrow A., and
Pedro, J. B.: Large flux of iron from the Amery Ice Shelf marine ice to Prydz
Bay, East Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 6009–6020,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011687, 2016.
Heywood, K. J., Locarnini, R. A., Frew, R. D., Dennis, P. F., and King, B.
A.: Transport and water masses of the Antarctic Slope Front system in the
eastern Weddell Sea, Ocean, ice and atmosphere: interactions at the
Antarctic continental margin, edited by: Jacobs, S. S and Weiss, R. F., Antarct.
Res. Ser., 75, American Geophysical Union, 203–214, 1998.
Hill, S. L., Atkinson, A., Pakhomov, E. A., and Siegel, V.: Evidence for a
decline in the population density of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba still stands, A
comment on Cox et al., J. Crustac. Biol., 39, 316–322,
https://doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruz004, 2019.
Hindell, M. A., Reisinger, R. R., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Hückstädt, L.
A., Trathan, P. N., Bornemann, H., Charrassin, J.-B., Costa, D. P., Danis,
B., Lea, M.-A., Thompson, D., Torres, L. G., Van de Putte, A. P., Ainley, D.
G., Alderman, R., Andrews-Goff, V., Arthur, B., Ballard, G., Bengtson, J.,
Bester, M. N., Boehme, L., Bost, C.-A., Boveng, P., Cleeland, J.,
Constantine, R., Crawford, R. J. M., Dalla Rosa, L., de Bruyn, P. J. N.,
Delord, K., Descamps, S., Double, M., Dugger, K., Emmerson, L., Fedak, M.,
Friedlaender, A., Gales, N., Goebel, M., Goetz, K. T., Guine, C.,
Goldsworthy, S. D., Harcourt, R., Hinke, J., Jerosch, K., Kato, A., Kerry,
K. R., Kirkwood, R., Kooyman, G. L., Kovacs, K. M., Lawton, K., Lowther, A.,
Lydersen, C., Lyver, P., Makhado, A. B., Márquez, M. E. I., McDonald,
B., McMahon, C., Muelbert, M., Nachtsheim, D., Nicholls, K., Nordøy, E.
S., Olmastroni, S., Phillips, R. A., Pistorius, P., Plötz, J., Pütz,
K., Ratcliffe, N., Ryan, P. G., Santos, M., Blix, A. S., Southwell, C.,
Staniland, I., Takahashi, A., Tarroux, A., Trivelpiece, W., Weimerskirch,
H., Wienecke, B., Wotherspoon, S., Jonsen, I. D., and Raymond, B.: Tracking
of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems, Nature, 580,
87–92, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2126-y, 2020.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and Bruno, J. F.: The impact of climate change on the
world's marine ecosystems, Science, 328, 1523–1528,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189930, 2010.
Hoppema, M.: Weddell Sea turned from source to sink for atmospheric CO2
between pre-industrial time and present, Glob. Planet. Change, 40, 219–231,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2003.08.001, 2004.
Hoppema, M., Bakker, K., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., van Ooijen, J. C., and de
Baar, H. J. W.: Distributions, trends and inter-annual variability of
nutrients along a repeat section through the Weddell Sea (1996–2011), Mar.
Chem., 177, 545–553, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-018-1131-2,
2015
Houstin, A., Zitterbart, D. P., Heerah, K., Eisen, O., Planas-Bielsa, V.,
Fabry, B., and Le Bohec, C.: Juvenile emperor penguin range calls for
extended conservation measures in the Southern Ocean, bioRxiv, preprint:
https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.06.438390, 2021.
Houstin, A., Zitterbart, D. P., Winterl, A., Richter, S., Planas-Bielsa, V.,
Chevallier, D., Ancel, A., Fournier, J., Fabry, B., and Le Bohec, C.:
Biologging of emperor penguins – Attachment techniques and associated
deployment performance, PLOS ONE, 17, e0265849,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265849, 2022.
IPCC: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, in: Contribution of
Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors,
S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y, Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M.
I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K.,
Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge
University Press, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/about/how-to-cite-this-report/ (last access: 21 November 2022), in press., 2021.
IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, in:
Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.
C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E. S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Craig,
M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., and Rama, B., Cambridge University Press, https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf, last access: 22 November 2022.
Isla, E., Gerdes, D., Palanques, A., Teixidó, N., Arntz, W., and Puig,
P.: Relationships between Antarctic coastal and deep-sea particle fluxes:
implications for the deep-sea benthos, Polar Biol., 29, 249,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-005-0046-9, 2006.
Isla, E., Gerdes, D., Palanques, A., and Arntz, W. E.: Downward particle
fluxes, wind and a phytoplankton bloom over a polar continental shelf: a
stormy impulse for the biological pump, Mar. Geol., 259, 59–72,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.12.011, 2009.
Isla, E. and Gerdes, D.: Ongoing ocean warming threatens the rich and
diverse microbenthic communities of the Antarctic continental shelf, Prog.
Oceanogr, 178, 102180, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16093-z, 2019.
Jackson, K., Wilkinson, J., Maksym, T., Meldrum, D., Beckers, J., Haas, C.,
and MacKenzie, D.: A novel and low cost sea ice mass balance buoy, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 2676–2688, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00058.1, 2013.
Janssen, A. R., Badhe, R., Bransome, N. C., Bricher, P., Cavanagh, R., de
Bruin, T., Elshout, P., Grant, S., Griffin, E., Grilly, E., Henley, S. F.,
Hofmann, E. E., Johnston, N. M., Karentz, D., Kent, R., Lynnes, A., Martin,
T., Miloslavich, P., Murphy, E., Nolan, J. E., Sikes, E., Sparrow, M.,
Tacoma, M., Williams, M. J. M., Arata, J. A., Bowman, J., Corney, S., Lau,
S. C. Y., Manno, C., Mohan, R., Nielsen, H., van Leeuwe, M. A., Waller, C.,
Xavier, J. C., and Van de Putte, A. P.: Southern Ocean Action Plan
(2021–2030) in support of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for
Sustainable Development, 69 pp., https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6412191, 2022.
Jones, E. M., Fenton, M., Meredith, M. P., Clargob, N. M., Ossebaar, S.,
Ducklowd, H. W., Venables, H. J., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Ocean acidification
and calcium carbonate saturation states in the coastal zone of the West
Antarctic Peninsula, Deep Sea Res. Pt. II, 139, 181–194,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.01.007, 2017.
Jullion, L., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Meredith, M. P., Holland, P. R.,
Courtois, P., and King, B. A.: Decadal freshening of the Antarctic Bottom
Water exported from the Weddell Sea, J. Climate, 26, 8111–8125,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00765.1, 2013.
Jullion, L., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Bacon, S., Meredith, M. P., Brown, P.
J., Torres-Valdes, S., Speer, K. G., Holland, P. R., Dong, J., Bakker, D.,
Hoppema, M., Loose, B., Venables, H. J., Jenkins, W. J., Messias, M.-J., and
Fahrbach, E.: The contribution of the Weddell Gyre to the lower limb of the
global overturning circulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 3357–3377,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009725, 2014.
Jurasinski, G. and Beierkuhnlein, C.: Spatial patterns of
biodiversity-assessing vegetation using hexagonal grids, Biol. Environ.,
106, 401–411, 2006.
Jutila, A., King, J., Paden, J., Ricker, R., Hendricks, S., Polashenski, C.,
Helm, V., Binder, T., and Haas, C.: High-resolution snow depth on arctic sea
ice from low-altitude airborne microwave radar data, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 60, 4300716, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2021.3063756,
2022.
Kauko, H. M., Hattermann, T., Ryan-Keogh, T., Singh, A., de Steur, L.,
Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Falkenhaug, T., Hallfredsson, E. H., Bratbak,
G., Tsagaraki, T., Berge, T., Zhou, Q., and Moreau, S.: Phenology and
environmental control of phytoplankton blooms in the Kong Håkon VII Hav
in the Southern Ocean, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 623856,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.623856, 2021.
Kennicutt II, M. C., Chown, S. L., Cassano, J. J., Liggett, D., Peck, L. S.,
Massom, R., Rintoul, S. R., Storey, J., Vaughan, D. G., Wilson, T. J.,
Allison, I., Ayton, J., Badhe, R., Baeseman, J., Barrett, P. J., Bell, R.
E., Bertler, N., Bo, S., Brandt, A., Bromwich, D., Cary, S. C., Clark, M.
S., Convey, P., Costa, E. S., Cowan, D., DeConto, R., Dunbar, R., Elfring,
C., Escutia, C., Francis, J., Fricker, H. A., Fukuchi, M., Gilbert, N.,
Gutt, J., Havermans, C., Hik, D., Hosie, G., Jones, C., Kim, Y. D., Le
Mahon, Y., Lee, S. H., Leppe, M., Leychenkov, G., Li, X., Lipenkov, V.,
Lochte, K., López-Martínez, J., Lüdecke, C., Lyons, W.,
Marenssi, S., Miller, H., Morozova, P., Naish, T., Nayak, S., Ravindra, R.,
Retamales, J., Ricci, C. A., Rogan-Finnemore, M., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Samah,
A. A., Sanson, L., Scambos, T., Schloss, I. R., Shiraishi, K., Siegert, M.
J., Simões, J. C., Storey, B., Sparrow, M. D., Wall, D. H., Walsh, J.
C., Wilson, G., Winther, J. G., Xavier, J. C., Yang, H., and Sutherland, W.
J.: A roadmap for Antarctic and Southern Ocean science for the next two
decades and beyond, Antarct. Sci., 27, 3–18,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102014000674, 2014.
Kennicutt II, M. C., Bromwich, D., Liggett, D., Njåstad, B., Peck, L.,
Rintoul, S. R., Ritz, C., Siegert, M. J., Aitken, A., Brooks, C. M.,
Cassano, J., Chaturvedi, S., Chen, D., Dodds, K., Golledge, N. R., Le Bohec,
C., Leppe, M., Murray, A., Nath, P. C., Raphael, M. N., Rogan-Finnemore, M.,
Schroeder, D. M., Talley, L., Travouillon, T., Vaughan, D. G., Wang, L.,
Weatherwax, A. T., Yang, H., and Chown, S. L.: Sustained Antarctic Research:
A 21st Century Imperative, One Earth, 1, 95–113,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2019.08.014, 2019.
Kim, S., Hammerstrom, K., and Dayton, P.: Epifauna community response to
iceberg-mediated environmental change in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica Mar.
Ecol. Prog. Ser., 613, 1–14,
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12899, 2019.
Kohlbach, D., Graeve, M., Lange, B. A., David, C., Schaafsma, F. L., van
Franeker, J. A., Vortkamp, M., Brandt, A., and Flores, H.: Dependency of
Antarctic zooplankton species on ice algae-produced carbon suggests a sea
ice-driven pelagic ecosystem during winter, Glob. Change Biol., 24,
4667–4681, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14392, 2018.
Krüger, L., Ramos, J. A., Xavier, J. C., Grémillet, D.,
González-Solís, J., Petry, M. V., Phillips, R. A., Wanless, R. M.,
and Paiva, V. H.: Projected distributions of Southern Ocean albatrosses,
petrels and fisheries as a consequence of climatic change, Ecography, 41,
195–208, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02590, 2018.
Kusahara, K. and Hasumi, H.: Modeling Antarctic ice shelf responses to
future climate changes and impacts on the ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
118, 2454–2475, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20166, 2013.
Labrousse, S., Fraser, A. D., Sumner, M., Tamura, T., Pinaud, D., Wienecke,
B., Kirkwood, R., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Reisinger, R., Jonsen, I.,
Porter-Smith, R., Barbraud, C., Bost, C., Ji, R., and Jenouvrier, S.:
Dynamic fine-scale sea icescape shapes adult emperor penguin foraging
habitat in east Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 11206–11218,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084347, 2019.
Lai, C.-Z., DeGrandpre, M. D., and Darlington, R. C.: Autonomous optofluidic
chemical analyzers for marine applications: insights from the submersible
autonomous moored instruments (SAMI) for pH and pCO2, Front. Mar. Sci., 4,
438, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00438, 2018.
Lancaster, L. T., Dudaniec, R. Y., Chauhan, P., Wellenreuther, M., Svensson,
E. I., and Hansson, B.: Gene expression under thermal stress varies across a
geographical range expansion front, Mol. Ecol., 25, 1141–1156,
https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13548, 2016.
LaRue, M., Salas, L., Nur, N., Ainley, D., Stammerjohn, S., Pennycook, J.,
Dozier, M., Saints, J., Stamatiou, K., Barrington, L., and Rotella, J.:
Insights from the first global population estimate of Weddell seals in
Antarctica, Sci. Adv., 7, eabh3674,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh3674, 2021.
Laufkötter, C., Vogt, M., Gruber, N., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P., Hauck, J., John, J. G., Lima, I. D., Seferian, R., and Völker, C.: Projected decreases in future marine export production: the role of the carbon flux through the upper ocean ecosystem, Biogeosciences, 13, 4023–4047, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4023-2016, 2016.
Lavergne, T., Sørensen, A. M., Kern, S., Tonboe, R., Notz, D., Aaboe, S., Bell, L., Dybkjær, G., Eastwood, S., Gabarro, C., Heygster, G., Killie, M. A., Brandt Kreiner, M., Lavelle, J., Saldo, R., Sandven, S., and Pedersen, L. T.: Version 2 of the EUMETSAT OSI SAF and ESA CCI sea-ice concentration climate data records, The Cryosphere, 13, 49–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-49-2019, 2019.
Lavergne, T., Kern, S., Aaboe, S., Derby, L., Dybkjaer, G., Garric, G.,
Heil, P., Hendricks, S., Holfort, J., Howell, S., Key, J., Lieser, J. L.,
Maksym, T., Maslowski, W., Meier, W., Munoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J.,
Özsoy, B., Rabe, B., Rack, W., Raphael, M., de Rosnay, P., Smolyanitsky,
V., Tietsche, S., Ukita, J., Vichi, M., Wagner, P., Willmes, S., and Zhao,
X.: A New Structure for the Sea Ice Essential Climate Variables of the
Global Climate Observing System, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 103, 1502–1521,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0227.1, 2022.
Le Paih, N., Hattermann, T., Boebel, O., Kanzow, T., Lüpkes, C.,
Rohardt, G., Strass, V., and Herbette, S.: Coherent seasonal acceleration of
the Weddell Sea boundary current system driven by upstream winds, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2020JC016316,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016316, 2020.
Lenton, A., Tilbrook, B., Law, R. M., Bakker, D., Doney, S. C., Gruber, N., Ishii, M., Hoppema, M., Lovenduski, N. S., Matear, R. J., McNeil, B. I., Metzl, N., Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Monteiro, P. M. S., Rödenbeck, C., Sweeney, C., and Takahashi, T.: Sea–air CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean for the period 1990–2009, Biogeosciences, 10, 4037–4054, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4037-2013, 2013.
Lin, D., Crabtree, J., Dillo, I., Downs, R. R., Edmunds, R., Giaretta, D.,
De Giusti, M., L'Hours, H., Hugo, W., Jenkyns, R., Khodiyar, V., Martone, M.
E., Mokrane, M., Navale, V., Petters, J., Sierman, B., Sokolova, D. V.,
Stockhause, M., and Westbrook, J.: The TRUST Principles for digital
repositories, Sci. Data, 7, 144, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0486-7,
2020.
Lin, Y., Moreno, C., Marchetti, A., Ducklow, H., Schofield, O., Delage, E.,
Meredith, M., Li, Z., Eveillard, D., Chaffron, S., and Cassar, N.: Decline
in plankton diversity and carbon flux with reduced sea ice extent along the
Western Antarctic Peninsula, Nat. Commun., 12, 4948,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25235-w, 2021.
Liu, X. and Millero, F. J.: The solubility of iron in seawater, Mar. Chem.
77, 43–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00074-3,
2002.
Lowther, A., von Quillfeldt, C., Assmy, P., De Steur, L., Deschamps, S.,
Divine, D., Elvevold, S., Forwick, M., Fransson, A., Fraser, A., Gerland,
S., Granskog, M., Hallanger, I., Hattermann, T., Itkin, M., Hop., H., Husum,
K., Kovacs, K., Lydersen, C., Matsuoka, K., Miettinen, A., Moholdt, G.,
Moreau, S., Myhre, P. I., Orme, L., Pavlova, O., and Tandberg, A. H.: A
review of the scientific knowledge of the seascape off Dronning Maud Land,
Antarctica, Polar Biol., 45, 1313–1349, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-022-03059-8, 2022.
MacGilchrist, G. A., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Brown, P. J., Jullion, L.,
Bacon, S., Bakker, D. C. E., Hoppema, M., Meredith, M. P., and
Torres-Valdés, S.: Reframing the carbon cycle of the subpolarSouthern
Ocean, Sci. Adv., 5, eaav6410, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav6410,
2019.
Malpress, V., Bestley, S., Corney, S., Welsford, D., Labrousse, S., Sumner,
M., and Hindell, M.: Bio-physical characterisation of polynyas as a key
foraging habitat for juvenile male southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) in Prydz Bay,
East Antarctica, PLOS ONE, 12, e0184536,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184536, 2017.
Matsuoka, K., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Moholdt, G., Bentley, M. J., Pritchard,
H. D., Brown, J., Conway, H., Drews, R., Durand, G., Goldberg, D.,
Hattermann, T., Kingslake, J., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Martín, C.,
Mulvaney, R., Nicholls, K. W., Pattyn, F., Ross, N. L., Scambos, T., and
Whitehouse, P. L.: Antarctic ice rises and rumples: Their properties and
significance for ice-sheet dynamics and evolution, Earth-Sci. Rev., 150,
724–745, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.09.004, 2015.
McGillicuddy, D. J., Sedwick, P. N., Dinniman, M. S., Arrigo, K. R., Bibby,
T. S., Greenan, B. J. W., Hofmann, E. E., Klinck, J. M., Smith, W. O., Mack,
S. L., Marsay, C. M., Sohst, B. M., and van Dijken, G. L.: Iron supply and
demand in an Antarctic shelf ecosystem, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 8088–8097,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065727, 2015.
McIntyre, T., Bornemann, H., Plötz, J., Tosh, C. A., and Bester, M. N.:
Deep divers in even deeper seas: habitat use of male southern elephant seals
from Marion Island, Ant. Sci., 24, 561–570,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102012000570, 2012.
Meiners, K. M., Vancoppenolle, M., Carnat, G., Castellani, G., Delille, B.,
Delille, D., Dieckmann, G. S., Flores, H., Fripiat, F., Grotti, M., Lange,
B. A., Lannuzel, D., Martin, A., McMinn, A., Nomura, D., Peeken, I., Rivaro,
P., Ryan, K. G., Stefels, J., Swadling, K. M., Thomas, D. N., Tison, J.-L.,
van der Merwe, P., van Leeuwe, M. A., Weldrick, C., and Yang, E. J.:
chlorophyll a in Antarctic land fast sea ice: A first synthesis of
historical ice core data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 8444–8459,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014245, 2018.
Menze, S., Zitterbart, D. P., van Opzeeland, I., and Boebel, O.: The
influence of sea ice, wind speed and marine mammals on Southern Ocean
ambient sound, R. Soc. Open Sci., 4, 160370,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160370, 2017.
Meredith, M., Sommerkorn, M., Cassotta, S., Derksen, C., Ekaykin, A.,
Hollowed, A., Kofinas, G., Mackintosh, A., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Muelbert,
M. M. C., Ottersen, G., Pritchard, H., and Schuur, E. A. G.: Polar Regions,
in: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate,
edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai,
P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai,
M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., and Weyer, N. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 203–320.
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.005.2019.
Meyer, B., Freier, U., Grimm, V., Groeneveld, J., Hunt, B. P., Kerwath, S.,
King, R., Klaas, C., Pakhomov, E., Meiners, K. M., Melbourne-Thomas, J.,
Murphy, E. J., Thorpe, S. E., Stammerjohn, S., Wolf-Gladrow, D., Auerswald,
L., Götz, A., Halbach, L., Jarman, S., Kawaguchi, S., Krumpen, T.,
Nehrke, G., Ricker, R., Sumner, M., Teschke, M., Trebilco, R., and Yilmaz,
N. I.: The winter pack-ice zone provides a sheltered but food-poor habitat
for larval Antarctic krill, Nat. Ecol. Evol., 1, 1853–1861,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0368-3, 2017.
Miller, L. A., Fripiat, F., Else, B. G. T., Bowman, J. S., Brown, K. A.,
Collins, R. E., Ewert, M., Fransson, Gosselin, M., Lannuzel, D., Meiners, K.
M., Christine Michel, C., Nishioka, J., Nomura, D., Papadimitriou, S.,
Russell, L. M., Sørensen, L. L., Thomas, D. N., Tison, J.-L., van Leeuwe,
M. A., Vancoppenolle, M., Wolff, E. W., and Zhou, J.: Methods for
biogeochemical studies of sea ice: The state of the art, caveats, and
recommendations, Elementa, 3, 000038,
https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000038, 2015.
Moline, M. A., Claustre, H., Frazer, T. K., Schofield, O., and Vernet, M.:
Alteration of the food web along the Antarctic Peninsula in response to a
regional warming trend, Glob. Chang. Biol., 10, 1973–1980,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00825.x, 2004.
Montes-Hugo, M., Doney, S. C., Ducklow, H. W., Fraser, W., Martinson, D.,
Stammerjohn, S. E., and Schofield, O.: Recent changes in phytoplankton
communities associated with rapid regional climate change along the western
Antarctic Peninsula, Science, 323, 1470–1473, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164533, 2009.
Monti-Birkenmeier, M., Diociaiuti T., Umani, S. F., and Meyer, B.:
Microzooplankton composition in the winter sea ice of the Weddell Sea,
Antarct. Sci., 29, 299–310, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102016000717, 2017
Moore, S. E. and Grebmeier, J. M.: The Distributed Biological Observatory:
Linking Physics to Biology in the Pacific Arctic Region, Arctic, 71, 1–7,
2018.
Morley, S. A., Abele, D., Barnes, D. K. A., Cárdenas, C. A., Cotté,
C., Gutt, J., Henley, S. F., Höfer, K. A. J., Hughes, K. A., Martin, S.
M., Moffat, C., Raphael, M. N., Stammerjohn, S. E., Suckling, C. C.,
Tulloch, W. J. D., Waller, C. L., and Constable, A. J.: Global drivers on
Southern Ocean ecosystems: changing physical environments and anthrogenic
pressures in an Earth system, Front. Mar. Sci, 7, 547188,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.547188, 2020.
Nachtsheim, D. A., Ryan, S., Schröder, M., Jensen, L., Oosthuizen, W.
C., Bester, M. N., Hagen, W., and Bornemann, H.: Foraging behaviour of
Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in connection to oceanographic conditions in the southern
Weddell Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 173, 165–179,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.02.013, 2019.
Naeem, S.: Chapter 4 Ecological consequences of declining biodiversity: a
biodiversity–ecosystem function (BEF) framework for marine systems, in:
Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Frameworks, methodologies,
and integration, edited by: Solan, M., Aspden, R. J., and Paterson, D. M.,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K., 34–51,
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199642250.001.0001.
Newman, L., Heil, P., Trebilco, R., Katsumata, K., Constable, A. J., van
Wijk, E., Assmann, K., Beja, J., Bricher, P., Coleman, R., Costa, D., Diggs,
S., Farneti, R., Fawcett, S., Gille, S. T., Hendry, K. R., Henley, S. F.,
Hofmann, E., Maksym, T., Mazloff, M., Meijers, A. J. S., Meredith, M. P.,
Moreau, S., Ozsoy, B., Robertson, R., Schloss, I. R., Schofield, O., Shi,
J., Sikes, E. L., Smith, I. J., Swart, S., Wahlin, A., Williams, G.,
Williams, M. J. M., Herraiz-Borreguero, L., Kern, S., Lieser, J., Massom,
R., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Miloslavich, P., and Spreen, G.: Delivering
sustained, coordinated and integrated observations of the Southern Ocean for
global impact, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 433,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00433, 2019.
Nicholls, K. W., Østerhus, S., Makinson, K., Gammelsrød, T., and
Fahrbach, E.: Ice-ocean processes over the continental shelf of the southern
Weddell Sea, Antarctica: A review, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG3003,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RG000250, 2009.
Nicolaus, M., Hoppmann, M., Arndt, S., Hendricks, S., Katlein, C., Nicolaus,
A., Rossmann, L., Schiller, M. and Schwegmann, S.: Snow depth and air
temperature seasonality on sea ice derived from snow buoy measurements,
Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 655446, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.655446, 2021.
Nightingale, A. M., Beaton, A. D., and Mowlem, M. C.: Trends in microfluidic
systems for in situ chemical analysis of natural waters, Sens. Act. B Chem.,
221, 1398–1405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.07.091,
2015.
Nøst, O. A., Biuw, M., Tverberg, V., Lydersen, C., Hattermann, T., Zhou,
Q., Smedsrud, L. H., and Kovacs, K. M.: Eddy overturning of the Antarctic
Slope Front controls glacial melting in the Eastern Weddell Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
116, C11014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC006965, 2011.
Núñez-Riboni, I. and Fahrbach, E.: Seasonal variability of the
Antarctic Coastal Current and its driving mechanisms in the Weddell Sea,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56, 1927–1941,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.06.005, 2009.
Oellermann, M., Strugnell, J., Lieb, B., and Mark, F. C.: Positive selection
in octopus haemocyanin reveals functional links to temperature adaptation,
BMC Evol. Biol., 15, 133, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0411-4, 2015.
Oetting, A., Smith, E. C., Arndt, J. E., Dorschel, B., Drews, R., Ehlers, T. A., Gaedicke, C., Hofstede, C., Klages, J. P., Kuhn, G., Lambrecht, A., Läufer, A., Mayer, C., Tiedemann, R., Wilhelms, F., and Eisen, O.: Geomorphology and shallow sub-sea-floor structures underneath the Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 16, 2051–2066, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2051-2022, 2022.
Okazaki, R. R., Sutton, A. J., Feely, R. A., Dickson, A. G., Alin, S. R.,
Sabine, C. L., Bunje, P. M. E., and Virmani, J. I.: Evaluation of marine pH
sensors under controlled and natural conditions for the Wendy Schmidt Ocean
Health XPRIZE, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 15, 586–600, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10189, 2017.
Oosthuizen, W. C., Reisinger, R. R., Bester, M. N., Steinhage, D., Auel, H.,
Flores, H., Knust, R., Ryan, S., and Bornemann, H.: Habitat-based density
models of pack ice seal distribution in the southern Weddell Sea,
Antarctica, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 673, 211–227, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13787,
2021.
Parkinson, C. L.: A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases
followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 14414–14423,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906556116, 2019.
Pausch, F., Koch, F., Hassler, C., Bracher, A., Bischof, K., and Trimborn,
S.: Responses of a natural phytoplankton community from the Drake Passage to
two predicted climate change scenarios, Front. Mar. Sci., 9, 759501,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.759501, 2022.
Peck, L. S., Barnes, D. K. A., Cook, A. J., Fleming, A. H., and Clarke, A.:
Negative feedback in the cold: Ice retreat produces new carbon sinks in
Antarctica, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 2614–2623.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02071.x, 2010.
Pereira, H. M., Ferrier, S., Walters, M., Geller, G. N., Jongman, R. H. G.,
Scholes, R. J., Bruford, M. W., Brummitt, N., Butchart, S. H. M., ACardoso,
A. C., Coops, N. C., Dulloo, E., Faith, D. P., Freyhof, J., R., Gregory, R.
D., Heip, C., Höft, R., Hurtt, G., Jetz, W., Karp, D. S., McGeoch, M.
A., Obura, D., Onoda, Y., Pettorelli, N., Reyers, B., Sayre, R.,
Scharlemann, J. P. M., Stuart, S. N., Turak, E., Walpole, M., and Wegmann,
M.: Essential Biodiversity Variables, Science, 339, 277–278,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1229931, 2013.
Pertierra, L. R., Santos-Martin, F., Hughes, K. A., Avila, C., Caceres, C.
O., De Filippo, D., Gonzalez, S., Grant, S. M., Lynch, H., Marina-Montes,
C., Quesada, A., Tejedo, P., Tin, T., and Benayas, J.: Ecosystem services in
Antarctica: Global assessment of the current state, future challenges and
managing opportunities, Ecosyst. Serv., 49, 101299,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101299, 2021.
Piazza, P., Cummings, V., Guzzi, A., Ian Hawes, Lohrer, A., Marini, S.,
Marriott, P., Menna, F., Nocerino, E., Peirano, A., Kim, S., and
Schiaparelli, S.: Underwater photogrammetry in Antarctica: long-term
observations in benthic ecosystems and legacy data rescue, Polar Biol., 42,
1061–1079, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02480-w, 2019.
Pineda-Metz, S. E. A., Gerdes, D., and Richter, C.: Benthic fauna declined
on a whitening Antarctic continental shelf, Nat. Commun., 11, 2226,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16093-z, 2020.
Pinkerton, M. H., Boyd, P. W., Deppeler, S., Hayward, A., Höfer, J., and
Moreau, S.: Evidence for the impact of climate change on primary producers
in the Southern Ocean, Front. Ecol. Evol., 9, 592027,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.592027, 2021.
Pörtner, H. O., Scholes, R. J., Agard, J., Archer, E., Arneth, A., Bai,
X., Barnes, D., Burrows, M., Chan, L., Cheung, W. L., Diamond, S., Donatti,
C., Duarte, C., Eisenhauer, N., Foden, W., Gasalla, M. A., Handa, C.,
Hickler, T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Ichii, K., Jacob, U., Insarov, G.,
Kiessling, W., Leadley, P., Leemans, R., Levin, L., Lim, M., Maharaj, S.,
Managi, S., Marquet, P. A., McElwee, P., Midgley, G., Oberdorff, T., Obura,
D., Osman, E., Pandit, R., Pascual, U., Pires, A. P. F., Popp, A.,
Reyes-García, V., Sankaran, M., Settele, J., Shin, Y. J., Sintayehu, D.
W., Smith, P., Steiner, N., Strassburg, B., Sukumar, R., Trisos, C., Val, A.
L., Wu, J., Aldrian, E., Parmesan, C., Pichs-Madruga, R., Roberts, D. C.,
Rogers, A. D., Díaz, S., Fischer, M., Hashimoto, S., Lavorel, S., Wu,
N., and Ngo, H. T.: IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop report on biodiversity
and climate change, IPBES and IPCC, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4782538, 2021.
Purser, A, Hehemann, L., Boehringer, L., Tippenhauer, S., Wege, M.,
Bornemann, H., Pineda-Metz, S. E. A., Flintrop, C. M., Koch, F., Hellmer, H.
H., Burkhardt-Holm, P., Janout, M., Werner, E., Glemser, B., Balaguer, J.,
Rogge, A., Holtappels, M., and Wenzhoefer, F.: A vast icefish breeding
colony discovered in the Antarctic, Curr. Biol., 32, 842–850,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.022, 2022.
Rackow, T, Danilov, S, Goessling, H. F., Hellmer, H. H., Sein, D. V.,
Semmler, T., Sidorenko, D., and Jung, T.: Delayed Antarctic sea-ice decline
in high-resolution climate change simulations, Nat. Commun., 13, 637,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28259-y, 2022.
Raguá-Gil, J. M., Gutt, J., Clarke, A., and Arntz, W. E.: Antarctic
shallow-water mega-epibenthos: shaped by circumpolar dispersion or local
conditions?, Mar. Biol., 144, 829–839, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1269-3, 2004.
Reisinger, R. R., Corney, S., Raymond, B., Lombard, A. T., Bester, M. N.,
Crawford, R. J. M., Davies, D., Bruyn, P. J. N., Dilley, B. J., Kirkman, S.
P., Makhado, A. B., Ryan, P. G., Schoombie, S., Stevens, K. L., Tosh, C. A.,
Wege, M., Whitehead, T. O., Sumner, M. D., Wotherspoon, S., Friedlaender, A.
S., Cotté, C., Hindell, M. A., Ropert-Coudert, Y., and Pistorius, P. A.:
Habitat model forecasts suggest potential redistribution of marine predators
in the southern Indian Ocean, Divers. Distrib., 28, 142–159,
https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13447, 2022a.
Reisinger, R. R., Brooks, C. M., Raymond, B., Freer, J. J., Cotté, C.,
Xavier, J. C., Trathan, P.N., Bornemann, H., Charrassin, J. B., Costa, D.
P., Danis, B., Hückstädt, L., Jonsen, I. D., Lea, M. A., Torres, L.,
Van de Putte, A., Wotherspoon, S., Friedlaender, A. S., Ropert-Coudert, Y.,
and Hindell, M.: Predator-derived bioregions in the Southern Ocean:
Characteristics, drivers and representation in marine protected areas,
Biol. Conserv., 272, 109630,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109630, 2022b.
Richter, S., Gerum, R., Schneider, W., Fabry, B, and Zitterbart, D. P.: A
remote-controlled observatory for behavioural and ecological research: A
case study on Emperor penguins, Methods Ecol. Evol. 9, 1–11,
https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12971, 2018.
Roca, I., Kaleschke, L., and Van Opzeeland, I.: Sea ice anomalies affect the
acoustic presence of Antarctic pinnipeds in their breeding areas, Front.
Ecol. Environ., in press., 2022.
Rogers, A. D., Frinault, B. A. V., Barnes, D. K. A., Bindoff, N. L., Downie,
R., Ducklow, H. W., Friedlaender, A. S., Hart, T., Hill, S. L., Hofmann, E.
E., Linse, K., McMahon, C. R., Murphy, E. J., Pakhomov, E. A., Reygondeau,
G., Staniland, I. J., Wolf-Gladrow, D. A., and Wright, R. M.: Antarctic
futures: An assessment of climate-driven changes in ecosystem structure,
function, and service provisioning in the southern ocean, Annu. Rev. Mar.
Sci., 12, 87–120,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-011028, 2020.
Ropert-Coudert, Y., Van de Putte, A., Reisinger, R., Bornemann, H.,
Charrassin, J.-B., Costa, D., Danis, B., Huckstadt, L., Jonsen, I., Lea,
M.-A., Thompson, D., Torres, L., Trathan, P., Wotherspoon, S., Ainley, D.,
Alderman, R., Andrews-Goff, V., Arthur, B., Ballard, G., Bengtson, J.,
Bester, M., Blix, A. S., Boehme, L,. Bost, C.-A., Boveng, P., Cleeland, J.,
Constantine, R., Crawford, R., Dalla Rosa, L., de Bruyn, P. J. N., Delord,
K., Descamps, S., Double, M. C., Emmerson, L., Fedak, M., Friedlaender, A.,
Gales, N., Goebel, M., Goetz, K., Guinet, C., Goldsworthy, S., Harcourt, R.,
Hinke, J., Jerosch, K., Kato, A., Kerry, K., Kirkwood, R., Kooyman, G.,
Kovacs, K., Lawton, K., Lowther, A., Lydersen, C., Lyver, P., Makhado, A.,
Márquez, M., McDonald, B., McMahon, C., Muelbert, M., Nachtsheim, D.,
Nicholls, K., Nordøy, E., Olmastroni, S., Phillips, R., Pistorius, P.,
Plötz, J., Pütz, K., Ratcliffe, N., Ryan, P., Santos, M., Southwell,
C., Staniland, I., Takahashi, A., Tarroux, A., Trivelpiece, W., Wakefield,
E., Weimerskirch, H., Wienecke, B., Xavier, J., Raymond, B., and Hindell,
M.: The retrospective analysis of antarctic tracking data project, Sci.
Data, 7, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0406-x, 2020.
Sahade, R., Lagger, C., Torre, L., Momo, F., Monien, P., Schloss, I.,
Barnes, D. K. A., Servetto, N., Tarantelli, S., Tatia, M., Zamboni, N., and
Abele, D.: Climate change and glacier retreat drive shifts in an Antarctic
benthic ecosystem, Sci. Adv., 1, e1500050,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500050, 2015.
Sakamoto, C., M., Johnson, K. S., Coletti, L. J., and Jannasch, H. W.:
Pressure correction for the computation of nitrate concentrationsin seawater
using an in situ ultraviolet spectrophotometer, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth.,
15, 897–902, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10209, 2017.
Sañe, E., Isla, E., Gerdes, D., Montiel, A., and Gili, J.-M.: Benthic
macrofauna assemblages and biochemical properties of sediments in two
Antarctic regions differently affected by climate change, Cont. Shelf Res.,
35, 53–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2011.12.008, 2012.
Säring, F., Veit-Köhler, G., Seifert, D., Liskow, I., and Link, H.: Sea-ice–related environmental drivers affect meiofauna and macrofauna communities differently at large scales (Southern Ocean, Antarctic), Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 700, 13–37, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14188, 2022
Schaafsma, F. L., Kohlbach, D., David, C., Lange, B. A., Graeve, M.,
Flores, H., and van Franeker, J. A.: Spatio-temporal variability in the
winter diet of larval and juvenile Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, in ice-covered waters,
Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 580, 101–115, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12309,
2017.
Schall, E., Thomisch, K., Boebel, O., Gerlach, G., Woods, S. M., El-Gabbas,
A., S., and Van Opzeeland, I.: Multi-year presence of humpback whales in the
Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean but not during El Niño, Commun.
Biol., 4, 790, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02332-6,
2021.
Schöning, T., Bergmann, M., Ontrup, J., Taylor, J., Dannheim, J., Gutt,
J., Purser, A., and Nattkemper, T. W.: Semi-automated image analysis for the
assessment of megafaunal densities at the Arctic deep-sea observatory
Hausgarten, PLOS ONE, 7, e38179, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone0038179, 2012.
Seifert, M., Rost, B., Trimborn, S., and Hauck, J.: Meta-analysis of
multiple driver effects on marine phytoplankton highlights modulating role
of pCO2, Glob. Change Biol., 26, 6787–6804, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15341, 2020.
Simpson, R. D.: The “ecosystem service framework”: a critical assessment, in: Valuation of Regulating Services of Ecosystems, Methodology and Applications (1st ed.), edited by: Kumar, P. and Wood, M., Routledge, 40 et sqq., https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203847602, 2010.
Smedsrud, L. H.: Warming of the deep water in the Weddell Sea along the
Greenwich meridian: 1977–2001, Deep-Sea Res, 52, 241–258, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.10.004, 2005.
Smith, E. C., Hattermann, T., Kuhn, G., Gaedicke, C., Berger, S., Drews, R.,
Ehlers, T. A., Franke, D., Gromig, R., Hofstede, C., Lambrecht, A.,
Läufer, A., Mayer, C., Tiedemann, R., Wilhelms, F., and Eisen, O.:
Detailed seismic bathymetry beneath Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica:
Implications for glacial history and ice-ocean interaction, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 47, e2019GL086187, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086187,
2020.
Smith, P., Arneth, A., Barnes, D. K. A., Ichii, K., Marquet, P. A., Popp,
A., Pörtner, H. O., Rogers, A. D., Scholes, R. J., Strassburg, B., Wu,
J., and Ngo, H.: How do we best synergize climate mitigation actions to
co-benefit biodiversity?, Glob. Change Biol., 28, 2555–2577,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16056, 2022.
Smith, R. C., Fraser, W. R., Stammerjohn, S. E., and Vernet, M.: Palmer
Long-Term Ecological Research on the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem, in: Antarctic Research Series, edited by: Domack,
E., Levente, A., Burnet, A., Bindschadler, R., Convey, P., and Kirby, M., American Geophysical
Union, 131–144, https://doi.org/10.1029/AR079p0131, 2013.
Somero, G. N.: The physiology of global change: linking patterns to
mechanisms, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 4, 39–61,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100935, 2012.
Steiner, N., Bowman, J. Campbell, K.; Chierici, M., Eronen-Rasimus, E.,
Falardeau, M., Flores, H., Fransson, A., Herr, H., Insley, S., Kauko, H.,
Lannuzel, D., Loseto, L., Lynnes, A., Majewski, A., Meiners, K., Miller, L.,
Michel, L., Moreau, S., Nacke, M., Nomura, D., Tedesco, L., van Franeker, J.
A., van Leeuwe, M., and Wongpan, P.: Climate change impacts on sea-ice
ecosystems and associated ecosystem services, Elementa, 9, 00007,
https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00007, 2021.
Strass, V. H., Rohardt, G., Kanzow, T., Hoppema, M., and Boebel, O.:
Multidecadal warming and density loss in the deep Weddell Sea, Antarctica,
J. Climate, 33, 9863–9881,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0271, 2020.
Strobel, A., Bennecke, S., Leo, E., Mintenbeck, K., Portner, H. O., and
Mark, F. C.: Metabolic shifts in the Antarctic fish Notothenia rossii in response to rising
temperature and pCO2, Front. Zool., 9, 28, https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-9-28,
2012.
Sun, S., Hattermann, T., Pattyn, F., Nicholls, K. W., Drews, R., and Berger,
S.: Topographic shelf waves control seasonal melting near Antarctic ice
shelf grounding lines, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 9824–9832,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083881, 2019.
Tagliabue, A. and Arrigo, K. R.: Decadal trends in air-sea CO2 exchange
in the Ross Sea (Antarctica), Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 5271–5278,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069071, 2016.
Teschke, K., Beaver, D., Bester, M. N., Bombosch, A., Bornemann, H., Brandt,
A., Brtnik, P., de Broyer, C., Burkhardt, E., Dieckmann, G., Douglass, L.,
Flores, H., Gerdes, D., Griffiths, H. J., Gutt, J., Hain, S., Hauck, J.,
Hellmer, H., Herata, H., Hoppema, M., Isla, E., Jerosch, K., Kock, K.-H.,
Krause, R., Kuhn, G., Lemke, P., Liebschner, A., Linse, K., Miller, H.,
Mintenbeck, K., Nixdorf, U., Pehlke, H., Post, A., Schröder, M., Shust,
K. V., Schwegmann, S., Siegel, V., Strass, V., Thomisch, K., Timmermann, R.,
Trathan, P. N., van de Putte, A., van Franeker, J., van Opzeeland, I. C.,
von Nordheim, H., and Brey, T.: Scientific background document in support of
a CCAMLR MPA in the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) – Version 2016 – Part A:
General context of the establishment of MPAs and background information on
the Weddell Sea MPA planning area, WG-EMM-16/01, CCAMLR, Hobart, 112 pp.,
2016.
Teschke, K., Pehlke, H., Siegel, V., Bornemann, H., Knust, R., and Brey, T.: An integrated compilation of data sources for the development of a marine protected area in the Weddell Sea, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1003–1023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1003-2020, 2020a.
Teschke, K., Brtnik, P., Hain, S., Herata, H., Liebschner, A., Pehlke, H.,
and Brey, T.: Planning marine protected areas under the CCAMLR regime – The
case of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica), Mar. Policy, 124, 104370,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104370, 2020b.
Thomisch, K., Boebel, O., Clark, C. W., Hagen, W., Spiesecke, S.,
Zitterbart, D. P., and Van Opzeeland, I.: Spatio-temporal patterns in
acoustic presence and distribution of Antarctic blue whales Balaenoptera
musculus intermedia in the Weddell Sea, Endanger, Species Res., 30, 239–253,
https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00739, 2016.
Thompson, A. F., Stewart, A. L., Spence, P., and Heywood, K. J.: The
Antarctic slope current in a changing climate, Rev. Geophys., 56, 741–770,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000624, 2018.
Thompson, D. W. J., Solomon, S., Kushner, P. J., England, M. H., Grise, K.
M., and Karoly, D. J.: Signatures of the Antarctic ozone hole in Southern
Hemisphere surface climate change, Nat. Geosci., 4, 741–749,
https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1296, 2011.
Timmermann, R. and Goeller, S.: Response to Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf cavity warming in a coupled ocean–ice sheet model – Part 1: The ocean perspective, Ocean Sci., 13, 765–776, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-765-2017, 2017.
Trimborn, S., Brenneis, T., Hoppe, C. J. M., Laglera, L. M., Norman, L.,
Santos-Echeandía, J., Völkner, C., Wolf-Gladrow, D., and Hassler,
C. S.: Iron sources alter the response of Southern Ocean phytoplankton to
ocean acidification, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 578, 35–50, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12250, 2017.
Turner, J. and Comiso, J.: Solve Antarctica's sea ice puzzle, Nature, 547,
275–277, https://doi.org/10.1038/547275a, 2017.
Turner, J., Barrand, N. E., Bracegirdle, T. J., Convey, P., Hodgson, D.,
Jarvis, M., Jenkins, A., Marshall, G., Meredith, M. P., Roscoe, H.,
Shanklin, J., French, J., Goosse, H., Gutt, J., Jacobs, S., Kennicutt II, M.
C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Mayewski, P., Navarro, F., Robinson, S., Scambos,
T., Sparrow, M., Summerhayes, C., Speer, K., and Klepikov, A.: Antarctic
climate change and the environment: an update, Polar. Rec., 50, 237–259,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247413000296, 2014.
Turner, J., Phillips, T., Marshall, G. J., Hosking, J. S., Pope, J. O.,
Bracegirdle, T. J., and Deb, P.: Unprecedented springtime retreat of
Antarctic sea ice in 2016, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6868–6875,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073656, 2017.
Turner, J., Holmes, C., Caton Harrison, T., Phillips, T., Jena, B.,
Reeves-Francois, T., Fogt, R., Thomas, E. R., and Bajish, C. C.: Record low
Antarctic sea ice cover in February 2022, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49,
e2022GL098904, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098904, 2022.
Usbeck, R., Rutgers van der Loeff, M., Hoppema, M., and Schlitzer, R.:
Shallow remineralization in the Weddell Gyre, Geochem. Geophys.
Geosys., 3, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000182, 2002.
Van de Putte, A. P., Griffiths, H. J., Brooks, C., Bricher, P., Sweetlove,
M., Halfter, S., and Raymond, B.: From data to marine ecosystem assessments
of the Southern Ocean: Achievements, challenges, and lessons for the future,
Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 637063, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.637063, 2021.
van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Hoppema, M., Huhn, O., Slagter, H. A., and de Baar,
H. J. W.: Direct observation of increasing CO2 in the Weddell Gyre
along the Prime Meridian during 1973–2008, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 58, 2613–2635,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.08.007, 2011.
Van Opzeeland, I., Van Parijs, S., Bornemann, H., Frickenhaus, S.,
Kindermann, L., Klinck, H., Plötz, J., and Boebel, O.: Acoustic ecology
of Antarctic pinnipeds, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 414, 267–291,
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08683, 2010.
Vancoppenolle, M., Meiners, K., Michel, C., Bopp, L., Brabant, F., Carnat,
G., Delille, B., Lannuzel, D., Madec, G., Moreau, S., Tison, J.-L., and van
der Merwe, P.: Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging
views and challenges, Quat. Sci. Rev., 79, 207–230,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.011, 2013.
Verbitsky, J.: Ecosystem services and Antarctica: The time has come?, Ecosys.
Serv., 29, 381–394, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.10.015,
2018.
Vernet, M., Geibert, W., Hoppema, M., Brown, P., Haas, C., Hellmer, H. H.,
Jokat, W., Jullion, L., Mazloff, M., Bakker, D. C. E., Brearley, A., Croot,
P., Hattermann, T., Hauck, J., Hillenbrand, C. D., Hoppe, J. C. M., Huhn,
O., Koch, B. P., Lechtenfeld, O. J., Meredith, M. P., Naveira Garabato, A.
C., Nöthig, E. M., Peeken, I., Polzin, K., Rutgers van der Loeff, M. M.,
Schmidtko, S., Schröder, M., Strass, V. H., Torres-Valdés, S., and
Verdy, A.: The Weddell Gyre, Southern Ocean: Present knowledge and future
challenges, Rev. Geophys., 57, 623–708,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000604, 2019.
Walther, G. R., Post, E., Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C., Beebee, T.
J. C., Fromentin, J. M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., and Bairlein, F.: Ecological
responses to recent climate change, Nature, 416, 389–395, 2002.
Watanabe, Y., Bornemann, H., Liebsch, N., Plötz, J., Sato, K., Naito,
Y., and Miyazaki, N.: Seal-mounted cameras detect invertebrate fauna on the
underside of an Antarctic ice shelf, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 309,
297–300, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps309297, 2006.
Wege, M., Salas, L., and LaRue, M.: Citizen science and habitat modelling
facilitates conservation planning for crabeater seals in the Weddell Sea,
Divers. Distrib., 26, 1291–1304, https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13120,
2020.
Wege, M., Bornemann, H., Blix, A. S., Nordøy, E. S., Biddle, L. C., and
Bester, M. N.: Distribution and habitat suitability of Ross seals in a
warming Ocean, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 1–15,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.659430, 2021a.
Wege, M., Salas, L., and LaRue, M.: Ice matters: Life-history strategies of
two Antarctic seals dictate climate change eventualities in the Weddell Sea,
Glob. Change Biol., 27, 6252–6262, https://doi.org./10.1111/gcb.15828,
2021b.
Weller, R., Levin, I., Wagenbach, D., and Minikin, A.: The air chemistry
observatory at Neumayer Stations (GvN and NM-II) Antarctica, Polarforschung
76, 39–46, 2006.
Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J.,
Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., Blomberg, N., Boiten, J.-W., da Silva
Santos, L. B., Bourne, P. E., Bouwman, J., Brookes, A. J., Clark, T.,
Crosas, M., Dillo, I., Dumon, O., Edmunds, S, Evelo, C. T., Finkers, R.,
Gonzalez-Beltran, A., Gray, A. J. G., Groth, P., Goble, C., Grethe, J. S.,
Heringa, J., 't Hoen, P. A. C., Hooft, R., Kuhn, T., Kok, R., Kok, J.,
Lusher, S. J., Martone, M. E., Mons, A., Packer, A. L., Persson, B.,
Rocca-Serra, P., Roos, M., van Schaik, R., Sansone, S.-A., Schultes, E.,
Sengstag, T., Slater, T., Strawn, G., Swertz, M. A., Thompson, M., van der
Lei, J., van Mulligen, E., Velterop, J., Waagmeester, A., Wittenburg, P.,
Wolstencroft, K., Zhao, J., and Mons, B.: The FAIR Guiding Principles for
scientific data management and stewardship, Sci. Data, 3, 160018,
https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18, 2016.
Windisch, H. S., Frickenhaus, S., John, U., Knust, R., Pörtner, H.-O.,
and Lucassen, M.: Stress response or beneficial temperature acclimation:
transcriptomic signatures in Antarctic fish (Pachycara brachycephalum), Mol. Ecol., 23, 3469–3482,
https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12822, 2014.
Xavier, J. C., Mateev, D., Capper, L., Wilmotte, A., and Walton, D. W. H.:
Education and outreach by the Antarctic Treaty parties, observers and
experts under the framework of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings,
Polar. Rec., 55, 241–244, https://doi.org/10.1017/S003224741800044X, 2019.
Ye, Y., Völker, C., and Gledhill, M.: Exploring the iron-binding
potential of the ocean using a combined pH and DOC parameterization, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 34, e2019GB006425, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006425,
2020.
Younger, J. L., Emmerson, L. M., and Miller, K. J.: The influence of
historical climate changes on Southern Ocean marine predator populations: a
comparative analysis, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 474–493, 2016.
Zhou, Q., Hattermann, T., Nøst, O. A., Biuw, M., Kovacs, K. M., and
Lydersen, C.: Wind driven spreading of freshwater beneath the ice shelves in
the Eastern Weddell Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 3818–3833,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009556, 2014.
Zwerschke, N., Sands, C. J., Roman-Gonzalez, A., Barnes, D. K. A., Guzzi,
A., Jenkins, S., Muñoz-Ramírez, C., and Scourse, J.: Quantification
of blue carbon pathways contributing to negative feedback on climate change
following glacier retreat in West Antarctic fjords, Glob. Change Biol.,
28, 8–20, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15898, 2022.
Short summary
Long-term ecological observations are key to assess, understand and predict impacts of environmental change on biotas. We present a multidisciplinary framework for such largely lacking investigations in the East Antarctic Southern Ocean, combined with case studies, experimental and modelling work. As climate change is still minor here but is projected to start soon, the timely implementation of this framework provides the unique opportunity to document its ecological impacts from the very onset.
Long-term ecological observations are key to assess, understand and predict impacts of...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint