Articles | Volume 21, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-557-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-557-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Observational relationships between ammonia, carbon dioxide and water vapor under a wide range of meteorological and turbulent conditions: RITA-2021 campaign
Ruben B. Schulte
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
Susanna Rutledge-Jonker
Department of Environmental Modeling, Sensing and Analysis, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
Shelley van der Graaf
Department of Environmental Modeling, Sensing and Analysis, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
Jun Zhang
TNO, Postbus 15, 1755 ZG Petten, the Netherlands
Margreet C. van Zanten
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
Department of Environmental Modeling, Sensing and Analysis, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
Related authors
No articles found.
Hong Zhao, Han Dolman, Jan Elbers, Wilma Jans, Bart Kruijt, Eddy Moors, Henk Snellen, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arellano, Wouter Peters, Maarten Krol, Ronald Hutjes, and Michiel van der Molen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-372, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-372, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Under the Kyoto Protocol the carbon dioxide (CO2) balance for forest ecosystems was required to be measured. Consequently, CO2 flux measurements have been conducted in Loobos site in the Netherlands since 1996, becoming one of the 17 first FLUXNET sites globally. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the instrumentation, data processing and the resulting data archive, enabling its further use in data analysis, model development and validation of satellite data retrievals.
Mary Rose Mangan, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Bart J. H. van Stratum, Marie Lothon, Guylaine Canut-Rocafort, and Oscar K. Hartogensis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8959–8981, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8959-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8959-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using observations and high-resolution turbulence modeling, we examine the influence of irrigation-driven surface heterogeneity on the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). We use a multi-scale approach for characterizing surface heterogeneity to explore how its influence on the ABL within a grid cell would change with higher-resolution models. We find that the height of the ABL is variable across short distances and that the surface heterogeneity is felt least strongly in the middle of the ABL.
Dieu Anh Tran, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Christoph Gerbig, Michał Gałkowski, Santiago Botía, Kim Faassen, and Sönke Zaehle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2351, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2351, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Analysis of CH4 data (2010–2021) from ZOTTO in Central Siberia shows an increase in the summer diurnal amplitude, driven by nighttime emissions. These trends correlate with rising soil temperature and moisture, especially in late summer. Peaks in 2012, 2016, and 2019 emission link to wildfires and wetland activity. Findings suggest wetlands as key CH4 sources and underscore the need for ongoing high-resolution monitoring in this region.
Arseniy Karagodin-Doyennel, Fredrik Jansson, Bart J. H. van Stratum, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, and Sander Houweling
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 4571–4599, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4571-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4571-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a new simulation platform based on the Dutch Atmospheric Large-Eddy Simulation (DALES) to simulate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their dispersion in turbulent environments at a hectometer resolution. This model incorporates both anthropogenic emission inventories and online ecosystem fluxes. Simulation results for the main urban area in the Netherlands demonstrate the strong potential of DALES to improve CO2 emission modeling and to support mitigation strategies.
Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Roderick Dewar, Kim A. P. Faassen, Teemu Hölttä, Remco de Kok, Ingrid T. Luijkx, and Timo Vesala
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2705, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2705, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how oxygen moves through tiny pores in leaves, especially when water vapor is also flowing out. We show that under common conditions, oxygen can move from the leaf to the air even when its concentration is higher outside – a surprising effect. Our findings help explain oxygen exchange in still air and support better models of plant–atmosphere interactions.
Marc Castellnou Ribau, Mercedes Bachfischer, Marta Miralles Bover, Borja Ruiz, Laia Estivill, Jordi Pages, Pau Guarque, Brian Verhoeven, Zisoula Ntasiou, Ove Stokkeland, Chiel Van Herwaeeden, Tristan Roelofs, Martin Janssens, Cathelijne Stoof, and Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1923, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1923, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
Short summary
Firefighter entrapments can occur when wildfires escalate suddenly due to fire-atmosphere interactions. This study presents a method to analyze this in real-time using two weather balloon measurements: ambient and in-plume conditions. Researchers launched 156 balloons during wildfire seasons in Spain, Chile, Greece, and the Netherlands. This methodology detects sudden changes in fire behavior by comparing ambient and in-plume data, ultimately enhancing research on fire-atmosphere interactions.
Tycho Jongenelen, Margreet van Zanten, Enrico Dammers, Roy Wichink Kruit, Arjan Hensen, Leon Geers, and Jan Willem Erisman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4943–4963, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4943-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4943-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This article compares three ammonia (NH3) deposition models in a dune ecosystem and investigates the uncertainty of these models. The Zhang model aligned best with the measurements, whereas the DEPAC (DEPosition of Acidifying Compounds) and Massad models overestimated and underestimated the NH3 deposition respectively. The study found that NH3 exchange with wet plant leaves was an important but uncertain process. It offers recommendations to improve future models and suggests measurements to lower the existing uncertainty.
Sreehari Kizhuveettil, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arellano, Martina Krämer, Armin Afchine, Luiz A. T. Machado, Martin Zöger, and Wiebke Frey
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1637, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1637, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aircraft measurements are used to investigate high-altitude downdrafts in tropical deep convective clouds. The cloud water present in the downdrafts and its intensity do not show any correlation. Surprisingly, downdrafts occurred in supersaturated regions, contradicting the classical view of subsaturated downdrafts. Up- and downdrafts of similar strength show similar particle size distributions. These findings shed new light on the interplay between deep convection dynamics and microphysics.
Robbert Petrus Johannes Moonen, Getachew Agmuas Adnew, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Oscar Karel Hartogensis, David Joan Bonell Fontas, Shujiro Komiya, Sam P. Jones, and Thomas Röckmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-452, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-452, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understory ejections are distinct turbulent features emerging in prime tall forest ecosystems. We share a method to isolate understory ejections based on H2O-CO2 anomalie quadrants. From these, we calculate the flux contributions of understory ejections and all flux quadrants. In addition we show that a distinctly depleted isotopic composition can be found in the ejected water vapour. Finally, we explored the role of clouds as a potential trigger for understory ejections.
Leon Geers, Ruud Janssen, Gudrun Thorkelsdottir, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, and Martijn Schaap
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-426, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-426, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution data on reactive nitrogen deposition are needed to inform cost-effective policies. Here, we describe the implementation of a dry deposition module into a large eddy simulation code. With this model, we are able to represent the turbulent exchange of tracers at the hectometer resolution. The model calculates the dispersion and deposition of NOx and NH3 in great spatial detail, clearly showing the influence of local land use patterns.
Felipe Lobos-Roco, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, and Camilo del Río
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 109–125, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-109-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-109-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Water resources are fundamental for the social, economic, and natural development of (semi-)arid regions. Precipitation decreases due to climate change obligate us to find new water resources. Fog harvesting (FH) emerges as a complementary resource in regions where it is abundant but untapped. This research proposes a model to estimate FH potential in coastal (semi-)arid regions. This model could have broader applicability worldwide in regions where FH could be a viable water source.
Luiz A. T. Machado, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Santiago Botía, Hella van Asperen, Meinrat O. Andreae, Alessandro C. de Araújo, Paulo Artaxo, Achim Edtbauer, Rosaria R. Ferreira, Marco A. Franco, Hartwig Harder, Sam P. Jones, Cléo Q. Dias-Júnior, Guido G. Haytzmann, Carlos A. Quesada, Shujiro Komiya, Jost Lavric, Jos Lelieveld, Ingeborg Levin, Anke Nölscher, Eva Pfannerstill, Mira L. Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, Akima Ringsdorf, Luciana Rizzo, Ana M. Yáñez-Serrano, Susan Trumbore, Wanda I. D. Valenti, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arellano, David Walter, Jonathan Williams, Stefan Wolff, and Christopher Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8893–8910, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8893-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8893-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Composite analysis of gas concentration before and after rainfall, during the day and night, gives insight into the complex relationship between trace gas variability and precipitation. The analysis helps us to understand the sources and sinks of trace gases within a forest ecosystem. It elucidates processes that are not discernible under undisturbed conditions and contributes to a deeper understanding of the trace gas life cycle and its intricate interactions with cloud dynamics in the Amazon.
Kim A. P. Faassen, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Raquel González-Armas, Bert G. Heusinkveld, Ivan Mammarella, Wouter Peters, and Ingrid T. Luijkx
Biogeosciences, 21, 3015–3039, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3015-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3015-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ratio between atmospheric O2 and CO2 can be used to characterize the carbon balance at the surface. By combining a model and observations from the Hyytiälä forest (Finland), we show that using atmospheric O2 and CO2 measurements from a single height provides a weak constraint on the surface CO2 exchange because large-scale processes such as entrainment confound this signal. We therefore recommend always using multiple heights of O2 and CO2 measurements to study surface CO2 exchange.
Raquel González-Armas, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Mary Rose Mangan, Oscar Hartogensis, and Hugo de Boer
Biogeosciences, 21, 2425–2445, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2425-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2425-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the water and CO2 exchange for an alfalfa field with observations and a model with spatial scales ranging from the stomata to the atmospheric boundary layer. To relate the environmental factors to the leaf gas exchange, we developed three equations that quantify how many of the temporal changes of the leaf gas exchange occur due to changes in the environmental variables. The novelty of the research resides in the capacity to dissect the dynamics of the leaf gas exchange.
Robbert P. J. Moonen, Getachew A. Adnew, Oscar K. Hartogensis, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, David J. Bonell Fontas, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5787–5810, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5787-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5787-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Isotope fluxes allow for net ecosystem gas exchange fluxes to be partitioned into sub-components like plant assimilation, respiration and transpiration, which can help us better understand the environmental drivers of each partial flux. We share the results of a field campaign isotope fluxes were derived using a combination of laser spectroscopy and eddy covariance. We found lag times and high frequency signal loss in the isotope fluxes we derived and present methods to correct for both.
Daan Swart, Jun Zhang, Shelley van der Graaf, Susanna Rutledge-Jonker, Arjan Hensen, Stijn Berkhout, Pascal Wintjen, René van der Hoff, Marty Haaima, Arnoud Frumau, Pim van den Bulk, Ruben Schulte, Margreet van Zanten, and Thomas van Goethem
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 529–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-529-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-529-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
During a 5-week comparison campaign, we tested two set-ups to measure half hourly ammonia fluxes. The eddy covariance and flux gradient systems showed very similar results when the upwind terrain was both homogeneous and free of obstacles. We discuss the technical performance and practical limitations of both systems. Measurements from these instruments can facilitate the study of processes behind ammonia deposition, an important contributor to eutrophication and acidificationin natural areas.
Kim A. P. Faassen, Linh N. T. Nguyen, Eadin R. Broekema, Bert A. M. Kers, Ivan Mammarella, Timo Vesala, Penelope A. Pickers, Andrew C. Manning, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Harro A. J. Meijer, Wouter Peters, and Ingrid T. Luijkx
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 851–876, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange ratio (ER) between atmospheric O2 and CO2 provides a useful tracer for separately estimating photosynthesis and respiration processes in the forest carbon balance. This is highly relevant to better understand the expected biosphere sink, which determines future atmospheric CO2 levels. We therefore measured O2, CO2, and their ER above a boreal forest in Finland and investigated their diurnal behaviour for a representative day, and we show the most suitable way to determine the ER.
Micael Amore Cecchini, Marco de Bruine, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, and Paulo Artaxo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11867–11888, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11867-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11867-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Shallow clouds (vertical extent up to 3 km height) are ubiquitous throughout the Amazon and are responsible for redistributing the solar heat and moisture vertically and horizontally. They are a key component of the water cycle because they can grow past the shallow phase to contribute significantly to the precipitation formation. However, they need favourable environmental conditions to grow. In this study, we analyse how changing wind patterns affect the development of such shallow clouds.
Felipe Lobos-Roco, Oscar Hartogensis, Francisco Suárez, Ariadna Huerta-Viso, Imme Benedict, Alberto de la Fuente, and Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3709–3729, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3709-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3709-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research brings a multi-scale temporal analysis of evaporation in a saline lake of the Atacama Desert. Our findings reveal that evaporation is controlled differently depending on the timescale. Evaporation is controlled sub-diurnally by wind speed, regulated seasonally by radiation and modulated interannually by ENSO. Our research extends our understanding of evaporation, contributing to improving the climate change assessment and efficiency of water management in arid regions.
Ruben B. Schulte, Margreet C. van Zanten, Bart J. H. van Stratum, and Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8241–8257, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8241-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8241-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a fine-scale simulation framework, utilizing large-eddy simulations, to assess NH3 measurements influenced by boundary-layer dynamics and turbulent dispersion of a nearby emission source. The minimum required distance from an emission source differs for concentration and flux measurements, from 0.5–3.0 km and 0.75–4.5 km, respectively. The simulation framework presented here proves to be a powerful and versatile tool for future NH3 research at high spatio-temporal resolutions.
Shelley van der Graaf, Enrico Dammers, Arjo Segers, Richard Kranenburg, Martijn Schaap, Mark W. Shephard, and Jan Willem Erisman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 951–972, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-951-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-951-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
CrIS NH3 satellite observations are assimilated into the LOTOS-EUROS model using two different methods. In the first method the data are used to fit spatially varying NH3 emission time factors. In the second method a local ensemble transform Kalman filter is used. Compared to in situ observations, combining both methods led to the most significant improvements in the modeled concentrations and deposition, illustrating the usefulness of CrIS NH3 to improve the spatiotemporal distribution of NH3.
Carlos Román-Cascón, Marie Lothon, Fabienne Lohou, Oscar Hartogensis, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arellano, David Pino, Carlos Yagüe, and Eric R. Pardyjak
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3939–3967, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3939-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3939-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The type of vegetation (or land cover) and its status influence the heat and water transfers between the surface and the air, affecting the processes that develop in the atmosphere at different (but connected) spatiotemporal scales. In this work, we investigate how these transfers are affected by the way the surface is represented in a widely used weather model. The results encourage including realistic high-resolution and updated land cover databases in models to improve their predictions.
Felipe Lobos-Roco, Oscar Hartogensis, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Alberto de la Fuente, Ricardo Muñoz, José Rutllant, and Francisco Suárez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9125–9150, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the influence of regional atmospheric circulation on the evaporation of a saline lake in the Altiplano region of the Atacama Desert through a field experiment and regional modeling. Our results show that evaporation is controlled by two regimes: (1) in the morning by local conditions with low evaporation rates and low wind speed and (2) in the afternoon with high evaporation rates and high wind speed. Afternoon winds are connected to the regional Pacific Ocean–Andes flow.
Cited articles
Behera, S. N., Sharma, M., Aneja, V. P., and Balasubramanian, R.: Ammonia in the atmosphere: a review on emission sources, atmospheric chemistry and deposition on terrestrial bodies, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 20, 8092–8131, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2051-9, 2013. a
Berkhout, A. J. C., Swart, D. P. J., Volten, H., Gast, L. F. L., Haaima, M., Verboom, H., Stefess, G., Hafkenscheid, T., and Hoogerbrugge, R.: Replacing the AMOR with the miniDOAS in the ammonia monitoring network in the Netherlands, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4099–4120, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4099-2017, 2017. a
Bobbink, R., Hornung, M., and Roelofs, J. G. M.: The effects of air-borne nitrogen pollutants on species diversity in natural and semi-natural European vegetation, J. Ecol., 86, 717–738, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.8650717.x, 2003. a
Bosveld, F., Baas, P., Beljaars, A., Holtslag, A., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., and van de Wiel, B.: Fifty Years of Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Research at Cabauw Serving Weather, Air Quality and Climate, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 177, 583–612, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00541-w, 2020. a
Brauer, C. C., Torfs, P. J. J. F., Teuling, A. J., and Uijlenhoet, R.: The Wageningen Lowland Runoff Simulator (WALRUS): application to the Hupsel Brook catchment and the Cabauw polder, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4007–4028, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4007-2014, 2014. a
de Groot, G. E., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., de Roode, S. R., Coenders-Gerrits, A. M. J., and van de Wiel, B. J. H.: Evaporation Hysteresis over Vegetation: The Impact of Surface Processes and Boundary Layer Dynamics, Master's thesis, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8284f137-2c64-48ab-ba8d-bf099d70c70c (last access: 15 January 2024), 2019. a, b
Erisman, J. and Schaap, M.: The need for ammonia abatement with respect to secondary PM reductions in Europe, Environ. Pollut., 129, 159–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2003.08.042, 2004. a
Erisman, J. W., Galloway, J. N., Seitzinger, S., Bleeker, A., Dise, N. B., Petrescu, A. M. R., Leach, A. M., and de Vries, W.: Consequences of human modification of the global nitrogen cycle, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 368, 20130116, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0116, 2013. a
Farquhar, G. D., Firth, P. M., Wetselaar, R., and Weir, B.: On the Gaseous Exchange of Ammonia between Leaves and the Environment: Determination of the Ammonia Compensation Point, Plant Physiol., 66, 710–714, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.66.4.710, 1980. a, b
Ferrara, R., Di Tommasi, P., Famulari, D., and Rana, G.: Limitations of an Eddy-Covariance System in Measuring Low Ammonia Fluxes, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 180, 173–186, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-021-00612-6, 2021. a
Gates, D. M.: Biophysical ecology, Springer-Verlag, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-6024-0, 1980. a
Jacobs, C.: Direct impact of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on regional transpiration, PhD thesis, Wageningen University, https://wur.on.worldcat.org/oclc/906644518 (last access: 15 January 2024), 1994. a
Jacobs, C. M. J. and de Bruin, H. A. R.: Predicting Regional Transpiration at Elevated Atmospheric CO2: Influence of the PBL–Vegetation Interaction, J. Appl. Meteorol., 36, 1663–1675, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<1663:PRTAEA>2.0.CO;2, 1997. a
Jacobs, C. M. J., Jacobs, A. F. G., Bosveld, F. C., Hendriks, D. M. D., Hensen, A., Kroon, P. S., Moors, E. J., Nol, L., Schrier-Uijl, A., and Veenendaal, E. M.: Variability of annual CO2 exchange from Dutch grasslands, Biogeosciences, 4, 803–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-803-2007, 2007. a
Jarvis, P. G., Monteith, J. L., and Weatherley, P. E.: The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 273, 593–610, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1976.0035, 1976. a
Kljun, N., Calanca, P., Rotach, M. W., and Schmid, H. P.: A simple two-dimensional parameterisation for Flux Footprint Prediction (FFP), Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3695–3713, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3695-2015, 2015. a
Lloyd, J. and Taylor, J.: On the temperature dependence of soil respiration, Funct. Ecol., 8, 315–323, https://doi.org/10.2307/2389824, 1994. a, b
LI-COR Biosciences: Eddy Covariance Processing Software (Version 7.0.6) [code], https://www.licor.com/env/products/eddy-covariance/eddypro, last access 15 January 2024.
Massad, R.-S., Nemitz, E., and Sutton, M. A.: Review and parameterisation of bi-directional ammonia exchange between vegetation and the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10359–10386, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10359-2010, 2010. a, b
Mauder, M. and Foken, T.: Impact of post-field data processing on eddy covariance flux estimates and energy balance closure, Meteorol. Z., 15, 597–609, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0167, 2006. a
Mauder, M., Foken, T., Aubinet, M., and Ibrom, A.: Eddy-covariance measurements, in: Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements, Springer International Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52171-4, 2022. a
Milford, C., Hargreaves, K. J., Sutton, M. A., Loubet, B., and Cellier, P.: Fluxes of NH3 and CO2 over upland moorland in the vicinity of agricultural land, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 24169–24181, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900082, 2001. a, b
Miralles, D. G., Brutsaert, W., Dolman, A. J., and Gash, J. H.: On the use of the term “evapotranspiration”, Water Resour. Res., 56, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR028055, 2020. a
Moene, A. F. and Van Dam, J. C.: Transport in the Atmosphere-Vegetation-Soil Continuum, Camebridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139043137, 2014. a, b, c
Moncrieff, J., Massheder, J., de Bruin, H., Ebers, J., Friborg, T., Heusinkveld, B., Kabat, P., Scott, S., Soegaard, H., and Verhoef, A.: A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapor and carbon dioxide, J. Hydrol., 188–189, 589–611, 1997. a
Moncrieff, J., Clement, R., Finnigan, J., and Meyers, T.: Averaging, detrending and filtering of eddy covariance time series, in: Handbook of micrometeorology: a guide for surface flux measurements, Kluwer Academic, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2265-4, 2004. a
Nemitz, E., Milford, C., and Sutton, M.: A two-layer canopy compensation point model for describing bi-directional biosphere-atmosphere exchange of ammonia, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 815–833, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712757306, 2001. a, b
Nemitz, E., Sutton, M. A., Wyers, G. P., and Jongejan, P. A. C.: Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: I. Surface exchange fluxes of NH3, SO2, HNO3 and HCl, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 989–1005, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-989-2004, 2004. a, b
Papaioannou, G., Nikolidakis, G., Asimakopoulos, D., and Retalis, D.: Photosynthetically active radiation in Athens, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 81, 287–298, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(95)02290-2, 1996. a
Parrish, D. D. and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: Methods for gas-phase measurements of ozone, ozone precursors and aerosol precursors, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1921–1957, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00454-9, 2000. a
RIVM, CBS, PBL, and WUR: Nitrogen deposition, 1990–2018, Indicator 0189, version 18, 25 November 2019, RIVM National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Statistics Netherlands (CBS), The Hague, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, and Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, https://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/en018918 (last access: 17 August 2022), 2019. a
Ronda, R. J., de Bruin, H. A. R., and Holtslag, A. A. M.: Representation of the Canopy Conductance in Modeling the Surface Energy Budget for Low Vegetation, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 1431–1444, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1431:ROTCCI>2.0.CO;2, 2001. a, b
San José, J. J., Montes, R., and Nikonova-Crespo, N.: Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia Exchange in the Trachypogon Savannas of the Orinoco Llanos, Ann. Bot.-London, 68, 321–328, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088259, 1991. a
Schrader, F., Erisman, J. W., and Brümmer, C.: Towards a coupled paradigm of NH3-CO2 biosphere–atmosphere exchange modelling, Global Change Biol., 26, 4654–4663, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15184, 2020. a
Schulte, R., van Zanten, M., Rutledge-Jonker, S., Swart, D., Wichink Kruit, R., Krol, M., van Pul, W., and Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J.: Unraveling the diurnal atmospheric ammonia budget of a prototypical convective boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 249, 118153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118153, 2021. a, b, c, d, e
Schulte, R. B., van Zanten, M. C., van Stratum, B. J. H., and Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J.: Assessing the representativity of NH3 measurements influenced by boundary-layer dynamics and the turbulent dispersion of a nearby emission source, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8241–8257, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8241-2022, 2022. a, b, c
Schulte, R. B., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., Rutledge-Jonker, S., van der Graaf, S., Zhang, J., and van Zanten, M.: Observational relationships between ammonia, carbon dioxide and water vapor under a wide range of meteorological and turbulent conditions: RITA-2021 campaign, Zenodo [data set and code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10549048, 2024. a
Smit, L. A. M. and Heederik, D.: Impacts of Intensive Livestock Production on Human Health in Densely Populated Regions, GeoHealth, 1, 272–277, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GH000103, 2017. a
Stewart, J.: Modelling surface conductance of pine forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 43, 19–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(88)90003-2, 1988. a
Stokstad, E.: Nitrogen crisis threatens Dutch environment- and economy, Science, 366, 1180–1181, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.366.6470.1180, 2019. a
Swart, D., Zhang, J., van der Graaf, S., Rutledge-Jonker, S., Hensen, A., Berkhout, S., Wintjen, P., van der Hoff, R., Haaima, M., Frumau, A., van den Bulk, P., Schulte, R., van Zanten, M., and van Goethem, T.: Field comparison of two novel open-path instruments that measure dry deposition and emission of ammonia using flux-gradient and eddy covariance methods, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 529–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-529-2023, 2023. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k
Takagi, K., Tsuboya, T., and Takahashi, H.: Diurnal hystereses of stomatal and bulk surface conductances in relation to vapor pressure deficit in a cool-temperate wetland, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 91, 177–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00078-1, 1998. a
Van Hove, L., Adema, E., Vredenberg, W., and Pieters, G.: A study of the adsorption of NH3 and SO2 on leaf surfaces, Atmos. Environ. (1967), 23, 1479–1486, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90407-1, 1989. a
van Zanten, M. C., Sauter, F. J., Wichink Kruit, R. J., van Jaarsveld, J. A., and van Pul, W. A. J.: Description of the DEPAC module: Dry deposition modelling with DEPAC-GCN2010, Tech. Rep. 680180001, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/680180001.pdf (last access: 15 January 2024), 2010. a, b, c, d
Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., van Heerwaarden, C. C., van Stratum, B. J. H., and van den Dries, K.: Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Integrating Air Chemistry and Land Interactions, Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316117422, 2015. a
Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., Ney, P., Hartogensis, O., de Boer, H., van Diepen, K., Emin, D., de Groot, G., Klosterhalfen, A., Langensiepen, M., Matveeva, M., Miranda-García, G., Moene, A. F., Rascher, U., Röckmann, T., Adnew, G., Brüggemann, N., Rothfuss, Y., and Graf, A.: CloudRoots: integration of advanced instrumental techniques and process modelling of sub-hourly and sub-kilometre land–atmosphere interactions, Biogeosciences, 17, 4375–4404, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4375-2020, 2020. a, b, c
Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., Hartogensis, O., Benedict, I., de Boer, H., Bosman, P. J. M., Botía, S., Cecchini, M. A., Faassen, K. A. P., González-Armas, R., van Diepen, K., Heusinkveld, B. G., Janssens, M., Lobos-Roco, F., Luijkx, I. T., Machado, L. A. T., Mangan, M. R., Moene, A. F., Mol, W. B., van der Molen, M., Moonen, R., Ouwersloot, H. G., Park, S.-W., Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, X., Röckmann, T., Adnew, G. A., Ronda, R., Sikma, M., Schulte, R., van Stratum, B. J. H., Veerman, M. A., van Zanten, M. C., and van Heerwaarden, C. C.: Advancing understanding of land–atmosphere interactions by breaking discipline and scale barriers, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 1522, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14956, 2023. a, b
Visser, A. J., Ganzeveld, L. N., Goded, I., Krol, M. C., Mammarella, I., Manca, G., and Boersma, K. F.: Ozone deposition impact assessments for forest canopies require accurate ozone flux partitioning on diurnal timescales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18393–18411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18393-2021, 2021. a
von Bobrutzki, K., Braban, C. F., Famulari, D., Jones, S. K., Blackall, T., Smith, T. E. L., Blom, M., Coe, H., Gallagher, M., Ghalaieny, M., McGillen, M. R., Percival, C. J., Whitehead, J. D., Ellis, R., Murphy, J., Mohacsi, A., Pogany, A., Junninen, H., Rantanen, S., Sutton, M. A., and Nemitz, E.: Field inter-comparison of eleven atmospheric ammonia measurement techniques, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 91–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-91-2010, 2010. a, b
Webb, E., Pearman, G., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 85–100, 1980. a
Wentworth, G. R., Murphy, J. G., Benedict, K. B., Bangs, E. J., and Collett Jr., J. L.: The role of dew as a night-time reservoir and morning source for atmospheric ammonia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7435–7449, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7435-2016, 2016. a
Whitehead, J. D., Twigg, M., Famulari, D., Nemitz, E., Sutton, M. A., Gallagher, M. W., and Fowler, D.: Evaluation of Laser Absorption Spectroscopic Techniques for Eddy Covariance Flux Measurements of Ammonia, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 2041–2046, https://doi.org/10.1021/es071596u, 2008. a
Wichink Kruit, R. J. and van Pul, W. A. J.: Ontwikkelingen in de stikstofdepositie, Briefrapport 2018-0117, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), https://doi.org/10.21945/RIVM-2018-0117, 2018. a
Wichink Kruit, R. J., van Pul, W. A. J., Otjes, R. P., Hofschreuder, P., Jacobs, A. F. G., and Holtslag, A. A. M.: Ammonia fluxes and derived canopy compensation points over non-fertilized agricultural grassland in The Netherlands using the new GRadient Ammonia – High Accuracy – Monitoring (GRAHAM), Atmos. Environ., 41, 1275–1287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.039, 2007. a, b, c
Wichink Kruit, R. J., van Pul, W. A. J., Sauter, F. J., van den Broek, M., E., N., Sutton, M. A., Krol, M., and Holtslag, A. A. M.: Modeling the surface–atmosphere exchange of ammonia, Atmos. Environ., 44, 945–957, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.11.049, 2010. a, b
Wilczak, J., Oncley, S., and Stage, S.: Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 99, 127–150, 2001. a
Wyers, G., Otjes, R., and Slanina, J.: A continuous-flow denuder for the measurement of ambient concentrations and surface-exchange fluxes of ammonia, Atmos. Environ. A-Gen., 27, 2085–2090, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90280-C, 1993. a
Zhang, Q., Manzoni, S., Katul, G., Porporato, A., and Yang, D.: The hysteretic evapotranspiration – Vapor pressure deficit relation, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 119, 125–140, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JG002484, 2014. a
Zöll, U., Lucas-Moffat, A., Wintjen, P., Schrader, F., Beudert, B., and Bruemmer, C.: Is the biosphere-atmosphere exchange of total reactive nitrogen above forest driven by the same factors as carbon dioxide? An analysis using artificial neural networks, Atmos. Environ., 206, 108–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.02.042, 2019. a
Short summary
We analyzed measurements with the aim of finding relations between the surface atmosphere exchange of NH3 and the CO2 uptake and transpiration by vegetation. We found a high correlation of daytime NH3 emissions with both latent heat flux and photosynthetically active radiation. Very few simultaneous measurements of NH3, CO2 fluxes and meteorological variables exist at sub-diurnal timescales. This study paves the way to finding more robust relations between the NH3 exchange flux and CO2 uptake.
We analyzed measurements with the aim of finding relations between the surface atmosphere...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint