Articles | Volume 21, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-557-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-557-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Jan 2024
Research article |
| 26 Jan 2024
| 26 Jan 2024
Observational relationships between ammonia, carbon dioxide and water vapor under a wide range of meteorological and turbulent conditions: RITA-2021 campaign
Ruben B. Schulte
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
Susanna Rutledge-Jonker
Department of Environmental Modeling, Sensing and Analysis, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
Shelley van der Graaf
Department of Environmental Modeling, Sensing and Analysis, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
Jun Zhang
TNO, Postbus 15, 1755 ZG Petten, the Netherlands
Margreet C. van Zanten
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
Department of Environmental Modeling, Sensing and Analysis, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Jun Zhang, Arjan Hensen, Baye Thera, Pim van den Bulk, Daniëlle van Dinther, Ilona Velzeboer, Enrico Dammers, Gerrit Jan de Bruin, Paula Bronsveld, and Martijn Schaap
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2838, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2838, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
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We developed a mobile monitoring platform to measure ammonia, methane, and carbon monoxide emissions from farms, traffic, and industry under real-world conditions. During a 160 km campaign in the Netherlands, the system distinguished emission sources and detected several missing from existing inventories. The results show that mobile monitoring can improve emission estimates and support more accurate environmental assessments.
Robbert P. J. Moonen, Getachew A. Adnew, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, David J. Bonell Fontas, and Thomas Röckmann
Biogeosciences, 23, 5163–5184, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-5163-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-5163-2026, 2026
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We used high-frequency H₂O and CO₂ isotope measurements taken in the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) to separate water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes into their component processes. During midday, ~95 % of evapotranspiration came from plant transpiration. Isotopes also revealed the balance between photosynthesis and respiration, showing strong sensitivity to leaf CO₂ ratios. These results improve understanding of Amazon ecosystem function.
Tyler Wizenberg, Enrico Dammers, Arjo Segers, Mark W. Shephard, Pierre Coheur, Lieven Clarisse, Martin Van Damme, Henk Eskes, Roy Wichink Kruit, Shelley van der Graaf, and Martijn Schaap
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 9589–9623, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9589-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9589-2026, 2026
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We combined five years of satellite data on ammonia and nitrogen dioxide concentrations with a regional model to better estimate nitrogen emissions and deposition in the Netherlands. This improved the accuracy of pollution maps and trends, especially in agricultural regions. Our approach helps identify when and where emissions are highest, supporting better air quality management and environmental protection by showing the benefits of using multiple complimentary satellite datasets together.
Sinclair Chinyoka, Masilin Gudoshava, Hussen Seid Endris, Shingirai Shepard Nangombe, Jordi Vila-Guerau De Arellano, and Gert-Jan Steeneveld
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2832, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2832, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Weather and Climate Dynamics (WCD).
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Rainfall from March to May is vital for farming, water supply, and disaster planning in East Africa (EA)8, but it remains difficult to predict. We used climate data and machine learning to identify early signs that influence wet and dry seasons. The results show that EA rainfall is shaped by linked ocean, land, air temperature, and pressure patterns across several regions. This approach improves forecast skill and can support earlier, clearer warnings for climate-sensitive communities.
Hannes Witt, Ronald J. van der A, Jieying Ding, Jeroen Kuenen, and Margreet C. van Zanten
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 5237–5248, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5237-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5237-2026, 2026
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We present a detailed comparison of NOx emissions from the Dutch national emission inventory with completely independent emission data derived from satellite observations with the DECSO algorithm. We find good agreement in overall emission levels, regional emissions, and the 5-year emission trend. Our results demonstrate the robustness of the national inventory and the satellite-derived emissions and might serve as a use-case for the adoption of similar methods in other countries.
Michiel K. van der Molen, Henk Snellen, Rupert Holzinger, Johannes G. M. Barten, Hong Zhao, Laurens Ganzeveld, Julie Fry, Wouter Peters, Maarten Krol, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arrelano, and Bart Kruijt
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-99, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-99, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
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In 2021, a second tower was built in Loobos (NL-Loo) to measure carbon dioxide and water fluxes, as an Integrated Carbon Observing System (ICOS) Class 2 Ecosystem station. Instrumentation was installed to measure volatile organic compound and ozone fluxes. This paper describes the site’s geological and cultural history, ecosystem composition, instrumentation and ancillary ecosystem measurements. The paper goes into the quality of the measurements and continuity with respect to the first tower.
Hong Zhao, Han Dolman, Jan Elbers, Wilma Jans, Bart Kruijt, Eddy Moors, Henk Snellen, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arellano, Wouter Peters, Maarten C. Krol, Ronald Hutjes, and Michiel van der Molen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 2023–2045, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-2023-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-2023-2026, 2026
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Under the Kyoto Protocol the carbon dioxide (CO2) balance for forest ecosystems was required to be measured. Consequently, CO2 flux measurements have been conducted in Loobos site in the Netherlands since 1996, becoming one of the 17 first FLUXNET sites globally. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the instrumentation, data processing and the resulting data archive, enabling its further use in data analysis, model development and validation of satellite data retrievals.
Anna C. Huitema, Vincent S. de Feiter, Raquel González-Armas, Oscar K. Hartogensis, Hella van Asperen, Cleo Quaresma Dias-Júnior, and Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-684, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-684, 2026
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We investigated nighttime CO2 exchange within and above the Amazon rainforest canopy using observations from the CloudRoots-Amazon22 campaign. Two atmospheric regimes were identified: a turbulent state, in which CO2 exchange between the within- and above-canopy layers was enhanced, and a calm state, with little turbulence and minimal exchange between the layers. Our results indicate that accounting for these two regimes is essential to reproduce nighttime CO2 dynamics correctly.
Marc Castellnou Ribau, Mercedes Bachfischer, Pau Guarque, Laia Estivill, Marta Miralles Bover, Borja Ruiz, Jordi Pagès, Brian Verhoeven, Zisoula Ntasiou, Ove Stokkeland, Chiel van Heerwaarden, Tristan Roelofs, Martin Janssens, Cathelijne R. Stoof, and Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 7805–7831, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7805-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-7805-2025, 2025
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Firefighter entrapments can occur when wildfires escalate suddenly due to fire-atmosphere interactions. This study presents a method to analyze this in real-time using two weather balloon measurements: ambient and in-plume conditions. Researchers launched 156 balloons during wildfire seasons in Spain, Chile, Greece, and the Netherlands. This methodology detects sudden changes in fire behavior by comparing ambient and in-plume data, ultimately enhancing research on fire-atmosphere interactions.
Dieu Anh Tran, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Christoph Gerbig, Michał Gałkowski, Santiago Botía, Kim Faassen, and Sönke Zaehle
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 16553–16588, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16553-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16553-2025, 2025
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Analysis of CH4 data (2010–2021) from ZOtino Tall Tower Observatory in Central Siberia shows an increase in the late summer diurnal amplitude, driven by nighttime emissions. These trends correlate with rising soil temperature and moisture during the late summer and snow depth of the preceding spring. Peaks in 2012 and 2019 emission link to wildfires activity. Findings suggest wetlands as key CH4 sources and underscore the need for ongoing high-resolution monitoring in this region.
Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Roderick Dewar, Kim A. P. Faassen, Teemu Hölttä, Remco de Kok, Ingrid T. Luijkx, and Timo Vesala
Biogeosciences, 22, 6327–6341, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6327-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6327-2025, 2025
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This study explores how oxygen moves through tiny pores in leaves, especially when water vapor is also flowing out. We show that under common conditions, oxygen can move from the leaf to the air even when its concentration is higher outside – a surprising effect. Our findings help explain oxygen exchange in still air and support better models of plant–atmosphere interactions.
Tristan Roelofs, Marc Castellnou, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Martin Janssens, and Chiel van Heerwaarden
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4620, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4620, 2025
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This study simulated an extreme wildfire event to study its impact on the surrounding airflow. We found not only an accelerated rear inflow (often hypothesised), but also the development of a circulation ahead of the fire. Our findings are a plausible explanation for the faster-than-predicted fire spread and the continued nighttime burning often observed during extreme wildfire events. Hence, we suggest considering both airflow changes ahead and behind a fire when predicting its behaviour.
Robbert P. J. Moonen, Getachew A. Adnew, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Oscar K. Hartogensis, David J. Bonell Fontas, Shujiro Komiya, Sam P. Jones, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12197–12212, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12197-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12197-2025, 2025
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Understory ejections are distinct turbulent features emerging in prime tall-forest ecosystems. We share a method to isolate understory ejections based on H2O–CO2 anomaly quadrants. From these, we calculate the flux contributions of understory ejections and all flux quadrants. In addition, we show that a distinctly depleted isotopic composition can be found in the ejected water vapour. Finally, we explored the role of clouds as a potential trigger for understory ejections.
Leon Geers, Ruud Janssen, Gudrun Thorkelsdottir, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, and Martijn Schaap
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 6647–6669, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6647-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6647-2025, 2025
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High-resolution data on reactive nitrogen deposition are needed to inform cost-effective policies. Here, we describe the implementation of a dry deposition module in a large eddy simulation code. With this model, we are able to represent the turbulent exchange of tracers at the hectometer resolution. The model calculates the dispersion and deposition of NOx and NH3 in great spatial detail, clearly showing the influence of local land use patterns.
Mary Rose Mangan, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Bart J. H. van Stratum, Marie Lothon, Guylaine Canut-Rocafort, and Oscar K. Hartogensis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8959–8981, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8959-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8959-2025, 2025
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Using observations and high-resolution turbulence modeling, we examine the influence of irrigation-driven surface heterogeneity on the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). We use a multi-scale approach for characterizing surface heterogeneity to explore how its influence on the ABL within a grid cell would change with higher-resolution models. We find that the height of the ABL is variable across short distances and that the surface heterogeneity is felt least strongly in the middle of the ABL.
Arseniy Karagodin-Doyennel, Fredrik Jansson, Bart J. H. van Stratum, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, and Sander Houweling
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 4571–4599, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4571-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4571-2025, 2025
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We introduce a new simulation platform based on the Dutch Atmospheric Large-Eddy Simulation (DALES) to simulate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their dispersion in turbulent environments at a hectometer resolution. This model incorporates both anthropogenic emission inventories and online ecosystem fluxes. Simulation results for the main urban area in the Netherlands demonstrate the strong potential of DALES to improve CO2 emission modeling and to support mitigation strategies.
Tycho Jongenelen, Margreet van Zanten, Enrico Dammers, Roy Wichink Kruit, Arjan Hensen, Leon Geers, and Jan Willem Erisman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4943–4963, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4943-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4943-2025, 2025
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This article compares three ammonia (NH3) deposition models in a dune ecosystem and investigates the uncertainty of these models. The Zhang model aligned best with the measurements, whereas the DEPAC (DEPosition of Acidifying Compounds) and Massad models overestimated and underestimated the NH3 deposition respectively. The study found that NH3 exchange with wet plant leaves was an important but uncertain process. It offers recommendations to improve future models and suggests measurements to lower the existing uncertainty.
Sreehari Kizhuveettil, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arellano, Martina Krämer, Armin Afchine, Luiz A. T. Machado, Martin Zöger, and Wiebke Frey
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1637, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1637, 2025
Preprint archived
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Aircraft measurements are used to investigate high-altitude downdrafts in tropical deep convective clouds. The cloud water present in the downdrafts and its intensity do not show any correlation. Surprisingly, downdrafts occurred in supersaturated regions, contradicting the classical view of subsaturated downdrafts. Up- and downdrafts of similar strength show similar particle size distributions. These findings shed new light on the interplay between deep convection dynamics and microphysics.
Felipe Lobos-Roco, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, and Camilo del Río
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 109–125, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-109-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-109-2025, 2025
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Water resources are fundamental for the social, economic, and natural development of (semi-)arid regions. Precipitation decreases due to climate change obligate us to find new water resources. Fog harvesting (FH) emerges as a complementary resource in regions where it is abundant but untapped. This research proposes a model to estimate FH potential in coastal (semi-)arid regions. This model could have broader applicability worldwide in regions where FH could be a viable water source.
Luiz A. T. Machado, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Santiago Botía, Hella van Asperen, Meinrat O. Andreae, Alessandro C. de Araújo, Paulo Artaxo, Achim Edtbauer, Rosaria R. Ferreira, Marco A. Franco, Hartwig Harder, Sam P. Jones, Cléo Q. Dias-Júnior, Guido G. Haytzmann, Carlos A. Quesada, Shujiro Komiya, Jost Lavric, Jos Lelieveld, Ingeborg Levin, Anke Nölscher, Eva Pfannerstill, Mira L. Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, Akima Ringsdorf, Luciana Rizzo, Ana M. Yáñez-Serrano, Susan Trumbore, Wanda I. D. Valenti, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arellano, David Walter, Jonathan Williams, Stefan Wolff, and Christopher Pöhlker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8893–8910, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8893-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8893-2024, 2024
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Composite analysis of gas concentration before and after rainfall, during the day and night, gives insight into the complex relationship between trace gas variability and precipitation. The analysis helps us to understand the sources and sinks of trace gases within a forest ecosystem. It elucidates processes that are not discernible under undisturbed conditions and contributes to a deeper understanding of the trace gas life cycle and its intricate interactions with cloud dynamics in the Amazon.
Kim A. P. Faassen, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Raquel González-Armas, Bert G. Heusinkveld, Ivan Mammarella, Wouter Peters, and Ingrid T. Luijkx
Biogeosciences, 21, 3015–3039, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3015-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3015-2024, 2024
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The ratio between atmospheric O2 and CO2 can be used to characterize the carbon balance at the surface. By combining a model and observations from the Hyytiälä forest (Finland), we show that using atmospheric O2 and CO2 measurements from a single height provides a weak constraint on the surface CO2 exchange because large-scale processes such as entrainment confound this signal. We therefore recommend always using multiple heights of O2 and CO2 measurements to study surface CO2 exchange.
Raquel González-Armas, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Mary Rose Mangan, Oscar Hartogensis, and Hugo de Boer
Biogeosciences, 21, 2425–2445, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2425-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2425-2024, 2024
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This paper investigates the water and CO2 exchange for an alfalfa field with observations and a model with spatial scales ranging from the stomata to the atmospheric boundary layer. To relate the environmental factors to the leaf gas exchange, we developed three equations that quantify how many of the temporal changes of the leaf gas exchange occur due to changes in the environmental variables. The novelty of the research resides in the capacity to dissect the dynamics of the leaf gas exchange.
Robbert P. J. Moonen, Getachew A. Adnew, Oscar K. Hartogensis, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, David J. Bonell Fontas, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5787–5810, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5787-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5787-2023, 2023
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Isotope fluxes allow for net ecosystem gas exchange fluxes to be partitioned into sub-components like plant assimilation, respiration and transpiration, which can help us better understand the environmental drivers of each partial flux. We share the results of a field campaign isotope fluxes were derived using a combination of laser spectroscopy and eddy covariance. We found lag times and high frequency signal loss in the isotope fluxes we derived and present methods to correct for both.
Daan Swart, Jun Zhang, Shelley van der Graaf, Susanna Rutledge-Jonker, Arjan Hensen, Stijn Berkhout, Pascal Wintjen, René van der Hoff, Marty Haaima, Arnoud Frumau, Pim van den Bulk, Ruben Schulte, Margreet van Zanten, and Thomas van Goethem
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 529–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-529-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-529-2023, 2023
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During a 5-week comparison campaign, we tested two set-ups to measure half hourly ammonia fluxes. The eddy covariance and flux gradient systems showed very similar results when the upwind terrain was both homogeneous and free of obstacles. We discuss the technical performance and practical limitations of both systems. Measurements from these instruments can facilitate the study of processes behind ammonia deposition, an important contributor to eutrophication and acidificationin natural areas.
Kim A. P. Faassen, Linh N. T. Nguyen, Eadin R. Broekema, Bert A. M. Kers, Ivan Mammarella, Timo Vesala, Penelope A. Pickers, Andrew C. Manning, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Harro A. J. Meijer, Wouter Peters, and Ingrid T. Luijkx
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 851–876, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-851-2023, 2023
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The exchange ratio (ER) between atmospheric O2 and CO2 provides a useful tracer for separately estimating photosynthesis and respiration processes in the forest carbon balance. This is highly relevant to better understand the expected biosphere sink, which determines future atmospheric CO2 levels. We therefore measured O2, CO2, and their ER above a boreal forest in Finland and investigated their diurnal behaviour for a representative day, and we show the most suitable way to determine the ER.
Micael Amore Cecchini, Marco de Bruine, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, and Paulo Artaxo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11867–11888, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11867-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11867-2022, 2022
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Shallow clouds (vertical extent up to 3 km height) are ubiquitous throughout the Amazon and are responsible for redistributing the solar heat and moisture vertically and horizontally. They are a key component of the water cycle because they can grow past the shallow phase to contribute significantly to the precipitation formation. However, they need favourable environmental conditions to grow. In this study, we analyse how changing wind patterns affect the development of such shallow clouds.
Felipe Lobos-Roco, Oscar Hartogensis, Francisco Suárez, Ariadna Huerta-Viso, Imme Benedict, Alberto de la Fuente, and Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3709–3729, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3709-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3709-2022, 2022
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This research brings a multi-scale temporal analysis of evaporation in a saline lake of the Atacama Desert. Our findings reveal that evaporation is controlled differently depending on the timescale. Evaporation is controlled sub-diurnally by wind speed, regulated seasonally by radiation and modulated interannually by ENSO. Our research extends our understanding of evaporation, contributing to improving the climate change assessment and efficiency of water management in arid regions.
Ruben B. Schulte, Margreet C. van Zanten, Bart J. H. van Stratum, and Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8241–8257, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8241-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8241-2022, 2022
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We present a fine-scale simulation framework, utilizing large-eddy simulations, to assess NH3 measurements influenced by boundary-layer dynamics and turbulent dispersion of a nearby emission source. The minimum required distance from an emission source differs for concentration and flux measurements, from 0.5–3.0 km and 0.75–4.5 km, respectively. The simulation framework presented here proves to be a powerful and versatile tool for future NH3 research at high spatio-temporal resolutions.
Shelley van der Graaf, Enrico Dammers, Arjo Segers, Richard Kranenburg, Martijn Schaap, Mark W. Shephard, and Jan Willem Erisman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 951–972, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-951-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-951-2022, 2022
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CrIS NH3 satellite observations are assimilated into the LOTOS-EUROS model using two different methods. In the first method the data are used to fit spatially varying NH3 emission time factors. In the second method a local ensemble transform Kalman filter is used. Compared to in situ observations, combining both methods led to the most significant improvements in the modeled concentrations and deposition, illustrating the usefulness of CrIS NH3 to improve the spatiotemporal distribution of NH3.
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Short summary
We analyzed measurements with the aim of finding relations between the surface atmosphere exchange of NH3 and the CO2 uptake and transpiration by vegetation. We found a high correlation of daytime NH3 emissions with both latent heat flux and photosynthetically active radiation. Very few simultaneous measurements of NH3, CO2 fluxes and meteorological variables exist at sub-diurnal timescales. This study paves the way to finding more robust relations between the NH3 exchange flux and CO2 uptake.
We analyzed measurements with the aim of finding relations between the surface atmosphere...
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