Articles | Volume 12, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3623-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3623-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Jun 2015
Research article |
| 11 Jun 2015
Understanding emissions of ammonia from buildings and the application of fertilizers: an example from Poland
National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, University of Worcester, UK
Department of Climatology and Atmosphere Protection, University of Wroclaw, Poland
C. Ambelas Skjøth
National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, University of Worcester, UK
M. Kryza
Department of Climatology and Atmosphere Protection, University of Wroclaw, Poland
A. J. Dore
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK
Related authors
M. Werner, M. Kryza, C. Geels, T. Ellermann, and C. Ambelas Skjøth
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-22935-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-22935-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
In our study we aim at improving the basic understanding of ammonia in the atmosphere. We have also identified current limitations in relation to the governing processes that cause ammonia emissions and initial dispersion due to meteorological parameters. For this purpose we have implemented the emission from a dynamical ammonia model into the atmospheric transport model WRF-Chem and evaluated the model results against a static approach for describing the emissions and against measurements.
Samuel J. Tomlinson, Edward J. Carnell, Anthony J. Dore, and Ulrike Dragosits
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4677–4692, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4677-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen (N) may impact the environment in many ways, and estimation of its deposition to the terrestrial surface is of interest. N deposition data have not been generated at a high resolution (1 km × 1 km) over a long time series in the UK before now. This study concludes that N deposition has reduced by ~ 40 % from 1990. The impact of these results allows analysis of environmental impacts at a high spatial and temporal resolution, using a consistent methodology and consistent set of input data.
Alexander Kurganskiy, Carsten Ambelas Skjøth, Alexander Baklanov, Mikhail Sofiev, Annika Saarto, Elena Severova, Sergei Smyshlyaev, and Eigil Kaas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2099–2121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2099-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2099-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of the study was to evaluate three birch pollen source maps using a state-of-the-art atmospheric model Enviro-HIRLAM. Enviro-HIRLAM is a so-called online model where both weather and air pollution are calculated at all time steps.
The evaluation has been performed for 12 pollen observation sites located in Denmark, Finland, and Russia.
Ksenia Aleksankina, Mathew R. Heal, Anthony J. Dore, Marcel Van Oijen, and Stefan Reis
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1653–1664, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1653-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1653-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric chemistry transport models are widely used to underpin policy decisions. We present a global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis approach to understand how uncertainty in input emissions of SO2, NOx, and NH3 drives uncertainties in model outputs, using the FRAME model as an example. We interpret results for input emissions uncertainty ranges reported by the national emissions inventory. Variance-based measures of sensitivity were used to apportion model output uncertainty.
Yuk S. Tang, Christine F. Braban, Ulrike Dragosits, Anthony J. Dore, Ivan Simmons, Netty van Dijk, Janet Poskitt, Gloria Dos Santos Pereira, Patrick O. Keenan, Christopher Conolly, Keith Vincent, Rognvald I. Smith, Mathew R. Heal, and Mark A. Sutton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 705–733, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-705-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-705-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A unique long-term dataset of NH3 and NH4+ data from the NAMN is used to assess spatial, seasonal and long-term variability across the UK. NH3 is spatially variable, with distinct temporal profiles according to source types. NH4+ is spatially smoother, with peak concentrations in spring from long-range transport. Decrease in NH3 is smaller than emissions, but NH4+ decreased faster than NH3, due to a shift from stable (NH4)2SO4 to semi-volatile NH4NO3, increasing the atmospheric lifetime of NH3.
Yunhua Chang, Xuejun Liu, Congrui Deng, Anthony J. Dore, and Guoshun Zhuang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11635–11647, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11635-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11635-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
First, we establish a pool of isotopic signatures (δ15N–NH3) for the major NH3 emission sources in China. Second, we demonstrated that the isotopic source signatures of NH3 represent an emerging tool for partitioning NH3 sources in urban atmospheres.
D. Fowler, C. E. Steadman, D. Stevenson, M. Coyle, R. M. Rees, U. M. Skiba, M. A. Sutton, J. N. Cape, A. J. Dore, M. Vieno, D. Simpson, S. Zaehle, B. D. Stocker, M. Rinaldi, M. C. Facchini, C. R. Flechard, E. Nemitz, M. Twigg, J. W. Erisman, K. Butterbach-Bahl, and J. N. Galloway
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13849–13893, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13849-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13849-2015, 2015
W. Xu, X. S. Luo, Y. P. Pan, L. Zhang, A. H. Tang, J. L. Shen, Y. Zhang, K. H. Li, Q. H. Wu, D. W. Yang, Y. Y. Zhang, J. Xue, W. Q. Li, Q. Q. Li, L. Tang, S. H. Lu, T. Liang, Y. A. Tong, P. Liu, Q. Zhang, Z. Q. Xiong, X. J. Shi, L. H. Wu, W. Q. Shi, K. Tian, X. H. Zhong, K. Shi, Q. Y. Tang, L. J. Zhang, J. L. Huang, C. E. He, F. H. Kuang, B. Zhu, H. Liu, X. Jin, Y. J. Xin, X. K. Shi, E. Z. Du, A. J. Dore, S. Tang, J. L. Collett Jr., K. Goulding, Y. X. Sun, J. Ren, F. S. Zhang, and X. J. Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12345–12360, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12345-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12345-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The annual average concentrations (1.3-47.0µg N m-3) and dry plus wet/bulk deposition fluxes (2.9-83.3kg N ha-1 yr-1) of inorganic Nr species ranked by land use as urban > rural > background sites and by regions as north China > southeast China > southwest China > northeast China > northwest China > Tibetan Plateau, reflecting the impact of anthropogenic Nr emission. Average dry and wet/bulk N deposition fluxes were 20.6 ± 11.2 and 19.3 ± 9.2kg kg N ha-1 yr-1 across China, respectively.
M. Werner, M. Kryza, C. Geels, T. Ellermann, and C. Ambelas Skjøth
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-22935-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-22935-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
In our study we aim at improving the basic understanding of ammonia in the atmosphere. We have also identified current limitations in relation to the governing processes that cause ammonia emissions and initial dispersion due to meteorological parameters. For this purpose we have implemented the emission from a dynamical ammonia model into the atmospheric transport model WRF-Chem and evaluated the model results against a static approach for describing the emissions and against measurements.
M. Vieno, M. R. Heal, S. Hallsworth, D. Famulari, R. M. Doherty, A. J. Dore, Y. S. Tang, C. F. Braban, D. Leaver, M. A. Sutton, and S. Reis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8435–8447, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8435-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8435-2014, 2014
R. G. Peel, P. V. Ørby, C. A. Skjøth, R. Kennedy, V. Schlünssen, M. Smith, J. Sommer, and O. Hertel
Biogeosciences, 11, 821–832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-821-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-821-2014, 2014
D. C. Oderbolz, S. Aksoyoglu, J. Keller, I. Barmpadimos, R. Steinbrecher, C. A. Skjøth, C. Plaß-Dülmer, and A. S. H. Prévôt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1689–1712, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1689-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1689-2013, 2013
C. A. Skjøth, P. V. Ørby, T. Becker, C. Geels, V. Schlünssen, T. Sigsgaard, J. H. Bønløkke, J. Sommer, P. Søgaard, and O. Hertel
Biogeosciences, 10, 541–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-541-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-541-2013, 2013
E. Vogt, C. F. Braban, U. Dragosits, M. R. Theobald, M. F. Billett, A. J. Dore, Y. S. Tang, N. van Dijk, R. M. Rees, C. McDonald, S. Murray, U. M. Skiba, and M. A. Sutton
Biogeosciences, 10, 119–133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-119-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-119-2013, 2013
C. A. Skjøth and C. Geels
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 117–128, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-117-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-117-2013, 2013
O. Hertel, C. A. Skjøth, S. Reis, A. Bleeker, R. M. Harrison, J. N. Cape, D. Fowler, U. Skiba, D. Simpson, T. Jickells, M. Kulmala, S. Gyldenkærne, L. L. Sørensen, J. W. Erisman, and M. A. Sutton
Biogeosciences, 9, 4921–4954, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4921-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4921-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Air - Land Exchange
Monitoring cropland daily carbon dioxide exchange at field scales with Sentinel-2 satellite imagery
Compound soil and atmospheric drought (CSAD) events and CO2 fluxes of a mixed deciduous forest: the occurrence, impact, and temporal contribution of main drivers
The influence of plant water stress on vegetation–atmosphere exchanges: implications for ozone modelling
High interspecific variability in ice nucleation activity suggests pollen ice nucleators are incidental
Using automated machine learning for the upscaling of gross primary productivity
Interpretability of negative latent heat fluxes from eddy covariance measurements in dry conditions
Forest-floor respiration, N2O fluxes, and CH4 fluxes in a subalpine spruce forest: drivers and annual budgets
Impact of meteorological conditions on BVOC emission rate from Eastern Mediterranean vegetation under drought
Enhanced net CO2 exchange of a semideciduous forest in the southern Amazon due to diffuse radiation from biomass burning
Observational relationships between ammonia, carbon dioxide and water vapor under a wide range of meteorological and turbulent conditions: RITA-2021 campaign
Environmental controls of winter soil carbon dioxide fluxes in boreal and tundra environments
Origin of secondary fatty alcohols in atmospheric aerosols in a cool–temperate forest based on their mass size distributions
Sap flow and leaf gas exchange response to a drought and heatwave in urban green spaces in a Nordic city
Changes in biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in response to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Rethinking the deployment of static chambers for CO2 flux measurement in dry desert soils
Lichen species across Alaska produce highly active and stable ice nucleators
A differentiable, physics-informed ecosystem modeling and learning framework for large-scale inverse problems: demonstration with photosynthesis simulations
Snow–vegetation–atmosphere interactions in alpine tundra
Synergy between TROPOMI sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and MODIS spectral reflectance for understanding the dynamics of gross primary productivity at Integrated Carbon Observatory System (ICOS) ecosystem flux sites
Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen to a deciduous forest in the southern Appalachian Mountains
Tropical cyclones facilitate recovery of forest leaf area from dry spells in East Asia
Minor contributions of daytime monoterpenes are major contributors to atmospheric reactivity
Using atmospheric observations to quantify annual biogenic carbon dioxide fluxes on the Alaska North Slope
Forest–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen in a remote region – Part II: Modeling annual budgets
Growth and actual leaf temperature modulate CO2 responsiveness of monoterpene emissions from holm oak in opposite ways
Multi-year observations reveal a larger than expected autumn respiration signal across northeast Eurasia
Reviews and syntheses: VOC emissions from soil cover in boreal and temperate natural ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere
Internal tree cycling and atmospheric archiving of mercury: examination with concentration and stable isotope analyses
Contrasting drought legacy effects on gross primary productivity in a mixed versus pure beech forest
CO2 and CH4 exchanges between moist moss tundra and atmosphere on Kapp Linné, Svalbard
Recent extreme drought events in the Amazon rainforest: assessment of different precipitation and evapotranspiration datasets and drought indicators
Variability and uncertainty in flux-site-scale net ecosystem exchange simulations based on machine learning and remote sensing: a systematic evaluation
Update of a biogeochemical model with process-based algorithms to predict ammonia volatilization from fertilized cultivated uplands and rice paddy fields
Massive warming-induced carbon loss from subalpine grassland soils in an altitudinal transplantation experiment
Climatic variation drives loss and restructuring of carbon and nitrogen in boreal forest wildfire
Gaps in network infrastructure limit our understanding of biogenic methane emissions for the United States
Changes of the aerodynamic characteristics of a flux site after an extensive windthrow
Carbon sequestration potential of street tree plantings in Helsinki
Technical note: Incorporating expert domain knowledge into causal structure discovery workflows
Sensitivity of biomass burning emissions estimates to land surface information
A convolutional neural network for spatial downscaling of satellite-based solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIFnet)
Influence of plant ecophysiology on ozone dry deposition: comparing between multiplicative and photosynthesis-based dry deposition schemes and their responses to rising CO2 level
Modeling the interinfluence of fertilizer-induced NH3 emission, nitrogen deposition, and aerosol radiative effects using modified CESM2
Physiological and climate controls on foliar mercury uptake by European tree species
Radiation, soil water content, and temperature effects on carbon cycling in an alpine swamp meadow of the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Representativeness assessment of the pan-Arctic eddy covariance site network and optimized future enhancements
Forest–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen in a remote region – Part I: Measuring temporal dynamics
Ideas and perspectives: Emerging contours of a dynamic exogenous kerogen cycle
Versatile soil gas concentration and isotope monitoring: optimization and integration of novel soil gas probes with online trace gas detection
On the impact of canopy model complexity on simulated carbon, water, and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence fluxes
Pia Gottschalk, Aram Kalhori, Zhan Li, Christian Wille, and Torsten Sachs
Biogeosciences, 21, 3593–3616, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3593-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3593-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To improve the accuracy of spatial carbon exchange estimates, we evaluated simple linear models for net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and gross primary productivity (GPP) and how they can be used to upscale the CO2 exchange of agricultural fields. The models are solely driven by Sentinel-2-derived vegetation indices (VIs). Evaluations show that different VIs have variable power to estimate NEE and GPP of crops in different years. The overall performance is as good as results from complex crop models.
Liliana Scapucci, Ankit Shekhar, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Anastasiia Bolshakova, Lukas Hörtnagl, Mana Gharun, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 3571–3592, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3571-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3571-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Forests face increased exposure to “compound soil and atmospheric drought” (CSAD) events due to global warming. We examined the impacts and drivers of CO2 fluxes during CSAD events at multiple layers of a deciduous forest over 18 years. Results showed reduced net ecosystem productivity and forest-floor respiration during CSAD events, mainly driven by soil and atmospheric drought. This unpredictability in forest CO2 fluxes jeopardises reforestation projects aimed at mitigating CO2 emissions.
Tamara Emmerichs, Yen-Sen Lu, and Domenico Taraborrelli
Biogeosciences, 21, 3251–3269, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3251-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3251-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the representation of the plant response to surface water in a global atmospheric chemistry model. This sensitivity is crucial for the return of precipitation back into the atmosphere and thus significantly impacts the representation of weather as well as air quality. The newly implemented response function reduces this process and has a better comparison with satellite observations. This yields a higher intensity of unusual warm periods and higher production of air pollutants.
Nina L. H. Kinney, Charles A. Hepburn, Matthew I. Gibson, Daniel Ballesteros, and Thomas F. Whale
Biogeosciences, 21, 3201–3214, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3201-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3201-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Molecules released from plant pollen induce the formation of ice from supercooled water at temperatures warm enough to suggest an underlying function for this activity. In this study we show that ice nucleators are ubiquitous in pollen. We suggest the molecules responsible fulfil some unrelated biological function and nucleate ice incidentally. The ubiquity of ice-nucleating molecules in pollen and particularly active examples reveal a greater potential for pollen to impact weather and climate.
Max Gaber, Yanghui Kang, Guy Schurgers, and Trevor Keenan
Biogeosciences, 21, 2447–2472, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2447-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2447-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Gross primary productivity (GPP) describes the photosynthetic carbon assimilation, which plays a vital role in the carbon cycle. We can measure GPP locally, but producing larger and continuous estimates is challenging. Here, we present an approach to extrapolate GPP to a global scale using satellite imagery and automated machine learning. We benchmark different models and predictor variables and achieve an estimate that can capture 75 % of the variation in GPP.
Sinikka J. Paulus, Rene Orth, Sung-Ching Lee, Anke Hildebrandt, Martin Jung, Jacob A. Nelson, Tarek Sebastian El-Madany, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Matthias Mauder, Jannis Groh, Alexander Graf, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca
Biogeosciences, 21, 2051–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Porous materials are known to reversibly trap water from the air, even at low humidity. However, this behavior is poorly understood for soils. In this analysis, we test whether eddy covariance is able to measure the so-called adsorption of atmospheric water vapor by soils. We find that this flux occurs frequently during dry nights in a Mediterranean ecosystem, while EC detects downwardly directed vapor fluxes. These results can help to map moisture uptake globally.
Luana Krebs, Susanne Burri, Iris Feigenwinter, Mana Gharun, Philip Meier, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 2005–2028, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2005-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2005-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores year-round forest-floor greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in a Swiss spruce forest. Soil temperature and snow depth affected forest-floor respiration, while CH4 uptake was linked to snow cover. Negligible N2O fluxes were observed. In 2022, a warm year, CO2 emissions notably increased. The study suggests rising forest-floor GHG emissions due to climate change, impacting carbon sink behavior. Thus, for future forest management, continuous year-round GHG flux measurements are crucial.
Qian Li, Gil Lerner, Einat Bar, Efraim Lewinsohn, and Eran Tas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-529, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-529, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research indicates that instantaneous changes in meteorological parameters better reflect drought-induced changes in the emission rates of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from natural vegetation than their absolute values. Additionally, even a small precipitation amount triggered a significant increase in BVOC emissions. These findings highlight the intricate BVOC emission-drought relationship and are crucial for advancing our understanding of BVOCs emission under climate change.
Simone Rodrigues, Glauber Cirino, Demerval Moreira, Andrea Pozzer, Rafael Palácios, Sung-Ching Lee, Breno Imbiriba, José Nogueira, Maria Isabel Vitorino, and George Vourlitis
Biogeosciences, 21, 843–868, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-843-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-843-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The radiative effects of atmospheric particles are still unknown for a wide variety of species and types of vegetation present in Amazonian biomes. We examined the effects of aerosols on solar radiation and their impacts on photosynthesis in an area of semideciduous forest in the southern Amazon Basin. Under highly smoky-sky conditions, our results show substantial photosynthetic interruption (20–70 %), attributed specifically to the decrease in solar radiation and leaf canopy temperature.
Ruben B. Schulte, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Susanna Rutledge-Jonker, Shelley van der Graaf, Jun Zhang, and Margreet C. van Zanten
Biogeosciences, 21, 557–574, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-557-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-557-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed measurements with the aim of finding relations between the surface atmosphere exchange of NH3 and the CO2 uptake and transpiration by vegetation. We found a high correlation of daytime NH3 emissions with both latent heat flux and photosynthetically active radiation. Very few simultaneous measurements of NH3, CO2 fluxes and meteorological variables exist at sub-diurnal timescales. This study paves the way to finding more robust relations between the NH3 exchange flux and CO2 uptake.
Alex Mavrovic, Oliver Sonnentag, Juha Lemmetyinen, Carolina Voigt, Nick Rutter, Paul Mann, Jean-Daniel Sylvain, and Alexandre Roy
Biogeosciences, 20, 5087–5108, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analysis of soil CO2 emissions in boreal and tundra regions during the non-growing season. We show that when the soil is completely frozen, soil temperature is the main control on CO2 emissions. When the soil is around the freezing point, with a mix of liquid water and ice, the liquid water content is the main control on CO2 emissions. This study highlights that the vegetation–snow–soil interactions must be considered to understand soil CO2 emissions during the non-growing season.
Yuhao Cui, Eri Tachibana, Kimitaka Kawamura, and Yuzo Miyazaki
Biogeosciences, 20, 4969–4980, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4969-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4969-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Fatty alcohols (FAs) are major components of surface lipids in plant leaves and serve as surface-active aerosols. Our study on the aerosol size distributions in a forest suggests that secondary FAs (SFAs) originated from plant waxes and that leaf senescence status is likely an important factor controlling the size distribution of SFAs. This study provides new insights into the sources of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) and their effects on the aerosol ice nucleation activity.
Joyson Ahongshangbam, Liisa Kulmala, Jesse Soininen, Yasmin Frühauf, Esko Karvinen, Yann Salmon, Anna Lintunen, Anni Karvonen, and Leena Järvi
Biogeosciences, 20, 4455–4475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Urban vegetation is important for removing urban CO2 emissions and cooling. We studied the response of urban trees' functions (photosynthesis and transpiration) to a heatwave and drought at four urban green areas in the city of Helsinki. We found that tree water use was increased during heatwave and drought periods, but there was no change in the photosynthesis rates. The heat and drought conditions were severe at the local scale but were not excessive enough to restrict urban trees' functions.
Ryan Vella, Andrea Pozzer, Matthew Forrest, Jos Lelieveld, Thomas Hickler, and Holger Tost
Biogeosciences, 20, 4391–4412, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4391-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4391-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the effect of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from plants. ENSO events can cause a significant increase in these emissions, which have a long-term impact on the Earth's atmosphere. Persistent ENSO conditions can cause long-term changes in vegetation, resulting in even higher BVOC emissions. We link ENSO-induced emission anomalies with driving atmospheric and vegetational variables.
Nadav Bekin and Nurit Agam
Biogeosciences, 20, 3791–3802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3791-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3791-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The mechanisms of soil CO2 flux in dry desert soils are not fully understood. Yet studies conducted in desert ecosystems rarely discuss potential errors related to using the commonly used flux chambers in dry and bare soils. In our study, the conventional deployment practice of the chambers underestimated the instantaneous CO2 flux by up to 50 % and the total daily CO2 uptake by 35 %. This suggests that desert soils are a larger carbon sink than previously reported.
Rosemary J. Eufemio, Ingrid de Almeida Ribeiro, Todd L. Sformo, Gary A. Laursen, Valeria Molinero, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Mischa Bonn, and Konrad Meister
Biogeosciences, 20, 2805–2812, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2805-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2805-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Lichens, the dominant vegetation in the Arctic, contain ice nucleators (INs) that enable freezing close to 0°C. Yet the abundance, diversity, and function of lichen INs is unknown. Our screening of lichens across Alaska reveal that most species have potent INs. We find that lichens contain two IN populations which retain activity under environmentally relevant conditions. The ubiquity and stability of lichen INs suggest that they may have considerable impacts on local atmospheric patterns.
Doaa Aboelyazeed, Chonggang Xu, Forrest M. Hoffman, Jiangtao Liu, Alex W. Jones, Chris Rackauckas, Kathryn Lawson, and Chaopeng Shen
Biogeosciences, 20, 2671–2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2671-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Photosynthesis is critical for life and has been affected by the changing climate. Many parameters come into play while modeling, but traditional calibration approaches face many issues. Our framework trains coupled neural networks to provide parameters to a photosynthesis model. Using big data, we independently found parameter values that were correlated with those in the literature while giving higher correlation and reduced biases in photosynthesis rates.
Norbert Pirk, Kristoffer Aalstad, Yeliz A. Yilmaz, Astrid Vatne, Andrea L. Popp, Peter Horvath, Anders Bryn, Ane Victoria Vollsnes, Sebastian Westermann, Terje Koren Berntsen, Frode Stordal, and Lena Merete Tallaksen
Biogeosciences, 20, 2031–2047, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2031-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2031-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the land–atmosphere exchange of CO2 and water vapor in alpine Norway over 3 years. The extremely snow-rich conditions in 2020 reduced the total annual evapotranspiration to 50 % and reduced the growing-season carbon assimilation to turn the ecosystem from a moderate annual carbon sink to an even stronger source. Our analysis suggests that snow cover anomalies are driving the most consequential short-term responses in this ecosystem’s functioning.
Hamadou Balde, Gabriel Hmimina, Yves Goulas, Gwendal Latouche, and Kamel Soudani
Biogeosciences, 20, 1473–1490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1473-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1473-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the relationship between sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP) across the ICOS European flux tower network. It shows that SIF, coupled with reflectance observations, explains over 80 % of the GPP variability across diverse ecosystems but fails to bring new information compared to reflectance alone at coarse spatial scales (~5 km). These findings have applications in agriculture and ecophysiological studies.
John T. Walker, Xi Chen, Zhiyong Wu, Donna Schwede, Ryan Daly, Aleksandra Djurkovic, A. Christopher Oishi, Eric Edgerton, Jesse Bash, Jennifer Knoepp, Melissa Puchalski, John Iiames, and Chelcy F. Miniat
Biogeosciences, 20, 971–995, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-971-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-971-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Better estimates of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are needed to accurately assess ecosystem risk and impacts from deposition of nutrients and acidity. Using measurements and modeling, we estimate total N deposition of 6.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at a forest site in the southern Appalachian Mountains, a region sensitive to atmospheric deposition. Reductions in deposition of reduced forms of N (ammonia and ammonium) will be needed to meet the lowest estimates of N critical loads for the region.
Yi-Ying Chen and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Biogeosciences, 20, 349–363, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-349-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-349-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical cyclones are typically assumed to be associated with ecosystem damage. This study challenges this assumption and suggests that instead of reducing leaf area, cyclones in East Asia may increase leaf area by alleviating water stress.
Deborah F. McGlynn, Graham Frazier, Laura E. R. Barry, Manuel T. Lerdau, Sally E. Pusede, and Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
Biogeosciences, 20, 45–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-45-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-45-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using a custom-made gas chromatography flame ionization detector, 2 years of speciated hourly biogenic volatile organic compound data were collected in a forest in central Virginia. We identify diurnal and seasonal variability in the data, which is shown to impact atmospheric oxidant budgets. A comparison with emission models identified discrepancies with implications for model outcomes. We suggest increased monitoring of speciated biogenic volatile organic compounds to improve modeled results.
Luke D. Schiferl, Jennifer D. Watts, Erik J. L. Larson, Kyle A. Arndt, Sébastien C. Biraud, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Jordan P. Goodrich, John M. Henderson, Aram Kalhori, Kathryn McKain, Marikate E. Mountain, J. William Munger, Walter C. Oechel, Colm Sweeney, Yonghong Yi, Donatella Zona, and Róisín Commane
Biogeosciences, 19, 5953–5972, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As the Arctic rapidly warms, vast stores of thawing permafrost could release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. We combined observations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations from aircraft and a tower with observed CO2 fluxes from tundra ecosystems and found that the Alaskan North Slope in not a consistent source nor sink of CO2. Our study shows the importance of using both site-level and atmospheric measurements to constrain regional net CO2 fluxes and improve biogenic processes in models.
Pascal Wintjen, Frederik Schrader, Martijn Schaap, Burkhard Beudert, Richard Kranenburg, and Christian Brümmer
Biogeosciences, 19, 5287–5311, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, we compared four methods for estimating the annual dry deposition of total reactive nitrogen into a low-polluted forest ecosystem. In our analysis, we used 2.5 years of flux measurements, an in situ modeling approach, a large-scale chemical transport model (CTM), and canopy budget models. Annual nitrogen dry deposition budgets ranged between 4.3 and 6.7 kg N ha−1 a−1, depending on the applied method.
Michael Staudt, Juliane Daussy, Joseph Ingabire, and Nafissa Dehimeche
Biogeosciences, 19, 4945–4963, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4945-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4945-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the short- and long-term effects of CO2 as a function of temperature on monoterpene emissions from holm oak. Similarly to isoprene, emissions decreased non-linearly with increasing CO2, with no differences among compounds and chemotypes. The CO2 response was modulated by actual leaf and growth temperature but not by growth CO2. Estimates of annual monoterpene release under double CO2 suggest that CO2 inhibition does not offset the increase in emissions due to expected warming.
Brendan Byrne, Junjie Liu, Yonghong Yi, Abhishek Chatterjee, Sourish Basu, Rui Cheng, Russell Doughty, Frédéric Chevallier, Kevin W. Bowman, Nicholas C. Parazoo, David Crisp, Xing Li, Jingfeng Xiao, Stephen Sitch, Bertrand Guenet, Feng Deng, Matthew S. Johnson, Sajeev Philip, Patrick C. McGuire, and Charles E. Miller
Biogeosciences, 19, 4779–4799, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Plants draw CO2 from the atmosphere during the growing season, while respiration releases CO2 to the atmosphere throughout the year, driving seasonal variations in atmospheric CO2 that can be observed by satellites, such as the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2). Using OCO-2 XCO2 data and space-based constraints on plant growth, we show that permafrost-rich northeast Eurasia has a strong seasonal release of CO2 during the autumn, hinting at an unexpectedly large respiration signal from soils.
Valery A. Isidorov and Andrej A. Zaitsev
Biogeosciences, 19, 4715–4746, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4715-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4715-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a critical role in earth-system processes: they are
main playersin the formation of tropospheric O3 and secondary aerosols, which have a significant impact on climate, human health and crops. A complex mixture of VOCs, formed as a result of physicochemical and biological processes, is released into the atmosphere from the forest floor. This review presents data on the composition of VOCs and contribution of various processes to their emissions.
David S. McLagan, Harald Biester, Tomas Navrátil, Stephan M. Kraemer, and Lorenz Schwab
Biogeosciences, 19, 4415–4429, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4415-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4415-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Spruce and larch trees are effective archiving species for historical atmospheric mercury using growth rings of bole wood. Mercury stable isotope analysis proved an effective tool to characterise industrial mercury signals and assess mercury uptake pathways (leaf uptake for both wood and bark) and mercury cycling within the trees. These data detail important information for understanding the mercury biogeochemical cycle particularly in forest systems.
Xin Yu, René Orth, Markus Reichstein, Michael Bahn, Anne Klosterhalfen, Alexander Knohl, Franziska Koebsch, Mirco Migliavacca, Martina Mund, Jacob A. Nelson, Benjamin D. Stocker, Sophia Walther, and Ana Bastos
Biogeosciences, 19, 4315–4329, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Identifying drought legacy effects is challenging because they are superimposed on variability driven by climate conditions in the recovery period. We develop a residual-based approach to quantify legacies on gross primary productivity (GPP) from eddy covariance data. The GPP reduction due to legacy effects is comparable to the concurrent effects at two sites in Germany, which reveals the importance of legacy effects. Our novel methodology can be used to quantify drought legacies elsewhere.
Anders Lindroth, Norbert Pirk, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Christian Stiegler, Leif Klemedtsson, and Mats B. Nilsson
Biogeosciences, 19, 3921–3934, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3921-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane between a moist moss tundra and the atmosphere on Svalbard in order to better understand how such ecosystems are affecting the climate and vice versa. We found that the system was a small sink of carbon dioxide and a small source of methane. These fluxes are small in comparison with other tundra ecosystems in the high Arctic. Analysis of temperature sensitivity showed that respiration was more sensitive than photosynthesis above about 6 ℃.
Phillip Papastefanou, Christian S. Zang, Zlatan Angelov, Aline Anderson de Castro, Juan Carlos Jimenez, Luiz Felipe Campos De Rezende, Romina C. Ruscica, Boris Sakschewski, Anna A. Sörensson, Kirsten Thonicke, Carolina Vera, Nicolas Viovy, Celso Von Randow, and Anja Rammig
Biogeosciences, 19, 3843–3861, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3843-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3843-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Amazon rainforest has been hit by multiple severe drought events. In this study, we assess the severity and spatial extent of the extreme drought years 2005, 2010 and 2015/16 in the Amazon. Using nine different precipitation datasets and three drought indicators we find large differences in drought stress across the Amazon region. We conclude that future studies should use multiple rainfall datasets and drought indicators when estimating the impact of drought stress in the Amazon region.
Haiyang Shi, Geping Luo, Olaf Hellwich, Mingjuan Xie, Chen Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yuangang Wang, Xiuliang Yuan, Xiaofei Ma, Wenqiang Zhang, Alishir Kurban, Philippe De Maeyer, and Tim Van de Voorde
Biogeosciences, 19, 3739–3756, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A number of studies have been conducted by using machine learning approaches to simulate carbon fluxes. We performed a meta-analysis of these net ecosystem exchange (NEE) simulations. Random forests and support vector machines performed better than other algorithms. Models with larger timescales had a lower accuracy. For different plant functional types (PFTs), there were significant differences in the predictors used and their effects on model accuracy.
Siqi Li, Wei Zhang, Xunhua Zheng, Yong Li, Shenghui Han, Rui Wang, Kai Wang, Zhisheng Yao, Chunyan Liu, and Chong Zhang
Biogeosciences, 19, 3001–3019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3001-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3001-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The CNMM–DNDC model was modified to simulate ammonia volatilization (AV) from croplands. AV from cultivated uplands followed the first-order kinetics, which was jointly regulated by the factors of soil properties and meteorological conditions. AV simulation from rice paddy fields was improved by incorporating Jayaweera–Mikkelsen mechanisms. The modified model performed well in simulating the observed cumulative AV measured from 63 fertilization events in China.
Matthias Volk, Matthias Suter, Anne-Lena Wahl, and Seraina Bassin
Biogeosciences, 19, 2921–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2921-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Because soils are an important sink for greenhouse gasses, we subjected sub-alpine grassland to a six-level climate change treatment.
Two independent methods showed that at warming > 1.5 °C the grassland ecosystem lost ca. 14 % or ca. 1 kg C m−2 in 5 years.
This shrinking of the terrestrial C sink implies a substantial positive feedback to the atmospheric greenhouse effect.
It is likely that this dramatic C loss is a transient effect before a new, climate-adjusted steady state is reached.
Johan A. Eckdahl, Jeppe A. Kristensen, and Daniel B. Metcalfe
Biogeosciences, 19, 2487–2506, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2487-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2487-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study found climate to be a driving force for increasing per area emissions of greenhouse gases and removal of important nutrients from high-latitude forests due to wildfire. It used detailed direct measurements over a large area to uncover patterns and mechanisms of restructuring of forest carbon and nitrogen pools that are extrapolatable to larger regions. It also takes a step forward in filling gaps in global knowledge of northern forest response to climate-change-strengthened wildfires.
Sparkle L. Malone, Youmi Oh, Kyle A. Arndt, George Burba, Roisin Commane, Alexandra R. Contosta, Jordan P. Goodrich, Henry W. Loescher, Gregory Starr, and Ruth K. Varner
Biogeosciences, 19, 2507–2522, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2507-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2507-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To understand the CH4 flux potential of natural ecosystems and agricultural lands in the United States of America, a multi-scale CH4 observation network focused on CH4 flux rates, processes, and scaling methods is required. This can be achieved with a network of ground-based observations that are distributed based on climatic regions and land cover.
Bruna R. F. Oliveira, Jan J. Keizer, and Thomas Foken
Biogeosciences, 19, 2235–2243, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2235-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2235-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes the impacts of this windthrow on the aerodynamic characteristics of zero-plane displacement and roughness length and, ultimately, their implications for the turbulent fluxes. The turbulent fluxes were only affected to a minor degree by the windthrow, but the footprint area of the flux tower changed markedly so that the target area of the measurements had to be redetermined.
Minttu Havu, Liisa Kulmala, Pasi Kolari, Timo Vesala, Anu Riikonen, and Leena Järvi
Biogeosciences, 19, 2121–2143, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The carbon sequestration potential of two street tree species and the soil beneath them was quantified with the urban land surface model SUEWS and the soil carbon model Yasso. The street tree plantings turned into a modest sink of carbon from the atmosphere after 14 years. Overall, the results indicate the importance of soil in urban carbon sequestration estimations, as soil respiration exceeded the carbon uptake in the early phase, due to the high initial carbon loss from the soil.
Jarmo Mäkelä, Laila Melkas, Ivan Mammarella, Tuomo Nieminen, Suyog Chandramouli, Rafael Savvides, and Kai Puolamäki
Biogeosciences, 19, 2095–2099, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2095-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2095-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Causal structure discovery algorithms have been making headway into Earth system sciences, and they can be used to increase our understanding on biosphere–atmosphere interactions. In this paper we present a procedure on how to utilize prior knowledge of the domain experts together with these algorithms in order to find more robust causal structure models. We also demonstrate how to avoid pitfalls such as over-fitting and concept drift during this process.
Makoto Saito, Tomohiro Shiraishi, Ryuichi Hirata, Yosuke Niwa, Kazuyuki Saito, Martin Steinbacher, Doug Worthy, and Tsuneo Matsunaga
Biogeosciences, 19, 2059–2078, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2059-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2059-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study tested combinations of two sources of AGB data and two sources of LCC data and used the same burned area satellite data to estimate BB CO emissions. Our analysis showed large discrepancies in annual mean CO emissions and explicit differences in the simulated CO concentrations among the BB emissions estimates. This study has confirmed that BB emissions estimates are sensitive to the land surface information on which they are based.
Johannes Gensheimer, Alexander J. Turner, Philipp Köhler, Christian Frankenberg, and Jia Chen
Biogeosciences, 19, 1777–1793, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1777-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1777-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a convolutional neural network, named SIFnet, that increases the spatial resolution of SIF from TROPOMI by a factor of 10 to a spatial resolution of 0.005°. SIFnet utilizes coarse SIF observations, together with a broad range of high-resolution auxiliary data. The insights gained from interpretable machine learning techniques allow us to make quantitative claims about the relationships between SIF and other common parameters related to photosynthesis.
Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, David H. Y. Yung, Anthony Y. H. Wong, Jason A. Ducker, and Christopher D. Holmes
Biogeosciences, 19, 1753–1776, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We developed and used a terrestrial biosphere model to compare and evaluate widely used empirical dry deposition schemes with different stomatal approaches and found that using photosynthesis-based stomatal approaches can reduce biases in modeled dry deposition velocities in current chemical transport models. Our study shows systematic errors in current dry deposition schemes and the importance of representing plant ecophysiological processes in models under a changing climate.
Ka Ming Fung, Maria Val Martin, and Amos P. K. Tai
Biogeosciences, 19, 1635–1655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fertilizer-induced ammonia detrimentally affects the environment by not only directly damaging ecosystems but also indirectly altering climate and soil fertility. To quantify these secondary impacts, we enabled CESM to simulate ammonia emission, chemical evolution, and deposition as a continuous cycle. If synthetic fertilizer use is to soar by 30 % from today's level, we showed that the counteracting impacts will increase the global ammonia emission by 3.3 Tg N per year.
Lena Wohlgemuth, Pasi Rautio, Bernd Ahrends, Alexander Russ, Lars Vesterdal, Peter Waldner, Volkmar Timmermann, Nadine Eickenscheidt, Alfred Fürst, Martin Greve, Peter Roskams, Anne Thimonier, Manuel Nicolas, Anna Kowalska, Morten Ingerslev, Päivi Merilä, Sue Benham, Carmen Iacoban, Günter Hoch, Christine Alewell, and Martin Jiskra
Biogeosciences, 19, 1335–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Gaseous mercury is present in the atmosphere all over the globe. During the growing season, plants take up mercury from the air in a similar way as CO2. We investigated which factors impact this vegetational mercury uptake by analyzing a large dataset of leaf mercury uptake rates of trees in Europe. As a result, we conclude that mercury uptake is foremost controlled by tree-intrinsic traits like physiological activity but also by climatic factors like dry conditions in the air and in soils.
Junqi Wei, Xiaoyan Li, Lei Liu, Torben Røjle Christensen, Zhiyun Jiang, Yujun Ma, Xiuchen Wu, Hongyun Yao, and Efrén López-Blanco
Biogeosciences, 19, 861–875, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-861-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-861-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Although water availability has been linked to the response of ecosystem carbon (C) sink–source to climate warming, the mechanisms by which C uptake responds to soil moisture remain unclear. We explored how soil water and other environmental drivers modulate net C uptake in an alpine swamp meadow. Results reveal that nearly saturated soil conditions during warm seasons can help to maintain lower ecosystem respiration and therefore enhance the C sequestration capacity in this alpine swamp meadow.
Martijn M. T. A. Pallandt, Jitendra Kumar, Marguerite Mauritz, Edward A. G. Schuur, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Gerardo Celis, Forrest M. Hoffman, and Mathias Göckede
Biogeosciences, 19, 559–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-559-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-559-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Thawing of Arctic permafrost soils could trigger the release of vast amounts of carbon to the atmosphere, thus enhancing climate change. Our study investigated how well the current network of eddy covariance sites to monitor greenhouse gas exchange at local scales captures pan-Arctic flux patterns. We identified large coverage gaps, e.g., in Siberia, but also demonstrated that a targeted addition of relatively few sites can significantly improve network performance.
Pascal Wintjen, Frederik Schrader, Martijn Schaap, Burkhard Beudert, and Christian Brümmer
Biogeosciences, 19, 389–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-389-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-389-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fluxes of total reactive nitrogen (∑Nr) over a low polluted forest were analyzed with regard to their temporal dynamics. Mostly deposition was observed with median fluxes ranging from −15 to −5 ng N m−2 s−1, corresponding to a range of deposition velocities from 0.2 to 0.5 cm s−1. While seasonally changing contributions of NH3 and NOx to the ∑Nr signal were found, we estimate an annual total N deposition (dry+wet) of 12.2 and 10.9 kg N ha−1 a−1 in the 2 years of observation.
Thomas M. Blattmann
Biogeosciences, 19, 359–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-359-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-359-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work enunciates the possibility of kerogen oxidation contributing to atmospheric CO2 increase in the wake of glacial episodes. This hypothesis is substantiated by several lines of independent evidence synthesized in this contribution. The author hypothesizes that the deglaciation of kerogen-rich lithologies in western Canada contributed to the characteristic deglacial increase in atmospheric CO2.
Juliana Gil-Loaiza, Joseph R. Roscioli, Joanne H. Shorter, Till H. M. Volkmann, Wei-Ren Ng, Jordan E. Krechmer, and Laura K. Meredith
Biogeosciences, 19, 165–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-165-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated a new diffusive soil probe integrated with high-resolution gas analyzers to measure soil gases in real time at a centimeter scale. Using columns with simple silica and soil, we captured changes in carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrous oxide (N2O) with its isotopes to distinguish potential nutrient sources and microbial metabolism. This approach will advance the use of soil gases as important signals to understand and monitor soil fertility and health.
Yujie Wang and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 19, 29–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-29-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-29-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling vegetation canopy is important in predicting whether the land remains a carbon sink to mitigate climate change in the near future. Vegetation canopy model complexity, however, impacts the model-predicted carbon and water fluxes as well as canopy fluorescence, even if the same suite of model inputs is used. Given the biases caused by canopy model complexity, we recommend not misusing parameters inverted using different models or assumptions.
Cited articles
Aas, W., Tsyro, S., Bieber, E., Bergström, R., Ceburnis, D., Ellermann, T., Fagerli, H., Frölich, M., Gehrig, R., Makkonen, U., Nemitz, E., Otjes, R., Perez, N., Perrino, C., Prévôt, A. S. H., Putaud, J.-P., Simpson, D., Spindler, G., Vana, M., and Yttri, K. E.: Lessons learnt from the first EMEP intensive measurement periods, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8073–8094, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8073-2012, 2012.
Andersen, H. V, Hovmand, M. F., Hummelshøj, P., and Jensen, N. O.: Measurements of ammonia concentrations, fluxes and dry deposition velocities to a spruce forest 1991–1995, Atmos. Environ., 33, 1367–1383, 1999.
Anderson, N., Strader, R., and Davidson, C.: Airborne reduced nitrogen: ammonia emissions from agriculture and other sources, Environ. Int., 29, 277–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00186-1, 2003.
Asman, W. A. H., Sutton, M. A., and Schjorring, J. K.: Ammonia: emission, atmospheric transport and deposition, New Phytol., 139, 27–48, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00180.x, 1998.
Baklanov, A., Schlünzen, K., Suppan, P., Baldasano, J., Brunner, D., Aksoyoglu, S., Carmichael, G., Douros, J., Flemming, J., Forkel, R., Galmarini, S., Gauss, M., Grell, G., Hirtl, M., Joffre, S., Jorba, O., Kaas, E., Kaasik, M., Kallos, G., Kong, X., Korsholm, U., Kurganskiy, A., Kushta, J., Lohmann, U., Mahura, A., Manders-Groot, A., Maurizi, A., Moussiopoulos, N., Rao, S. T., Savage, N., Seigneur, C., Sokhi, R. S., Solazzo, E., Solomos, S., Sørensen, B., Tsegas, G., Vignati, E., Vogel, B., and Zhang, Y.: Online coupled regional meteorology chemistry models in Europe: current status and prospects, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 317–398, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-317-2014, 2014.
Banzhaf, S., Schaap, M., Wichink Kruit, R. J., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Stern, R., and Builtjes, P. J. H.: Impact of emission changes on secondary inorganic aerosol episodes across Germany, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11675–11693, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11675-2013, 2013.
Barrett, K.: Oceanic ammonia emissions in Europe and their transboundary fluxes, Atmos. Environ., 32, 381–391, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00279-3, 1998.
Barrett, K. and Seland, O.: European Transboundary Acidifying Air Pollution: Ten Years Calculated Fields and Budgets to the End of the First Sulphur Protocol, European transboundary air pollution report, 1–150, 1995.
Bash, J. O., Cooter, E. J., Dennis, R. L., Walker, J. T., and Pleim, J. E.: Evaluation of a regional air-quality model with bidirectional NH3 exchange coupled to an agroecosystem model, Biogeosciences, 10, 1635–1645, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1635-2013, 2013.
Bouwman, A. F., Lee, D. S., Asman, W. A. H., Dentener, F. J., Van Der Hoek, K. W., and Olivier, J. G. J.: A global high-resolution emission inventory for ammonia, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 11, 561–587, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GB02266, 1997.
David, M., Loubet, B., Cellier, P., Mattsson, M., Schjoerring, J. K., Nemitz, E., Roche, R., Riedo, M., and Sutton, M. A.: Ammonia sources and sinks in an intensively managed grassland canopy, Biogeosciences, 6, 1903–1915, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1903-2009, 2009.
De Meij, A., Thunis, P., Bessagnet, B., and Cuvelier, C.: The sensitivity of the CHIMERE model to emissions reduction scenarios on air quality in Northern Italy, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1897–1907, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.036, 2009.
Dore, A. J., Choularton, T. W., and Fowler, D.: An improved wet deposition map of the United Kingdom incorporating the seeder-feeder effect over mountainous terrain., Atmos. Environ., 26A, 1375–1381, 1992.
Dore, A. J., Vieno, M., Fournier, N., Weston, K. J., and Sutton, M. A.: Development of a new wind-rose for the British Isles using radiosonde data, and application to an atmospheric transport model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 132, 2769–2784, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.05.198, 2006.
Dore, A. J., Carslaw, D. C., Braban, C., Chemel, C., Conolly, C., Derwent, R. G., Griffiths, S. J., Hall, J., Hayman, G., Lawrence, S., Metcalfe, S. E., Redington, A., Simpson, D., Sutton, M. A., Sutton, P., Tang, Y. S., Vieno, M., Werner, M., and Whyatt, J. D.: Evaluation of the performance of different atmospheric chemical transport models and inter-comparison of nitrogen and sulphur deposition estimates for the UK, Atmos. Environ., in review, 1–24, 2015.
Dragosits, U., Sutton, M. A., Place, C. J., and Bayley, A. A.: Modelling the spatial distribution of agricultural ammonia emissions in the UK, Environ. Pollut., 102, 195–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(98)80033-X, 1998.
Duyzer, J.: Dry deposition of ammonia and ammonium aerosols over heathland, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18757–18764, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD01210, 1994.
Emmett, B. A.: Nitrogen saturation of terrestrial ecosystems: some recent findings and their implications for our conceptual framework, Water Air Soil Pollut., 7, 99–109, 2007.
European Commission: Image2000 and CLC2000 Products and Methods, European Commission, Joint Research Center (DG JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Land Management Unit, edited by: Nunes de Lima, M. V., 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy, 2005.
Flechard, C. R., Massad, R.-S., Loubet, B., Personne, E., Simpson, D., Bash, J. O., Cooter, E. J., Nemitz, E., and Sutton, M. A.: Advances in understanding, models and parameterizations of biosphere-atmosphere ammonia exchange, Biogeosciences, 10, 5183–5225, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5183-2013, 2013.
Fournier, N., Dore, A. J., Vieno, M., Weston, K. J., Dragosits, U., and Sutton, M. A.: Modelling the deposition of atmospheric oxidised nitrogen and sulphur to the United Kingdom using a multi-layer long-range transport model, Atmos. Environ., 38, 683–694, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.10.028, 2004.
Fowler, D.: Regional mass budgets of oxidized and reduced nitrogen and their relative contribution to the N inputs of sensitive ecosystems, Environ. Pollut., 102, 337–342, 1998.
Fowler, D., Pilegaard, K., Sutton, M. A., Ambus, P., Raivonen, M., Duyzer, J., Simpson, D., Fagerli, H., Fuzzi, S., Schjoerring, J. K., Granier, C., Neftel, A., Isaksen, I. S. A., Laj, P., Maione, M., Monks, P. S., Burkhardt, J., Daemmgen, U., Neirynck, J., Personne, E., Wichink-Kruit, R., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Flechard, C., Tuovinen, J. P., Coyle, M., Gerosa, G., Loubet, B., Altimir, N., Gruenhage, L., Ammann, C., Cieslik, S., Paoletti, E., Mikkelsen, T. N., Ro-Poulsen, H., Cellier, P., Cape, J. N., Horváth, L., Loreto, F., Niinemets, Ü., Palmer, P. I., Rinne, J., Misztal, P., Nemitz, E., Nilsson, D., Pryor, S., Gallagher, M. W., Vesala, T., Skiba, U., Brüggemann, N., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., Williams, J., O'Dowd, C., Facchini, M. C., de Leeuw, G., Flossman, A., Chaumerliac, N.. and Erisman, J. W.: Atmospheric composition change: Ecosystems–Atmosphere interactions, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5193–5267, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.068, 2009.
Friedrich, R.: Improving and applying methods for the calculation of natural and biogenic emissions and assessment of impacts to the air quality, Final project activity report 2007, 193 pp., 2007.
Geels, C., Andersen, H. V., Ambelas Skjøth, C., Christensen, J. H., Ellermann, T., Løfstrøm, P., Gyldenkærne, S., Brandt, J., Hansen, K. M., Frohn, L. M., and Hertel, O.: Improved modelling of atmospheric ammonia over Denmark using the coupled modelling system DAMOS, Biogeosciences, 9, 2625–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2625-2012, 2012.
Grell, G., Peckham, S. E., Schmitz, R., McKeen, Stuart Frost, G., Skamarock, W. C., and Eder, B.: Fully coupled "online" chemistry within the WRF model, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6957–6975, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.027, 2005.
Guevara, M., Martínez, F., Arévalo, G., Gassó, S., and Baldasano, J. M.: An improved system for modelling Spanish emissions: HERMESv2.0, Atmos. Environ., 81, 209–221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.053, 2013.
Gyldenkærne, S., Skjøth, C. A., Hertel, O., and Ellermann, T.: A dynamical ammonia emission parameterization for use in air pollution models, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D07108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005459, 2005.
Hamaoui-Laguel, L., Meleux, F., Beekmann, M., Bessagnet, B., Génermont, S., Cellier, P., and Létinois, L.: Improving ammonia emissions in air quality modelling for France, Atmos. Environ., 92, 584–595, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.08.002, 2014.
Hansen, K., Sørensen, L. L., Hertel, O., Geels, C., Skjøth, C. A., Jensen, B., and Boegh, E.: Ammonia emissions from deciduous forest after leaf fall, Biogeosciences, 10, 4577–4589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4577-2013, 2013.
Hellsten, S., Dragosits, U., Place, C. J., Vieno, M., Dore, A. J., Misselbrook, T. H., Tang, Y. S., and Sutton, M. A.: Modelling the spatial distribution of ammonia emissions in the UK, Environ. Pollut., 154, 370–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.02.017, 2008.
Hernández-Ceballos, M. a., Skjøth, C. a., García-Mozo, H., Bolívar, J. P., and Galán, C.: Improvement in the accuracy of back trajectories using WRF to identify pollen sources in southern Iberian Peninsula, Int. J. Biometeorol., 58, 2031–2043, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0804-x, 2014.
Hertel, O., Skjøth, C. A., Løfstrøm, P., Geels, C., Frohn, L. M., Ellermann, T., and Madsen, P. V.: Modelling Nitrogen Deposition on a Local Scale–-A Review of the Current State of the Art, Environ. Chem., 3, 317–337, https://doi.org/10.1071/EN06038, 2006.
Hertel, O., Skjøth, C. A., Reis, S., Bleeker, A., Harrison, R. M., Cape, J. N., Fowler, D., Skiba, U., Simpson, D., Jickells, T., Kulmala, M., Gyldenkærne, S., Sørensen, L. L., Erisman, J. W., and Sutton, M. A.: Governing processes for reactive nitrogen compounds in the European atmosphere, Biogeosciences, 9, 4921–4954, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4921-2012, 2012.
Hettelingh, J. P., Posch, M., and Slootweg, J.: Progress in the Modelling of Critical Thresholds and Dynamic Modelling, Including Impacts on Vegetation in Europe, CCE Status Rep., 1–182, 2009.
Hong, S.-Y., Noh, Y., and Dudhia, J.: A New Vertical Diffusion Package with an Explicit Treatment of Entrainment Processes, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 2318–2341, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3199.1, 2006.
Iacono, M. J., Delamere, J. S., Mlawer, E. J., Shephard, M. W., Clough, S. A., and Collins, W. D.: Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D13103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944, 2008.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Quin, D., Plattner, G. K., Tignor, M. M. B., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., 2013.
Jacobson, M. Z., Lu, R., Turco, R. P., and Toon, O. .: Development and application of a new air pollution model system e Part I: Gas-phase simulations, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1939–1963, 1996.
Jones, M. L. M., Norris, D., Hall, J., and Petit, S.: Developing an indicator-modelling approach to forecast changes in nitrogen critical load exceedance across Europe arising from agricultural reform, Ecol. Indic., 11, 16–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.06.005, 2011.
Kain, J. S.: The Kain-Fritsch Convective Parameterization: An Update, J. Appl. Meteorol., 43, 170–181, 2004.
Kaminski, J., Neary, L., Lupu, A., McConnell, J., Struzewska, J., Zdunek, M., and Lobocki, L.: High Resolution Air Quality Simulations with MC2-AQ and GEM-AQ, in: Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XVII SE-86, edited by: Borrego, C. and Norman, A. L., 714–720, Springer US, 2007.
Klimont, Z. and Brink, C.: Modelling of Emissions of Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases from Agricultural Sources in Europe, Ina. Rep. R. Minist. Environ. Oslo, Norway, 69 pp., 2004.
Kryza, M., Werner, M., B\l a\'s, M., Dore, A. J., and Sobik, M.: The effect of emission from coal combustion in nonindustrial sources on deposition of sulfur and oxidized nitrogen in Poland., J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 60, 856–66, 2010.
Kryza, M., Dore, A. J., B\l a\'s, M. ,and Sobik, M.: Modelling deposition and air concentration of reduced nitrogen in Poland and sensitivity to variability in annual meteorology, J. Environ. Manage., 92, 1225–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.12.008, 2011.
Kryza, M., Werner, M., Dore, A. J., B\l a\'s, M., and Sobik, M.: The role of annual circulation and precipitation on national scale deposition of atmospheric sulphur and nitrogen compounds., J. Environ. Manage., 109, 70–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.048, 2012.
Kryza, M., Mill, W., Dore, A. J., Werner, M., and B\l a\'s, M.: Calculation of Sulphur and Nitrogen Deposition with the Frame Model and Assessment of the Exceedance of Critical Loads in Poland, Ecol. Chem. Eng. S, 20, 279–290, https://doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0020, 2013a.
Kryza, M., Werner, M., Wa\l szek, K., and Dore, A. J.: Application and evaluation of the WRF model for high-resolution forecasting of rainfall – a case study of SW Poland, Meteorol. Zeitschrift, 22, 595–601, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0444, 2013b.
Massad, R.-S., Nemitz, E., and Sutton, M. A.: Review and parameterisation of bi-directional ammonia exchange between vegetation and the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10359–10386, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10359-2010, 2010.
Mattsson, M., Herrmann, B., David, M., Loubet, B., Riedo, M., Theobald, M. R., Sutton, M. A., Bruhn, D., Neftel, A., and Schjoerring, J. K.: Temporal variability in bioassays of the stomatal ammonia compensation point in relation to plant and soil nitrogen parameters in intensively managed grassland, Biogeosciences, 6, 171–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-171-2009, 2009.
Misselbrook, T. H., Sutton, M. A., and Scholefield, D.: A simple process-based model for estimating ammonia emissions from agricultural land after fertilizer applications, Soil Use Manag., 20, 365–372, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00385.x, 2006.
Mlawer, E. J., Taubman, S. J., Brown, P. D., Iacono, M. J., and Clough, S. A.: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16663–16682, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00237 1997.
Mues, A., Kuenen, J., Hendriks, C., Manders, A., Segers, A., Scholz, Y., Hueglin, C., Builtjes, P., and Schaap, M.: Sensitivity of air pollution simulations with LOTOS-EUROS to the temporal distribution of anthropogenic emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 939–955, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-939-2014, 2014.
Nagel, H. D. and Gregor, H. D.: Derivation and mapping of critical loads for nitrogen and trends in their exceedance in Germany, Scientific World Journal, 1, 936–44, https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.330, 2001.
Nemitz, E., Sutton, M. A., Wyers, G. P., Otjes, R. P., Mennen, M. G., van Putten, E. M., and Gallagher, M. W.: Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: II. Concentrations and surface exchange fluxes of atmospheric particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1007–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1007-2004, 2004.
Olesen, J. E. and Plauborg, F.: MVTOOL Version 1.10 for Developing MARKVAND, Danish Institute of Plant and Soil Science, Research Centre Foulum, 1–64, 1995.
Oxley, T., Dore, A. J., ApSimon, H., Hall, J. ,and Kryza, M.: Modelling future impacts of air pollution using the multi-scale UK Integrated Assessment Model (UKIAM), Environ. Int., 61, 17–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.009, 2013.
Paulot, F., Jacob, D. J., Pinder, R. W., Bash, J. O., Travis, K., and Henze, D. K.: Ammonia emissions in the United States, European Union, and China derived by high-resolution inversion of ammonium wet deposition data: Interpretation with a new agricultural emissions inventory (MASAGE_NH3), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 4343–4364, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021130, 2014.
Reis, S., Pinder, R. W., Zhang, M., Lijie, G., and Sutton, M. A.: Reactive nitrogen in atmospheric emission inventories, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7657–7677, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7657-2009, 2009.
Riddick, S. N., Blackall, T. D., Dragosits, U., Daunt, F., Braban, C. F., Tang, Y. S., MacFarlane, W., Taylor, S., Wanless, S., and Sutton, M. A.: Measurement of ammonia emissions from tropical seabird colonies, Atmos. Environ., 89, 35–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.012, 2014.
Seedorf, J., Hartung, J., Schröder, M., Linkert, K. H., Pedersen, S., Takai, H., Johnsen, J. O., Metz, J. H. M., Groot Koerkamp, P. W. G., Uenk, G. H., Phillips, V. R., Holden, M. R., Sneath, R. W., Short, J. L. L., White, R. P., and Wathes, C. M.: A Survey of Ventilation Rates in Livestock Buildings in Northern Europe, J. Agric. Eng. Res., 70, 39–47, https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1997.0274, 1998a.
Seedorf, J., Hartung, J., Schröder, M., Linkert, K. H., Pedersen, S., Takai, H., Johnsen, J. O., Metz, J. H. M., Groot Koerkamp, P. W. G., Uenk, G. H., Phillips, V. R., Holden, M. R., Sneath, R. W., Short, J. L., White, R. P., and Wathes, C. M.: Temperature and Moisture Conditions in Livestock Buildings in Northern Europe, J. Agric. Eng. Res., 70, 49–57, https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1997.0284, 1998b.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, John Wiley Sons Inc., New York, 1232 pp., 2006.
Simpson, D., Winiwarter, W., Borjesson, G., Cinderby, S., Ferreiro, A., Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Janson, R., Khalil, M. A. K., Owen, S., Pierce, T. E., and Puxbaum, H.: Inventorying emissions from nature in Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8113–8152, 1999.
Singles, R., Sutton, M. A., and Weston, K. J.: A multi-layer model to describe the atmospheric transport and deposition of ammonia in Great Britain, Atmos. Environ., 32, 393–399, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)83467-X, 1998.
Skamarock, W. C. and Klemp, J. B.: A time-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for weather research and forecasting applications, J. Comput. Phys., 227, 3465–3485, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2007.01.037, 2008.
Skjøth, C. A. and Geels, C.: The effect of climate and climate change on ammonia emissions in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 117–128, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-117-2013, 2013.
Skjøth, C. A., Hertel, O., Gyldenkærne, S., and T., E.: Implementing a dynamical ammonia emission parameterization in the large-scale air pollution model ACDEP, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D06306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003895, 2004.
Skjøth, C. A., Geels, C., Hvidberg, M., Hertel, O., Brandt, J., Frohn, L. M., Hansen, K. M., Hedegaard, G. B., Christensen, J. H., and Moseholm, L.: An inventory of tree species in Europe – An essential data input for air pollution modelling, Ecol. Modell., 217, 292–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.06.023, 2008.
Skjøth, C. A., Geels, C., Berge, H., Gyldenkærne, S., Fagerli, H., Ellermann, T., Frohn, L. M., Christensen, J., Hansen, K. M., Hansen, K., and Hertel, O.: Spatial and temporal variations in ammonia emissions – a freely accessible model code for Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5221–5236, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5221-2011, 2011.
Sørensen, L. L., Hertel, O., Skjøth, C. A., Lund, M., and Pedersen, B.: Fluxes of ammonia in the coastal marine boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 37, 167–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00247-4, 2003.
Stevens, C. J., Dise, N. B., Mountford, J. O., and Gowing, D. J.: Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands, Science, 303, 1876–1879, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094678, 2004.
Stoelinga, M.: A Users ' Guide to RIP Version 4?: A Program for Visualizing Mesoscale Model Output, Univ. Washingt., 1–82, 2009.
Sutton, M. A., Perthue, E., Fowler, D., Storeton-West, R. L., Cape, J. N., Arends, G. G., and Mols, J. J.: Vertical distribution and fluxes of ammonia at Great Dun Fell, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2615–2624, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00180-X, 1997.
Sutton, M. A., Burkhardt, J. K., Guerin, D., Nemitz, E. ,and Fowler, D.: Development of resistance models to describe measurements of bi-directional ammonia surface–atmosphere exchange, Atmos. Environ., 32, 473–480, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00164-7, 1998.
Sutton, M. A., Nemitz, E., Theobald, M. R., Milford, C., Dorsey, J. R., Gallagher, M. W., Hensen, A., Jongejan, P. A. C., Erisman, J. W., Mattsson, M., Schjoerring, J. K., Cellier, P., Loubet, B., Roche, R., Neftel, A., Hermann, B., Jones, S. K., Lehman, B. E., Horvath, L., Weidinger, T., Rajkai, K., Burkhardt, J., Löpmeier, F. J., and Daemmgen, U.: Dynamics of ammonia exchange with cut grassland: strategy and implementation of the GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment, Biogeosciences, 6, 309–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-309-2009, 2009.
Sutton, M. A., Reis, S., Riddick, S. N., Dragosits, U., Nemitz, E., Theobald, M. R., Tang, Y. S., Braban, C. F., Vieno, M., Dore, A. J., Mitchell, R. F., Wanless, S., Daunt, F., Fowler, D., Blackall, T. D., Milford, C., Flechard, C. R., Loubet, B., Massad, R., Cellier, P., Personne, E., Coheur, P. F., Clarisse, L., Van Damme, M., Ngadi, Y., Clerbaux, C., Skjøth, C. A., Geels, C., Hertel, O., Wichink Kruit, R. J., Pinder, R. W., Bash, J. O., Walker, J. T., Simpson, D., Horváth, L., Misselbrook, T. H., Bleeker, A., Dentener, F., and de Vries, W.: Towards a climate-dependent paradigm of ammonia emission and deposition, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci., 368, 1471–2970, 2013.
Szymanowski, M., Kryza, M., and Spallek, W.: Regression-based air temperature spatial prediction models: an example from Poland, Meteorol. Zeitschrift, 22, 577–585, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0440, 2013.
Tao, W.-K., Simpson, J., and McCumber, M.: An Ice-Water Saturation Adjustment, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 231–235, 1989.
Theobald, M. R., Bealey, W. J., Tang, Y. S., Vallejo, A., and Sutton, M. A.: A simple model for screening the local impacts of atmospheric ammonia., Sci. Total Environ., 407, 6024–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.025, 2009.
van Grinsven, H. J. M., ten Berge, H. F. M., Dalgaard, T., Fraters, B., Durand, P., Hart, A., Hofman, G., Jacobsen, B. H., Lalor, S. T. J., Lesschen, J. P., Osterburg, B., Richards, K. G., Techen, A.-K., Vertès, F., Webb, J., and Willems, W. J.: Management, regulation and environmental impacts of nitrogen fertilization in northwestern Europe under the Nitrates Directive; a benchmark study, Biogeosciences, 9, 5143–5160, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5143-2012, 2012.
Van Jaarsveld, H.: The Operational Priority Substances model: Description and validation of OPS-Pro 4.1., 1–156, 2004.
Van Pul, W. A. J., van Jaarsveld, J. A., Vellinga, O. S., van den Broek, M., and Smits, M. C. J.: The VELD experiment: An evaluation of the ammonia emissions and concentrations in an agricultural area, Atmos. Environ., 42, 8086–8095, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.069, 2008.
Velders, G. J. M., Snijder, A., and Hoogerbrugge, R.: Recent decreases in observed atmospheric concentrations of SO2 in the Netherlands in line with emission reductions, Atmos. Environ., 45, 5647–5651, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.009, 2011.
Vieno, M., Dore, A. J., Stevenson, D. S., Doherty, R., Heal, M. R., Reis, S., Hallsworth, S., Tarrason, L., Wind, P., Fowler, D., Simpson, D., and Sutton, M. A.: Modelling surface ozone during the 2003 heat-wave in the UK, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7963–7978, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7963-2010, 2010.
Werner, M., Kryza, M., and Dore, A. J.: Differences in the Spatial Distribution and Chemical Composition of PM10 Between the UK and Poland, Environ. Model. Assess., 19, 179–192, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-013-9384-0, 2014.
Wichink Kruit, R. J., Schaap, M., Sauter, F. J., van Zanten, M. C., and van Pul, W. A. J.: Modeling the distribution of ammonia across Europe including bi-directional surface-atmosphere exchange, Biogeosciences, 9, 5261–5277, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5261-2012, 2012.
Xu, L. and Penner, J. E.: Global simulations of nitrate and ammonium aerosols and their radiative effects, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9479–9504, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9479-2012, 2012.
\.Zmudzka, E.: Wieloletnie zmiany zasobów termicznych w okresie wegetacyjnym i aktywnego wzrostu ro\'slin w Polsce, Woda-\'Srodowisko-Obszary Wiej., 12, 377–389, 2012.
Short summary
A Europe-wide dynamic ammonia emissions model has been applied for one of the largest agricultural countries in Europe, and its sensitivity on the distribution of emissions among different agricultural functions was analysed. The results suggest that the dynamic emission model is most sensitive to emission from animal manure, in particular how this is connected to national regulations. In contrast, the model is most robust with respect to emission from buildings and storage.
A Europe-wide dynamic ammonia emissions model has been applied for one of the largest...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint