Articles | Volume 17, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6309-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6309-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Variations in diurnal and seasonal net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange in a semiarid sandy grassland ecosystem in China's Horqin Sandy Land
Yayi Niu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China
Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
Yuqiang Li
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China
Hanbo Yun
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
Xuyang Wang
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China
Xiangwen Gong
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Yulong Duan
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China
Jing Liu
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Yayi Niu, Yuqiang Li, Wei Liu, Xuyang Wang, and Yun Chen
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-171, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-171, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal Reco was regulated by both shallow and deep soil water content (SWC80 and SWC10). PPFD and the soil water content at 80 cm regulated seasonal NEE and GPP variation. Rainfall (PPT), soil temperature, and SWC regulated monthly carbon-flux variation. Inter-annual variation of NEE was modulated by the total annual PPT. Annual variation of GPP was regulated by PPFD and SWC80. At all time scales, water availability controlled ecosystem carbon fluxes.
Hanbo Yun, Qingbai Wu, Qianlai Zhuang, Anping Chen, Tong Yu, Zhou Lyu, Yuzhong Yang, Huijun Jin, Guojun Liu, Yang Qu, and Licheng Liu
The Cryosphere, 12, 2803–2819, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2803-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2803-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we reported the QTP permafrost region was a CH4 sink of −0.86 ± 0.23 g CH4-C m−2 yr−1 over 2012–2016, soil temperature and soil water content were dominant factors controlling CH4 fluxes, and their correlations changed with soil depth due to cryoturbation dynamics. This region was a net CH4 sink in autumn, but a net source in spring, despite both seasons experiencing similar top soil thawing and freezing dynamics.
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Air - Land Exchange
Monitoring cropland daily carbon dioxide exchange at field scales with Sentinel-2 satellite imagery
Compound soil and atmospheric drought (CSAD) events and CO2 fluxes of a mixed deciduous forest: the occurrence, impact, and temporal contribution of main drivers
The influence of plant water stress on vegetation–atmosphere exchanges: implications for ozone modelling
High interspecific variability in ice nucleation activity suggests pollen ice nucleators are incidental
Using automated machine learning for the upscaling of gross primary productivity
Interpretability of negative latent heat fluxes from eddy covariance measurements in dry conditions
Forest-floor respiration, N2O fluxes, and CH4 fluxes in a subalpine spruce forest: drivers and annual budgets
Impact of meteorological conditions on BVOC emission rate from Eastern Mediterranean vegetation under drought
Enhanced net CO2 exchange of a semideciduous forest in the southern Amazon due to diffuse radiation from biomass burning
Observational relationships between ammonia, carbon dioxide and water vapor under a wide range of meteorological and turbulent conditions: RITA-2021 campaign
Environmental controls of winter soil carbon dioxide fluxes in boreal and tundra environments
Origin of secondary fatty alcohols in atmospheric aerosols in a cool–temperate forest based on their mass size distributions
Sap flow and leaf gas exchange response to a drought and heatwave in urban green spaces in a Nordic city
Changes in biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in response to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Rethinking the deployment of static chambers for CO2 flux measurement in dry desert soils
Lichen species across Alaska produce highly active and stable ice nucleators
A differentiable, physics-informed ecosystem modeling and learning framework for large-scale inverse problems: demonstration with photosynthesis simulations
Snow–vegetation–atmosphere interactions in alpine tundra
Synergy between TROPOMI sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and MODIS spectral reflectance for understanding the dynamics of gross primary productivity at Integrated Carbon Observatory System (ICOS) ecosystem flux sites
Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen to a deciduous forest in the southern Appalachian Mountains
Tropical cyclones facilitate recovery of forest leaf area from dry spells in East Asia
Minor contributions of daytime monoterpenes are major contributors to atmospheric reactivity
Using atmospheric observations to quantify annual biogenic carbon dioxide fluxes on the Alaska North Slope
Forest–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen in a remote region – Part II: Modeling annual budgets
Growth and actual leaf temperature modulate CO2 responsiveness of monoterpene emissions from holm oak in opposite ways
Multi-year observations reveal a larger than expected autumn respiration signal across northeast Eurasia
Reviews and syntheses: VOC emissions from soil cover in boreal and temperate natural ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere
Internal tree cycling and atmospheric archiving of mercury: examination with concentration and stable isotope analyses
Contrasting drought legacy effects on gross primary productivity in a mixed versus pure beech forest
CO2 and CH4 exchanges between moist moss tundra and atmosphere on Kapp Linné, Svalbard
Recent extreme drought events in the Amazon rainforest: assessment of different precipitation and evapotranspiration datasets and drought indicators
Variability and uncertainty in flux-site-scale net ecosystem exchange simulations based on machine learning and remote sensing: a systematic evaluation
Update of a biogeochemical model with process-based algorithms to predict ammonia volatilization from fertilized cultivated uplands and rice paddy fields
Massive warming-induced carbon loss from subalpine grassland soils in an altitudinal transplantation experiment
Climatic variation drives loss and restructuring of carbon and nitrogen in boreal forest wildfire
Gaps in network infrastructure limit our understanding of biogenic methane emissions for the United States
Changes of the aerodynamic characteristics of a flux site after an extensive windthrow
Carbon sequestration potential of street tree plantings in Helsinki
Technical note: Incorporating expert domain knowledge into causal structure discovery workflows
Sensitivity of biomass burning emissions estimates to land surface information
A convolutional neural network for spatial downscaling of satellite-based solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIFnet)
Influence of plant ecophysiology on ozone dry deposition: comparing between multiplicative and photosynthesis-based dry deposition schemes and their responses to rising CO2 level
Modeling the interinfluence of fertilizer-induced NH3 emission, nitrogen deposition, and aerosol radiative effects using modified CESM2
Physiological and climate controls on foliar mercury uptake by European tree species
Radiation, soil water content, and temperature effects on carbon cycling in an alpine swamp meadow of the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Representativeness assessment of the pan-Arctic eddy covariance site network and optimized future enhancements
Forest–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen in a remote region – Part I: Measuring temporal dynamics
Ideas and perspectives: Emerging contours of a dynamic exogenous kerogen cycle
Versatile soil gas concentration and isotope monitoring: optimization and integration of novel soil gas probes with online trace gas detection
On the impact of canopy model complexity on simulated carbon, water, and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence fluxes
Pia Gottschalk, Aram Kalhori, Zhan Li, Christian Wille, and Torsten Sachs
Biogeosciences, 21, 3593–3616, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3593-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3593-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To improve the accuracy of spatial carbon exchange estimates, we evaluated simple linear models for net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and gross primary productivity (GPP) and how they can be used to upscale the CO2 exchange of agricultural fields. The models are solely driven by Sentinel-2-derived vegetation indices (VIs). Evaluations show that different VIs have variable power to estimate NEE and GPP of crops in different years. The overall performance is as good as results from complex crop models.
Liliana Scapucci, Ankit Shekhar, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Anastasiia Bolshakova, Lukas Hörtnagl, Mana Gharun, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 3571–3592, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3571-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3571-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Forests face increased exposure to “compound soil and atmospheric drought” (CSAD) events due to global warming. We examined the impacts and drivers of CO2 fluxes during CSAD events at multiple layers of a deciduous forest over 18 years. Results showed reduced net ecosystem productivity and forest-floor respiration during CSAD events, mainly driven by soil and atmospheric drought. This unpredictability in forest CO2 fluxes jeopardises reforestation projects aimed at mitigating CO2 emissions.
Tamara Emmerichs, Yen-Sen Lu, and Domenico Taraborrelli
Biogeosciences, 21, 3251–3269, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3251-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3251-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the representation of the plant response to surface water in a global atmospheric chemistry model. This sensitivity is crucial for the return of precipitation back into the atmosphere and thus significantly impacts the representation of weather as well as air quality. The newly implemented response function reduces this process and has a better comparison with satellite observations. This yields a higher intensity of unusual warm periods and higher production of air pollutants.
Nina L. H. Kinney, Charles A. Hepburn, Matthew I. Gibson, Daniel Ballesteros, and Thomas F. Whale
Biogeosciences, 21, 3201–3214, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3201-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3201-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Molecules released from plant pollen induce the formation of ice from supercooled water at temperatures warm enough to suggest an underlying function for this activity. In this study we show that ice nucleators are ubiquitous in pollen. We suggest the molecules responsible fulfil some unrelated biological function and nucleate ice incidentally. The ubiquity of ice-nucleating molecules in pollen and particularly active examples reveal a greater potential for pollen to impact weather and climate.
Max Gaber, Yanghui Kang, Guy Schurgers, and Trevor Keenan
Biogeosciences, 21, 2447–2472, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2447-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2447-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Gross primary productivity (GPP) describes the photosynthetic carbon assimilation, which plays a vital role in the carbon cycle. We can measure GPP locally, but producing larger and continuous estimates is challenging. Here, we present an approach to extrapolate GPP to a global scale using satellite imagery and automated machine learning. We benchmark different models and predictor variables and achieve an estimate that can capture 75 % of the variation in GPP.
Sinikka J. Paulus, Rene Orth, Sung-Ching Lee, Anke Hildebrandt, Martin Jung, Jacob A. Nelson, Tarek Sebastian El-Madany, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Matthias Mauder, Jannis Groh, Alexander Graf, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca
Biogeosciences, 21, 2051–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Porous materials are known to reversibly trap water from the air, even at low humidity. However, this behavior is poorly understood for soils. In this analysis, we test whether eddy covariance is able to measure the so-called adsorption of atmospheric water vapor by soils. We find that this flux occurs frequently during dry nights in a Mediterranean ecosystem, while EC detects downwardly directed vapor fluxes. These results can help to map moisture uptake globally.
Luana Krebs, Susanne Burri, Iris Feigenwinter, Mana Gharun, Philip Meier, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 2005–2028, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2005-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2005-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores year-round forest-floor greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in a Swiss spruce forest. Soil temperature and snow depth affected forest-floor respiration, while CH4 uptake was linked to snow cover. Negligible N2O fluxes were observed. In 2022, a warm year, CO2 emissions notably increased. The study suggests rising forest-floor GHG emissions due to climate change, impacting carbon sink behavior. Thus, for future forest management, continuous year-round GHG flux measurements are crucial.
Qian Li, Gil Lerner, Einat Bar, Efraim Lewinsohn, and Eran Tas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-529, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-529, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research indicates that instantaneous changes in meteorological parameters better reflect drought-induced changes in the emission rates of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from natural vegetation than their absolute values. Additionally, even a small precipitation amount triggered a significant increase in BVOC emissions. These findings highlight the intricate BVOC emission-drought relationship and are crucial for advancing our understanding of BVOCs emission under climate change.
Simone Rodrigues, Glauber Cirino, Demerval Moreira, Andrea Pozzer, Rafael Palácios, Sung-Ching Lee, Breno Imbiriba, José Nogueira, Maria Isabel Vitorino, and George Vourlitis
Biogeosciences, 21, 843–868, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-843-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-843-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The radiative effects of atmospheric particles are still unknown for a wide variety of species and types of vegetation present in Amazonian biomes. We examined the effects of aerosols on solar radiation and their impacts on photosynthesis in an area of semideciduous forest in the southern Amazon Basin. Under highly smoky-sky conditions, our results show substantial photosynthetic interruption (20–70 %), attributed specifically to the decrease in solar radiation and leaf canopy temperature.
Ruben B. Schulte, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Susanna Rutledge-Jonker, Shelley van der Graaf, Jun Zhang, and Margreet C. van Zanten
Biogeosciences, 21, 557–574, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-557-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-557-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed measurements with the aim of finding relations between the surface atmosphere exchange of NH3 and the CO2 uptake and transpiration by vegetation. We found a high correlation of daytime NH3 emissions with both latent heat flux and photosynthetically active radiation. Very few simultaneous measurements of NH3, CO2 fluxes and meteorological variables exist at sub-diurnal timescales. This study paves the way to finding more robust relations between the NH3 exchange flux and CO2 uptake.
Alex Mavrovic, Oliver Sonnentag, Juha Lemmetyinen, Carolina Voigt, Nick Rutter, Paul Mann, Jean-Daniel Sylvain, and Alexandre Roy
Biogeosciences, 20, 5087–5108, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analysis of soil CO2 emissions in boreal and tundra regions during the non-growing season. We show that when the soil is completely frozen, soil temperature is the main control on CO2 emissions. When the soil is around the freezing point, with a mix of liquid water and ice, the liquid water content is the main control on CO2 emissions. This study highlights that the vegetation–snow–soil interactions must be considered to understand soil CO2 emissions during the non-growing season.
Yuhao Cui, Eri Tachibana, Kimitaka Kawamura, and Yuzo Miyazaki
Biogeosciences, 20, 4969–4980, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4969-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4969-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Fatty alcohols (FAs) are major components of surface lipids in plant leaves and serve as surface-active aerosols. Our study on the aerosol size distributions in a forest suggests that secondary FAs (SFAs) originated from plant waxes and that leaf senescence status is likely an important factor controlling the size distribution of SFAs. This study provides new insights into the sources of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) and their effects on the aerosol ice nucleation activity.
Joyson Ahongshangbam, Liisa Kulmala, Jesse Soininen, Yasmin Frühauf, Esko Karvinen, Yann Salmon, Anna Lintunen, Anni Karvonen, and Leena Järvi
Biogeosciences, 20, 4455–4475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Urban vegetation is important for removing urban CO2 emissions and cooling. We studied the response of urban trees' functions (photosynthesis and transpiration) to a heatwave and drought at four urban green areas in the city of Helsinki. We found that tree water use was increased during heatwave and drought periods, but there was no change in the photosynthesis rates. The heat and drought conditions were severe at the local scale but were not excessive enough to restrict urban trees' functions.
Ryan Vella, Andrea Pozzer, Matthew Forrest, Jos Lelieveld, Thomas Hickler, and Holger Tost
Biogeosciences, 20, 4391–4412, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4391-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4391-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the effect of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from plants. ENSO events can cause a significant increase in these emissions, which have a long-term impact on the Earth's atmosphere. Persistent ENSO conditions can cause long-term changes in vegetation, resulting in even higher BVOC emissions. We link ENSO-induced emission anomalies with driving atmospheric and vegetational variables.
Nadav Bekin and Nurit Agam
Biogeosciences, 20, 3791–3802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3791-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3791-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The mechanisms of soil CO2 flux in dry desert soils are not fully understood. Yet studies conducted in desert ecosystems rarely discuss potential errors related to using the commonly used flux chambers in dry and bare soils. In our study, the conventional deployment practice of the chambers underestimated the instantaneous CO2 flux by up to 50 % and the total daily CO2 uptake by 35 %. This suggests that desert soils are a larger carbon sink than previously reported.
Rosemary J. Eufemio, Ingrid de Almeida Ribeiro, Todd L. Sformo, Gary A. Laursen, Valeria Molinero, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Mischa Bonn, and Konrad Meister
Biogeosciences, 20, 2805–2812, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2805-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2805-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Lichens, the dominant vegetation in the Arctic, contain ice nucleators (INs) that enable freezing close to 0°C. Yet the abundance, diversity, and function of lichen INs is unknown. Our screening of lichens across Alaska reveal that most species have potent INs. We find that lichens contain two IN populations which retain activity under environmentally relevant conditions. The ubiquity and stability of lichen INs suggest that they may have considerable impacts on local atmospheric patterns.
Doaa Aboelyazeed, Chonggang Xu, Forrest M. Hoffman, Jiangtao Liu, Alex W. Jones, Chris Rackauckas, Kathryn Lawson, and Chaopeng Shen
Biogeosciences, 20, 2671–2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2671-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Photosynthesis is critical for life and has been affected by the changing climate. Many parameters come into play while modeling, but traditional calibration approaches face many issues. Our framework trains coupled neural networks to provide parameters to a photosynthesis model. Using big data, we independently found parameter values that were correlated with those in the literature while giving higher correlation and reduced biases in photosynthesis rates.
Norbert Pirk, Kristoffer Aalstad, Yeliz A. Yilmaz, Astrid Vatne, Andrea L. Popp, Peter Horvath, Anders Bryn, Ane Victoria Vollsnes, Sebastian Westermann, Terje Koren Berntsen, Frode Stordal, and Lena Merete Tallaksen
Biogeosciences, 20, 2031–2047, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2031-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2031-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the land–atmosphere exchange of CO2 and water vapor in alpine Norway over 3 years. The extremely snow-rich conditions in 2020 reduced the total annual evapotranspiration to 50 % and reduced the growing-season carbon assimilation to turn the ecosystem from a moderate annual carbon sink to an even stronger source. Our analysis suggests that snow cover anomalies are driving the most consequential short-term responses in this ecosystem’s functioning.
Hamadou Balde, Gabriel Hmimina, Yves Goulas, Gwendal Latouche, and Kamel Soudani
Biogeosciences, 20, 1473–1490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1473-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1473-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the relationship between sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP) across the ICOS European flux tower network. It shows that SIF, coupled with reflectance observations, explains over 80 % of the GPP variability across diverse ecosystems but fails to bring new information compared to reflectance alone at coarse spatial scales (~5 km). These findings have applications in agriculture and ecophysiological studies.
John T. Walker, Xi Chen, Zhiyong Wu, Donna Schwede, Ryan Daly, Aleksandra Djurkovic, A. Christopher Oishi, Eric Edgerton, Jesse Bash, Jennifer Knoepp, Melissa Puchalski, John Iiames, and Chelcy F. Miniat
Biogeosciences, 20, 971–995, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-971-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-971-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Better estimates of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are needed to accurately assess ecosystem risk and impacts from deposition of nutrients and acidity. Using measurements and modeling, we estimate total N deposition of 6.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at a forest site in the southern Appalachian Mountains, a region sensitive to atmospheric deposition. Reductions in deposition of reduced forms of N (ammonia and ammonium) will be needed to meet the lowest estimates of N critical loads for the region.
Yi-Ying Chen and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Biogeosciences, 20, 349–363, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-349-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-349-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical cyclones are typically assumed to be associated with ecosystem damage. This study challenges this assumption and suggests that instead of reducing leaf area, cyclones in East Asia may increase leaf area by alleviating water stress.
Deborah F. McGlynn, Graham Frazier, Laura E. R. Barry, Manuel T. Lerdau, Sally E. Pusede, and Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
Biogeosciences, 20, 45–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-45-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-45-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using a custom-made gas chromatography flame ionization detector, 2 years of speciated hourly biogenic volatile organic compound data were collected in a forest in central Virginia. We identify diurnal and seasonal variability in the data, which is shown to impact atmospheric oxidant budgets. A comparison with emission models identified discrepancies with implications for model outcomes. We suggest increased monitoring of speciated biogenic volatile organic compounds to improve modeled results.
Luke D. Schiferl, Jennifer D. Watts, Erik J. L. Larson, Kyle A. Arndt, Sébastien C. Biraud, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Jordan P. Goodrich, John M. Henderson, Aram Kalhori, Kathryn McKain, Marikate E. Mountain, J. William Munger, Walter C. Oechel, Colm Sweeney, Yonghong Yi, Donatella Zona, and Róisín Commane
Biogeosciences, 19, 5953–5972, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As the Arctic rapidly warms, vast stores of thawing permafrost could release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. We combined observations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations from aircraft and a tower with observed CO2 fluxes from tundra ecosystems and found that the Alaskan North Slope in not a consistent source nor sink of CO2. Our study shows the importance of using both site-level and atmospheric measurements to constrain regional net CO2 fluxes and improve biogenic processes in models.
Pascal Wintjen, Frederik Schrader, Martijn Schaap, Burkhard Beudert, Richard Kranenburg, and Christian Brümmer
Biogeosciences, 19, 5287–5311, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, we compared four methods for estimating the annual dry deposition of total reactive nitrogen into a low-polluted forest ecosystem. In our analysis, we used 2.5 years of flux measurements, an in situ modeling approach, a large-scale chemical transport model (CTM), and canopy budget models. Annual nitrogen dry deposition budgets ranged between 4.3 and 6.7 kg N ha−1 a−1, depending on the applied method.
Michael Staudt, Juliane Daussy, Joseph Ingabire, and Nafissa Dehimeche
Biogeosciences, 19, 4945–4963, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4945-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4945-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the short- and long-term effects of CO2 as a function of temperature on monoterpene emissions from holm oak. Similarly to isoprene, emissions decreased non-linearly with increasing CO2, with no differences among compounds and chemotypes. The CO2 response was modulated by actual leaf and growth temperature but not by growth CO2. Estimates of annual monoterpene release under double CO2 suggest that CO2 inhibition does not offset the increase in emissions due to expected warming.
Brendan Byrne, Junjie Liu, Yonghong Yi, Abhishek Chatterjee, Sourish Basu, Rui Cheng, Russell Doughty, Frédéric Chevallier, Kevin W. Bowman, Nicholas C. Parazoo, David Crisp, Xing Li, Jingfeng Xiao, Stephen Sitch, Bertrand Guenet, Feng Deng, Matthew S. Johnson, Sajeev Philip, Patrick C. McGuire, and Charles E. Miller
Biogeosciences, 19, 4779–4799, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Plants draw CO2 from the atmosphere during the growing season, while respiration releases CO2 to the atmosphere throughout the year, driving seasonal variations in atmospheric CO2 that can be observed by satellites, such as the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2). Using OCO-2 XCO2 data and space-based constraints on plant growth, we show that permafrost-rich northeast Eurasia has a strong seasonal release of CO2 during the autumn, hinting at an unexpectedly large respiration signal from soils.
Valery A. Isidorov and Andrej A. Zaitsev
Biogeosciences, 19, 4715–4746, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4715-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4715-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a critical role in earth-system processes: they are
main playersin the formation of tropospheric O3 and secondary aerosols, which have a significant impact on climate, human health and crops. A complex mixture of VOCs, formed as a result of physicochemical and biological processes, is released into the atmosphere from the forest floor. This review presents data on the composition of VOCs and contribution of various processes to their emissions.
David S. McLagan, Harald Biester, Tomas Navrátil, Stephan M. Kraemer, and Lorenz Schwab
Biogeosciences, 19, 4415–4429, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4415-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4415-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Spruce and larch trees are effective archiving species for historical atmospheric mercury using growth rings of bole wood. Mercury stable isotope analysis proved an effective tool to characterise industrial mercury signals and assess mercury uptake pathways (leaf uptake for both wood and bark) and mercury cycling within the trees. These data detail important information for understanding the mercury biogeochemical cycle particularly in forest systems.
Xin Yu, René Orth, Markus Reichstein, Michael Bahn, Anne Klosterhalfen, Alexander Knohl, Franziska Koebsch, Mirco Migliavacca, Martina Mund, Jacob A. Nelson, Benjamin D. Stocker, Sophia Walther, and Ana Bastos
Biogeosciences, 19, 4315–4329, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Identifying drought legacy effects is challenging because they are superimposed on variability driven by climate conditions in the recovery period. We develop a residual-based approach to quantify legacies on gross primary productivity (GPP) from eddy covariance data. The GPP reduction due to legacy effects is comparable to the concurrent effects at two sites in Germany, which reveals the importance of legacy effects. Our novel methodology can be used to quantify drought legacies elsewhere.
Anders Lindroth, Norbert Pirk, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Christian Stiegler, Leif Klemedtsson, and Mats B. Nilsson
Biogeosciences, 19, 3921–3934, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3921-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane between a moist moss tundra and the atmosphere on Svalbard in order to better understand how such ecosystems are affecting the climate and vice versa. We found that the system was a small sink of carbon dioxide and a small source of methane. These fluxes are small in comparison with other tundra ecosystems in the high Arctic. Analysis of temperature sensitivity showed that respiration was more sensitive than photosynthesis above about 6 ℃.
Phillip Papastefanou, Christian S. Zang, Zlatan Angelov, Aline Anderson de Castro, Juan Carlos Jimenez, Luiz Felipe Campos De Rezende, Romina C. Ruscica, Boris Sakschewski, Anna A. Sörensson, Kirsten Thonicke, Carolina Vera, Nicolas Viovy, Celso Von Randow, and Anja Rammig
Biogeosciences, 19, 3843–3861, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3843-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3843-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Amazon rainforest has been hit by multiple severe drought events. In this study, we assess the severity and spatial extent of the extreme drought years 2005, 2010 and 2015/16 in the Amazon. Using nine different precipitation datasets and three drought indicators we find large differences in drought stress across the Amazon region. We conclude that future studies should use multiple rainfall datasets and drought indicators when estimating the impact of drought stress in the Amazon region.
Haiyang Shi, Geping Luo, Olaf Hellwich, Mingjuan Xie, Chen Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yuangang Wang, Xiuliang Yuan, Xiaofei Ma, Wenqiang Zhang, Alishir Kurban, Philippe De Maeyer, and Tim Van de Voorde
Biogeosciences, 19, 3739–3756, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A number of studies have been conducted by using machine learning approaches to simulate carbon fluxes. We performed a meta-analysis of these net ecosystem exchange (NEE) simulations. Random forests and support vector machines performed better than other algorithms. Models with larger timescales had a lower accuracy. For different plant functional types (PFTs), there were significant differences in the predictors used and their effects on model accuracy.
Siqi Li, Wei Zhang, Xunhua Zheng, Yong Li, Shenghui Han, Rui Wang, Kai Wang, Zhisheng Yao, Chunyan Liu, and Chong Zhang
Biogeosciences, 19, 3001–3019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3001-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3001-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The CNMM–DNDC model was modified to simulate ammonia volatilization (AV) from croplands. AV from cultivated uplands followed the first-order kinetics, which was jointly regulated by the factors of soil properties and meteorological conditions. AV simulation from rice paddy fields was improved by incorporating Jayaweera–Mikkelsen mechanisms. The modified model performed well in simulating the observed cumulative AV measured from 63 fertilization events in China.
Matthias Volk, Matthias Suter, Anne-Lena Wahl, and Seraina Bassin
Biogeosciences, 19, 2921–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2921-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Because soils are an important sink for greenhouse gasses, we subjected sub-alpine grassland to a six-level climate change treatment.
Two independent methods showed that at warming > 1.5 °C the grassland ecosystem lost ca. 14 % or ca. 1 kg C m−2 in 5 years.
This shrinking of the terrestrial C sink implies a substantial positive feedback to the atmospheric greenhouse effect.
It is likely that this dramatic C loss is a transient effect before a new, climate-adjusted steady state is reached.
Johan A. Eckdahl, Jeppe A. Kristensen, and Daniel B. Metcalfe
Biogeosciences, 19, 2487–2506, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2487-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2487-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study found climate to be a driving force for increasing per area emissions of greenhouse gases and removal of important nutrients from high-latitude forests due to wildfire. It used detailed direct measurements over a large area to uncover patterns and mechanisms of restructuring of forest carbon and nitrogen pools that are extrapolatable to larger regions. It also takes a step forward in filling gaps in global knowledge of northern forest response to climate-change-strengthened wildfires.
Sparkle L. Malone, Youmi Oh, Kyle A. Arndt, George Burba, Roisin Commane, Alexandra R. Contosta, Jordan P. Goodrich, Henry W. Loescher, Gregory Starr, and Ruth K. Varner
Biogeosciences, 19, 2507–2522, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2507-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2507-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To understand the CH4 flux potential of natural ecosystems and agricultural lands in the United States of America, a multi-scale CH4 observation network focused on CH4 flux rates, processes, and scaling methods is required. This can be achieved with a network of ground-based observations that are distributed based on climatic regions and land cover.
Bruna R. F. Oliveira, Jan J. Keizer, and Thomas Foken
Biogeosciences, 19, 2235–2243, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2235-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2235-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes the impacts of this windthrow on the aerodynamic characteristics of zero-plane displacement and roughness length and, ultimately, their implications for the turbulent fluxes. The turbulent fluxes were only affected to a minor degree by the windthrow, but the footprint area of the flux tower changed markedly so that the target area of the measurements had to be redetermined.
Minttu Havu, Liisa Kulmala, Pasi Kolari, Timo Vesala, Anu Riikonen, and Leena Järvi
Biogeosciences, 19, 2121–2143, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The carbon sequestration potential of two street tree species and the soil beneath them was quantified with the urban land surface model SUEWS and the soil carbon model Yasso. The street tree plantings turned into a modest sink of carbon from the atmosphere after 14 years. Overall, the results indicate the importance of soil in urban carbon sequestration estimations, as soil respiration exceeded the carbon uptake in the early phase, due to the high initial carbon loss from the soil.
Jarmo Mäkelä, Laila Melkas, Ivan Mammarella, Tuomo Nieminen, Suyog Chandramouli, Rafael Savvides, and Kai Puolamäki
Biogeosciences, 19, 2095–2099, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2095-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2095-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Causal structure discovery algorithms have been making headway into Earth system sciences, and they can be used to increase our understanding on biosphere–atmosphere interactions. In this paper we present a procedure on how to utilize prior knowledge of the domain experts together with these algorithms in order to find more robust causal structure models. We also demonstrate how to avoid pitfalls such as over-fitting and concept drift during this process.
Makoto Saito, Tomohiro Shiraishi, Ryuichi Hirata, Yosuke Niwa, Kazuyuki Saito, Martin Steinbacher, Doug Worthy, and Tsuneo Matsunaga
Biogeosciences, 19, 2059–2078, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2059-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2059-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study tested combinations of two sources of AGB data and two sources of LCC data and used the same burned area satellite data to estimate BB CO emissions. Our analysis showed large discrepancies in annual mean CO emissions and explicit differences in the simulated CO concentrations among the BB emissions estimates. This study has confirmed that BB emissions estimates are sensitive to the land surface information on which they are based.
Johannes Gensheimer, Alexander J. Turner, Philipp Köhler, Christian Frankenberg, and Jia Chen
Biogeosciences, 19, 1777–1793, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1777-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1777-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a convolutional neural network, named SIFnet, that increases the spatial resolution of SIF from TROPOMI by a factor of 10 to a spatial resolution of 0.005°. SIFnet utilizes coarse SIF observations, together with a broad range of high-resolution auxiliary data. The insights gained from interpretable machine learning techniques allow us to make quantitative claims about the relationships between SIF and other common parameters related to photosynthesis.
Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, David H. Y. Yung, Anthony Y. H. Wong, Jason A. Ducker, and Christopher D. Holmes
Biogeosciences, 19, 1753–1776, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We developed and used a terrestrial biosphere model to compare and evaluate widely used empirical dry deposition schemes with different stomatal approaches and found that using photosynthesis-based stomatal approaches can reduce biases in modeled dry deposition velocities in current chemical transport models. Our study shows systematic errors in current dry deposition schemes and the importance of representing plant ecophysiological processes in models under a changing climate.
Ka Ming Fung, Maria Val Martin, and Amos P. K. Tai
Biogeosciences, 19, 1635–1655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fertilizer-induced ammonia detrimentally affects the environment by not only directly damaging ecosystems but also indirectly altering climate and soil fertility. To quantify these secondary impacts, we enabled CESM to simulate ammonia emission, chemical evolution, and deposition as a continuous cycle. If synthetic fertilizer use is to soar by 30 % from today's level, we showed that the counteracting impacts will increase the global ammonia emission by 3.3 Tg N per year.
Lena Wohlgemuth, Pasi Rautio, Bernd Ahrends, Alexander Russ, Lars Vesterdal, Peter Waldner, Volkmar Timmermann, Nadine Eickenscheidt, Alfred Fürst, Martin Greve, Peter Roskams, Anne Thimonier, Manuel Nicolas, Anna Kowalska, Morten Ingerslev, Päivi Merilä, Sue Benham, Carmen Iacoban, Günter Hoch, Christine Alewell, and Martin Jiskra
Biogeosciences, 19, 1335–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Gaseous mercury is present in the atmosphere all over the globe. During the growing season, plants take up mercury from the air in a similar way as CO2. We investigated which factors impact this vegetational mercury uptake by analyzing a large dataset of leaf mercury uptake rates of trees in Europe. As a result, we conclude that mercury uptake is foremost controlled by tree-intrinsic traits like physiological activity but also by climatic factors like dry conditions in the air and in soils.
Junqi Wei, Xiaoyan Li, Lei Liu, Torben Røjle Christensen, Zhiyun Jiang, Yujun Ma, Xiuchen Wu, Hongyun Yao, and Efrén López-Blanco
Biogeosciences, 19, 861–875, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-861-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-861-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Although water availability has been linked to the response of ecosystem carbon (C) sink–source to climate warming, the mechanisms by which C uptake responds to soil moisture remain unclear. We explored how soil water and other environmental drivers modulate net C uptake in an alpine swamp meadow. Results reveal that nearly saturated soil conditions during warm seasons can help to maintain lower ecosystem respiration and therefore enhance the C sequestration capacity in this alpine swamp meadow.
Martijn M. T. A. Pallandt, Jitendra Kumar, Marguerite Mauritz, Edward A. G. Schuur, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Gerardo Celis, Forrest M. Hoffman, and Mathias Göckede
Biogeosciences, 19, 559–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-559-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-559-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Thawing of Arctic permafrost soils could trigger the release of vast amounts of carbon to the atmosphere, thus enhancing climate change. Our study investigated how well the current network of eddy covariance sites to monitor greenhouse gas exchange at local scales captures pan-Arctic flux patterns. We identified large coverage gaps, e.g., in Siberia, but also demonstrated that a targeted addition of relatively few sites can significantly improve network performance.
Pascal Wintjen, Frederik Schrader, Martijn Schaap, Burkhard Beudert, and Christian Brümmer
Biogeosciences, 19, 389–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-389-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-389-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fluxes of total reactive nitrogen (∑Nr) over a low polluted forest were analyzed with regard to their temporal dynamics. Mostly deposition was observed with median fluxes ranging from −15 to −5 ng N m−2 s−1, corresponding to a range of deposition velocities from 0.2 to 0.5 cm s−1. While seasonally changing contributions of NH3 and NOx to the ∑Nr signal were found, we estimate an annual total N deposition (dry+wet) of 12.2 and 10.9 kg N ha−1 a−1 in the 2 years of observation.
Thomas M. Blattmann
Biogeosciences, 19, 359–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-359-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-359-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work enunciates the possibility of kerogen oxidation contributing to atmospheric CO2 increase in the wake of glacial episodes. This hypothesis is substantiated by several lines of independent evidence synthesized in this contribution. The author hypothesizes that the deglaciation of kerogen-rich lithologies in western Canada contributed to the characteristic deglacial increase in atmospheric CO2.
Juliana Gil-Loaiza, Joseph R. Roscioli, Joanne H. Shorter, Till H. M. Volkmann, Wei-Ren Ng, Jordan E. Krechmer, and Laura K. Meredith
Biogeosciences, 19, 165–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-165-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated a new diffusive soil probe integrated with high-resolution gas analyzers to measure soil gases in real time at a centimeter scale. Using columns with simple silica and soil, we captured changes in carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrous oxide (N2O) with its isotopes to distinguish potential nutrient sources and microbial metabolism. This approach will advance the use of soil gases as important signals to understand and monitor soil fertility and health.
Yujie Wang and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 19, 29–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-29-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-29-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling vegetation canopy is important in predicting whether the land remains a carbon sink to mitigate climate change in the near future. Vegetation canopy model complexity, however, impacts the model-predicted carbon and water fluxes as well as canopy fluorescence, even if the same suite of model inputs is used. Given the biases caused by canopy model complexity, we recommend not misusing parameters inverted using different models or assumptions.
Cited articles
Ago, E. E., Agbossou, E. K., Cohard, J. M., Galle, S., and Aubinet, M.:
Response of CO2 fluxes and productivity to water availability in two contrasting ecosystems in northern Benin (West Africa),
Ann. For. Sci.,
73, 483–500, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-016-0542-9, 2016.
Asner, G. P., Archer, S., Hughes, R. F., Ansley, R. J., and Wessman, C. A.:
Net changes in regional woody vegetation cover and carbon storage in Texas Drylands, 1937–1999,
Glob. Change Biol.,
9, 316–335, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00594.x, 2003.
Bagan, H., Takeuchi, W., Kinoshita, T., and Bao, Y. H.:
Land cover classification and change analysis in the Horqin Sandy Land from 1975 to 2007,
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl.,
3, 168–177, https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2010.2046627, 2010.
Baldocchi, D., Falage, E., Gu, L, H., Olson, R., Hollinger, D., Running, S., Anthoni, P., Bernhofer, C., Davis, K., Evans, R., Fuentes, J., Goldstein, A., Katul, G., Law, B., Lee, X. H., Malhi, Y., Meyers, T., Munger, W., Oechel, W., Paw, U. K. T., Pilegaard, K., Schmid, H. P., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.:
Fluxnet: a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities,
B. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,
82, 2415–2434, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2415:FANTTS>2.3.CO;2, 2001.
Barrett, G. W.:
The effects of an acute insecticide stress on a semi-enclosed grassland ecosystem,
Ecology,
49, 1019, https://doi.org/10.2307/1934487, 1968.
Bell, T. W., Menzer, O., Troyo-Diequez, E., and Oechel, W. C.:
Carbon dioxide exchange over multiple temporal scales in an arid shrub ecosystem near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico,
Glob. Change Biol.,
18, 2570–2582, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02720.x, 2012.
Biederman, J. A., Scott, R. L., Goulden, M. L., Vargas, R., Litvak, M. E., Kolb, T. E., Yepez, E. A., Oechel, W. C., Blanken, P. D., Bell, T. W., Garatuza-Payan, J., Maurer, G. E., Dore, S., and Burns, S. P.:
Terrestrial carbon balance in a drier world: the effects of water availability in southwestern North America,
Glob. Change Biol.,
22, 1867–1879, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13222, 2016.
Biederman, J. A., Scott, R. L., Bell, T. W., Bowling. D. R., Dore, S., Garatuza-Payan, J., Kolb, T. E., Krishnan, P., Krofchec, D. J., Litv, M. E., Maurer, G. E., Meyers, T. P., Oechel, W. C., Papuga, S. A., Ponce-Campos, G. E., Rodriguez, J. C., Smith, W. K., Vargas, R., Watts, C. J., Yepez, E. A., and Goulden, M. L.:
CO2 exchange and evapotranspiration across dryland ecosystems of southwestern North America,
Glob. Change Biol.,
23, 4204–4221, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13686, 2017.
Burba, G. G., McDermitt, D. K., Grelle, A., and Daniel, J. A.:
Addressing the influence of instrument surface heat exchange on the measurements of CO2 flux from open-path gas analyzers,
Glob. Change Biol.,
14, 1854–1876, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01606.x, 2008.
Cao, J. H., Song, L. H., Jiang, G. H., Xie, Y. Q., You, S. Y.:
Diurnal dynamics of soil respiration and carbon stable isotope in Lunan stone forest, Yunnan Province,
Carsologica Sinica,
24, 23–27, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2005.01.003, 2005 (in Chinese).
Chen, S. P., Lin, G. H., Huang, J. H., and Jenerette, G. D.:
Dependence of carbon sequestration on the differential responses of ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration to rain pulses in a semiarid steppe,
Glob. Change Biol.,
15, 2450–2461, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01879.x, 2009.
Chu, J. M., Wang, Q., Fan, Z. P., and Li, F. Y.:
Effects of soil moisture condition and freeze-thaw cycle on soil respiration of different land-use types in Horqin Sandy Land,
Chinese J. Ecol.,
32, 1399–1404,
available at: http://www.cje.net.cn/EN/Y2013/V32/I6/1399 (last access: 8 December 2020), 2013 (in Chinese).
Ciais, P. H., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N., Granier, A., Ogée, J., Allard, V., Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Bernhofer, C., Carrara, A., Chevallier, F., Noblet, N. D., Friend, A. D., Friedlingstein, P., Grünwald, T., Heinesch, B., Keronen, P., Knohl, A., Krinner, G., Loustau, D., Manca, G., Matteucci, G., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J. M., Papale, D., Pilegaard, K., Rambal, S., Seufert, G., Soussana, J. F., Sanz, M. J., Schulze, E. D., Vesala, T., and Valentini, R.:
Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003,
Nature,
437, 529–533, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03972, 2005.
Cleverly, J., Boulain, N., Villalobos-Vega, R., Grant, N., Faux, R., Wood, C., Cook, P. G., Yu, Q., Leigh, A., and Eamus, D.:
Dynamics of component carbon fluxes in a semi-arid Acacia woodland, central Australia,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo.,
118, 1168–1185, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20101, 2013.
Cleverly, J., Eamus, D., Gorsel, E. V., Chen, C., Rumman, R., Luo, Q. Y., Coupe, N. R., Li, L. H., Kljun, N., Faux, R., Yu, Q., and Huete, A.:
Productivity and evapotranspiration of two contrasting semiarid ecosystems following the 2011 global carbon land sink anomaly,
Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
220, 151–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.01.086, 2016.
Czobel, S., Szirmai, O., Nemeth, Z., Gyuricza, C., Házi, J., Tóth, A., Schellenberger, J., Vasa, L., and Penksza, K.: Short-term effects of grazing exclusion on net ecosystem CO2 exchange and net primary production in a Pannonian sandy grassland, Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 40, 67–72, https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha4028300, 2012.
Delgado-Balbuena, J., Arredondo, J. T., Loescher, H. W., Pineda-Martínez, L. F., Carbajal, J. N., and Vargas, R.: Seasonal precipitation legacy effects determine the carbon balance of a semiarid grassland,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 124, 987–1000, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004799, 2019.
Delpierre, N., Soudani, K., Francois, C., Pontailler, J. Y., Nikinmaa, E., Misson, L., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, C., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Heinesch, B., Longdoz, B., Ourcival, J. M., Rambal, S., Vesala, T., and Dufrene, E.: Exceptional carbon uptake in European forests during the 2007 warm spring: a data-model analysis,
Glob. Change Biol.,
15, 1455–1474, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01835.x, 2010.
Dilkes, N. B., Jones, D. L., Farrar, J.: Temporal dynamics of carbon partitioning and rhizodeposition in wheat. Plant Physiol., 134, 706–715, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.032045, 2004.
Emmerich, W. E.: Carbon dioxide fluxes in a semiarid environment with high carbonate soils,
Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
116, 91–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00231-9, 2003.
Emmerich, W. E. and Verdugo, C. L.:
Precipitation thresholds for CO2 uptake in grass and shrub plant communities on Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed,
Water Resour. Res.,
44, 435–443, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006wr005690, 2008.
Escolar, C., Maestre, F. T , and Rey. A.:
Biocrusts modulate warming and rainfall exclusion effects on soil respiration in a semi-arid grassland,
Soil Biol. Biochem.,
80, 9–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.09.019, 2015.
Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Olson, R., Anthoni, P., and Dolman, H.:
Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange,
Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
107, 43–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00225-2, 2001.
Fang, S. X., Zhou, L. X., Tans, P. P., Ciais, P., Steinbacher, M., Xu, L., and Luan, T.: In situ measurement of atmospheric CO2 at the four WMO/GAW stations in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2541–2554, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2541-2014, 2014.
Flanagan, L. B., Wever, L. A., and Carlson, P. J.:
Seasonal and interannual variation in carbon dioxide exchange and carbon balance in a northern temperate grassland,
Glob. Change Biol.,
8, 599–615, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00491.x, 2002.
Ford, C. R., Mitchell, R. J., and Teskey, R. O.:
Water table depth affects productivity, water use, and the response to nitrogen addition in a savanna system,
Can. J. Forest Res.,
38, 2118–2127, https://doi.org/10.1139/X08-061, 2008.
Gao, Y. H., Li, X. R., Liu, L. C., Jia, R. L., Yang, H. T., Li, G., and Wei, Y. P.:
Seasonal variation of carbon exchange from a revegetation area in a Chinese desert,
Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
156, 134–142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.01.007, 2012.
Goulden, M. L., Winston, G. C., McMillan, A. M. S., Litvak, M. E., Read, E. L., Rocha, A. V., and Elliot, J. R.:
An eddy covariance mesonet to measure the effect of forest age on land–atmosphere exchange,
Glob. Change Biol.,
12, 2146–2162, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01251.x, 2006.
Grelle, A. and Burba, G. G.:
Fine-wire thermometer to correct CO2 fluxes by open-path analyzers for artificial density fluctuations.
Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
147, 48–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.06.007, 2007.
Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., and Tatham, R. L.:
Multivariate data analysis, 6th edn.,
Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2005.
Hao, Y. B., Wang, Y. F., Mei, X., and Cui, X. R.:
The response of ecosystem CO2 exchange to small precipitation pulses over a temperate steppe,
Plant Ecol.,
209, 335–347, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-010-9766-1, 2010.
Harper, C. W., Blair, J. M., Fay, P. A., Knapp, A. K., and Carlisle, J. D.:
Increased rainfall variability and reduced rainfall amount decreases soil CO2 flux in a grassland ecosystem,
Glob. Change Biol.,
11, 322–334, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00899.x, 2005.
Hastings, S. J., Oechel, W. C., and Muhliamelo, A.:
Diurnal, seasonal and annual variation in the net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a desert shrub community (sarcocaulescent) in Baja California, Mexico,
Glob. Change Biol.,
11, 927–939, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00951.x, 2010.
Huang, G., Li, Y., and Collins, B.:
Phenological transition dictates the seasonal dynamics of ecosystem carbon exchange in a desert steppe,
J. Veg. Sci.,
26, 337–347, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12236, 2015.
Hutley, L. B., Leuning, R., Beringer, J., and Cleugh, H. A.:
The utility of the eddy covariance techniques as a tool in carbon accounting: tropical savanna as a case study,
Aust. J. Bot.,
53, 663, https://doi.org/10.1071/Bt04147, 2005.
Huxman, T. E., Snyder, K. A., Tissue, D., Leffler, A. J., Ogle, K., Pockman, W. T., Sandquist, D. R., Potts, D. L., and Schwinning, S.:
Precipitation pulses and carbon fluxes in semiarid and arid ecosystems,
Oecologia,
141, 254–268, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1682-4, 2004.
Jia, X., Zha, T. S., Wu, B., Zhang, Y. Q., Gong, J. N., Qin, S. G., Chen, G. P., Qian, D., Kellomäki, S., and Peltola, H.: Biophysical controls on net ecosystem CO2 exchange over a semiarid shrubland in northwest China, Biogeosciences, 11, 4679–4693, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4679-2014, 2014
Jongen, M., Pereira, J. S., Aires, L. M. I., and Pio, C. A.:
The effects of drought and timing of precipitation on the inter-annual variation in ecosystem–atmosphere exchange in a mediterranean grassland.
Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
151, 595–606, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.01.008, 2011.
Joseph Turk, F., Pasadena, J. P. L., Li, L., and Haddad, Z. S.:
Physical modeling of microwave surface emissivity from passive microwave satellite observations room 256 (New Orleans Convention Center),
AMS (American Meteorological Society) 18th Conference Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, New Orleans, 23 January 2012.
Kang, W. P., Wang. T., and Liu, S. L.:
The response of vegetation phenology and productivity to drought in semi-arid regions of Northern China,
Remote Sens.-Basel,
10, 727, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10050727, 2018.
Keenan, T., García, R., Friend, A. D., Zaehle, S., Gracia, C., and Sabate, S.: Improved understanding of drought controls on seasonal variation in Mediterranean forest canopy CO2 and water fluxes through combined in situ measurements and ecosystem modelling, Biogeosciences, 6, 1423–1444, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1423-2009, 2009.
Kemp, P. R.:
Phenological patterns of Chihuahuan desert plants in relation to the timing of water availability,
J. Ecol.,
71, 427–436, https://doi.org/10.2307/2259725, 1983.
Kiely, G., Leahy, P., Sottocornola, M., Laine, A., Mishurov, M., Albertson, J., and Carton, O.:
Celticflux: measurement and modelling of greenhouse gas fluxes from grasslands and a peatland in Ireland. Irish Environmental Protection Agency, STRIVE Report 24,
available at: http://www.epa.ie/pubs/reports/research/climate/strivereport24.html (last access: 8 December 2020), 2009.
Knorr, W., Prentice, I. C., House, J. I., and Holland, E. A.:
Long-term sensitivity of soil carbon turnover to warming,
Nature,
433, 298–301, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03226, 2005.
Lal, R.:
Carbon sequestration in dryland ecosystems,
Environ. Manage.,
33, 528–544, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-9110-9, 2004.
Lee, X. H., Massman, W. J., and Law, B. E.:
Handbook of micrometeorology, Vol. 29 of the Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library,
https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2265-4,
Springer, Berlin, 2004.
Li, L., Wang, Y. P., Beringer, J., Shi, H., Cleverly, J., Cheng, L., Eamus, D., Huete, A., Hutley, L., Lu, X. J., Piao, S. L., and Zhang, L.:
Responses of LAI to rainfall explain contrasting sensitivities to carbon uptake between forest and non-forest ecosystems in Australia,
Sci. Rep.-UK,
7, 11720, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11063-w, 2017.
Li, R. P. and Zhou, G. S.:
A temperature-precipitation based leafing model and its application in Northeast China,
Plos One,
7, e33192, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033192, 2012.
Li, Y. Q., Zhao, X. Y., Chen, Y. P., Luo, Y. Q., and Wang, S. K.:
Effects of grazing exclusion on carbon sequestration and the associated vegetation and soil characteristics at a semi-arid desertified sandy site in Inner Mongolia, northern China,
Can. J. Soil Sci.,
92, 807–819, https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss2012-030, 2012.
Li, Y. Q., Zhao, X. Y., Wang, S. K., Zhang, F. X., Lian, J., Huang, W. D., and Qu, H.:
Carbon accumulation in the bulk soil and different soil fractions during the rehabilitation of desertified grassland in Horqin Sandy Land (northern China),
Pol. J. Ecol.,
63, 88–101, https://doi.org/10.3161/15052249PJE2015.63.1.008, 2015.
Li, Y. Q., Zhang, J. P., Zhao, X. Y., Zhang, T. H., Li, Y. L., Liu, X. P. , and Chen, Y. P.:
Comparison of soil physico-chemical properties under different land-use and cover types in northeastern China's Horqin Sandy Land,
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,
8, 495–506, https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1226.2016.00495, 2016.
Li, Y. Q., Wang X. Y., Chen, Y. P., Luo, Y. Q., Lian, J., Niu, Y. Y., Gong, X. W., Yang, H., and Yu, P. D.:
Changes in surface soil organic carbon in semiarid degraded Horqin Grassland of northeastern China between the 1980s and the 2010s,
Catena,
174, 217–226, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.11.021, 2019.
Litvak, M. E., Krofcheck, D. J., and Maurer, G.:
Quantifying the resilience of carbon dynamics in semi-arid biomes in the Southwestern U.S. to drought,
in: Am. Geophys. Union Fall. Meeting, Abstract, San Francisco, 14 December 2015, B11N-01, 2015.
Liu, R., Cieraad, E., Li, Y., and Ma, J. J. E.:
Precipitation pattern determines the inter-annual variation of herbaceous layer and carbon fluxes in a phreatophyte-dominated desert ecosystem,
Ecosystems,
19, 601–614, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9954-x, 2016a.
Liu, S. L., Kang, W. P., and Wang, T.:
Drought variability in Inner Mongolia of northern China during 1960–2013 based on standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index,
Environ. Earth Sci.,
75, 145, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4996-0, 2016b.
Lloyd, J. and Taylor, J. A.:
On the temperature dependence of soil respiration,
Funct. Ecol.,
8, 315–323, https://doi.org/10.2307/2389824, 1994.
Ma, S. Y., Baldocchi, D. D., Xu, L. K., and Hehn, T.:
Inter-annual variability in carbon dioxide exchange of an oak/grass savanna and open grassland in California.
Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
147, 157–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.07.008, 2007.
Manzoni, S., Schimel, J. P., and Porporato, A.:
Physical vs. physiological controls on water-stress in soil microbial communities,
in: 96th ESA Annual Convention 2011, Austin Convention Center, 11 August 2011, https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0026.1, 2011.
Morgner, E., Elberling, B., Strebel, D., and Cooper, E. J.:
The importance of winter in annual ecosystem respiration in the high arctic: effects of snow depth in two vegetation types,
Polar Res.,
29, 58–74, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2010.00151.x, 2010.
Munkhdalai, Z. A., Feng, Z. W., Wang, X. K., and Sun, H. W.:
Sandy grassland blowouts in Hulunbuir, northeast China: geomorphology, distribution, and causes,
Prog. Nat. Sci.-Mater.,
17, 68–73, https://doi.org/10.1080/10020070612331343227, 2007.
Munodawafa, A.:
Maize grain yield as affected by the severity of soil erosion under semi-arid conditions and granitic sandy soils of Zimbabwe,
Phys. Chem. Earth Pt. A/B/C,
36, 963–967, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2011.07.068, 2011.
Nakano, T., Nemoto, M., and Shinoda, M.:
Environmental controls on photosynthetic production and ecosystem respiration in semi-arid grasslands of Mongolia,
Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
148, 1456–1466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.04.011, 2008.
Niu, S, L., Wu, M, Y., Han, Y., Xia, J, Y., Li, L, H., and Wan, S, Q.:
Water-mediated responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to climatic change in a temperate steppe,
New Phytol.,
177, 209–219, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02237.x, 2008.
Niu, S, L., Luo, Y, Q., Fei, S, F., and Montagnani, L.:
Seasonal hysteresis of net ecosystem exchange in response to temperature change: patterns and causes,
Glob. Change Biol.,
17, 3102–3114, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02459.x, 2011.
Niu, Y. Y., Li, Y. Q., Wang, X. Y., Gong, X. W., Luo, Y. Q., and Tian, D.Y.:
Characteristics of annual variation in net carbon dioxide flux in a sandy grassland ecosystem during dry years,
Acta Prataculturae Sinica,
27, 215–221, https://doi.org/10.11686/cyxb2017231, 2018 (in Chinese).
Nosetto, M. D., Jobbágy, E. G., and Paruelo, J. M.:
Carbon sequestration in semi-arid rangelands: comparison of Pinus ponderosa plantations and grazing exclusion in NW Patagonia,
J. Arid Environ.,
67, 142–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.12.008, 2006.
Noy-Meir, I.:
Desert ecosystems: environment and producers,
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.,
4, 25–51, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000325, 1973.
Oikawa, P., Grantz, D. A., and Jenerette, D.:
Variation in the temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic soil respiration in response to pulse water events and substrate limitation,
in: Am. Geophys. Union Fall Meeting, Abstract, San Francisco, 5–9 December 2011, B21F-0326, 2011.
Petrie, M. D., Collins, S. L., Swann, A. M., Ford, P. L., and Litvak, M. E.:
Grassland to shrubland state transitions enhance carbon sequestration in the northern Chihuahuan desert,
Glob. Change Biol.,
21, 1226–1235, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12743, 2015.
Ponce Campos, G. E., Moran, M. S., Huete, A., Zhang, Y., Bresloff, C., Huxman, T. E., Eamus, D., Bosch, D. D., Buda, A. R., Gunter, S. A., Scalley, T. H., Kitchen, S. G., McClaran, M. P., McNab, W. H., Montoya, D. S., Morgan, J. A., Peters, D. P. C., Sadler, E. J., Seyfried, M. S., and Starks, P. J.:
Ecosystem resilience despite large-scale altered hydroclimate conditions,
Nature,
494, 349–352, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11836, 2013.
Poulter, B., Frank, D., Ciais, P., Myneni, R. B., Andela, N., Bi, J., Broquet, G., Canadell, J. G., Chevallier, F., and Liu, Y. Y.:
Contribution of semi-arid ecosystems to interannual variability of the global carbon cycle,
Nature,
509, 600–603, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13376, 2014.
Prevéy, J. S., Seastedt, T. R., and Wilson, S.:
Seasonality of precipitation interacts with exotic species to alter composition and phenology of a semi-arid grassland,
J. Ecol.,
102, 1549–1561, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12320, 2014.
Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., and Granier, A.:
On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm,
Glob. Change Biol.,
11, 1424–1439, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x, 2005.
Rey, A., Pegoraro, E., Oyonarte, C., Were, A., Escribano, P., and Raimundo, J.:
Impact of land degradation on soil respiration in a steppe (Stipa tenacissima L.) semi-arid ecosystem in the SE of Spain,
Soil Biol. Biochem.,
43, 393–403, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.11.007, 2011.
Reynolds, J. F., Kemp, P. R., Ogle, K., and Fernandez, R. J.:
Modifying the “pulse-reserve” paradigm for deserts of North America: precipitation pulses, soil water and plant responses,
Oecologia,
141, 194–210, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1524-4, 2004.
Roby, M. C., Scott, R. L., Barron-Gafford, G. A., Hamerlynck, E. P., and Moore, D. J. P.:
Environmental and vegetative controls on soil CO2 efflux in three semiarid ecosystems,
Soil Systems,
3, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3010006, 2019.
Ruiz-Jaen, M. C. and Aide, T. M.:
Restoration success: how is it being measured?,
Restor. Ecol.,
13, 569–577, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00072.x, 2005.
Sala, O. E., Parton, W. J., Joyce, L. A., and Lauenroth, W. K.:
Primary production of the central grassland region of the United States,
Ecology,
69, 40–45, https://doi.org/10.2307/1943158, 1988.
Schmid, H. P.:
Experimental design for flux measurements: matching scales of observations and fluxes.
Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
87, 179–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00011-7, 1997.
Schwalm, C. R., Williams, C. A., Schaefer, K., Arneth, A., Bonal, D., Buchmann, N., Chen, J., Law, B. E., Lindroth, A., Luyssaert, S., Reichstein, M., and Richardson, A. D.:
Assimilation exceeds respiration sensitivity to drought: a FLUXNET synthesis,
Glob. Change Biol.,
16, 657–670, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01991.x, 2010.
Schwinning, S. and Sala, O. E.:
Hierarchy of responses to resource pulses in arid and semi-arid ecosystems,
Oecologia,
141, 211–220, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1520-8, 2004.
Scott, R. L., Shuttleworth, W. J., Goodrich, D. C., and Maddock, T.:
The water use of two dominant vegetation communities in a semiarid riparian ecosystem,
Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
105, 241–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(00)00181-7, 2000.
Scott, R. L., Jenerette, G. D., Potts, D. L., and Huxman, T. E.:
Effects of seasonal drought on net carbon dioxide exchange from a woody-plant-encroached semiarid grassland,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo.,
114, G04004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jg000900, 2009.
Scott R. L., Huxman, T. E., Barron-Gafford, G. A., Jenerette, G. D., Young, J. M., and Hamerlynck, E. P.:
When vegetation change alters ecosystem water availability,
Glob. Change Biol.,
20, 2198–2210, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12511, 2014.
Scott, R. L., Biederman, J. A., Hamerlynck, E. P., and Barron-Gafford, G. A.:
The carbon balance pivot point of southwestern U.S. semiarid ecosystems: insights from the 21st century drought,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo.,
120, 2612–2624, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003181, 2015.
Shen, M. G., Piao, S. L., Cong, N., Zhang, G.X., and Jassens, I. A.:
Precipitation impacts on vegetation spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau,
Glob. Change Biol.,
21, 3647–3656, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12961, 2015.
Shi, Z., Thomey, M. L., Mowll, W., Litvak, M., Brunsell, N. A., Collins, S. L., Pockman, W. T., Smith, M. D., Knapp, A. K., and Luo, Y.: Differential effects of extreme drought on production and respiration: synthesis and modeling analysis, Biogeosciences, 11, 621–633, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-621-2014, 2014.
Sponseller, R. A.:
Precipitation pulses and soil CO2 flux in a Sonoran Desert ecosystem,
Glob. Change Biol.,
13, 426–436, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01307.x, 2006.
Su, Y. Z., Zhao, H. L., and Zhang, T. H.:
Influence of grazing and enclosure on carbon sequestration in degraded sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia, North China,
J. Environ. Sci.-China,
46, 321–328, https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2003.9513560, 2003 (in Chinese).
Sun, D. C., Li, Y. L., Zhao, X. Y., Zuo, X. A., and Mao, W.:
Effects of enclosure and grazing on carbon and water fluxes of sandy grassland,
Chinese J. Plant Ecol.,
39, 565–576, https://doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2015.0054, 2015 (in Chinese).
Suyker, E. A., Verma, S. B., and Burba, G. G.:
Inter-annual variability in net CO2 fluxes exchange of a native tallgrass prairie,
Glob. Change Biol.,
9, 255–265, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00567.x, 2003.
Tang, J. W., Baldocchi, D. D., and Xu, L. K.:
Tree photosynthesis modulates soil respiration on a diurnal time scale,
Glob. Change Biol.,
11, 1298–1304, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00978.x, 2005.
Ueyama, M., Ichii, K., Hirata, R., Takagi, K., Asanuma, J., Machimura, T., Nakai, Y., Ohta, T., Saigusa, N., Takahashi, Y., and Hirano, T.: Simulating carbon and water cycles of larch forests in East Asia by the BIOME-BGC model with AsiaFlux data, Biogeosciences, 7, 959–977, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-959-2010, 2010.
Wagle, P. and Kakani, V. G.:
Environmental control of daytime net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in switchgrass,
Agr. Ecosyst. Environ.,
186, 170–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.028, 2014.
Wang, X. M., Dong, Z. B., Yan, P., Zhang, J. Z., and Qian, G. Q.:
Wind energy environments and dunefield activity in the Chinese deserts,
Geomorphology,
65, 33–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.06.009, 2005.
Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.:
Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapor transfer,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
106, 85–100, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710644707, 1980,
Webb, W., Szarek, S., Lauenroth, W., Kinerson, R., and Smith, M.:
Primary productivity and water use in native forest, grassland, and desert ecosystem,
Ecology,
59, 1239–1247, https://doi.org/10.2307/1938237, 1978.
Wohlfahrt, G., Fenstermaker, L. F., and Arnone III, J. A.:
Large annual net ecosystem CO2 uptake of a Mojave Desert ecosystem,
Global Change Biol.,
14, 1475–1487, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01593.x, 2008.
Wolf, S., Keenan, T. F., Fisher, J. B., Baldocchi, D. D., Desai, A. R., Richardson, A.D., Scott, R. L., Law, B. E., Litvak, M. E., Brunsell, N. A., Peters, W., and Laan-Luijkx, I. T.:
Warm spring reduced carbon cycle impact of the 2012 US summer drought,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
113, 5880–5885, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519620113, 2016.
Wu, C. Y., Chen, J. M., Pumpanen, J., Cescatti, A., Marcolla, B., Blanken, P. D., Ardö, J., Tang, Y. H., Magliulo, V., Georgiadis, T., Soegaard, H., Cook, D. R., and Harding, R. J.:
An underestimated role of precipitation frequency in regulating summer soil moisture,
Environ. Res. Lett.,
7, 024011, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024011, 2012.
Wu, X., Yao, Z. N., Brüggemann, N., and Shen, Z. Y.:
Effects of soil moisture and temperature on CO2 and CH4 soil atmosphere exchange of various land use/cover types in a semi-arid grassland in Inner Mongolia, China,
Soil Biol. Biochem.,
42, 773–787, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.01.013, 2010.
Xu, L. K. and Baldocchi, D. D.:
Seasonal variation in carbon dioxide exchange over a Mediterranean annual grassland in California,
Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
123, 79–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.10.004, 2004.
Yan, C. Z., Wang, Y. M., Feng, Y. S., and Wang, J. H.:
Macro-scale survey and dynamic studies of sandy land in Ningxia by remote sensing,
J. Desert Res.,
23, 34–37, available at: http://www.desert.ac.cn/CN/Y2003/V23/I2/132 (last access: 10 December 2020), 2003 (in Chinese).
Yun, H., Wu, Q., Zhuang, Q., Chen, A., Yu, T., Lyu, Z., Yang, Y., Jin, H., Liu, G., Qu, Y., and Liu, L.: Consumption of atmospheric methane by the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau alpine steppe ecosystem, The Cryosphere, 12, 2803–2819, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2803-2018, 2018.
Zhang, B. W., Li, S., Chen, S. P., Ren, T. T., Yang, Z. Q., Zhao, H. L., Liang, Y., and Han, X. G.:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi regulate soil respiration and its response to precipitation change in a semiarid steppe,
Sci. Rep.-UK,
6, 19990, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19990, 2016.
Zhao, H. L., Li, Y. Q., and Zhou, R. L.:
Effects of desertification on C and N storages in grassland ecosystem on Horqin sandy land,
Chinese J. Appl. Ecol.,
18, 2412, available at:
http://www.cjae.net/CN/Y2007/V18/I11/2412 (last access: 10 December 2020), 2007 (in Chinese).
Zhao, W. Z. and Liu, B.:
The response of sap flow in shrubs to rainfall pulses in the desert region of China.
Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
150, 1297–1306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.05.012, 2010.
Zhao, W. Z. and Liu, H.:
Precipitation pulses and ecosystem responses in arid and semiarid regions: a review,
Chinese J. Appl. Ecol.,
22, 243–249, https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00197, 2011 (in Chinese).
Zhao, X. Y., Wang, S. K., Luo, Y. Y., Huang, W. D., Qu, H., and Lian, J.:
Toward sustainable desertification reversion: a case study in Horqin Sandy Land of northern China,
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,
1, 23–28, available at:
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HAQK201501005.htm (last access: 11 December 2020), 2015.
Zhao, Y. L., Song, Z. L., Xu, X. T., Li, Z. M., Guo, F. S., and Pan, W. J.:
Nitrogen application increases phytolith carbon sequestration in degraded grasslands of North China,
Ecol. Res.,
31, 117–123, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-015-1320-0, 2016.
Zhou, Y. Y., Li, X. R., Gao, Y. H., He, M. Z., Wang, M. M., Wang, Y. L., Zhao, L. N., and Li, Y. F.:
Carbon fluxes response of an artificial sand-binding vegetation system to ainfall variation during the growing season in the Tengger Desert,
J. Environ. Manage.,
266, 110556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110556, 2020.
Short summary
We report the results from continuous year-round CO2 observations from a sandy grassland in the Horqin Sandy Land using the eddy covariance technique. To quantify the diurnal, seasonal, and annual variation in net ecosystem CO2 exchange, gross primary productivity, and ecosystem respiration and to identify the different scales of environmental factors and the underlying mechanisms, we also explored how the annual precipitation affects the net ecosystem CO2 exchange and its components.
We report the results from continuous year-round CO2 observations from a sandy grassland in the...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint