Articles | Volume 18, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2379-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2379-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
16 Apr 2021
Research article |
| 16 Apr 2021
| 16 Apr 2021
Functional convergence of biosphere–atmosphere interactions in response to meteorological conditions
Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Mirco Migliavacca
Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
Diego G. Miralles
Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Guido Kraemer
Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
Tarek S. El-Madany
Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
Markus Reichstein
Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
Jakob Runge
Institute of Data Science, German Aerospace Center, 07745 Jena, Germany
Miguel D. Mahecha
Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Tea Thum, Javier Pacheco-Labrador, Mika Aurela, Alan Barr, Marika Honkanen, Bruce Johnson, Hannakaisa Lindqvist, Troy Magney, Mirco Migliavacca, Zoe Amie Pierrat, Tristan Quaife, Jochen Stutz, and Sönke Zaehle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4432, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4432, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is an optical signal emitted by plants, connected to the biochemical status of the plants. Therefore it helps to unveil what happens inside plants and since it can be observed with remote sensing, it provides a global view of plant activity. We included SIF module in a terrestrial biosphere model and examined how to best describe movement of the SIF signal in the forest. Our work will help to model SIF in boreal coniferous forests.
Josephin Kroll, Ruth Stephan, Andrew F. Feldman, Diego G. Miralles, and Rene Orth
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4391, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4391, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth System Dynamics (ESD).
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate contributors to and trends in the co-occurrence of heat and dryness. We find radiation, representing the atmospheric forcing, inducing high temperatures during dryness. For the persistence of heat, evaporation as the land contribution and the consequent effect on sensible heat flux becomes more important. While the co-occurrence of high temperatures and dryness shows a strong increase over 1980–2010, the atmospheric and land contributions show no clear trend.
Wenli Zhao, Alexander J. Winkler, Markus Reichstein, Rene Orth, and Pierre Gentine
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4082, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4082, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
We used explainable machine learning that incorporates memory effects to study how plants respond to weather and drought. Using data from 90 sites worldwide, we show that memory plays a key role in regulating plant water stress. Forests and savannas rely on longer past conditions than grasslands, reflecting differences in rooting depth and water use. These insights improve our ability to anticipate ecosystem vulnerability as droughts intensify.
Basil Kraft, Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Ulrich Weber, Gregory Duveiller, Markus Reichstein, Weijie Zhang, Marc Rußwurm, Devis Tuia, Marco Körner, Zayd Hamdi, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 22, 3965–3987, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3965-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3965-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates machine learning approaches for upscaling evapotranspiration from the site to the global scale. Sequential models capture temporal dynamics better, especially with precipitation data, but all models show biases in data-scarce regions. Improved upscaling requires richer training data, informed covariate selection, and physical constraints to enhance robustness and reduce extrapolation errors.
Theertha Kariyathan, Ana Bastos, Markus Reichstein, Wouter Peters, and Julia Marshall
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7863–7878, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7863-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7863-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The carbon uptake period (CUP) is the time period when land absorbs more CO2 than it emits. While atmospheric CO2 mole fraction measurements can be used to assess CUP changes, atmospheric transport and asynchronous timing across regions reduce the accuracy of the estimates. Forward model experiments show that only ~ 50 % of prescribed shifts in CUP timing applied to surface fluxes (ΔCUPNEE) are captured in simulated CO2 mole fraction data at monitoring sites like the Barrow Atmospheric Baseline Observatory.
Zavud Baghirov, Markus Reichstein, Basil Kraft, Bernhard Ahrens, Marco Körner, and Martin Jung
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3123, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3123, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a new global model that links how water and carbon move through land ecosystems. By combining process knowledge with artificial intelligence that learns from observations, we model daily changes in vegetation, water and carbon cycle processes. This model outperforms both purely data-driven and traditional process models, especially in dry and tropical regions. This advance could improve current understanding of water-carbon cycle relationships.
Laura Nadolski, Tarek S. El-Madany, Jacob Nelson, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Richard Nair, Yunpeng Luo, Anke Hildebrandt, Victor Rolo, Markus Reichstein, and Sung-Ching Lee
Biogeosciences, 22, 2935–2958, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2935-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2935-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Semi-arid ecosystems are crucial for Earth's carbon balance and are sensitive to changes in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels. Their carbon dynamics are complex and not fully understood. We studied how long-term nutrient changes affect carbon exchange. In summer, the addition of N+P changed plant composition and productivity. In transitional seasons, carbon exchange was less weather-dependent with N. The addition of N and N+P increases carbon-exchange variability, driven by grass greenness.
Friedrich J. Bohn, Ana Bastos, Romina Martin, Anja Rammig, Niak Sian Koh, Giles B. Sioen, Bram Buscher, Louise Carver, Fabrice DeClerck, Moritz Drupp, Robert Fletcher, Matthew Forrest, Alexandros Gasparatos, Alex Godoy-Faúndez, Gregor Hagedorn, Martin C. Hänsel, Jessica Hetzer, Thomas Hickler, Cornelia B. Krug, Stasja Koot, Xiuzhen Li, Amy Luers, Shelby Matevich, H. Damon Matthews, Ina C. Meier, Mirco Migliavacca, Awaz Mohamed, Sungmin O, David Obura, Ben Orlove, Rene Orth, Laura Pereira, Markus Reichstein, Lerato Thakholi, Peter H. Verburg, and Yuki Yoshida
Biogeosciences, 22, 2425–2460, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2425-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2425-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
An interdisciplinary collaboration of 36 international researchers from 35 institutions highlights recent findings in biosphere research. Within eight themes, they discuss issues arising from climate change and other anthropogenic stressors and highlight the co-benefits of nature-based solutions and ecosystem services. Based on an analysis of these eight topics, we have synthesized four overarching insights.
Samuel Upton, Markus Reichstein, Wouter Peters, Santiago Botía, Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Martin Jung, Fabian Gans, László Haszpra, and Ana Bastos
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2097, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2097, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We create a hybrid ecosystem-level carbon flux model using both eddy-covariance observations and observations of the atmospheric mole fraction of CO2 at three tall-tower observatories. Our study uses an atmospheric transport model (STILT) to connect the atmospheric signal to the ecosystem-level model. We show that this inclusion of atmospheric information meaningfully improves the model's representation of the interannual variability of the global net flux of CO2.
Zavud Baghirov, Martin Jung, Markus Reichstein, Marco Körner, and Basil Kraft
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2921–2943, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2921-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2921-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use an innovative approach to studying the Earth's water cycle by integrating advanced machine learning techniques with a traditional water cycle model. Our model is designed to learn from observational data, with a particular emphasis on understanding the influence of vegetation on water movement. By closely aligning with real-world observations, our model offers new possibilities for enhancing our understanding of the water cycle and its interactions with vegetation.
Na Li, Sebastian Sippel, Nora Linscheid, Miguel D. Mahecha, Markus Reichstein, and Ana Bastos
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1924, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1924, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The global land carbon sink has increased since the pre-industrial period, mainly caused by increasing atmospheric CO2 emissions and climate change. However, the large year-to-year variations can mask or amplify this trend. Here, we detect the time for the anthropogenic signal to emerge over natural variations in land carbon sink. We removed the circulation-induced variations in the global land carbon sink and effectively reduced the detection time of anthropogenic signal.
Marleen Pallandt, Marion Schrumpf, Holger Lange, Markus Reichstein, Lin Yu, and Bernhard Ahrens
Biogeosciences, 22, 1907–1928, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1907-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1907-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
As soils warm due to climate change, soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposes faster due to increased microbial activity, given sufficient available moisture. We modelled the microbial decomposition of plant litter and residue at different depths and found that deep soil layers are more sensitive than topsoils. Warming causes SOC loss, but its extent depends on the litter type and its temperature sensitivity, which can either counteract or amplify losses. Droughts may also counteract warming-induced SOC losses.
Wolfgang Knorr, Matthew Williams, Tea Thum, Thomas Kaminski, Michael Voßbeck, Marko Scholze, Tristan Quaife, T. Luke Smallman, Susan C. Steele-Dunne, Mariette Vreugdenhil, Tim Green, Sönke Zaehle, Mika Aurela, Alexandre Bouvet, Emanuel Bueechi, Wouter Dorigo, Tarek S. El-Madany, Mirco Migliavacca, Marika Honkanen, Yann H. Kerr, Anna Kontu, Juha Lemmetyinen, Hannakaisa Lindqvist, Arnaud Mialon, Tuuli Miinalainen, Gaétan Pique, Amanda Ojasalo, Shaun Quegan, Peter J. Rayner, Pablo Reyes-Muñoz, Nemesio Rodríguez-Fernández, Mike Schwank, Jochem Verrelst, Songyan Zhu, Dirk Schüttemeyer, and Matthias Drusch
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2137–2159, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2137-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2137-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
When it comes to climate change, the land surface is where the vast majority of impacts happen. The task of monitoring those impacts across the globe is formidable and must necessarily rely on satellites – at a significant cost: the measurements are only indirect and require comprehensive physical understanding. We have created a comprehensive modelling system that we offer to the research community to explore how satellite data can be better exploited to help us capture the changes that happen on our lands.
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Lukas Hörtnagl, Luana Krebs, Nicola Arriga, Mirco Migliavacca, Marilyn Roland, Bert Gielen, Leonardo Montagnani, Enrico Tomelleri, Ladislav Šigut, Matthias Peichl, Peng Zhao, Marius Schmidt, Thomas Grünwald, Mika Korkiakoski, Annalea Lohila, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 22, 1393–1411, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of winter warming on forest CO2 fluxes has rarely been investigated. We tested the effect of the warm winter of 2020 on the forest CO2 fluxes across 14 sites in Europe and found that the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) across most sites declined during the warm winter due to increased respiration fluxes.
Wenli Zhao, Alexander J. Winkler, Markus Reichstein, Rene Orth, and Pierre Gentine
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-365, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-365, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a machine learning model that accounts for the memory effects of soil moisture and vegetation to predict Evaporative Fraction (EF) without relying on soil moisture as a direct input. The model accurately predicts EF during dry periods for the unseen sites, highlighting the key of meteorological memory effects. The learned memory effect related to rooting depth and soil water holding capacity could potentially serve as proxies for assessing the plant water stress.
Javier Pacheco-Labrador, Ulisse Gomarasca, Daniel E. Pabon-Moreno, Wantong Li, Mirco Migliavacca, Martin Jung, and Gregory Duveiller
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-318, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-318, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring biodiversity is necessary to assess its loss, evolution, and role in ecosystem functions. Satellites image the whole terrestrial surface and could cost-efficiently map plant diversity globally. However, developing the necessary methods lacks consistent and sufficient field measurements. Thus, we propose using a simulation tool that generates virtual ecosystems, with species properties and functions varying in response to meteorology and the respective remote sensing imagery.
Marco Girardello, Gonzalo Oton, Matteo Piccardo, Mark Pickering, Agata Elia, Guido Ceccherini, Mariano Garcia, Mirco Migliavacca, and Alessandro Cescatti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-471, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-471, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Our research addresses the significant challenge of assessing forest structural diversity over large spatial scales, which is crucial for understanding the relationship between canopy structure, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. The advent of spaceborne LiDAR sensors, such as GEDI, has revolutionised the ability to obtain high-quality information on forest structural parameters. Our contribution provides a novel, spatially-explicit dataset on eight forest structural diversity metrics.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Jiří Dušek, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo A. Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Mana Gharun, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 21, 5079–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand because it impacts our lives. Here, we outline a method called FLUXCOM-X to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from sites around the world. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Francesco Martinuzzi, Miguel D. Mahecha, Gustau Camps-Valls, David Montero, Tristan Williams, and Karin Mora
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 31, 535–557, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-535-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-535-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how machine learning can forecast extreme vegetation responses to weather. Examining four models, no single one stood out as the best, though "echo state networks" showed minor advantages. Our results indicate that while these tools are able to generally model vegetation states, they face challenges under extreme conditions. This underlines the potential of artificial intelligence in ecosystem modeling, also pinpointing areas that need further research.
Luciano Emmert, Susan Trumbore, Joaquim dos Santos, Adriano Lima, Niro Higuchi, Robinson Negrón-Juárez, Cléo Dias-Júnior, Tarek El-Madany, Olaf Kolle, Gabriel Ribeiro, and Daniel Marra
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3234, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3234, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, we documented wind gusts with the potential to damage trees in a forest in the Central Amazon. We used meteorological data collected at crown height over 24 months. We recorded 424 gusts, which occur more frequently and intensely in higher elevated areas and during the transition from the dry to the wet season. More intense rains showed the strongest relationship with extreme winds, highlighting the role of extreme events in tree mortality.
Anca Anghelea, Ewelina Dobrowolska, Gunnar Brandt, Martin Reinhardt, Miguel Mahecha, Tejas Morbagal Harish, and Stephan Meissl
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-4-2024, 13–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-2024-13-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-2024-13-2024, 2024
Mélanie Weynants, Chaonan Ji, Nora Linscheid, Ulrich Weber, Miguel D. Mahecha, and Fabian Gans
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-396, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-396, 2024
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Climate extremes are intensifying. The impacts of heatwaves and droughts can be made worse when they happen at the same time. Dheed is a global database of dry and hot compound extreme events from 1950 to 2022. It can be combined with other data to study the impacts of those events on terrestrial ecosystems, specific species or human societies. Dheed's analysis confirms that extremely dry and hot days have become more common on all continents in recent decades, especially in Europe and Africa.
Guohua Liu, Mirco Migliavacca, Christian Reimers, Basil Kraft, Markus Reichstein, Andrew D. Richardson, Lisa Wingate, Nicolas Delpierre, Hui Yang, and Alexander J. Winkler
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6683–6701, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6683-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6683-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study employs long short-term memory (LSTM) networks to model canopy greenness and phenology, integrating meteorological memory effects. The LSTM model outperforms traditional methods, enhancing accuracy in predicting greenness dynamics and phenological transitions across plant functional types. Highlighting the importance of multi-variate meteorological memory effects, our research pioneers unlock the secrets of vegetation phenology responses to climate change with deep learning techniques.
Miguel D. Mahecha, Guido Kraemer, and Fabio Crameri
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 1153–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1153-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1153-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our paper examines the visual representation of the planetary boundary concept, which helps convey Earth's capacity to sustain human life. We identify three issues: exaggerated impact sizes, confusing color patterns, and inaccessibility for colour-vision deficiency. These flaws can lead to overstating risks. We suggest improving these visual elements for more accurate and accessible information for decision-makers.
Francesco Martinuzzi, Miguel D. Mahecha, David Montero, Lazaro Alonso, and Karin Mora
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-4-W12-2024, 89–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W12-2024-89-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W12-2024-89-2024, 2024
David Montero, Miguel D. Mahecha, César Aybar, Clemens Mosig, and Sebastian Wieneke
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-4-W12-2024, 105–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W12-2024-105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W12-2024-105-2024, 2024
Soufiane Karmouche, Evgenia Galytska, Gerald A. Meehl, Jakob Runge, Katja Weigel, and Veronika Eyring
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 689–715, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores Atlantic–Pacific interactions and their response to external factors. Causal analysis of 1950–2014 data reveals a shift from a Pacific- to an Atlantic-driven regime. Contrasting impacts between El Niño and tropical Atlantic temperatures are highlighted, along with different pathways connecting the two oceans. The findings also suggest increasing remote contributions of forced Atlantic responses in modulating local Pacific responses during the most recent analyzed decades.
Jasper M. C. Denissen, Adriaan J. Teuling, Sujan Koirala, Markus Reichstein, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Martha M. Vogel, Xin Yu, and René Orth
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 717–734, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-717-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-717-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Heat extremes have severe implications for human health and ecosystems. Heat extremes are mostly introduced by large-scale atmospheric circulation but can be modulated by vegetation. Vegetation with access to water uses solar energy to evaporate water into the atmosphere. Under dry conditions, water may not be available, suppressing evaporation and heating the atmosphere. Using climate projections, we show that regionally less water is available for vegetation, intensifying future heat extremes.
Jan Sodoge, Christian Kuhlicke, Miguel D. Mahecha, and Mariana Madruga de Brito
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1757–1777, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1757-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1757-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We delved into the socio-economic impacts of the 2018–2022 drought in Germany. We derived a dataset covering the impacts of droughts in Germany between 2000 and 2022 on sectors such as agriculture and forestry based on newspaper articles. Notably, our study illustrated that the longer drought had a wider reach and more varied effects. We show that dealing with longer droughts requires different plans compared to shorter ones, and it is crucial to be ready for the challenges they bring.
Bjorn Stevens, Stefan Adami, Tariq Ali, Hartwig Anzt, Zafer Aslan, Sabine Attinger, Jaana Bäck, Johanna Baehr, Peter Bauer, Natacha Bernier, Bob Bishop, Hendryk Bockelmann, Sandrine Bony, Guy Brasseur, David N. Bresch, Sean Breyer, Gilbert Brunet, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Junji Cao, Christelle Castet, Yafang Cheng, Ayantika Dey Choudhury, Deborah Coen, Susanne Crewell, Atish Dabholkar, Qing Dai, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Dale Durran, Ayoub El Gaidi, Charlie Ewen, Eleftheria Exarchou, Veronika Eyring, Florencia Falkinhoff, David Farrell, Piers M. Forster, Ariane Frassoni, Claudia Frauen, Oliver Fuhrer, Shahzad Gani, Edwin Gerber, Debra Goldfarb, Jens Grieger, Nicolas Gruber, Wilco Hazeleger, Rolf Herken, Chris Hewitt, Torsten Hoefler, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Daniela Jacob, Alexandra Jahn, Christian Jakob, Thomas Jung, Christopher Kadow, In-Sik Kang, Sarah Kang, Karthik Kashinath, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, Daniel Klocke, Uta Kloenne, Milan Klöwer, Chihiro Kodama, Stefan Kollet, Tobias Kölling, Jenni Kontkanen, Steve Kopp, Michal Koran, Markku Kulmala, Hanna Lappalainen, Fakhria Latifi, Bryan Lawrence, June Yi Lee, Quentin Lejeun, Christian Lessig, Chao Li, Thomas Lippert, Jürg Luterbacher, Pekka Manninen, Jochem Marotzke, Satoshi Matsouoka, Charlotte Merchant, Peter Messmer, Gero Michel, Kristel Michielsen, Tomoki Miyakawa, Jens Müller, Ramsha Munir, Sandeep Narayanasetti, Ousmane Ndiaye, Carlos Nobre, Achim Oberg, Riko Oki, Tuba Özkan-Haller, Tim Palmer, Stan Posey, Andreas Prein, Odessa Primus, Mike Pritchard, Julie Pullen, Dian Putrasahan, Johannes Quaas, Krishnan Raghavan, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Markus Rapp, Florian Rauser, Markus Reichstein, Aromar Revi, Sonakshi Saluja, Masaki Satoh, Vera Schemann, Sebastian Schemm, Christina Schnadt Poberaj, Thomas Schulthess, Cath Senior, Jagadish Shukla, Manmeet Singh, Julia Slingo, Adam Sobel, Silvina Solman, Jenna Spitzer, Philip Stier, Thomas Stocker, Sarah Strock, Hang Su, Petteri Taalas, John Taylor, Susann Tegtmeier, Georg Teutsch, Adrian Tompkins, Uwe Ulbrich, Pier-Luigi Vidale, Chien-Ming Wu, Hao Xu, Najibullah Zaki, Laure Zanna, Tianjun Zhou, and Florian Ziemen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2113–2122, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To manage Earth in the Anthropocene, new tools, new institutions, and new forms of international cooperation will be required. Earth Virtualization Engines is proposed as an international federation of centers of excellence to empower all people to respond to the immense and urgent challenges posed by climate change.
Sinikka J. Paulus, Rene Orth, Sung-Ching Lee, Anke Hildebrandt, Martin Jung, Jacob A. Nelson, Tarek Sebastian El-Madany, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Matthias Mauder, Jannis Groh, Alexander Graf, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca
Biogeosciences, 21, 2051–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Porous materials are known to reversibly trap water from the air, even at low humidity. However, this behavior is poorly understood for soils. In this analysis, we test whether eddy covariance is able to measure the so-called adsorption of atmospheric water vapor by soils. We find that this flux occurs frequently during dry nights in a Mediterranean ecosystem, while EC detects downwardly directed vapor fluxes. These results can help to map moisture uptake globally.
Martin Jung, Jacob Nelson, Mirco Migliavacca, Tarek El-Madany, Dario Papale, Markus Reichstein, Sophia Walther, and Thomas Wutzler
Biogeosciences, 21, 1827–1846, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1827-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1827-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a methodology to detect inconsistencies in perhaps the most important data source for measurements of ecosystem–atmosphere carbon, water, and energy fluxes. We expect that the derived consistency flags will be relevant for data users and will help in improving our understanding of and our ability to model ecosystem–climate interactions.
Oscar M. Baez-Villanueva, Mauricio Zambrano-Bigiarini, Diego G. Miralles, Hylke E. Beck, Jonatan F. Siegmund, Camila Alvarez-Garreton, Koen Verbist, René Garreaud, Juan Pablo Boisier, and Mauricio Galleguillos
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1415–1439, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1415-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1415-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Various drought indices exist, but there is no consensus on which index to use to assess streamflow droughts. This study addresses meteorological, soil moisture, and snow indices along with their temporal scales to assess streamflow drought across hydrologically diverse catchments. Using data from 100 Chilean catchments, findings suggest that there is not a single drought index that can be used for all catchments and that snow-influenced areas require drought indices with larger temporal scales.
Steven J. De Hertog, Carmen E. Lopez-Fabara, Ruud van der Ent, Jessica Keune, Diego G. Miralles, Raphael Portmann, Sebastian Schemm, Felix Havermann, Suqi Guo, Fei Luo, Iris Manola, Quentin Lejeune, Julia Pongratz, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Sonia I. Seneviratne, and Wim Thiery
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 265–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-265-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-265-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in land use are crucial to achieve lower global warming. However, despite their importance, the effects of these changes on moisture fluxes are poorly understood. We analyse land cover and management scenarios in three climate models involving cropland expansion, afforestation, and irrigation. Results show largely consistent influences on moisture fluxes, with cropland expansion causing a drying and reduced local moisture recycling, while afforestation and irrigation show the opposite.
Samuel Upton, Markus Reichstein, Fabian Gans, Wouter Peters, Basil Kraft, and Ana Bastos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2555–2582, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2555-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2555-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Data-driven eddy-covariance upscaled estimates of the global land–atmosphere net CO2 exchange (NEE) show important mismatches with regional and global estimates based on atmospheric information. To address this, we create a model with a dual constraint based on bottom-up eddy-covariance data and top-down atmospheric inversion data. Our model overcomes shortcomings of each approach, producing improved NEE estimates from local to global scale, helping to reduce uncertainty in the carbon budget.
Dominik Rains, Isabel Trigo, Emanuel Dutra, Sofia Ermida, Darren Ghent, Petra Hulsman, Jose Gómez-Dans, and Diego G. Miralles
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 567–593, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-567-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-567-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Land surface temperature and surface net radiation are vital inputs for many land surface and hydrological models. However, current remote sensing datasets of these variables come mostly at coarse resolutions, and the few high-resolution datasets available have large gaps due to cloud cover. Here, we present a continuous daily product for both variables across Europe for 2018–2019 obtained by combining observations from geostationary as well as polar-orbiting satellites.
Solomon H. Gebrechorkos, Jian Peng, Ellen Dyer, Diego G. Miralles, Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Chris Funk, Hylke E. Beck, Dagmawi T. Asfaw, Michael B. Singer, and Simon J. Dadson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5449–5466, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Drought is undeniably one of the most intricate and significant natural hazards with far-reaching consequences for the environment, economy, water resources, agriculture, and societies across the globe. In response to this challenge, we have devised high-resolution drought indices. These indices serve as invaluable indicators for assessing shifts in drought patterns and their associated impacts on a global, regional, and local level facilitating the development of tailored adaptation strategies.
Samuel Scherrer, Gabriëlle De Lannoy, Zdenko Heyvaert, Michel Bechtold, Clement Albergel, Tarek S. El-Madany, and Wouter Dorigo
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4087–4114, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We explored different options for data assimilation (DA) of the remotely sensed leaf area index (LAI). We found strong biases between LAI predicted by Noah-MP and observations. LAI DA that does not take these biases into account can induce unphysical patterns in the resulting LAI and flux estimates and leads to large changes in the climatology of root zone soil moisture. We tested two bias-correction approaches and explored alternative solutions to treating bias in LAI DA.
Richard Nair, Yunpeng Luo, Tarek El-Madany, Victor Rolo, Javier Pacheco-Labrador, Silvia Caldararu, Kendalynn A. Morris, Marion Schrumpf, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2434, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2434, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We studied a Mediterranean ecosystem to understand carbon uptake efficiency and its controls. These ecosystems face potential nitrogen-phosphorus imbalances due to pollution. Analysing six years of carbon data, we assessed controls at different timeframes. This is crucial for predicting such vulnerable regions. Our findings revealed N limitation on C uptake, not N:P imbalance, and strong influence of water availability. whether drought or wetness promoted net C uptake depended on timescale.
Theertha Kariyathan, Ana Bastos, Julia Marshall, Wouter Peters, Pieter Tans, and Markus Reichstein
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3299–3312, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3299-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3299-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The timing and duration of the carbon uptake period (CUP) are sensitive to the occurrence of major phenological events, which are influenced by recent climate change. This study presents an ensemble-based approach for quantifying the timing and duration of the CUP and their uncertainty when derived from atmospheric CO2 measurements with noise and gaps. The CUP metrics derived with the approach are more robust and have less uncertainty than when estimated with the conventional methods.
A. Elia, M. Pickering, M. Girardello, G. Oton, G. Ceccherini, S. Capobianco, M. Piccardo, G. Forzieri, M. Migliavacca, and A. Cescatti
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-4-W7-2023, 41–46, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W7-2023-41-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W7-2023-41-2023, 2023
Steven J. De Hertog, Carmen E. Lopez-Fabara, Ruud van der Ent, Jessica Keune, Diego G. Miralles, Raphael Portmann, Sebastian Schemm, Felix Havermann, Suqi Guo, Fei Luo, Iris Manola, Quentin Lejeune, Julia Pongratz, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Sonia I. Seneviratne, and Wim Thiery
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-953, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-953, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Land cover and management changes can affect the climate and water availability. In this study we use climate model simulations of extreme global land cover changes (afforestation, deforestation) and land management changes (irrigation) to understand the effects on the global water cycle and local to continental water availability. We show that cropland expansion generally leads to higher evaporation and lower amounts of precipitation and afforestation and irrigation expansion to the opposite.
Hoontaek Lee, Martin Jung, Nuno Carvalhais, Tina Trautmann, Basil Kraft, Markus Reichstein, Matthias Forkel, and Sujan Koirala
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1531–1563, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1531-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1531-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We spatially attribute the variance in global terrestrial water storage (TWS) interannual variability (IAV) and its modeling error with two data-driven hydrological models. We find error hotspot regions that show a disproportionately large significance in the global mismatch and the association of the error regions with a smaller-scale lateral convergence of water. Our findings imply that TWS IAV modeling can be efficiently improved by focusing on model representations for the error hotspots.
Soufiane Karmouche, Evgenia Galytska, Jakob Runge, Gerald A. Meehl, Adam S. Phillips, Katja Weigel, and Veronika Eyring
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 309–344, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-309-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-309-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a causal discovery method to evaluate the ability of climate models to represent the interactions between the Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) and the Pacific decadal variability (PDV). The approach and findings in this study present a powerful methodology that can be applied to a number of environment-related topics, offering tremendous insights to improve the understanding of the complex Earth system and the state of the art of climate modeling.
Robert Vautard, Geert Jan van Oldenborgh, Rémy Bonnet, Sihan Li, Yoann Robin, Sarah Kew, Sjoukje Philip, Jean-Michel Soubeyroux, Brigitte Dubuisson, Nicolas Viovy, Markus Reichstein, Friederike Otto, and Iñaki Garcia de Cortazar-Atauri
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1045–1058, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1045-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1045-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A deep frost occurred in early April 2021, inducing severe damages in grapevine and fruit trees in France. We found that such extreme frosts occurring after the start of the growing season such as those of April 2021 are currently about 2°C colder [0.5 °C to 3.3 °C] in observations than in preindustrial climate. This observed intensification of growing-period frosts is attributable, at least in part, to human-caused climate change, making the 2021 event 50 % more likely [10 %–110 %].
Sinikka Jasmin Paulus, Tarek Sebastian El-Madany, René Orth, Anke Hildebrandt, Thomas Wutzler, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Oscar Perez-Priego, Olaf Kolle, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6263–6287, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6263-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6263-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyze small inputs of water to ecosystems such as fog, dew, and adsorption of vapor. To measure them, we use a scaling system and later test our attribution of different water fluxes to weight changes. We found that they occur frequently during 1 year in a dry summer ecosystem. In each season, a different flux seems dominant, but they all mainly occur during the night. Therefore, they could be important for the biosphere because rain is unevenly distributed over the year.
Feng Zhong, Shanhu Jiang, Albert I. J. M. van Dijk, Liliang Ren, Jaap Schellekens, and Diego G. Miralles
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5647–5667, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5647-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5647-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A synthesis of rainfall interception data from past field campaigns is performed, including 166 forests and 17 agricultural plots distributed worldwide. These site data are used to constrain and validate an interception model that considers sub-grid heterogeneity and vegetation dynamics. A global, 40-year (1980–2019) interception dataset is generated at a daily temporal and 0.1° spatial resolution. This dataset will serve as a benchmark for future investigations of the global hydrological cycle.
Na Li, Sebastian Sippel, Alexander J. Winkler, Miguel D. Mahecha, Markus Reichstein, and Ana Bastos
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 1505–1533, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1505-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1505-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying the imprint of large-scale atmospheric circulation dynamics and associated carbon cycle responses is key to improving our understanding of carbon cycle dynamics. Using a statistical model that relies on spatiotemporal sea level pressure as a proxy for large-scale atmospheric circulation, we quantify the fraction of interannual variability in atmospheric CO2 growth rate and the land CO2 sink that are driven by atmospheric circulation variability.
Melissa Ruiz-Vásquez, Sungmin O, Alexander Brenning, Randal D. Koster, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Ulrich Weber, Gabriele Arduini, Ana Bastos, Markus Reichstein, and René Orth
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 1451–1471, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1451-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1451-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Subseasonal forecasts facilitate early warning of extreme events; however their predictability sources are not fully explored. We find that global temperature forecast errors in many regions are related to climate variables such as solar radiation and precipitation, as well as land surface variables such as soil moisture and evaporative fraction. A better representation of these variables in the forecasting and data assimilation systems can support the accuracy of temperature forecasts.
Xin Yu, René Orth, Markus Reichstein, Michael Bahn, Anne Klosterhalfen, Alexander Knohl, Franziska Koebsch, Mirco Migliavacca, Martina Mund, Jacob A. Nelson, Benjamin D. Stocker, Sophia Walther, and Ana Bastos
Biogeosciences, 19, 4315–4329, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Identifying drought legacy effects is challenging because they are superimposed on variability driven by climate conditions in the recovery period. We develop a residual-based approach to quantify legacies on gross primary productivity (GPP) from eddy covariance data. The GPP reduction due to legacy effects is comparable to the concurrent effects at two sites in Germany, which reveals the importance of legacy effects. Our novel methodology can be used to quantify drought legacies elsewhere.
D. Montero, C. Aybar, M. D. Mahecha, and S. Wieneke
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-4-W1-2022, 301–306, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W1-2022-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W1-2022-301-2022, 2022
Lorenzo Alfieri, Francesco Avanzi, Fabio Delogu, Simone Gabellani, Giulia Bruno, Lorenzo Campo, Andrea Libertino, Christian Massari, Angelica Tarpanelli, Dominik Rains, Diego G. Miralles, Raphael Quast, Mariette Vreugdenhil, Huan Wu, and Luca Brocca
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3921–3939, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work shows advances in high-resolution satellite data for hydrology. We performed hydrological simulations for the Po River basin using various satellite products, including precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, and snow depth. Evaporation and snow depth improved a simulation based on high-quality ground observations. Interestingly, a model calibration relying on satellite data skillfully reproduces observed discharges, paving the way to satellite-driven hydrological applications.
Sophia Walther, Simon Besnard, Jacob Allen Nelson, Tarek Sebastian El-Madany, Mirco Migliavacca, Ulrich Weber, Nuno Carvalhais, Sofia Lorena Ermida, Christian Brümmer, Frederik Schrader, Anatoly Stanislavovich Prokushkin, Alexey Vasilevich Panov, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 19, 2805–2840, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2805-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2805-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite observations help interpret station measurements of local carbon, water, and energy exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere and are indispensable for simulations of the same in land surface models and their evaluation. We propose generalisable and efficient approaches to systematically ensure high quality and to estimate values in data gaps. We apply them to satellite data of surface reflectance and temperature with different resolutions at the stations.
Philip J. Ward, James Daniell, Melanie Duncan, Anna Dunne, Cédric Hananel, Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler, Annegien Tijssen, Silvia Torresan, Roxana Ciurean, Joel C. Gill, Jana Sillmann, Anaïs Couasnon, Elco Koks, Noemi Padrón-Fumero, Sharon Tatman, Marianne Tronstad Lund, Adewole Adesiyun, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts, Alexander Alabaster, Bernard Bulder, Carlos Campillo Torres, Andrea Critto, Raúl Hernández-Martín, Marta Machado, Jaroslav Mysiak, Rene Orth, Irene Palomino Antolín, Eva-Cristina Petrescu, Markus Reichstein, Timothy Tiggeloven, Anne F. Van Loon, Hung Vuong Pham, and Marleen C. de Ruiter
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1487–1497, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1487-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1487-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The majority of natural-hazard risk research focuses on single hazards (a flood, a drought, a volcanic eruption, an earthquake, etc.). In the international research and policy community it is recognised that risk management could benefit from a more systemic approach. In this perspective paper, we argue for an approach that addresses multi-hazard, multi-risk management through the lens of sustainability challenges that cut across sectors, regions, and hazards.
Basil Kraft, Martin Jung, Marco Körner, Sujan Koirala, and Markus Reichstein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1579–1614, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1579-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1579-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a physics-aware machine learning model of the global hydrological cycle. As the model uses neural networks under the hood, the simulations of the water cycle are learned from data, and yet they are informed and constrained by physical knowledge. The simulated patterns lie within the range of existing hydrological models and are plausible. The hybrid modeling approach has the potential to tackle key environmental questions from a novel perspective.
Jessica Keune, Dominik L. Schumacher, and Diego G. Miralles
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1875–1898, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1875-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1875-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Air transports moisture and heat, shaping the weather we experience. When and where was this air moistened and warmed by the surface? To address this question, atmospheric models trace the history of air parcels in space and time. However, their uncertainties remain unexplored, which hinders their utility and application. Here, we present a framework that sheds light on these uncertainties. Our approach sets a new standard in the assessment of atmospheric moisture and heat trajectories.
J. Pacheco-Labrador, U. Weber, X. Ma, M. D. Mahecha, N. Carvalhais, C. Wirth, A. Huth, F. J. Bohn, G. Kraemer, U. Heiden, FunDivEUROPE members, and M. Migliavacca
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVI-1-W1-2021, 49–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-1-W1-2021-49-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-1-W1-2021-49-2022, 2022
Josephin Kroll, Jasper M. C. Denissen, Mirco Migliavacca, Wantong Li, Anke Hildebrandt, and Rene Orth
Biogeosciences, 19, 477–489, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-477-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-477-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Plant growth relies on having access to energy (solar radiation) and water (soil moisture). This energy and water availability is impacted by weather extremes, like heat waves and droughts, which will occur more frequently in response to climate change. In this context, we analysed global satellite data to detect in which regions extreme plant growth is controlled by energy or water. We find that extreme plant growth is associated with temperature- or soil-moisture-related extremes.
Ana Bastos, René Orth, Markus Reichstein, Philippe Ciais, Nicolas Viovy, Sönke Zaehle, Peter Anthoni, Almut Arneth, Pierre Gentine, Emilie Joetzjer, Sebastian Lienert, Tammas Loughran, Patrick C. McGuire, Sungmin O, Julia Pongratz, and Stephen Sitch
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 1015–1035, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1015-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1015-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Temperate biomes in Europe are not prone to recurrent dry and hot conditions in summer. However, these conditions may become more frequent in the coming decades. Because stress conditions can leave legacies for many years, this may result in reduced ecosystem resilience under recurrent stress. We assess vegetation vulnerability to the hot and dry summers in 2018 and 2019 in Europe and find the important role of inter-annual legacy effects from 2018 in modulating the impacts of the 2019 event.
Joaquín Muñoz-Sabater, Emanuel Dutra, Anna Agustí-Panareda, Clément Albergel, Gabriele Arduini, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Souhail Boussetta, Margarita Choulga, Shaun Harrigan, Hans Hersbach, Brecht Martens, Diego G. Miralles, María Piles, Nemesio J. Rodríguez-Fernández, Ervin Zsoter, Carlo Buontempo, and Jean-Noël Thépaut
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4349–4383, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4349-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4349-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The creation of ERA5-Land responds to a growing number of applications requiring global land datasets at a resolution higher than traditionally reached. ERA5-Land provides operational, global, and hourly key variables of the water and energy cycles over land surfaces, at 9 km resolution, from 1981 until the present. This work provides evidence of an overall improvement of the water cycle compared to previous reanalyses, whereas the energy cycle variables perform as well as those of ERA5.
Rafael Poyatos, Víctor Granda, Víctor Flo, Mark A. Adams, Balázs Adorján, David Aguadé, Marcos P. M. Aidar, Scott Allen, M. Susana Alvarado-Barrientos, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Luiza Maria Aparecido, M. Altaf Arain, Ismael Aranda, Heidi Asbjornsen, Robert Baxter, Eric Beamesderfer, Z. Carter Berry, Daniel Berveiller, Bethany Blakely, Johnny Boggs, Gil Bohrer, Paul V. Bolstad, Damien Bonal, Rosvel Bracho, Patricia Brito, Jason Brodeur, Fernando Casanoves, Jérôme Chave, Hui Chen, Cesar Cisneros, Kenneth Clark, Edoardo Cremonese, Hongzhong Dang, Jorge S. David, Teresa S. David, Nicolas Delpierre, Ankur R. Desai, Frederic C. Do, Michal Dohnal, Jean-Christophe Domec, Sebinasi Dzikiti, Colin Edgar, Rebekka Eichstaedt, Tarek S. El-Madany, Jan Elbers, Cleiton B. Eller, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Brent Ewers, Patrick Fonti, Alicia Forner, David I. Forrester, Helber C. Freitas, Marta Galvagno, Omar Garcia-Tejera, Chandra Prasad Ghimire, Teresa E. Gimeno, John Grace, André Granier, Anne Griebel, Yan Guangyu, Mark B. Gush, Paul J. Hanson, Niles J. Hasselquist, Ingo Heinrich, Virginia Hernandez-Santana, Valentine Herrmann, Teemu Hölttä, Friso Holwerda, James Irvine, Supat Isarangkool Na Ayutthaya, Paul G. Jarvis, Hubert Jochheim, Carlos A. Joly, Julia Kaplick, Hyun Seok Kim, Leif Klemedtsson, Heather Kropp, Fredrik Lagergren, Patrick Lane, Petra Lang, Andrei Lapenas, Víctor Lechuga, Minsu Lee, Christoph Leuschner, Jean-Marc Limousin, Juan Carlos Linares, Maj-Lena Linderson, Anders Lindroth, Pilar Llorens, Álvaro López-Bernal, Michael M. Loranty, Dietmar Lüttschwager, Cate Macinnis-Ng, Isabelle Maréchaux, Timothy A. Martin, Ashley Matheny, Nate McDowell, Sean McMahon, Patrick Meir, Ilona Mészáros, Mirco Migliavacca, Patrick Mitchell, Meelis Mölder, Leonardo Montagnani, Georgianne W. Moore, Ryogo Nakada, Furong Niu, Rachael H. Nolan, Richard Norby, Kimberly Novick, Walter Oberhuber, Nikolaus Obojes, A. Christopher Oishi, Rafael S. Oliveira, Ram Oren, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Teemu Paljakka, Oscar Perez-Priego, Pablo L. Peri, Richard L. Peters, Sebastian Pfautsch, William T. Pockman, Yakir Preisler, Katherine Rascher, George Robinson, Humberto Rocha, Alain Rocheteau, Alexander Röll, Bruno H. P. Rosado, Lucy Rowland, Alexey V. Rubtsov, Santiago Sabaté, Yann Salmon, Roberto L. Salomón, Elisenda Sánchez-Costa, Karina V. R. Schäfer, Bernhard Schuldt, Alexandr Shashkin, Clément Stahl, Marko Stojanović, Juan Carlos Suárez, Ge Sun, Justyna Szatniewska, Fyodor Tatarinov, Miroslav Tesař, Frank M. Thomas, Pantana Tor-ngern, Josef Urban, Fernando Valladares, Christiaan van der Tol, Ilja van Meerveld, Andrej Varlagin, Holm Voigt, Jeffrey Warren, Christiane Werner, Willy Werner, Gerhard Wieser, Lisa Wingate, Stan Wullschleger, Koong Yi, Roman Zweifel, Kathy Steppe, Maurizio Mencuccini, and Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2607–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Transpiration is a key component of global water balance, but it is poorly constrained from available observations. We present SAPFLUXNET, the first global database of tree-level transpiration from sap flow measurements, containing 202 datasets and covering a wide range of ecological conditions. SAPFLUXNET and its accompanying R software package
sapfluxnetrwill facilitate new data syntheses on the ecological factors driving water use and drought responses of trees and forests.
Milan Flach, Alexander Brenning, Fabian Gans, Markus Reichstein, Sebastian Sippel, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 18, 39–53, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-39-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-39-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Drought and heat events affect the uptake and sequestration of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. We study the impact of droughts and heatwaves on the uptake of CO2 of different vegetation types at the global scale. We find that agricultural areas are generally strongly affected. Forests instead are not particularly sensitive to the events under scrutiny. This implies different water management strategies of forests but also a lack of sensitivity to remote-sensing-derived vegetation activity.
Hylke E. Beck, Ming Pan, Diego G. Miralles, Rolf H. Reichle, Wouter A. Dorigo, Sebastian Hahn, Justin Sheffield, Lanka Karthikeyan, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Robert M. Parinussa, Albert I. J. M. van Dijk, Jinyang Du, John S. Kimball, Noemi Vergopolan, and Eric F. Wood
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 17–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-17-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-17-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the largest and most diverse set of surface soil moisture products ever evaluated in a single study. We found pronounced differences in performance among individual products and product groups. Our results provide guidance to choose the most suitable product for a particular application.
Cited articles
Acosta, M., Pavelka, M., Montagnani, L., Kutsch, W., Lindroth, A., Juszczak,
R., and Janouš, D.: Soil Surface CO2 Efflux Measurements in
Norway Spruce Forests: Comparison between Four Different Sites across
Europe – from Boreal to Alpine Forest, Geoderma, 192,
295–303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.08.027, 2013. a
Ammann, C., Spirig, C., Leifeld, J., and Neftel, A.: Assessment of the Nitrogen
and Carbon Budget of Two Managed Temperate Grassland Fields, Agr.
Ecosys. Environ., 133, 150–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.05.006,
2009. a
Anthoni, P., Knohl, A., Rebmann, C., Freibauer, A., Mund, M., Ziegler, W.,
Kolle, O., and Schulze, E.-D.: Forest and agricultural land-use-dependent CO2
exchange in Thuringia, Germany, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 2005–2019,
2004a. a
Anthoni, P. M., Knohl, A., Rebmann, C., Freibauer, A., Mund, M., Ziegler, W.,
Kolle, O., and Schulze, E.-D.: Forest and Agricultural Land-Use-Dependent
CO2 Exchange in Thuringia, Germany, Glob. Change Biol., 10,
2005–2019, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00863.x, 2004b. a
Archibald, S. A., Kirton, A., van der Merwe, M. R., Scholes, R. J., Williams,
C. A., and Hanan, N.: Drivers of Inter-Annual Variability in Net Ecosystem
Exchange in a Semi-Arid Savanna Ecosystem, South Africa,
Biogeosciences, 6, 251–266, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-251-2009,
2009. a
Ardö, J., Mölder, M., El-Tahir, B. A., and Elkhidir, H. A. M.:
Seasonal Variation of Carbon Fluxes in a Sparse Savanna in Semi Arid
Sudan, Carbon Balance and Management, 3, 7, https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-0680-3-7,
2008. a
Armstrong, N. and Ernst, E.: The treatment of eczema with Chinese herbs: a
systematic review of randomized clinical trials, Brit. J. Clin.
Pharmaco., 48, 262, https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss93-034, 1999. a
Arndt, S., Hinko-Najera, N., Griebel, A., Beringer, J., and Livesley, S. J.:
FLUXNET2015 AU-Wom Wombat, https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440207, 2021. a
Aubinet, M., Chermanne, B., Vandenhaute, M., Longdoz, B., Yernaux, M., and
Laitat, E.: Long Term Carbon Dioxide Exchange above a Mixed Forest in the
Belgian Ardennes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 108, 293–315,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00244-1, 2001. a
Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., and Papale, D.: Eddy covariance: a practical guide to
measurement and data analysis, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. a
Aurela, M., Riutta, T., Laurila, T., Tuovinen, J.-P., Vesala, T., Tuittila,
E.-S., Rinne, J., Haapanala, S., and Laine, J.: CO2 exchange of a sedge fen
in southern Finland-The impact of a drought period, Tellus B, 59, 826–837, 2007. a
Baker, I., Denning, A. S., Hanan, N., Prihodko, L., Uliasz, M., Vidale, P.-L.,
Davis, K., and Bakwin, P.: Simulated and Observed Fluxes of Sensible and
Latent Heat and CO2 at the WLEF-TV Tower Using SiB2.5, Glob.
Change Biol., 9, 1262–1277, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00671.x, 2003. a
Baldocchi, D.: “Breathing” of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned
from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems, Austr.
J. Bot., 56, 1–26, 2008. a
Baldocchi, D.: Measuring fluxes of trace gases and energy between ecosystems
and the atmosphere – the state and future of the eddy covariance method,
Glob. Change Biol., 20, 3600–3609, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12649, 2014. a
Baldocchi, D., Falge, E., Gu, L., Olson, R., Hollinger, D., Running, S.,
Anthoni, P., Bernhofer, C., Davis, K., Evans, R., Fuentes, J., Goldstein, A.,
Katul, G., Law, B., Lee, X., Malhi, Y., Meyers, T., Munger, W., Oechel, W.,
Paw U, K. T., Pilegaard, K., Schmid, H. P., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala,
T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and
Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and
Energy Flux Densities, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82,
2415–2434, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2415:FANTTS>2.3.CO;2,
2001. a
Baldocchi, D., Ryu, Y., and Keenan, T.: Terrestrial Carbon Cycle Variability
[version 1; peer review: 2 approved, F1000Research, 5(F1000 Faculty Rev), 5, 2371,
https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8962.1, 2016. a
Beer, C., Reichstein, M., Tomelleri, E., Ciais, P., Jung, M., Carvalhais, N.,
Rödenbeck, C., Arain, M. A., Baldocchi, D., Bonan, G. B., Bondeau, A.,
Cescatti, A., Lasslop, G., Lindroth, A., Lomas, M., Luyssaert, S., Margolis,
H., Oleson, K. W., Roupsard, O., Veenendaal, E., Viovy, N., Williams, C.,
Woodward, F. I., and Papale, D.: Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake:
Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate, Science, 329, 834–838,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184984, 2010. a
Berbigier, P., Bonnefond, J.-M., and Mellmann, P.: CO2 and Water Vapour
Fluxes for 2 Years above Euroflux Forest Site, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 108, 183–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00240-4, 2001. a
Beringer, J., Hutley, L. B., Tapper, N. J., and Cernusak, L. A.: Savanna Fires
and Their Impact on Net Ecosystem Productivity in North Australia, Glob.
Change Biol., 13, 990–1004,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01334.x, 2007. a
Beringer, J., Hutley, L. B., Hacker, J. M., Neininger, B., and U, K. T. P.:
Patterns and Processes of Carbon, Water and Energy Cycles across Northern
Australian Landscapes: From Point to Region, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 151, 1409–1416, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.05.003,
2011a. a
Beringer, J., Hutley, L. B., Hacker, J. M., Neininger, B., and U, K. T. P.:
Patterns and Processes of Carbon, Water and Energy Cycles across Northern
Australian Landscapes: From Point to Region, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 151, 1409–1416,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.05.003,
2011b. a
Bernhofer, C., Grünwald, T., Moderow, U., Hehn, M., Eichelmann, U., Prasse,
H., and Postel, U.: FLUXNET2015 DE-Akm Anklam, https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440213,
2021a. a
Bernhofer, C., Grünwald, T., Moderow, U., Hehn, M., Eichelmann, U., Prasse,
H., and Postel, U.: FLUXNET2015 DE-Obe Oberbärenburg,
https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440151, 2021b. a
Bernhofer, C., Grünwald, T., Moderow, U., Hehn, M., Eichelmann, U., Prasse,
H., and Postel, U.: FLUXNET2015 DE-Spw Spreewald, https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440220,
2021c. a
Bonal, D., Bosc, A., Ponton, S., Goret, J.-Y., Burban, B., Gross, P.,
Bonnefond, J.-M., Elbers, J., Longdoz, B., Epron, D., Guehl, J.-M., and
Granier, A.: Impact of Severe Dry Season on Net Ecosystem Exchange in the
Neotropical Rainforest of French Guiana, Glob. Change Biol., 14,
1917–1933, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01610.x, 2008. a
Bonan, G.: Ecological Climatology: Concepts and Applications, Cambridge
University Press, 3 Edn., https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107339200, 2015. a, b
Bond-Lamberty, B., Wang, C., and Gower, S. T.: Net Primary Production and Net
Ecosystem Production of a Boreal Black Spruce Wildfire Chronosequence, Glob.
Change Biol., 10, 473–487, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.0742.x, 2004. a
Carrara, A., Janssens, I. A., Yuste, J. C., and Ceulemans, R.: Seasonal Changes
in Photosynthesis, Respiration and NEE of a Mixed Temperate Forest,
Agr. Forest Meteorol., 126, 15–31,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.05.002, 2004. a
Cassman, K. G., Dobermann, A., Walters, D. T., and Yang, H.: Meeting Cereal
Demand While Protecting Natural Resources and Improving Environmental
Quality, Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour., 28, 315–358,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.040202.122858, 2003a. a
Cassman, K. G., Dobermann, A., Walters, D. T., and Yang, H.: Meeting Cereal
Demand While Protecting Natural Resources and Improving Environmental
Quality, Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour., 28, 315–358,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.040202.122858, 2003b. a
Cernusak, L. A., Hutley, L. B., Beringer, J., Holtum, J. A. M., and Turner,
B. L.: Photosynthetic Physiology of Eucalypts along a Sub-Continental
Rainfall Gradient in Northern Australia, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 151, 1462–1470, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.01.006,
2011. a
Chen, J. M., Govind, A., Sonnentag, O., Zhang, Y., Barr, A., and Amiro, B.:
Leaf Area Index Measurements at Fluxnet-Canada Forest Sites,
Agr. Forest Meteorol., 140, 257–268,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.005, 2006. a
Chiesi, M., Maselli, F., Bindi, M., Fibbi, L., Cherubini, P., Arlotta, E.,
Tirone, G., Matteucci, G., and Seufert, G.: Modelling Carbon Budget of
Mediterranean Forests Using Ground and Remote Sensing Measurements,
Agr. Forest Meteorol., 135, 22–34,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.09.011, 2005. a
Claessen, J., Molini, A., Martens, B., Detto, M., Demuzere, M., and Miralles, D. G.: Global biosphere–climate interaction: a causal appraisal of observations and models over multiple temporal scales, Biogeosciences, 16, 4851–4874, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4851-2019, 2019. a
Cleverly, J., Boulain, N., Villalobos-Vega, R., Grant, N., Faux, R., Wood,
C., Cook, P. G., Yu, Q., Leigh, A., and Eamus, D.: Dynamics of Component
Carbon Fluxes in a Semi-Arid Acacia Woodland, Central Australia,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118, 1168–1185,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20101, 2013. a
Delpierre, N., Berveiller, D., Granda, E., and Dufrêne, E.: Wood Phenology,
Not Carbon Input, Controls the Interannual Variability of Wood Growth in a
Temperate Oak Forest, New Phytol., 210, 459–470,
https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13771, 2016. a
Desai, A. R., Bolstad, P. V., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., and Carey, E. V.:
Comparing Net Ecosystem Exchange of Carbon Dioxide between an Old-Growth and
Mature Forest in the Upper Midwest, USA, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 128, 33–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.09.005, 2005. a
Detto, M., Molini, A., Katul, G., Stoy, P., Palmroth, S., and Baldocchi, D.:
Causality and Persistence in Ecological Systems: A Nonparametric Spectral
Granger Causality Approach, Am. Nat., 179, 524–535,
https://doi.org/10.1086/664628, 2012. a, b
Dietiker, D., Buchmann, N., and Eugster, W.: Testing the Ability of the
DNDC Model to Predict CO2 and Water Vapour Fluxes of a Swiss
Cropland Site, Agr. Ecosys. Environ., 139, 396–401,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.09.002, 2010. a
Dušek, J., Čížková, H., Stellner, S., Czerný, R., and
Květ, J.: Fluctuating Water Table Affects Gross Ecosystem Production and
Gross Radiation Use Efficiency in a Sedge-Grass Marsh, Hydrobiologia, 692,
57–66, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-0998-z, 2012. a
Emmerich, W. E.: Carbon Dioxide Fluxes in a Semiarid Environment with High
Carbonate Soils, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 116, 91–102,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00231-9, 2003. a
Etzold, S., Ruehr, N. K., Zweifel, R., Dobbertin, M., Zingg, A., Pluess, P.,
Häsler, R., Eugster, W., and Buchmann, N.: The Carbon Balance of Two
Contrasting Mountain Forest Ecosystems in Switzerland: Similar Annual
Trends, but Seasonal Differences, Ecosystems, 14, 1289–1309,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-011-9481-3, 2011. a
Fischer, M. L., Billesbach, D. P., Berry, J. A., Riley, W. J., and Torn, M. S.:
Spatiotemporal Variations in Growing Season Exchanges of CO2,
H2O, and Sensible Heat in Agricultural Fields of the Southern
Great Plains, Earth Int., 11, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1175/EI231.1, 2007. a
Flach, M., Sippel, S., Gans, F., Bastos, A., Brenning, A., Reichstein, M., and
Mahecha, M. D.: Contrasting biosphere responses to hydrometeorological
extremes: revisiting the 2010 western Russian heatwave, Biogeosciences, 15,
6067–6085, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6067-2018, 2018. a
Galvagno, M., Wohlfahrt, G., Cremonese, E., Rossini, M., Colombo, R., Filippa,
G., Julitta, T., Manca, G., Siniscalco, C., di Cella, U. M., and Migliavacca,
M.: Phenology and Carbon Dioxide Source/Sink Strength of a Subalpine
Grassland in Response to an Exceptionally Short Snow Season, Environ.
Res. Lett., 8, 025008, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/025008, 2013. a
Garbulsky, M. F., Peñuelas, J., Papale, D., and Filella, I.: Remote
Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Uptake by a Mediterranean Forest, Global
Change Biology, 14, 2860–2867, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01684.x, 2008. a
Giasson, M.-A., Coursolle, C., and Margolis, H. A.: Ecosystem-level CO2 fluxes
from a boreal cutover in eastern Canada before and after scarification,
Agr. Forest Meteorol., 140, 23–40, 2006. a
Gilmanov, T., Soussana, J.-F., Aires, L., et al.:
Partitioning European grassland net ecosystem CO2 exchange into gross primary
productivity and ecosystem respiration using light response function
analysis, Agr. Ecosys. Environ., 121, 93–120, 2007. a
Gilmanov, T. G., Tieszen, L. L., Wylie, B. K., Flanagan, L. B., Frank, A. B.,
Haferkamp, M. R., Meyers, T. P., and Morgan, J. A.: Integration of CO2 flux
and remotely-sensed data for primary production and ecosystem respiration
analyses in the Northern Great Plains: Potential for quantitative spatial
extrapolation, Glob. Ecol. Biogeo., 14, 271–292, 2005. a
Gitelson, A. A., Viña, A., Arkebauer, T. J., Rundquist, D. C., Keydan, G.,
and Leavitt, B.: Remote Estimation of Leaf Area Index and Green Leaf Biomass
in Maize Canopies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016450, 2003. a
Goulden, M. L., Winston, G. C., McMILLAN, A. M. S., Litvak, M. E., Read, E. L.,
Rocha, A. V., and Elliot, J. R.: An Eddy Covariance Mesonet to Measure the
Effect of Forest Age on Land–Atmosphere Exchange, Glob. Change
Biol., 12, 2146–2162, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01251.x, 2006. a
Granier, A., Ceschia, E., Damesin, C., et al.: The carbon
balance of a young beech forest, Funct. Ecol., 14, 312–325, 2000. a
Green, J., G. Konings, A., Alemohammad, S. H., Berry, J., Entekhabi, D.,
Kolassa, J., Lee, J.-E., and Gentine, P.: Regionally strong feedbacks between
the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere, Nat. Geosci., 10, 410–414,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2957,
2017. a, b
Grünwald, T. and Bernhofer, C.: A Decade of Carbon, Water and Energy Flux
Measurements of an Old Spruce Forest at the Anchor Station Tharandt,
Tellus B, 59, 387–396,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00259.x, 2007. a
Grünzweig, J., Lin, T., Rotenberg, E., Schwartz, A., and Yakir, D.: Carbon
sequestration in arid-land forest, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 791–799, 2003. a
Hatala, J. A., Detto, M., and Baldocchi, D. D.: Gross Ecosystem Photosynthesis
Causes a Diurnal Pattern in Methane Emission from Rice, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 39, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051303, 2012. a
Hutley, L. B., Beringer, J., Isaac, P. R., Hacker, J. M., and Cernusak, L. A.:
A Sub-Continental Scale Living Laboratory: Spatial Patterns of Savanna
Vegetation over a Rainfall Gradient in Northern Australia, Agr.
Forest Meteorol., 151, 1417–1428,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.03.002, 2011. a
Imer, D., Merbold, L., Eugster, W., and Buchmann, N.: Temporal and Spatial
Variations of Soil CO2, CH4 and
N2O Fluxes at Three Differently Managed Grasslands,
Biogeosciences, 10, 5931–5945,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5931-2013, 2013. a
Jacobs, C. M. J., Jacobs, A. F. G., Bosveld, F. C., Hendriks, D. M. D., Hensen,
A., Kroon, P. S., Moors, E. J., Nol, L., Schrier-Uijl, A., and Veenendaal,
E. M.: Variability of Annual CO2 Exchange from
Dutch Grasslands, Biogeosciences, 4, 803–816,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-803-2007, 2007. a
Knohl, A., Schulze, E.-D., Kolle, O., and Buchmann, N.: Large Carbon Uptake by
an Unmanaged 250-Year-Old Deciduous Forest in Central Germany,
Agr. Forest Meteorol., 118, 151–167,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00115-1, 2003. a
Kobak, D. and Linderman, G. C.: UMAP does not preserve global structure any
better than t-SNE when using the same initialization, bioRxiv,
https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.19.877522,
2019. a
Kraemer, G., Camps-Valls, G., Reichstein, M., and Mahecha, M. D.: Summarizing the state of the terrestrial biosphere in few dimensions, Biogeosciences, 17, 2397–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2397-2020, 2020a. a, b
Kraemer, G., Reichstein, M., Camps-Valls, G., Smits, J., and Mahecha, M. D.:
The Low Dimensionality of Development, Soc. Indic. Res., 1–22, 999–1020,
2020b. a
Krich, C.: Functional convergence of biosphere atmosphere interactions in response to meteorology, available at: https://github.com/ckrich/Functional, last access: 12 April 2021.
Krich, C., Runge, J., Miralles, D. G., Migliavacca, M., Perez-Priego, O.,
El-Madany, T., Carrara, A., and Mahecha, M. D.: Estimating causal networks in
biosphere–atmosphere interaction with the PCMCI approach, Biogeosciences,
17, 1033–1061, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1033-2020, 2020. a, b, c, d
Kurbatova, J., Li, C., Varlagin, A., Xiao, X., and Vygodskaya, N.: Modeling
Carbon Dynamics in Two Adjacent Spruce Forests with Different Soil Conditions
in Russia, Biogeosciences, 5, 969–980,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-969-2008, 2008. a
Lafleur, P. M., Roulet, N. T., Bubier, J. L., Frolking, S., and Moore, T. R.:
Interannual variability in the peatland-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange at
an ombrotrophic bog, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 0886–6236, 2003. a
Lagergren, F., Lindroth, A., Dellwik, E., Ibrom, A., Lankreijer, H.,
Launiainen, S., Mölder, M., Kolari, P., Pilegaard, K., and Vesala, T.:
Biophysical controls on CO2 fluxes of three Northern forests based on
long-term eddy covariance data, Tellus B,
60, 143–152, 2008. a
Lambert, W. D.: Functional convergence of ecosystems: evidence from body mass
distributions of North American late Miocene mammal faunas, Ecosystems, 9,
97–118, 2006. a
Lee, J. A., Peluffo-Ordóñez, D. H., and Verleysen, M.: Multi-Scale
Similarities in Stochastic Neighbour Embedding: Reducing Dimensionality
While Preserving Both Local and Global Structure, Neurocomputing, 169,
246–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2014.12.095, 2015. a, b
Leon, E., Vargas, R., Bullock, S., Lopez, E., Panosso, A. R., and La Scala,
N.: Hot spots, hot moments, and spatio-temporal controls on soil CO2 efflux
in a water-limited ecosystem, Soil Biol. Biochem., 77, 12 – 21,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.05.029,
2014. a
Leuning, R., Cleugh, H. A., Zegelin, S. J., and Hughes, D.: Carbon and Water
Fluxes over a Temperate Eucalyptus Forest and a Tropical Wet/Dry Savanna
in Australia: Measurements and Comparison with MODIS Remote Sensing
Estimates, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 129, 151–173,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.12.004, 2005. a
Lindauer, M., Schmid, H. P., Grote, R., Mauder, M., Steinbrecher, R., and
Wolpert, B.: Net Ecosystem Exchange over a Non-Cleared Wind-Throw-Disturbed
Upland Spruce Forest–Measurements and Simulations, Agr.
Forest Meteorol., 197, 219–234, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.07.005,
2014. a
Loubet, B., Laville, P., Lehuger, S., Larmanou, E., Fléchard, C., Mascher,
N., Genermont, S., Roche, R., Ferrara, R. M., Stella, P., Personne, E.,
Durand, B., Decuq, C., Flura, D., Masson, S., Fanucci, O., Rampon, J.-N.,
Siemens, J., Kindler, R., Gabrielle, B., Schrumpf, M., and Cellier, P.:
Carbon, Nitrogen and Greenhouse Gases Budgets over a Four Years Crop
Rotation in Northern France, Plant Soil, 343, 109,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0751-9, 2011. a
Lund, M., Falk, J. M., Friborg, T., Mbufong, H. N., Sigsgaard, C., Soegaard,
H., and Tamstorf, M. P.: Trends in CO2 Exchange in a High Arctic
Tundra Heath, 2000–2010, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 117, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001901, 2012. a
Luyssaert, S., Inglima, I., Jung, M., et al.: CO2
balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global
database, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 2509–2537, 2007. a
Maaten, L. v. d. and Hinton, G.: Visualizing data using t-SNE, J.
Mach. Learn. Res., 9, 2579–2605, 2008. a
Marcolla, B., Pitacco, A., and Cescatti, A.: Canopy Architecture and
Turbulence Structure in a Coniferous Forest, Bound.-Lay.
Meteorol., 108, 39–59, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023027709805, 2003. a
Marcolla, B., Cescatti, A., Montagnani, L., Manca, G., Kerschbaumer, G., and
Minerbi, S.: Importance of advection in the atmospheric CO2 exchanges of an
alpine forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 130, 193–206, 2005. a
Marcolla, B., Cescatti, A., Manca, G., Zorer, R., Cavagna, M., Fiora, A.,
Gianelle, D., Rodeghiero, M., Sottocornola, M., and Zampedri, R.: Climatic
Controls and Ecosystem Responses Drive the Inter-Annual Variability of the
Net Ecosystem Exchange of an Alpine Meadow, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 151, 1233–1243, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.04.015, 2011. a
Marengo, J. A., Alves, L. M., Alvala, R., Cunha, A. P., Brito, S., and Moraes,
O. L.: Climatic characteristics of the 2010–2016 drought in the semiarid
Northeast Brazil region, An. Acad. Bras. Cienc., 90,
1973–1985, 2018. a
Matsumoto, K., Ohta, T., Nakai, T., Kuwada, T., Daikoku, K., Iida, S., Yabuki,
H., Kononov, A. V., van der Molen, M. K., Kodama, Y., Maximov, T. C.,
Dolman, A. J., and Hattori, S.: Energy Consumption and Evapotranspiration at
Several Boreal and Temperate Forests in the Far East, Agr.
Forest Meteorol., 148, 1978–1989, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.09.008,
2008. a
McDowell, N. G., Bowling, D. R., Bond, B. J., Irvine, J., Law, B. E., Anthoni,
P., and Ehleringer, J. R.: Response of the Carbon Isotopic Content of
Ecosystem, Leaf, and Soil Respiration to Meteorological and Physiological
Driving Factors in a Pinus Ponderosa Ecosystem, Global Biogeochem.
Cyc., 18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002049, 2004. a
McPherson, R. A.: A review of vegetation—atmosphere interactions and their
influences on mesoscale phenomena, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 31,
261–285, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133307079055, 2007. a
Medlyn, B. E., Berbigier, P., Clement, R., Grelle, A., Loustau, D., Linder, S.,
Wingate, L., Jarvis, P. G., Sigurdsson, B. D., and McMurtrie, R. E.: Carbon
balance of coniferous forests growing in contrasting climates: Model-based
analysis, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 131, 97–124, 2005. a
Meinzer, F. C.: Functional convergence in plant responses to the environment,
Oecologia, 134, 1–11, 2003. a
Merbold, L., Ardö, J., Arneth, A., Scholes, R. J., Nouvellon, Y.,
de Grandcourt, A., Archibald, S., Bonnefond, J. M., Boulain, N., Brueggemann,
N., Bruemmer, C., Cappelaere, B., Ceschia, E., El-Khidir, H. a. M.,
El-Tahir, B. A., Falk, U., Lloyd, J., Kergoat, L., Dantec, V. L., Mougin,
E., Muchinda, M., Mukelabai, M. M., Ramier, D., Roupsard, O., Timouk, F.,
Veenendaal, E. M., and Kutsch, W. L.: Precipitation as Driver of Carbon
Fluxes in 11 African Ecosystems, Biogeosciences, 6, 1027–1041,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1027-2009, 2009. a
Merbold, L., Eugster, W., Stieger, J., Zahniser, M., Nelson, D., and Buchmann,
N.: Greenhouse Gas Budget (CO2, CH4 and N2O) of Intensively
Managed Grassland Following Restoration, Glob. Change Biol., 20,
1913–1928, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12518, 2014. a
Meyer, W. S., Kondrlova, E., and Koerber, G. R.: Evaporation of Perennial
Semi-Arid Woodland in Southeastern Australia Is Adapted for Irregular but
Common Dry Periods, Hydrol. Process., 29, 3714–3726,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10467, 2015. a
Meyers, T. P. and Hollinger, S. E.: An assessment of storage terms in the
surface energy balance of maize and soybean, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 125, 105–115, 2004. a
Miralles, D. G., Gentine, P., Seneviratne, S. I., and Teuling, A. J.:
Land–atmospheric feedbacks during droughts and heatwaves: state of the
science and current challenges, Ann. NY Acad. Sci.,
1436, 19, 2019. a
Moors, E. J.: Water Use of Forests in the Netherlands, Tech. Rep. 41,
Vrije Universiteit, Alterra Scientific Contributions 41, Alterra, Amsterdam, 2012. a
Moureaux, C., Debacq, A., Bodson, B., Heinesch, B., and Aubinet, M.: Annual Net
Ecosystem Carbon Exchange by a Sugar Beet Crop, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 139, 25–39,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.05.009, 2006. a
Musavi, T., Migliavacca, M., Reichstein, M., et al.: Stand age
and species richness dampen interannual variation of ecosystem-level
photosynthetic capacity, Nat. Ecol. Evol., 1, 0048, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-016-0048, 2017. a, b
Nagy, Z., Czóbel, S., Balogh, J., Horváth, L., Fóti, S.,
Pintér, K., Weidinger, T., Csintalan, Z., and Tuba, Z.: Some preliminary
results of the Hungarian grassland ecological research: carbon cycling and
greenhouse gas balances under changing, Cereal Res. Commun., 33,
279–281, 2005. a
Nardino, M., Georgiadis, T., Rossi, F., Ponti, F., Miglietta, F., and Magliulo,
V.: Primary productivity and evapotranspiration of a mixed forest, in:
Congress CNR-ISA Fo, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del
Mediterraneo, Portici, 24–25, 2002. a
Nave, L. E., Gough, C. M., Maurer, K. D., Bohrer, G., Hardiman, B. S., Moine,
J. L., Munoz, A. B., Nadelhoffer, K. J., Sparks, J. P., Strahm, B. D., Vogel,
C. S., and Curtis, P. S.: Disturbance and the Resilience of Coupled Carbon
and Nitrogen Cycling in a North Temperate Forest, J. Geophys.
Res.-Biogeo., 116, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001758, 2011. a
Nelson, J. A., Pérez-Priego, O., Zhou, S., Poyatos, R., Zhang, Y., Blanken,
P. D., Gimeno, T. E., Wohlfahrt, G., Desai, A. R., Gioli, B., Limousin,
J.-M., Bonal, D., Paul-Limoges, E., Scott, R. L., Varlagin, A., Fuchs, K.,
Montagnani, L., Wolf, S., Delpierre, N., Berveiller, D., Gharun, M.,
Belelli Marchesini, L., Gianelle, D., Šigut, L., Mammarella, I., Siebicke,
L., Andrew Black, T., Knohl, A., Hörtnagl, L., Magliulo, V., Besnard, S.,
Weber, U., Carvalhais, N., Migliavacca, M., Reichstein, M., and Jung, M.:
Ecosystem transpiration and evaporation: Insights from three water flux
partitioning methods across FLUXNET sites, Glob. Change Biol., 00,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15314,
2020. a
NOAA: National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the
Climate: National Climate Report for Annual 2014, published online
January 2015, available at:
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/201413 (last access: 12 January 2021), 2015. a
Papagiannopoulou, C., Miralles, D. G., Dorigo, W. A., Verhoest, N. E. C.,
Depoorter, M., and Waegeman, W.: Vegetation anomalies caused by antecedent
precipitation in most of the world, Environ. Res. Lett., 12,
074016, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7145, http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/12/i=7/a=074016 (last access: 12 January 2021),
2017. a
Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Aubinet, M., Canfora, E., Bernhofer, C., Kutsch, W., Longdoz, B., Rambal, S., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., and Yakir, D.: Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation, Biogeosciences, 3, 571–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-571-2006, 2006. a
Pearson, K.: On Lines and Planes of Closest Fit to Systems of Points in Space,
Philos. Mag., 2, 559–572, 1901. a
Pilegaard, K., Ibrom, A., Courtney, M. S., Hummelshøj, P., and Jensen,
N. O.: Increasing Net CO2 Uptake by a Danish Beech Forest during the
Period from 1996 to 2009, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 151, 934–946,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.02.013, 2011. a
Potter, B. E., Teclaw, R. M., and Zasada, J. C.: The Impact of Forest Structure
on Near-Ground Temperatures during Two Years of Contrasting Temperature
Extremes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 106, 331–336,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00220-3, 2001. a
Potts, D. L., Barron-Gafford, G. A., and Scott, R. L.: Ecosystem hydrologic and
metabolic flashiness are shaped by plant community traits and precipitation,
Agr. Forest Meteorol., 279, 107674,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107674,
2019. a
Prescher, A.-K., Grünwald, T., and Bernhofer, C.: Land Use Regulates Carbon
Budgets in Eastern Germany: From NEE to NBP, Agr.
Forest Meteorol., 150, 1016–1025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.03.008,
2010a. a
Prescher, A.-K., Grünwald, T., and Bernhofer, C.: Land Use Regulates Carbon
Budgets in Eastern Germany: From NEE to NBP, Agr.
Forest Meteorol., 150, 1016–1025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.03.008,
2010b. a
Pryor, S. C., Barthelmie, R. J., and Jensen, B.: Nitrogen Dry Deposition at an
AmeriFlux Site in a Hardwood Forest in the Midwest, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 26, 691–694, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900066, 1999. a
Rambal, S., Joffre, R., Ourcival, J. M., Cavender-Bares, J., and Rocheteau, A.:
The Growth Respiration Component in Eddy CO2 Flux from a Quercus Ilex
Mediterranean Forest, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 1460–1469,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00819.x, 2004. a
Rayment, M. B. and Jarvis, P. G.: Seasonal Gas Exchange of Black Spruce Using
an Automatic Branch Bag System, Can. J. Forest Res., 29,
1528–1538, https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-130, 1999a. a
Rayment, M. B. and Jarvis, P. G.: Seasonal Gas Exchange of Black Spruce Using
an Automatic Branch Bag System, Can. J. Forest Res., 29,
1528–1538, https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-130, 1999b. a
Reich, P. B., Walters, M. B., Ellsworth, D. S., Vose, J. M., Volin, J. C.,
Gresham, C., and Bowman, W. D.: Relationships of Leaf Dark Respiration to
Leaf Nitrogen, Specific Leaf Area and Leaf Life-Span: A Test across Biomes
and Functional Groups, Oecologia, 114, 471–482, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050471,
1998. a
Reichstein, M., Tenhunen, J. D., Roupsard, O., Ourcival, J.-m., Rambal, S.,
Miglietta, F., Peressotti, A., Pecchiari, M., Tirone, G., and Valentini, R.:
Severe drought effects on ecosystem CO2 and H2O fluxes at three Mediterranean
evergreen sites: revision of current hypotheses?, Glob. Change Biol., 8,
999–1017, 2002. a
Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier,
P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., Grünwald, T.,
Havránková, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila,
A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.-M.,
Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G.,
Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., and Valentini, R.: On the separation of
net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review
and improved algorithm, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1424–1439,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x,
2005. a
Reichstein, M., Bahn, M., Mahecha, M. D., Kattge, J., and Baldocchi, D. D.:
Linking plant and ecosystem functional biogeography, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 13697–13702, 2014. a
Rey, A., Pegoraro, E., Tedeschi, V., Parri, I. D., Jarvis, P. G., and
Valentini, R.: Annual Variation in Soil Respiration and Its Components in a
Coppice Oak Forest in Central Italy, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 851–866,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00521.x, 2002. a
Reynolds, J. F., Kemp, P. R., Ogle, K., and Fernández, R. J.: Modifying the
‘pulse–reserve’paradigm for deserts of North America: precipitation
pulses, soil water, and plant responses, Oecologia, 141, 194–210, 2004. a
Rodrigues, A., Pita, G., Mateus, J., Kurz-Besson, C., Casquilho, M., Cerasoli,
S., Gomes, A., and Pereira, J.: Eight years of continuous carbon fluxes
measurements in a Portuguese eucalypt stand under two main events: Drought
and felling, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 151, 493–507, 2011. a
Rothstein, D. E., Zak, D. R., Pregitzer, K. S., and Curtis, P. S.: Kinetics of
Nitrogen Uptake by Populus Tremuloides in Relation to Atmospheric CO2
and Soil Nitrogen Availability, Tree Physiol., 20, 265–270,
https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/20.4.265, 2000. a
Ruddell, B. L. and Kumar, P.: Ecohydrologic process networks: 1.
Identification, Water Resources Research, 45, w03419,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007279, 2009. a
Ruehr, N. K., Martin, J. G., and Law, B. E.: Effects of Water Availability on
Carbon and Water Exchange in a Young Ponderosa Pine Forest: Above- and
Belowground Responses, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 164, 136–148,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.05.015, 2012a. a
Ruehr, N. K., Martin, J. G., and Law, B. E.: Effects of Water Availability on
Carbon and Water Exchange in a Young Ponderosa Pine Forest: Above- and
Belowground Responses, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 164, 136–148,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.05.015, 2012b. a
Ruehr, N. K., Martin, J. G., and Law, B. E.: Effects of Water Availability on
Carbon and Water Exchange in a Young Ponderosa Pine Forest: Above- and
Belowground Responses, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 164, 136–148,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.05.015, 2012c. a
Ruehr, N. K., Martin, J. G., and Law, B. E.: Effects of Water Availability on
Carbon and Water Exchange in a Young Ponderosa Pine Forest: Above- and
Belowground Responses, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 164, 136–148,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.05.015, 2012d. a
Ruehr, N. K., Martin, J. G., and Law, B. E.: Effects of Water Availability on
Carbon and Water Exchange in a Young Ponderosa Pine Forest: Above- and
Belowground Responses, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 164, 136–148,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.05.015, 2012e. a
Runge, J.: Causal network reconstruction from time series: From theoretical
assumptions to practical estimation, Chaos, 28, 075310, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5025050, 2018. a
Runge, J., Bathiany, S., Bollt, E., et al.:
Inferring causation from time series in Earth system sciences, Nat.
Commun., 10, 2553, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10105-3, 2019a. a
Sagerfors, J., Lindroth, A., Grelle, A., Klemedtsson, L., Weslien, P., and
Nilsson, M.: Annual CO2 exchange between a nutrient-poor, minerotrophic,
boreal mire and the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000306,
2008. a
Saleska, S. R., Miller, S. D., Matross, D. M., Goulden, M. L., Wofsy, S. C.,
da Rocha, H. R., de Camargo, P. B., Crill, P., Daube, B. C., de
Freitas, H. C., Hutyra, L., Keller, M., Kirchhoff, V., Menton, M., Munger,
J. W., Pyle, E. H., Rice, A. H., and Silva, H.: Carbon in Amazon Forests:
Unexpected Seasonal Fluxes and Disturbance-Induced Losses,
Science, 302, 1554–1557, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091165, 2003. a
Sanz, M., Carrara, A., Gimeno, C., Bucher, A., and Lopez, R.: Effects of a dry
and warm summer conditions on CO2 and energy fluxes from three Mediterranean
ecosystems, Geophys. Res. Abstract, 6, p. 3239, 2004. a
Schade, G. W., Goldstein, A. H., and Lamanna, M. S.: Are Monoterpene Emissions
Influenced by Humidity?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2187–2190,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900444. a
Schuldt, B., Buras, A., Arend, M., Vitasse, Y., Beierkuhnlein, C., Damm, A.,
Gharun, M., Grams, T. E., Hauck, M., Hajek, P., Hartmann, H., Hiltbrunner,
E., Hoch, G., Holloway-Phillips, M., Körner, C., Larysch, E., Lübbe, T.,
Nelson, D. B., Rammig, A., Rigling, A., Rose, L., Ruehr, N. K., Schumann, K.,
Weiser, F., Werner, C., Wohlgemuth, T., Zang, C. S., and Kahmen, A.: A first
assessment of the impact of the extreme 2018 summer drought on Central
European forests, Basic Appl. Ecol., 45, 86–103,
2020. a
Scott, R. L., Huxman, T. E., Cable, W. L., and Emmerich, W. E.: Partitioning of
Evapotranspiration and Its Relation to Carbon Dioxide Exchange in a
Chihuahuan Desert Shrubland, Hydrol. Process., 20, 3227–3243,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6329, 2006. a
Scott, R. L., Cable, W. L., and Hultine, K. R.: The Ecohydrologic Significance
of Hydraulic Redistribution in a Semiarid Savanna, Water Resour. Res.,
44, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006149, 2008. a
Shadaydeh, M., Denzler, J., Garcia, Y. G., and Mahecha, M.: Time-Frequency Causal Inference Uncovers Anomalous Events in Environmental Systems, in: Pattern Recognition. DAGM GCPR 2019, edited by: Fink, G., Frintrop, S., and Jiang, X., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Voll 11824, Springer, Cham., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33676-9_35, 2019. a
Shaver, G. R., Street, L. E., Rastetter, E. B., Van Wijk, M. T., and Williams,
M.: Functional convergence in regulation of net CO2 flux in heterogeneous
tundra landscapes in Alaska and Sweden, J. Ecol., 95, 802–817,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01259.x,
2007. a
Sigut, L., Havrankova, K., Jocher, G., Pavelka, M., Janouš, D., Czerny, R.,
Stanik, K., and Trusina, J.: FLUXNET2015 CZ-BK2 Bily Kriz grassland,
https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440144, 2021. a
Sippel, S., Forkel, M., Rammig, A., Thonicke, K., Flach, M., Heimann, M., Otto,
F. E. L., Reichstein, M., and Mahecha, M. D.: Contrasting and interacting
changes in simulated spring and summer carbon cycle extremes in European
ecosystems, Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 075006,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7398, 2017. a
Sippel, S., Reichstein, M., Ma, X., Mahecha, M. D., Lange, H., Flach, M., and
Frank, D.: Drought, heat, and the carbon cycle: a review, Curr. Clim.
Change Rep., 4, 266–286, 2018. a
Spirtes, P. and Glymour, C.: An Algorithm for Fast Recovery of Sparse Causal
Graphs, Soc. Sci. Comput. Rev., 9, 62–72,
https://doi.org/10.1177/089443939100900106, 1991. a, b
Suni, T., Rinne, J., Reissell, A., Altimir, N., Keronen, P., Rannik, U.,
Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., and Vesala, T.: Long-Term Measurements of Surface
Fluxes above a Scots Pine Forest in Hyytiala, Southern Finland,
1996–2001, Boreal Environ. Res., 8, 287–301, 2003. a
Székely, G. J., Rizzo, M. L., and Bakirov, N. K.: Measuring and testing
dependence by correlation of distances, Ann. Statist., 35, 2769–2794,
https://doi.org/10.1214/009053607000000505, 2007. a, b
Tamrakar, R., Rayment, M. B., Moyano, F., Mund, M., and Knohl, A.: Implications
of structural diversity for seasonal and annual carbon dioxide fluxes in two
temperate deciduous forests, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 263, 465–476, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.08.027,
2018. a
Tang, J., Baldocchi, D. D., Qi, Y., and Xu, L.: Assessing Soil CO2 Efflux
Using Continuous Measurements of CO2 Profiles in Soils with Small
Solid-State Sensors, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 118, 207–220,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00112-6, 2003. a
Tedeschi, V., Rey, A., Manca, G., Valentini, R., Jarvis, P. G., and Borghetti,
M.: Soil respiration in a Mediterranean oak forest at different developmental
stages after coppicing, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 110–121, 2006. a
Thomas, S. C., Halpern, C. B., Falk, D. A., Liguori, D. A., and Austin, K. A.:
Plant diversity in managed forests: understory responses to thinning and
fertilization, Ecol. Appl., 9, 864–879, 1999a. a
Thomas, S. C., Halpern, C. B., Falk, D. A., Liguori, D. A., and Austin, K. A.:
Plant diversity in managed forests: understory responses to thinning and
fertilization, Ecol. Appl., 9, 864–879, 1999b. a
Thomas, S. C., Halpern, C. B., Falk, D. A., Liguori, D. A., and Austin, K. A.:
Plant diversity in managed forests: understory responses to thinning and
fertilization, Ecol. Appl., 9, 864–879, 1999c. a
Thum, T., Aalto, T., Laurila, T., Aurela, M., Kolari, P., and Hari, P.:
Parametrization of Two Photosynthesis Models at the Canopy Scale in a
Northern Boreal Scots Pine Forest, Tellus B, 59, 874–890,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00305.x, 2007. a
Valentini, R., Angelis, P. D., Matteucci, G., Monaco, R., Dore, S., and
Mucnozza, G. E. S.: Seasonal Net Carbon Dioxide Exchange of a Beech Forest
with the Atmosphere, Glob. Change Biol., 2, 199–207,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00072.x, 1996. a
Valentini, R., Matteucci, G., Dolman, A., et al.: Respiration as
the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests, Nature, 404,
861–865, 2000. a
van der Molen, M. K., van Huissteden, J., Parmentier, F. J. W., Petrescu, A.
M. R., Dolman, A. J., Maximov, T. C., Kononov, A. V., Karsanaev, S. V., and
Suzdalov, D. A.: The Growing Season Greenhouse Gas Balance of a Continental
Tundra Site in the Indigirka Lowlands, NE Siberia, Biogeosciences, 4,
985–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-985-2007, 2007. a
Vitale, L., Di Tommasi, P., D'Urso, G., and Magliulo, V.: The Response of
Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes to LAI and Environmental Drivers in a Maize Crop
Grown in Two Contrasting Seasons, Int. J. Biometeorol.,
60, 411–420, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-015-1038-2, 2016. a
von Buttlar, J., Zscheischler, J., Rammig, A., Sippel, S., Reichstein, M.,
Knohl, A., Jung, M., Menzer, O., Arain, M. A., Buchmann, N., Cescatti, A.,
Gianelle, D., Kiely, G., Law, B. E., Magliulo, V., Margolis, H., McCaughey,
H., Merbold, L., Migliavacca, M., Montagnani, L., Oechel, W., Pavelka, M.,
Peichl, M., Rambal, S., Raschi, A., Scott, R. L., Vaccari, F. P., van Gorsel,
E., Varlagin, A., Wohlfahrt, G., and Mahecha, M. D.: Impacts of droughts and
extreme-temperature events on gross primary production and ecosystem
respiration: a systematic assessment across ecosystems and climate zones,
Biogeosciences, 15, 1293–1318, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1293-2018, 2018. a
Wagg, C., O'Brien, M. J., Vogel, A., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Eisenhauer, N.,
Schmid, B., and Weigelt, A.: Plant diversity maintains long-term ecosystem
productivity under frequent drought by increasing short-term variation,
Ecology, 98, 2952–2961, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2003,
2017. a
Wales, S. B., Kreider, M. R., Atkins, J., Hulshof, C. M., Fahey, R. T., Nave,
L. E., Nadelhoffer, K. J., and Gough, C. M.: Stand age, disturbance history
and the temporal stability of forest production, Forest Ecol.
Manag., 460, 117865,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.117865,
2020. a
Wang, C., Bond-Lamberty, B., and Gower, S. T.: Environmental Controls on
Carbon Dioxide Flux from Black Spruce Coarse Woody Debris, Oecologia, 132,
374–381, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-0987-4, 2002a. a
Wang, C., Bond-Lamberty, B., and Gower, S. T.: Environmental Controls on
Carbon Dioxide Flux from Black Spruce Coarse Woody Debris, Oecologia, 132,
374–381, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-0987-4, 2002b. a
Wang, C., Bond-Lamberty, B., and Gower, S. T.: Environmental Controls on
Carbon Dioxide Flux from Black Spruce Coarse Woody Debris, Oecologia, 132,
374–381, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-0987-4, 2002c. a
Westergaard-Nielsen, A., Lund, M., Hansen, B. U., and Tamstorf, M. P.: Camera
Derived Vegetation Greenness Index as Proxy for Gross Primary Production in a
Low Arctic Wetland Area, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 86, 89–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2013.09.006, 2013. a
Wofsy, S. C., Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Fan, S.-M., Bakwin, P. S., Daube,
B. C., Bassow, S. L., and Bazzaz, F. A.: Net Exchange of CO2 in a
Mid-Latitude Forest, Science, 260, 1314–1317,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5112.1314, 1993. a
Wohlfahrt, G., Hammerle, A., Haslwanter, A., Bahn, M., Tappeiner, U., and
Cernusca, A.: Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the net ecosystem CO2
exchange of a temperate mountain grassland: Effects of weather and
management, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, 2008. a
Xu, L., Baldocchi, D. D., and Tang, J.: How Soil Moisture, Rain Pulses, and
Growth Alter the Response of Ecosystem Respiration to Temperature, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002281, 2004. a
Yi, C., Davis, K. J., Berger, B. W., and Bakwin, P. S.: Long-Term
Observations of the Dynamics of the Continental Planetary Boundary
Layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1288–1299,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1288:LTOOTD>2.0.CO;2, 2001. a
Zeller, K. and Hehn, T.: Measurements of Upward Turbulent Ozone Fluxes above a
Subalpine Spruce-Fir Forest, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 841–844,
1996. a
Zeller, K. F. and Nikolov, N. T.: Quantifying Simultaneous Fluxes of Ozone,
Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor above a Subalpine Forest Ecosystem,
Environ. Pollut., 107, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00156-6,
2000.
a
Zielis, S., Etzold, S., Zweifel, R., Eugster, W., Haeni, M., and Buchmann, N.:
NEP of a Swiss Subalpine Forest Is Significantly Driven Not Only by
Current but Also by Previous Year's Weather, Biogeosciences, 11, 1627–1635,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1627-2014, 2014. a
Zscheischler, J., Martius, O., Westra, S., et al.: A typology of compound weather and climate events, Nat.
Rev. Earth Environ., 1, 1–15, 2020. a
Short summary
Ecosystems and the atmosphere interact with each other. These interactions determine e.g. the water and carbon fluxes and thus are crucial to understand climate change effects. We analysed the interactions for many ecosystems across the globe, showing that very different ecosystems can have similar interactions with the atmosphere. Meteorological conditions seem to be the strongest interaction-shaping factor. This means that common principles can be identified to describe ecosystem behaviour.
Ecosystems and the atmosphere interact with each other. These interactions determine e.g. the...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint