Articles | Volume 18, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-861-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-861-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
05 Feb 2021
Research article |
| 05 Feb 2021
| 05 Feb 2021
Predicting evapotranspiration from drone-based thermography – a method comparison in a tropical oil palm plantation
Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen,
Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Christian Stiegler
Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077
Göttingen, Germany
Alexander Röll
Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen,
Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Tania June
Geophysics and Meteorology, Bogor Agricultural University, Jln.
Meranti, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
Hendrayanto
Forest Management, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB
Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
Alexander Knohl
Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077
Göttingen, Germany
Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land
Use, University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
Dirk Hölscher
Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen,
Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land
Use, University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
Related authors
Efi Rousi, Andreas H. Fink, Lauren S. Andersen, Florian N. Becker, Goratz Beobide-Arsuaga, Marcus Breil, Giacomo Cozzi, Jens Heinke, Lisa Jach, Deborah Niermann, Dragan Petrovic, Andy Richling, Johannes Riebold, Stella Steidl, Laura Suarez-Gutierrez, Jordis S. Tradowsky, Dim Coumou, André Düsterhus, Florian Ellsäßer, Georgios Fragkoulidis, Daniel Gliksman, Dörthe Handorf, Karsten Haustein, Kai Kornhuber, Harald Kunstmann, Joaquim G. Pinto, Kirsten Warrach-Sagi, and Elena Xoplaki
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1699–1718, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1699-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1699-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive, multi-faceted analysis of the 2018 extreme summer in terms of heat and drought in central and northern Europe, with a particular focus on Germany. A combination of favorable large-scale conditions and locally dry soils were related with the intensity and persistence of the events. We also showed that such extremes have become more likely due to anthropogenic climate change and might occur almost every year under +2 °C of global warming.
José Ángel Callejas-Rodelas, Justus van Ramshorst, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Siebicke, Dietmar Fellert, Marek Peksa, Dirk Böttger, and Christian Markwitz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-440, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-440, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
A dataset expanding around seventy eight site-years was compiled, harmonized and presented. The dataset consisted in eddy covariance and meteorological measurements over four pairs of agroforestry and open cropland systems, and one pair of agroforestry and open grassland system. This is the first ever dataset compiling this type of data over temperate agroforestry systems.
Biplob Dey, Toke Due Sjøgren, Peeyush Khare, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Yizhen Wu, Sindhu Vasireddy, Martin Schultz, Alexander Knohl, Riikka Rinnan, Thorsten Hohaus, and Eva Y. Pfannerstill
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3779, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3779, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Trees release reactive gases that affect air quality and climate. We studied how these emissions from European beech and English oak change under realistic scenarios of combined and single heat and ozone stress. Heat increased emissions, while ozone reduced most of them. When stressors were combined, the effects were complex and varied by species. Machine learning identified key stress-related compounds. Our findings show that future tree stress may alter air quality and climate interactions.
Beatriz P. Cazorla, Ana Meijide, Javier Cabello, Julio Peñas, Rodrigo Vargas, Javier Martínez-López, Leonardo Montagnani, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Siebicke, Benimiano Gioli, Jiří Dušek, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Georg Wohlfahrt, Eugénie Paul-Limoges, Kathrin Fuchs, Antonio Manco, Marian Pavelka, Lutz Merbold, Lukas Hörtnagl, Pierpaolo Duce, Ignacio Goded, Kim Pilegaard, and Domingo Alcaraz-Segura
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2835, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2835, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We assess whether satellite-derived Ecosystem Functional Types (EFTs) reflect spatial heterogeneity in carbon fluxes across Europe. Using Eddy Covariance data from 50 sites, we show that EFTs capture distinct Net Ecosystem Exchange dynamics and perform slightly better than PFTs. EFTs offer a scalable, annually updatable approach to monitor ecosystem functioning and its interannual variability.
Thorge Wintz, Alexander Röll, Gustavo Brant Paterno, Florian Ellsäßer, Delphine Clara Zemp, Hendrayanto, Bambang Irawan, Alexander Knohl, Holger Kreft, and Dirk Hölscher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2596, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how the size and diversity of tree patches in Indonesian oil palm landscapes influence the movement of water to the atmosphere and local cooling. Our study shows that larger tree patches increase cooling mainly by supporting greater plant diversity and more complex vegetation structure. These findings suggest that expanding and diversifying tree patches can help manage microclimate and water cycling in agricultural areas.
José Ángel Callejas-Rodelas, Alexander Knohl, Ivan Mammarella, Timo Vesala, Olli Peltola, and Christian Markwitz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-810, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-810, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The spatial variability of CO2 and water vapour exchanges with the atmosphere was quantified above an agroforestry system, and further compared to a monocropping system, using a total of four eddy covariance stations. The variability of fluxes within the agroforestry was found to be as large as the variability between agroforestry and monocropping, induced by the heterogeneity of the site, which highlights the need for replicated measurements above such ecosystems.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Jiří Dušek, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo A. Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Mana Gharun, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 21, 5079–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand because it impacts our lives. Here, we outline a method called FLUXCOM-X to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from sites around the world. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Justus G. V. van Ramshorst, Alexander Knohl, José Ángel Callejas-Rodelas, Robert Clement, Timothy C. Hill, Lukas Siebicke, and Christian Markwitz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 6047–6071, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we present experimental field results of a lower-cost eddy covariance (LC-EC) system, which can measure the ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide and water vapour with the atmosphere. During three field campaigns on a grassland and agroforestry grassland, we compared the LC-EC with a conventional eddy covariance (CON-EC) system. Our results show that LC-EC has the potential to measure EC fluxes at only approximately 25 % of the cost of a CON-EC system.
Yuan Yan, Anne Klosterhalfen, Fernando Moyano, Matthias Cuntz, Andrew C. Manning, and Alexander Knohl
Biogeosciences, 20, 4087–4107, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A better understanding of O2 fluxes, their exchange ratios with CO2 and their interrelations with environmental conditions would provide further insights into biogeochemical ecosystem processes. We, therefore, used the multilayer canopy model CANVEG to simulate and analyze the flux exchange for our forest study site for 2012–2016. Based on these simulations, we further successfully tested the application of various micrometeorological methods and the prospects of real O2 flux measurements.
Efi Rousi, Andreas H. Fink, Lauren S. Andersen, Florian N. Becker, Goratz Beobide-Arsuaga, Marcus Breil, Giacomo Cozzi, Jens Heinke, Lisa Jach, Deborah Niermann, Dragan Petrovic, Andy Richling, Johannes Riebold, Stella Steidl, Laura Suarez-Gutierrez, Jordis S. Tradowsky, Dim Coumou, André Düsterhus, Florian Ellsäßer, Georgios Fragkoulidis, Daniel Gliksman, Dörthe Handorf, Karsten Haustein, Kai Kornhuber, Harald Kunstmann, Joaquim G. Pinto, Kirsten Warrach-Sagi, and Elena Xoplaki
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1699–1718, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1699-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1699-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive, multi-faceted analysis of the 2018 extreme summer in terms of heat and drought in central and northern Europe, with a particular focus on Germany. A combination of favorable large-scale conditions and locally dry soils were related with the intensity and persistence of the events. We also showed that such extremes have become more likely due to anthropogenic climate change and might occur almost every year under +2 °C of global warming.
Britta Greenshields, Barbara von der Lühe, Harold J. Hughes, Christian Stiegler, Suria Tarigan, Aiyen Tjoa, and Daniela Sauer
SOIL, 9, 169–188, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-169-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-169-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Silicon (Si) research could provide complementary measures in sustainably cultivating oil-palm monocultures. Our study shows that current oil-palm management practices and topsoil erosion on oil-palm plantations in Indonesia have caused a spatial distribution of essential Si pools in soil. A lack of well-balanced Si levels in topsoil could negatively affect crop yield and soil fertility for future replanting at the same plantation site. Potential measures are suggested to maintain Si cycling.
Xin Yu, René Orth, Markus Reichstein, Michael Bahn, Anne Klosterhalfen, Alexander Knohl, Franziska Koebsch, Mirco Migliavacca, Martina Mund, Jacob A. Nelson, Benjamin D. Stocker, Sophia Walther, and Ana Bastos
Biogeosciences, 19, 4315–4329, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Identifying drought legacy effects is challenging because they are superimposed on variability driven by climate conditions in the recovery period. We develop a residual-based approach to quantify legacies on gross primary productivity (GPP) from eddy covariance data. The GPP reduction due to legacy effects is comparable to the concurrent effects at two sites in Germany, which reveals the importance of legacy effects. Our novel methodology can be used to quantify drought legacies elsewhere.
Anders Lindroth, Norbert Pirk, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Christian Stiegler, Leif Klemedtsson, and Mats B. Nilsson
Biogeosciences, 19, 3921–3934, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3921-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane between a moist moss tundra and the atmosphere on Svalbard in order to better understand how such ecosystems are affecting the climate and vice versa. We found that the system was a small sink of carbon dioxide and a small source of methane. These fluxes are small in comparison with other tundra ecosystems in the high Arctic. Analysis of temperature sensitivity showed that respiration was more sensitive than photosynthesis above about 6 ℃.
Rafael Poyatos, Víctor Granda, Víctor Flo, Mark A. Adams, Balázs Adorján, David Aguadé, Marcos P. M. Aidar, Scott Allen, M. Susana Alvarado-Barrientos, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Luiza Maria Aparecido, M. Altaf Arain, Ismael Aranda, Heidi Asbjornsen, Robert Baxter, Eric Beamesderfer, Z. Carter Berry, Daniel Berveiller, Bethany Blakely, Johnny Boggs, Gil Bohrer, Paul V. Bolstad, Damien Bonal, Rosvel Bracho, Patricia Brito, Jason Brodeur, Fernando Casanoves, Jérôme Chave, Hui Chen, Cesar Cisneros, Kenneth Clark, Edoardo Cremonese, Hongzhong Dang, Jorge S. David, Teresa S. David, Nicolas Delpierre, Ankur R. Desai, Frederic C. Do, Michal Dohnal, Jean-Christophe Domec, Sebinasi Dzikiti, Colin Edgar, Rebekka Eichstaedt, Tarek S. El-Madany, Jan Elbers, Cleiton B. Eller, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Brent Ewers, Patrick Fonti, Alicia Forner, David I. Forrester, Helber C. Freitas, Marta Galvagno, Omar Garcia-Tejera, Chandra Prasad Ghimire, Teresa E. Gimeno, John Grace, André Granier, Anne Griebel, Yan Guangyu, Mark B. Gush, Paul J. Hanson, Niles J. Hasselquist, Ingo Heinrich, Virginia Hernandez-Santana, Valentine Herrmann, Teemu Hölttä, Friso Holwerda, James Irvine, Supat Isarangkool Na Ayutthaya, Paul G. Jarvis, Hubert Jochheim, Carlos A. Joly, Julia Kaplick, Hyun Seok Kim, Leif Klemedtsson, Heather Kropp, Fredrik Lagergren, Patrick Lane, Petra Lang, Andrei Lapenas, Víctor Lechuga, Minsu Lee, Christoph Leuschner, Jean-Marc Limousin, Juan Carlos Linares, Maj-Lena Linderson, Anders Lindroth, Pilar Llorens, Álvaro López-Bernal, Michael M. Loranty, Dietmar Lüttschwager, Cate Macinnis-Ng, Isabelle Maréchaux, Timothy A. Martin, Ashley Matheny, Nate McDowell, Sean McMahon, Patrick Meir, Ilona Mészáros, Mirco Migliavacca, Patrick Mitchell, Meelis Mölder, Leonardo Montagnani, Georgianne W. Moore, Ryogo Nakada, Furong Niu, Rachael H. Nolan, Richard Norby, Kimberly Novick, Walter Oberhuber, Nikolaus Obojes, A. Christopher Oishi, Rafael S. Oliveira, Ram Oren, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Teemu Paljakka, Oscar Perez-Priego, Pablo L. Peri, Richard L. Peters, Sebastian Pfautsch, William T. Pockman, Yakir Preisler, Katherine Rascher, George Robinson, Humberto Rocha, Alain Rocheteau, Alexander Röll, Bruno H. P. Rosado, Lucy Rowland, Alexey V. Rubtsov, Santiago Sabaté, Yann Salmon, Roberto L. Salomón, Elisenda Sánchez-Costa, Karina V. R. Schäfer, Bernhard Schuldt, Alexandr Shashkin, Clément Stahl, Marko Stojanović, Juan Carlos Suárez, Ge Sun, Justyna Szatniewska, Fyodor Tatarinov, Miroslav Tesař, Frank M. Thomas, Pantana Tor-ngern, Josef Urban, Fernando Valladares, Christiaan van der Tol, Ilja van Meerveld, Andrej Varlagin, Holm Voigt, Jeffrey Warren, Christiane Werner, Willy Werner, Gerhard Wieser, Lisa Wingate, Stan Wullschleger, Koong Yi, Roman Zweifel, Kathy Steppe, Maurizio Mencuccini, and Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2607–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Transpiration is a key component of global water balance, but it is poorly constrained from available observations. We present SAPFLUXNET, the first global database of tree-level transpiration from sap flow measurements, containing 202 datasets and covering a wide range of ecological conditions. SAPFLUXNET and its accompanying R software package
sapfluxnetrwill facilitate new data syntheses on the ecological factors driving water use and drought responses of trees and forests.
Jan Pisek, Angela Erb, Lauri Korhonen, Tobias Biermann, Arnaud Carrara, Edoardo Cremonese, Matthias Cuntz, Silvano Fares, Giacomo Gerosa, Thomas Grünwald, Niklas Hase, Michal Heliasz, Andreas Ibrom, Alexander Knohl, Johannes Kobler, Bart Kruijt, Holger Lange, Leena Leppänen, Jean-Marc Limousin, Francisco Ramon Lopez Serrano, Denis Loustau, Petr Lukeš, Lars Lundin, Riccardo Marzuoli, Meelis Mölder, Leonardo Montagnani, Johan Neirynck, Matthias Peichl, Corinna Rebmann, Eva Rubio, Margarida Santos-Reis, Crystal Schaaf, Marius Schmidt, Guillaume Simioni, Kamel Soudani, and Caroline Vincke
Biogeosciences, 18, 621–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-621-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-621-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Understory vegetation is the most diverse, least understood component of forests worldwide. Understory communities are important drivers of overstory succession and nutrient cycling. Multi-angle remote sensing enables us to describe surface properties by means that are not possible when using mono-angle data. Evaluated over an extensive set of forest ecosystem experimental sites in Europe, our reported method can deliver good retrievals, especially over different forest types with open canopies.
Jelka Braden-Behrens, Lukas Siebicke, and Alexander Knohl
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-398, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-398, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We use directly measured isotopic compositions and isoforcing values in combination with meteorological data and PBL height information to gain a better understanding of the variability of the isotopic composition of H2Ov. We directly compare the measured changes in isotopic composition with isoforcing-related changes (driven by local evapotranspiration ET). We conclude that it is important to account for PBL height when interpreting isoforcing data.
Christian Markwitz, Alexander Knohl, and Lukas Siebicke
Biogeosciences, 17, 5183–5208, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5183-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5183-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Agroforestry has been shown to alter the microclimate and to lead to higher carbon sequestration above ground and in the soil. In this study, we investigated the impact of agroforestry systems on system-scale evapotranspiration (ET) due to concerns about increased water losses to the atmosphere. Results showed small differences in annual sums of ET over agroforestry relative to monoculture systems, indicating that agroforestry in Germany can be a land use alternative to monoculture agriculture.
Cited articles
Allen, R. G., Tasumi, M., and Trezza, R.: Satellite-Based Energy Balance for
Mapping Evapotranspiration with Internalized Calibration (METRIC)-Model,
J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 133, 380–394,
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2007)133:4(380), 2007.
Armitage, P., Berry, G., and Matthews, J. N. S.: Statistical methods in
medical research, 4th edition, Blackwell Science, Malden, MA, USA, 2001.
Baldocchi, D., Falge, E., Gu, L., Olson, R., Hollinger, D., Running, S.,
Anthoni, P., Bernhofer, C., Davis, K., Evans, R., Fuentes, J., Goldstein,
A., Katul, G., Law, B., Lee, X., Malhi, Y., Meyers, T., Munger, W., Oechel,
W., Paw, U. K. T., Pilegaard, K., Schmid, H. P., Valentini, R., Verma, S.,
Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the
Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water
Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82,
2415–2434, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2415:FANTTS>2.3.CO;2, 2001.
Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., Menenti, M., Feddes, R. A., and Holtslag, A. A. M.: A
remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL). 1.
Formulation, J. Hydrol., 212/213, 198–212,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00253-4, 1998.
Becerra, V. M.: Autonomous control of unmanned aerial vehicles, Electronics,
8, 452, https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8040452, 2019.
Berni, J. A. J., Zarco-Tejada, P. J., Sepulcre-Cantó, G., Fereres, E.,
and Villalobos, F.: Mapping canopy conductance and CWSI in olive orchards
using high resolution thermal remote sensing imagery, Remote Sens. Environ.,
113, 2380–2388, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.06.018, 2009.
Brenner, C., Thiem, C. E., Wizemann, H.-D., Bernhardt, M., and Schulz, K.:
Estimating spatially distributed turbulent heat fluxes from high-resolution
thermal imagery acquired with a UAV system, Int. J. Remote Sens., 38,
3003–3026, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2017.1280202, 2017.
Brenner, C., Zeeman, M., Bernhardt, M., and Schulz, K.: Estimation of
evapotranspiration of temperate grassland based on high-resolution thermal
and visible range imagery from unmanned aerial systems, Int. J. Remote
Sens., 39, 5141–5174, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1471550, 2018.
Brutsaert, W.: Evaporation into the Atmosphere: Theory, history, and
applications, Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710945917, 1982.
Burridge, D. M. and Gadd, A. J.: The Meteorological Office operational
10-level numerical weather prediction model (December 1975), British
Meteorological Office, Bracknell, England, available at:
https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/9853886
(last access: 15 March 2020),
1977.
Campbell, G. S. and Norman, J. M.: An Introduction to Environmental
Biophysics, Springer, New York, USA, 1998.
Castro Aguilar, J. L., Gentle, A. R., Smith, G. B. and Chen, D.: A method to
measure total atmospheric long-wave down-welling radiation using a low cost
infrared thermometer tilted to the vertical, Energy, 81, 233–244,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.035, 2015.
Clough, Y., Krishna, V. V., Corre, M. D., Darras, K., Denmead, L. H.,
Meijide, A., Moser, S., Musshoff, O., Steinebach, S., Veldkamp, E., Allen,
K., Barnes, A. D., Breidenbach, N., Brose, U., Buchori, D., Daniel, R.,
Finkeldey, R., Harahap, I., Hertel, D., Holtkamp, A. M., Hörandl, E.,
Irawan, B., Jaya, I. N. S., Jochum, M., Klarner, B., Knohl, A., Kotowska, M.
M., Krashevska, V., Kreft, H., Kurniawan, S., Leuschner, C., Maraun, M.,
Melati, D. N., Opfermann, N., Pérez-Cruzado, C., Prabowo, W. E.,
Rembold, K., Rizali, A., Rubiana, R., Schneider, D., Tjitrosoedirdjo, S. S.,
Tjoa, A., Tscharntke, T., and Scheu, S.: Land-use choices follow
profitability at the expense of ecological functions in Indonesian
smallholder landscapes, Nat. Commun., 7, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13137,
2016.
Cornbleet, P. J. and Gochman, N.: Incorrect Least-Squares Regression
Coefficients in Method-Comparison Analysis, Clin. Chem., 25, 432–438,
1979.
Deming, W. E.: Statistical adjustment of data, Dover Books Math. Ser., Dover
Publications, New York, USA, 1964.
Drescher, J., Rembold, K., Allen, K., Beckschäfer, P., Buchori, D.,
Clough, Y., Faust, H., Fauzi, A. M., Gunawan, D., Hertel, D., Irawan, B.,
Jaya, I. N. S., Klarner, B., Kleinn, C., Knohl, A., Kotowska, M. M.,
Krashevska, V., Krishna, V., Leuschner, C., Lorenz, W., Meijide, A., Melati,
D., Nomura, M., Pérez-Cruzado, C., Qaim, M., Siregar, I. Z., Steinebach,
S., Tjoa, A., Tscharntke, T., Wick, B., Wiegand, K., Kreft, H., and Scheu,
S.: Ecological and socio-economic functions across tropical land use systems
after rainforest conversion, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 371,
20150275, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0275, 2016.
Ellsäßer, F.: Evapotranspiration measurements and prediction in an oil palm plantation, https://doi.org/10.25625/JY9AFT, Göttingen Research Online/Data, V2, 2020.
Ellsäßer, F., Röll, A., Stiegler, C., Hendrayanto and
Hölscher, D.: Introducing QWaterModel, a QGIS plugin for predicting
evapotranspiration from land surface temperatures, Environ. Model. Softw.,
130, 6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104739, 2020.
Ershadi, A., McCabe, M. F., Evans, J. P., and Walker, J. P.: Effects of
spatial aggregation on the multi-scale estimation of evapotranspiration,
Remote Sens. Environ., 131, 51–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.007, 2013.
Fan, Y., Roupsard, O., Bernoux, M., Le Maire, G., Panferov, O., Kotowska, M. M., and Knohl, A.: A sub-canopy structure for simulating oil palm in the Community Land Model (CLM-Palm): phenology, allocation and yield, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3785–3800, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3785-2015, 2015.
Fisher, J. B., Melton, F., Middleton, E., Hain, C., Anderson, M., Allen, R.,
McCabe, M. F., Hook, S., Baldocchi, D., Townsend, P. A., Kilic, A., Tu, K.,
Miralles, D. D., Perret, J., Lagouarde, J.-P., Waliser, D., Purdy, A. J.,
French, A., Schimel, D., Famiglietti, J. S., Stephens, G., and Wood, E. F.:
The future of evapotranspiration: Global requirements for ecosystem
functioning, carbon and climate feedbacks, agricultural management, and
water resources: The future of evapotranspiration, Water Resour. Res.,
53, 2618–2626, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR020175, 2017.
Foken, T.: THE ENERGY BALANCE CLOSURE PROBLEM: AN OVERVIEW, Ecol. Appl.,
18, 1351–1367, https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0922.1, 2008.
Garratt, J. R.: The Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK, 1992.
Glaister, P.: Least Sq. Revisit. Math. Gaz., 85, 104–107,
https://doi.org/10.2307/3620485, 2001.
Göckede, M., Foken, T., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Banza, J., Bernhofer, C., Bonnefond, J. M., Brunet, Y., Carrara, A., Clement, R., Dellwik, E., Elbers, J., Eugster, W., Fuhrer, J., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Heinesch, B., Janssens, I. A., Knohl, A., Koeble, R., Laurila, T., Longdoz, B., Manca, G., Marek, M., Markkanen, T., Mateus, J., Matteucci, G., Mauder, M., Migliavacca, M., Minerbi, S., Moncrieff, J., Montagnani, L., Moors, E., Ourcival, J.-M., Papale, D., Pereira, J., Pilegaard, K., Pita, G., Rambal, S., Rebmann, C., Rodrigues, A., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M. J., Sedlak, P., Seufert, G., Siebicke, L., Soussana, J. F., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., Verbeeck, H., and Yakir, D.: Quality control of CarboEurope flux data – Part 1: Coupling footprint analyses with flux data quality assessment to evaluate sites in forest ecosystems, Biogeosciences, 5, 433–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-433-2008, 2008.
Guzinski, R., Anderson, M. C., Kustas, W. P., Nieto, H., and Sandholt, I.: Using a thermal-based two source energy balance model with time-differencing to estimate surface energy fluxes with day–night MODIS observations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2809–2825, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2809-2013, 2013.
Guzinski, R., Nieto, H., Jensen, R., and Mendiguren, G.: Remotely sensed land-surface energy fluxes at sub-field scale in heterogeneous agricultural landscape and coniferous plantation, Biogeosciences, 11, 5021–5046, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5021-2014, 2014.
Hansen, M. C., Potapov, P. V., Moore, R., Hancher, M., Turubanova, S. A.,
Tyukavina, A., Thau, D., Stehman, S. V., Goetz, S. J., Loveland, T. R.,
Kommareddy, A., Egorov, A., Chini, L., Justice, C. O., and Townshend, J. R.
G.: High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change,
Science, 342, 850–853, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244693, 2013.
Hoffmann, H., Nieto, H., Jensen, R., Guzinski, R., Zarco-Tejada, P., and Friborg, T.: Estimating evaporation with thermal UAV data and two-source energy balance models, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 697–713, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-697-2016, 2016.
Jones, H. G. and Vaughan, R. A.: Remote sensing of vegetation: principles,
techniques, and applications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK and New York, UK, 2010.
Lapidot, O., Ignat, T., Rud, R., Rog, I., Alchanatis, V., and Klein, T.: Use
of thermal imaging to detect evaporative cooling in coniferous and
broadleaved tree species of the Mediterranean maquis, Agric. For. Meteorol.,
271, 285–294, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.02.014, 2019.
Legendre, P. and Legendre, L.: Numerical Ecology, 2/20 edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2003.
Linnet, K.: Evaluation of Regression Procedures for Method Comparison
Studies, Clin. Chem., 39, 424–432, 1993.
Manuilova, E., Schuetzenmeister, A., and Model, F.: mcr: Method Comparison
Regression, available at:
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mcr/index.html last access: 8 January 2020.
Marchese, M., Moheddine, A., and Patrone, F.: IoT and UAV Integration in 5G
Hybrid Terrestrial-Satellite Networks, Sensors, 19, 3704,
https://doi.org/10.3390/s19173704, 2019.
Margono, B. A., Turubanova, S., Zhuravleva, I., Potapov, P., Tyukavina, A.,
Baccini, A., Goetz, S., and Hansen, M. C.: Mapping and monitoring
deforestation and forest degradation in Sumatra (Indonesia) using Landsat
time series data sets from 1990 to 2010, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 034010,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034010, 2012.
Mauder, M. and Foken, T.: Impact of post-field data processing on eddy
covariance flux estimates and energy balance closure, Meteorol. Z., 15,
597–609, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0167, 2006.
Meijide, A., Röll, A., Fan, Y., Herbst, M., Niu, F., Tiedemann, F.,
June, T., Rauf, A., Hölscher, D., and Knohl, A.: Controls of water and
energy fluxes in oil palm plantations: Environmental variables and oil palm
age, Agric. For. Meteorol., 239, 71–85,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.02.034, 2017.
Oki, T. and Kanae, S.: Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources,
Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 313, 1068–1072, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128845,
2006.
Ortega-Farías, S., Ortega-Salazar, S., Poblete, T., Kilic, A., Allen,
R., Poblete-Echeverría, C., Ahumada-Orellana, L., Zuñiga, M., and
Sepúlveda, D.: Estimation of Energy Balance Components over a
Drip-Irrigated Olive Orchard Using Thermal and Multispectral Cameras Placed
on a Helicopter-Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), Remote Sens., 8,
638, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8080638, 2016.
Pan, X., Liu, Y., Fan, X., and Gan, G.: Two energy balance closure
approaches: applications and comparisons over an oasis-desert ecotone, J.
Arid Land, 9, 51–64, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-016-0063-2, 2017.
Passing, H. and Bablok, W.: A New Biometrical Procedure for Testing the
Equality of Measurements from Two Different Analytical Methods. Application
of linear regression procedures for method comparison studies in Clinical
Chemistry, Part I, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 21, 709–720,
https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm.1983.21.11.709, 1983.
Prudhomme, C., Giuntoli, I., Robinson, E. L., Clark, D. B., Arnell, N. W.,
Dankers, R., Fekete, B. M., Franssen, W., Gerten, D., Gosling, S. N.,
Hagemann, S., Hannah, D. M., Kim, H., Masaki, Y., Satoh, Y., Stacke, T.,
Wada, Y., and Wisser, D.: Hydrological droughts in the 21st century, hotspots
and uncertainties from a global multimodel ensemble experiment, P. Natl.
Acad. Sci., 111, 3262–3267, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222473110, 2014.
R Development Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, available at: https://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 30 October 2020), 2019.
Röll, A., Niu, F., Meijide, A., Ahongshangbam, J., Ehbrecht, M.,
Guillaume, T., Gunawan, D., Hardanto, A., Hendrayanto Hertel, D., Kotowska,
M. M., Kreft, H., Kuzyakov, Y., Leuschner, C., Nomura, M., Polle, A.,
Rembold, K., Sahner, J., Seidel, D., Zemp, D. C., Knohl, A., and
Hölscher, D.: Transpiration on the rebound in lowland Sumatra, Agric.
For. Meteorol., 274, 160–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.04.017, 2019.
Sabajo, C. R., le Maire, G., June, T., Meijide, A., Roupsard, O., and Knohl, A.: Expansion of oil palm and other cash crops causes an increase of the land surface temperature in the Jambi province in Indonesia, Biogeosciences, 14, 4619–4635, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4619-2017, 2017.
Still, C., Powell, R., Aubrecht, D., Kim, Y., Helliker, B., Roberts, D.,
Richardson, A. D., and Goulden, M.: Thermal imaging in plant and ecosystem
ecology: applications and challenges, Ecosphere, 10, e02768,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2768, 2019.
Stoy, P. C., Mauder, M., Foken, T., Marcolla, B., Boegh, E., Ibrom, A.,
Arain, M. A., Arneth, A., Aurela, M., Bernhofer, C., Cescatti, A., Dellwik,
E., Duce, P., Gianelle, D., van Gorsel, E., Kiely, G., Knohl, A., Margolis,
H., McCaughey, H., Merbold, L., Montagnani, L., Papale, D., Reichstein, M.,
Saunders, M., Serrano-Ortiz, P., Sottocornola, M., Spano, D., Vaccari, F.,
and Varlagin, A.: A data-driven analysis of energy balance closure across
FLUXNET research sites: The role of landscape scale heterogeneity, Agric.
For. Meteorol., 171/172, 137–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.11.004,
2013.
Suomalainen, J., Hakala, T., Alves de Oliveira, R., Markelin, L., Viljanen,
N., Näsi, R., and Honkavaara, E.: A Novel Tilt Correction Technique for
Irradiance Sensors and Spectrometers On-Board Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,
Remote Sens., 10, 2068, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122068, 2018.
Tarigan, S., Wiegand, K., Sunarti, and Slamet, B.: Minimum forest cover required for sustainable water flow regulation of a watershed: a case study in Jambi Province, Indonesia, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 581–594, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-581-2018, 2018.
Timmermans, W. J., Kustas, W. P., and Andreu, A.: Utility of an Automated
Thermal-Based Approach for Monitoring Evapotranspiration, Acta Geophys.,
63, 1571–1608, https://doi.org/10.1515/acgeo-2015-0016, 2015.
Twine, T. E., Kustas, W. P., Norman, J. M., Cook, D. R., Houser, P. R.,
Meyers, T. P., Prueger, J. H., Starks, P. J., and Wesely, M. L.: Correcting
eddy-covariance flux underestimates over a grassland, Agric. For. Meteorol.,
103, 279–300, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00123-4, 2000.
Xia, T., Kustas, W. P., Anderson, M. C., Alfieri, J. G., Gao, F., McKee, L., Prueger, J. H., Geli, H. M. E., Neale, C. M. U., Sanchez, L., Alsina, M. M., and Wang, Z.: Mapping evapotranspiration with high-resolution aircraft imagery over vineyards using one- and two-source modeling schemes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1523–1545, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1523-2016, 2016.
Short summary
Recording land surface temperatures using drones offers new options to predict evapotranspiration based on energy balance models. This study compares predictions from three energy balance models with the eddy covariance method. A model II Deming regression indicates interchangeability for latent heat flux estimates from certain modeling methods and eddy covariance measurements. This complements the available methods for evapotranspiration studies by fine grain and spatially explicit assessments.
Recording land surface temperatures using drones offers new options to predict...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint