Articles | Volume 6, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2397-2009
© Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2397-2009
© Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Dissolved iron (II) in the Baltic Sea surface water and implications for cyanobacterial bloom development
E. Breitbarth
Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Marine Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
Luleå University of Technology, Division of Applied Geology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
J. Gelting
Luleå University of Technology, Division of Applied Geology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
J. Walve
Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
L. J. Hoffmann
Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Marine Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 461, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
D. R. Turner
Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Marine Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
M. Hassellöv
Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Marine Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
J. Ingri
Luleå University of Technology, Division of Applied Geology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Coastal Ocean
Temporal and spatial evolution of bottom-water hypoxia in the St Lawrence estuarine system
Significant nutrient consumption in the dark subsurface layer during a diatom bloom: a case study on Funka Bay, Hokkaido, Japan
Contrasts in dissolved, particulate, and sedimentary organic carbon from the Kolyma River to the East Siberian Shelf
Sediment quality assessment in an industrialized Greek coastal marine area (western Saronikos Gulf)
Limits and CO2 equilibration of near-coast alkalinity enhancement
Role of phosphorus in the seasonal deoxygenation of the East China Sea shelf
Interannual variability of the initiation of the phytoplankton growing period in two French coastal ecosystems
Spatio-temporal distribution, photoreactivity and environmental control of dissolved organic matter in the sea-surface microlayer of the eastern marginal seas of China
Metabolic alkalinity release from large port facilities (Hamburg, Germany) and impact on coastal carbon storage
A Numerical reassessment of the Gulf of Mexico carbon system in connection with the Mississippi River and global ocean
Observed and projected global warming pressure on coastal hypoxia
Benthic alkalinity fluxes from coastal sediments of the Baltic and North seas: comparing approaches and identifying knowledge gaps
Investigating the effect of nickel concentration on phytoplankton growth to assess potential side-effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement
Unprecedented summer hypoxia in southern Cape Cod Bay: an ecological response to regional climate change?
Interannual variabilities, long-term trends, and regulating factors of low-oxygen conditions in the coastal waters off Hong Kong
Zooplankton community succession and trophic links during a mesocosm experiment in the coastal upwelling off Callao Bay (Peru)
Production and accumulation of reef framework by calcifying corals and macroalgae on a remote Indian Ocean Cay
Causes of the extensive hypoxia in the Gulf of Riga in 2018
Trawling effects on biogeochemical processes are mediated by fauna in high-energy biogenic-reef-inhabited coastal sediments
Drought recorded by Ba∕Ca in coastal benthic foraminifera
A nitrate budget of the Bohai Sea based on an isotope mass balance model
Suspended particulate matter drives the spatial segregation of nitrogen turnover along the hyper-turbid Ems estuary
Marine CO2 system variability along the northeast Pacific Inside Passage determined from an Alaskan ferry
Reviews and syntheses: Spatial and temporal patterns in seagrass metabolic fluxes
Mixed layer depth dominates over upwelling in regulating the seasonality of ecosystem functioning in the Peruvian upwelling system
Temporal dynamics of surface ocean carbonate chemistry in response to natural and simulated upwelling events during the 2017 coastal El Niño near Callao, Peru
Pelagic primary production in the coastal Mediterranean Sea: variability, trends, and contribution to basin-scale budgets
Contrasting patterns of carbon cycling and dissolved organic matter processing in two phytoplankton–bacteria communities
Biophysical controls on seasonal changes in the structure, growth, and grazing of the size-fractionated phytoplankton community in the northern South China Sea
Seasonal dispersal of fjord meltwaters as an important source of iron and manganese to coastal Antarctic phytoplankton
Modeling cyanobacteria life cycle dynamics and historical nitrogen fixation in the Baltic Proper
Simultaneous assessment of oxygen- and nitrate-based net community production in a temperate shelf sea from a single ocean glider
Reviews and syntheses: Physical and biogeochemical processes associated with upwelling in the Indian Ocean
Particulate organic carbon dynamics in the Gulf of Lion shelf (NW Mediterranean) using a coupled hydrodynamic–biogeochemical model
Technical note: Novel triple O2 sensor aquatic eddy covariance instrument with improved time shift correction reveals central role of microphytobenthos for carbon cycling in coral reef sands
Long-term spatiotemporal variations in and expansion of low-oxygen conditions in the Pearl River estuary: a study synthesizing observations during 1976–2017
Fe-binding organic ligands in coastal and frontal regions of the western Antarctic Peninsula
Temporal variability and driving factors of the carbonate system in the Aransas Ship Channel, TX, USA: a time series study
Nitrogen loss processes in response to upwelling in a Peruvian coastal setting dominated by denitrification – a mesocosm approach
Retracing hypoxia in Eckernförde Bight (Baltic Sea)
The impact of the freeze–melt cycle of land-fast ice on the distribution of dissolved organic matter in the Laptev and East Siberian seas (Siberian Arctic)
The fate of upwelled nitrate off Peru shaped by submesoscale filaments and fronts
Coastal processes modify projections of some climate-driven stressors in the California Current System
Upwelling-induced trace gas dynamics in the Baltic Sea inferred from 8 years of autonomous measurements on a ship of opportunity
Destruction and reinstatement of coastal hypoxia in the South China Sea off the Pearl River estuary
Hypersaline tidal flats as important “blue carbon” systems: a case study from three ecosystems
Drivers and impact of the seasonal variability of the organic carbon offshore transport in the Canary upwelling system
Organic carbon densities and accumulation rates in surface sediments of the North Sea and Skagerrak
An observation-based evaluation and ranking of historical Earth system model simulations in the northwest North Atlantic Ocean
Characterizing the origins of dissolved organic carbon in coastal seawater using stable carbon isotope and light absorption characteristics
Mathilde Jutras, Alfonso Mucci, Gwenaëlle Chaillou, William A. Nesbitt, and Douglas W. R. Wallace
Biogeosciences, 20, 839–849, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-839-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-839-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The deep waters of the lower St Lawrence Estuary and gulf have, in the last decades, experienced a strong decline in their oxygen concentration. Below 65 µmol L-1, the waters are said to be hypoxic, with dire consequences for marine life. We show that the extent of the hypoxic zone shows a seven-fold increase in the last 20 years, reaching 9400 km2 in 2021. After a stable period at ~ 65 µmol L⁻¹ from 1984 to 2019, the oxygen level also suddenly decreased to ~ 35 µmol L-1 in 2020.
Sachi Umezawa, Manami Tozawa, Yuichi Nosaka, Daiki Nomura, Hiroji Onishi, Hiroto Abe, Tetsuya Takatsu, and Atsushi Ooki
Biogeosciences, 20, 421–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-421-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-421-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted repetitive observations in Funka Bay, Japan, during the spring bloom 2019. We found nutrient concentration decreases in the dark subsurface layer during the bloom. Incubation experiments confirmed that diatoms could consume nutrients at a substantial rate, even in darkness. We concluded that the nutrient reduction was mainly caused by nutrient consumption by diatoms in the dark.
Dirk Jong, Lisa Bröder, Tommaso Tesi, Kirsi H. Keskitalo, Nikita Zimov, Anna Davydova, Philip Pika, Negar Haghipour, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Jorien E. Vonk
Biogeosciences, 20, 271–294, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With this study, we want to highlight the importance of studying both land and ocean together, and water and sediment together, as these systems function as a continuum, and determine how organic carbon derived from permafrost is broken down and its effect on global warming. Although on the one hand it appears that organic carbon is removed from sediments along the pathway of transport from river to ocean, it also appears to remain relatively ‘fresh’, despite this removal and its very old age.
Georgia Filippi, Manos Dassenakis, Vasiliki Paraskevopoulou, and Konstantinos Lazogiannis
Biogeosciences, 20, 163–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-163-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-163-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The pollution of the western Saronikos Gulf from heavy metals has been examined through the study of marine sediment cores. It is a deep gulf (maximum depth 440 m) near Athens affected by industrial and volcanic activity. Eight cores were received from various stations and depths and analysed for their heavy metal content and geochemical characteristics. The results were evaluated by using statistical methods, environmental indicators and comparisons with old data.
Jing He and Michael D. Tyka
Biogeosciences, 20, 27–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-27-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-27-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) has gained interest as a scalable way to address the urgent need for negative CO2 emissions. In this paper we examine the capacity of different coastlines to tolerate alkalinity enhancement and the time scale of CO2 uptake following the addition of a given quantity of alkalinity. The results suggest that OAE has significant potential and identify specific favorable and unfavorable coastlines for its deployment.
Arnaud Laurent, Haiyan Zhang, and Katja Fennel
Biogeosciences, 19, 5893–5910, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5893-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5893-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Changjiang is the main terrestrial source of nutrients to the East China Sea (ECS). Nutrient delivery to the ECS has been increasing since the 1960s, resulting in low oxygen (hypoxia) during phytoplankton decomposition in summer. River phosphorus (P) has increased less than nitrogen, and therefore, despite the large nutrient delivery, phytoplankton growth can be limited by the lack of P. Here, we investigate this link between P limitation, phytoplankton production/decomposition, and hypoxia.
Coline Poppeschi, Guillaume Charria, Anne Daniel, Romaric Verney, Peggy Rimmelin-Maury, Michaël Retho, Eric Goberville, Emilie Grossteffan, and Martin Plus
Biogeosciences, 19, 5667–5687, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5667-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5667-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper aims to understand interannual changes in the initiation of the phytoplankton growing period (IPGP) in the current context of global climate changes over the last 20 years. An important variability in the timing of the IPGP is observed with a trend towards a later IPGP during this last decade. The role and the impact of extreme events (cold spells, floods, and wind burst) on the IPGP is also detailed.
Lin Yang, Jing Zhang, Anja Engel, and Gui-Peng Yang
Biogeosciences, 19, 5251–5268, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5251-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5251-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Enrichment factors of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the eastern marginal seas of China exhibited a significant spatio-temporal variation. Photochemical and enrichment processes co-regulated DOM enrichment in the sea-surface microlayer (SML). Autochthonous DOM was more frequently enriched in the SML than terrestrial DOM. DOM in the sub-surface water exhibited higher aromaticity than that in the SML.
Mona Norbisrath, Johannes Pätsch, Kirstin Dähnke, Tina Sanders, Gesa Schulz, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 19, 5151–5165, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5151-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5151-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Total alkalinity (TA) regulates the oceanic storage capacity of atmospheric CO2. TA is also metabolically generated in estuaries and influences coastal carbon storage through its inflows. We used water samples and identified the Hamburg port area as the one with highest TA generation. Of the overall riverine TA load, 14 % is generated within the estuary. Using a biogeochemical model, we estimated potential effects on the coastal carbon storage under possible anthropogenic and climate changes.
Le Zhang and Z. George Xue
Biogeosciences, 19, 4589–4618, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4589-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4589-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We adopt a high-resolution carbon model for the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and calculate the decadal trends of important carbon system variables in the GoM from 2001 to 2019. The GoM surface CO2 values experienced a steady increase over the past 2 decades, and the ocean surface pH is declining. Although carbonate saturation rates remain supersaturated with aragonite, they show a slightly decreasing trend. The northern GoM is a stronger carbon sink than we thought.
Michael M. Whitney
Biogeosciences, 19, 4479–4497, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4479-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4479-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal hypoxia is a major environmental problem of increasing severity. The 21st-century projections analyzed indicate global coastal waters will warm and experience rapid declines in oxygen. The forecasted median coastal trends for increasing sea surface temperature and decreasing oxygen capacity are 48 % and 18 % faster than the rates observed over the last 4 decades. Existing hypoxic areas are expected to worsen, and new hypoxic areas likely will emerge under these warming-related pressures.
Bryce Van Dam, Nele Lehmann, Mary A. Zeller, Andreas Neumann, Daniel Pröfrock, Marko Lipka, Helmuth Thomas, and Michael Ernst Böttcher
Biogeosciences, 19, 3775–3789, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3775-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3775-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified sediment–water exchange at shallow sites in the North and Baltic seas. We found that porewater irrigation rates in the former were approximately twice as high as previously estimated, likely driven by relatively high bioirrigative activity. In contrast, we found small net fluxes of alkalinity, ranging from −35 µmol m−2 h−1 (uptake) to 53 µmol m−2 h−1 (release). We attribute this to low net denitrification, carbonate mineral (re-)precipitation, and sulfide (re-)oxidation.
Jiaying Abby Guo, Robert Strzepek, Anusuya Willis, Aaron Ferderer, and Lennart Thomas Bach
Biogeosciences, 19, 3683–3697, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3683-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3683-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a CO2 removal method with significant potential, but it can lead to a perturbation of the ocean with trace metals such as nickel. This study tested the effect of increasing nickel concentrations on phytoplankton growth and photosynthesis. We found that the response to nickel varied across the 11 phytoplankton species tested here, but the majority were rather insensitive. We note, however, that responses may be different under other experimental conditions.
Malcolm E. Scully, W. Rockwell Geyer, David Borkman, Tracy L. Pugh, Amy Costa, and Owen C. Nichols
Biogeosciences, 19, 3523–3536, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3523-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3523-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For two consecutive summers, the bottom waters in southern Cape Cod Bay became severely depleted of dissolved oxygen. Low oxygen levels in bottom waters have never been reported in this area before, and this unprecedented occurrence is likely the result of a new algae species that recently began blooming during the late-summer months. We present data suggesting that blooms of this new species are the result of regional climate change including warmer waters and changes in summer winds.
Zheng Chen, Bin Wang, Chuang Xu, Zhongren Zhang, Shiyu Li, and Jiatang Hu
Biogeosciences, 19, 3469–3490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Deterioration of low-oxygen conditions in the coastal waters off Hong Kong was revealed by monitoring data over two decades. The declining wind forcing and the increasing nutrient input contributed significantly to the areal expansion and intense deterioration of low-oxygen conditions. Also, the exacerbated eutrophication drove a shift in the dominant source of organic matter from terrestrial inputs to in situ primary production, which has probably led to an earlier onset of hypoxia in summer.
Patricia Ayón Dejo, Elda Luz Pinedo Arteaga, Anna Schukat, Jan Taucher, Rainer Kiko, Helena Hauss, Sabrina Dorschner, Wilhelm Hagen, Mariona Segura-Noguera, and Silke Lischka
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-157, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-157, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean upwelling regions are highly productive. With ocean warming, severe changes in upwelling frequency and/or intensity and expansion of accompanying oxygen minimum zones are projected. In a field experiment off Peru, we investigated how different upwelling intensities affect the pelagic food web and found failed reproduction of dominant zooplankton. Therefore, changes projected could severely impact reproductive success of zooplankton communities and the pelagic food web in upwelling regions.
M. James McLaughlin, Cindy Bessey, Gary A. Kendrick, John Keesing, and Ylva S. Olsen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-467, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-467, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Coral reefs face increasing pressures from environmental change at present. The coral reef physical framework is formed through the production of calcium carbonate by corals, crustose coralline algae (CCA), and other calcifying algae. The Kimberley bioregion, located in the northern part of Western Australia, has largely escaped land-based anthropogenic impacts and this study provides important data on reef building processes we are lacking from an undisturbed set of marine habitats.
Stella-Theresa Stoicescu, Jaan Laanemets, Taavi Liblik, Māris Skudra, Oliver Samlas, Inga Lips, and Urmas Lips
Biogeosciences, 19, 2903–2920, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal basins with high input of nutrients often suffer from oxygen deficiency. In summer 2018, the extent of oxygen depletion was exceptional in the Gulf of Riga. We analyzed observational data and found that extensive oxygen deficiency appeared since the water layer close to the seabed, where oxygen is consumed, was separated from the surface layer. The problem worsens if similar conditions restricting vertical transport of oxygen occur more frequently in the future.
Justin C. Tiano, Jochen Depestele, Gert Van Hoey, João Fernandes, Pieter van Rijswijk, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 19, 2583–2598, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2583-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2583-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study gives an assessment of bottom trawling on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics in a location known for its strong currents and variable habitats. Although trawl gears only removed the top 1 cm of the seabed surface, impacts on reef-building tubeworms significantly decreased carbon and nutrient cycling. Lighter trawls slightly reduced the impact on fauna and nutrients. Tubeworms were strongly linked to biogeochemical and faunal aspects before but not after trawling.
Inda Brinkmann, Christine Barras, Tom Jilbert, Tomas Næraa, K. Mareike Paul, Magali Schweizer, and Helena L. Filipsson
Biogeosciences, 19, 2523–2535, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2523-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2523-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The concentration of the trace metal barium (Ba) in coastal seawater is a function of continental input, such as riverine discharge. Our geochemical records of the severely hot and dry year 2018, and following wet year 2019, reveal that prolonged drought imprints with exceptionally low Ba concentrations in benthic foraminiferal calcium carbonates of coastal sediments. This highlights the potential of benthic Ba / Ca to trace past climate extremes and variability in coastal marine records.
Shichao Tian, Birgit Gaye, Jianhui Tang, Yongming Luo, Wenguo Li, Niko Lahajnar, Kirstin Dähnke, Tina Sanders, Tianqi Xiong, Weidong Zhai, and Kay-Christian Emeis
Biogeosciences, 19, 2397–2415, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2397-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2397-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We constrain the nitrogen budget and in particular the internal sources and sinks of nitrate in the Bohai Sea by using a mass-based and dual stable isotope approach based on δ15N and δ18O of nitrate. Based on available mass fluxes and isotope data an updated nitrogen budget is proposed. Compared to previous estimates, it is more complete and includes the impact of the interior cycle (nitrification) on the nitrate pool. The main external nitrogen sources are rivers contributing 19.2 %–25.6 %.
Gesa Schulz, Tina Sanders, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, Yoana G. Voynova, Andreas Schöl, and Kirstin Dähnke
Biogeosciences, 19, 2007–2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2007-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2007-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Estuaries can significantly alter nutrient loads before reaching coastal waters. Our study of the heavily managed Ems estuary (Northern Germany) reveals three zones of nitrogen turnover along the estuary with water-column denitrification in the most upstream hyper-turbid part, nitrate production in the middle reaches and mixing/nitrate uptake in the North Sea. Suspended particulate matter was the overarching control on nitrogen cycling in the hyper-turbid estuary.
Wiley Evans, Geoffrey T. Lebon, Christen D. Harrington, Yuichiro Takeshita, and Allison Bidlack
Biogeosciences, 19, 1277–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1277-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1277-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Information on the marine carbon dioxide system along the northeast Pacific Inside Passage has been limited. To address this gap, we instrumented an Alaskan ferry in order to characterize the marine carbon dioxide system in this region. Data over a 2-year period were used to assess drivers of the observed variability, identify the timing of severe conditions, and assess the extent of contemporary ocean acidification as well as future levels consistent with a 1.5 °C warmer climate.
Melissa Ward, Tye L. Kindinger, Heidi K. Hirsh, Tessa M. Hill, Brittany M. Jellison, Sarah Lummis, Emily B. Rivest, George G. Waldbusser, Brian Gaylord, and Kristy J. Kroeker
Biogeosciences, 19, 689–699, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-689-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-689-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we synthesize the results from 62 studies reporting in situ rates of seagrass metabolism to highlight spatial and temporal variability in oxygen fluxes and inform efforts to use seagrass to mitigate ocean acidification. Our analyses suggest seagrass meadows are generally autotrophic and variable in space and time, and the effects on seawater oxygen are relatively small in magnitude.
Tianfei Xue, Ivy Frenger, A. E. Friederike Prowe, Yonss Saranga José, and Andreas Oschlies
Biogeosciences, 19, 455–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-455-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-455-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Peruvian system supports 10 % of the world's fishing yield. In the Peruvian system, wind and earth’s rotation bring cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface and allow phytoplankton to grow. But observations show that it grows worse at high upwelling. Using a model, we find that high upwelling happens when air mixes the water the most. Then phytoplankton is diluted and grows slowly due to low light and cool upwelled water. This study helps to estimate how it might change in a warming climate.
Shao-Min Chen, Ulf Riebesell, Kai G. Schulz, Elisabeth von der Esch, Eric P. Achterberg, and Lennart T. Bach
Biogeosciences, 19, 295–312, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-295-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-295-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen minimum zones in the ocean are characterized by enhanced carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and are being further acidified by increasing anthropogenic atmospheric CO2. Here we report CO2 system measurements in a mesocosm study offshore Peru during a rare coastal El Niño event to investigate how CO2 dynamics may respond to ongoing ocean deoxygenation. Our observations show that nitrogen limitation, productivity, and plankton community shift play an important role in driving the CO2 dynamics.
Paula Maria Salgado-Hernanz, Aurore Regaudie-de-Gioux, David Antoine, and Gotzon Basterretxea
Biogeosciences, 19, 47–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-47-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-47-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, this study presents the characteristics of primary production in coastal regions of the Mediterranean Sea based on satellite-borne observations for the period 2002–2016. The study concludes that there are significant spatial and temporal variations among different regions. Quantifying primary production is of special importance in the marine food web and in the sequestration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the deep waters.
Samu Elovaara, Eeva Eronen-Rasimus, Eero Asmala, Tobias Tamelander, and Hermanni Kaartokallio
Biogeosciences, 18, 6589–6616, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6589-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6589-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a significant carbon pool in the marine environment. The composition of the DOM pool, as well as its interaction with microbes, is complex, yet understanding it is important for understanding global carbon cycling. This study shows that two phytoplankton species have different effects on the composition of the DOM pool and, through the DOM they produce, on the ensuing microbial community. These communities in turn have different effects on DOM composition.
Yuan Dong, Qian P. Li, Zhengchao Wu, Yiping Shuai, Zijia Liu, Zaiming Ge, Weiwen Zhou, and Yinchao Chen
Biogeosciences, 18, 6423–6434, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Temporal change of plankton growth and grazing are less known in the coastal ocean, not to mention the relevant controlling mechanisms. Here, we performed monthly size-specific dilution experiments outside a eutrophic estuary over a 1-year cycle. Phytoplankton growth was correlated to nutrients and grazing mortality to total chlorophyll a. A selective grazing on small cells may be important for maintaining high abundance of large-chain-forming diatoms in this eutrophic system.
Kiefer O. Forsch, Lisa Hahn-Woernle, Robert M. Sherrell, Vincent J. Roccanova, Kaixuan Bu, David Burdige, Maria Vernet, and Katherine A. Barbeau
Biogeosciences, 18, 6349–6375, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6349-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6349-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We show that for an unperturbed cold western Antarctic Peninsula fjord, the seasonality of iron and manganese is linked to the dispersal of metal-rich meltwater sources. Geochemical measurements of trace metals in meltwaters, porewaters, and seawater, collected during two expeditions, showed a seasonal cycle of distinct sources. Finally, model results revealed that the dispersal of surface meltwater and meltwater plumes originating from under the glacier is sensitive to katabatic wind events.
Jenny Hieronymus, Kari Eilola, Malin Olofsson, Inga Hense, H. E. Markus Meier, and Elin Almroth-Rosell
Biogeosciences, 18, 6213–6227, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6213-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6213-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Dense blooms of cyanobacteria occur every summer in the Baltic Proper and can add to eutrophication by their ability to turn nitrogen gas into dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Being able to correctly estimate the size of this nitrogen fixation is important for management purposes. In this work, we find that the life cycle of cyanobacteria plays an important role in capturing the seasonality of the blooms as well as the size of nitrogen fixation in our ocean model.
Tom Hull, Naomi Greenwood, Antony Birchill, Alexander Beaton, Matthew Palmer, and Jan Kaiser
Biogeosciences, 18, 6167–6180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6167-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6167-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The shallow shelf seas play a large role in the global cycling of CO2 and also support large fisheries. We use an autonomous underwater vehicle in the central North Sea to measure the rates of change in oxygen and nutrients.
Using these data we determine the amount of carbon dioxide taken out of the atmosphere by the sea and measure how productive the region is.
These observations will be useful for improving our predictive models and help us predict and adapt to a changing ocean.
Puthenveettil Narayana Menon Vinayachandran, Yukio Masumoto, Michael J. Roberts, Jenny A. Huggett, Issufo Halo, Abhisek Chatterjee, Prakash Amol, Garuda V. M. Gupta, Arvind Singh, Arnab Mukherjee, Satya Prakash, Lynnath E. Beckley, Eric Jorden Raes, and Raleigh Hood
Biogeosciences, 18, 5967–6029, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5967-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5967-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Upwelling in the coastal ocean triggers biological productivity and thus enhances fisheries. Therefore, understanding the phenomenon of upwelling and the underlying mechanisms is important. In this paper, the present understanding of the upwelling along the coastline of the Indian Ocean from the coast of Africa all the way up to the coast of Australia is reviewed. The review provides a synthesis of the physical processes associated with upwelling and its impact on the marine ecosystem.
Gaël Many, Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, and Patrick Marsaleix
Biogeosciences, 18, 5513–5538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5513-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5513-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Gulf of Lion shelf is one of the most productive areas in the Mediterranean. A model is used to study the mechanisms that drive the particulate organic carbon (POC). The model reproduces the annual cycle of primary production well. The shelf appears as an autotrophic ecosystem with a high production and as a source of POC for the adjacent basin. The increase in temperature induced by climate change could impact the trophic status of the shelf.
Alireza Merikhi, Peter Berg, and Markus Huettel
Biogeosciences, 18, 5381–5395, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5381-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5381-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The aquatic eddy covariance technique is a powerful method for measurements of solute fluxes across the sediment–water interface. Data measured by conventional eddy covariance instruments require a time shift correction that can result in substantial flux errors. We introduce a triple O2 sensor eddy covariance instrument that by design eliminates these errors. Deployments next to a conventional instrument in the Florida Keys demonstrate the improvements achieved through the new design.
Jiatang Hu, Zhongren Zhang, Bin Wang, and Jia Huang
Biogeosciences, 18, 5247–5264, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5247-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5247-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In situ observations over 42 years were used to explore the long-term changes to low-oxygen conditions in the Pearl River estuary. Apparent expansion of the low-oxygen conditions in summer was identified, primarily due to the combined effects of increased anthropogenic inputs and decreased sediment load. Large areas of severe low-oxygen events were also observed in early autumn and were formed by distinct mechanisms. The estuary seems to be growing into a seasonal, estuary-wide hypoxic zone.
Indah Ardiningsih, Kyyas Seyitmuhammedov, Sylvia G. Sander, Claudine H. Stirling, Gert-Jan Reichart, Kevin R. Arrigo, Loes J. A. Gerringa, and Rob Middag
Biogeosciences, 18, 4587–4601, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4587-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4587-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Organic Fe speciation is investigated along a natural gradient of the western Antarctic Peninsula from an ice-covered shelf to the open ocean. The two major fronts in the region affect the distribution of ligands. The excess ligands not bound to dissolved Fe (DFe) comprised up to 80 % of the total ligand concentrations, implying the potential to solubilize additional Fe input. The ligands on the shelf can increase the DFe residence time and fuel local primary production upon ice melt.
Melissa R. McCutcheon, Hongming Yao, Cory J. Staryk, and Xinping Hu
Biogeosciences, 18, 4571–4586, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4571-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4571-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used 5+ years of discrete samples and 10 months of hourly sensor measurements to explore temporal variability and environmental controls on pH and pCO2 at the Aransas Ship Channel. Seasonal and diel variability were both present but small compared to other regions in the literature. Despite the small tidal range, tidal control often surpassed biological control. In comparison with sensor data, discrete samples were generally representative of mean annual and seasonal carbonate chemistry.
Kai G. Schulz, Eric P. Achterberg, Javier Arístegui, Lennart T. Bach, Isabel Baños, Tim Boxhammer, Dirk Erler, Maricarmen Igarza, Verena Kalter, Andrea Ludwig, Carolin Löscher, Jana Meyer, Judith Meyer, Fabrizio Minutolo, Elisabeth von der Esch, Bess B. Ward, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 18, 4305–4320, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters to the surface make eastern boundary upwelling systems hot spots of marine productivity. This leads to subsurface oxygen depletion and the transformation of bioavailable nitrogen into inert N2. Here we quantify nitrogen loss processes following a simulated deep water upwelling. Denitrification was the dominant process, and budget calculations suggest that a significant portion of nitrogen that could be exported to depth is already lost in the surface ocean.
Heiner Dietze and Ulrike Löptien
Biogeosciences, 18, 4243–4264, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4243-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4243-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years fish-kill events caused by oxygen deficit have been reported in Eckernförde Bight (Baltic Sea). This study sets out to understand the processes causing respective oxygen deficits by combining high-resolution coupled ocean circulation biogeochemical modeling, monitoring data, and artificial intelligence.
Jens A. Hölemann, Bennet Juhls, Dorothea Bauch, Markus Janout, Boris P. Koch, and Birgit Heim
Biogeosciences, 18, 3637–3655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3637-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3637-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic Ocean receives large amounts of river water rich in terrestrial dissolved organic matter (tDOM), which is an important component of the Arctic carbon cycle. Our analysis shows that mixing of three major freshwater sources is the main factor that regulates the distribution of tDOM concentrations in the Siberian shelf seas. In this context, the formation and melting of the land-fast ice in the Laptev Sea and the peak spring discharge of the Lena River are of particular importance.
Jaard Hauschildt, Soeren Thomsen, Vincent Echevin, Andreas Oschlies, Yonss Saranga José, Gerd Krahmann, Laura A. Bristow, and Gaute Lavik
Biogeosciences, 18, 3605–3629, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3605-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3605-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we quantify the subduction of upwelled nitrate due to physical processes on the order of several kilometers in the coastal upwelling off Peru and its effect on primary production. We also compare the prepresentation of these processes in a high-resolution simulation (~2.5 km) with a more coarsely resolved simulation (~12 km). To do this, we combine high-resolution shipboard observations of physical and biogeochemical parameters with a complex biogeochemical model configuration.
Samantha A. Siedlecki, Darren Pilcher, Evan M. Howard, Curtis Deutsch, Parker MacCready, Emily L. Norton, Hartmut Frenzel, Jan Newton, Richard A. Feely, Simone R. Alin, and Terrie Klinger
Biogeosciences, 18, 2871–2890, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2871-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2871-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Future ocean conditions can be simulated using projected trends in fossil fuel use paired with Earth system models. Global models generally do not include local processes important to coastal ecosystems. These coastal processes can alter the degree of change projected. Higher-resolution models that include local processes predict modified changes in carbon stressors when compared to changes projected by global models in the California Current System.
Erik Jacobs, Henry C. Bittig, Ulf Gräwe, Carolyn A. Graves, Michael Glockzin, Jens D. Müller, Bernd Schneider, and Gregor Rehder
Biogeosciences, 18, 2679–2709, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2679-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2679-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use a unique data set of 8 years of continuous carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) surface water measurements from a commercial ferry to study upwelling in the Baltic Sea. Its seasonality and regional and interannual variability are examined. Strong upwelling events drastically increase local surface CO2 and CH4 levels and are mostly detected in late summer after long periods of impaired mixing. We introduce an extrapolation method to estimate regional upwelling-induced trace gas fluxes.
Yangyang Zhao, Khanittha Uthaipan, Zhongming Lu, Yan Li, Jing Liu, Hongbin Liu, Jianping Gan, Feifei Meng, and Minhan Dai
Biogeosciences, 18, 2755–2775, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2755-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2755-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In situ oxygen consumption rates were estimated for the first time during destruction of coastal hypoxia as disturbed by a typhoon and its reinstatement in the South China Sea off the Pearl River estuary. The reinstatement of summer hypoxia was rapid with a comparable timescale with that of its initial disturbance from frequent tropical cyclones, which has important implications for better understanding the intermittent nature of coastal hypoxia and its prediction in a changing climate.
Dylan R. Brown, Humberto Marotta, Roberta B. Peixoto, Alex Enrich-Prast, Glenda C. Barroso, Mario L. G. Soares, Wilson Machado, Alexander Pérez, Joseph M. Smoak, Luciana M. Sanders, Stephen Conrad, James Z. Sippo, Isaac R. Santos, Damien T. Maher, and Christian J. Sanders
Biogeosciences, 18, 2527–2538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2527-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2527-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Hypersaline tidal flats (HTFs) are coastal ecosystems with freshwater deficits often occurring in arid or semi-arid regions near mangrove supratidal zones with no major fluvial contributions. This study shows that HTFs are important carbon and nutrient sinks which may be significant given their extensive coverage. Our findings highlight a previously unquantified carbon as well as a nutrient sink and suggest that coastal HTF ecosystems could be included in the emerging blue carbon framework.
Giulia Bonino, Elisa Lovecchio, Nicolas Gruber, Matthias Münnich, Simona Masina, and Doroteaciro Iovino
Biogeosciences, 18, 2429–2448, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2429-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2429-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal variations of processes such as upwelling and biological production that happen along the northwestern African coast can modulate the temporal variability of the biological activity of the adjacent open North Atlantic hundreds of kilometers away from the coast thanks to the lateral transport of coastal organic carbon. This happens with a temporal delay, which is smaller than a season up to roughly 500 km from the coast due to the intense transport by small-scale filaments.
Markus Diesing, Terje Thorsnes, and Lilja Rún Bjarnadóttir
Biogeosciences, 18, 2139–2160, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2139-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2139-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The upper 10 cm of the seafloor of the North Sea and Skagerrak contain 231×106 t of carbon in organic form. The Norwegian Trough, the deepest sedimentary basin in the studied area, stands out as a zone of strong organic carbon accumulation with rates on par with neighbouring fjords. Conversely, large parts of the North Sea are characterised by rapid organic carbon degradation and negligible accumulation. This dual character is likely typical for continental shelf sediments worldwide.
Arnaud Laurent, Katja Fennel, and Angela Kuhn
Biogeosciences, 18, 1803–1822, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1803-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1803-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
CMIP5 and CMIP6 models, and a high-resolution regional model, were evaluated by comparing historical simulations with observations in the northwest North Atlantic, a climate-sensitive and biologically productive ocean margin region. Many of the CMIP models performed poorly for biological properties. There is no clear link between model resolution and skill in the global models, but there is an overall improvement in performance in CMIP6 from CMIP5. The regional model performed best.
Heejun Han, Jeomshik Hwang, and Guebuem Kim
Biogeosciences, 18, 1793–1801, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1793-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1793-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The main source of excess DOC occurring in coastal seawater off an artificial lake, which is enclosed by a dike along the western coast of South Korea, was determined using a combination of various biogeochemical tools including DOC and nutrient concentrations, stable carbon isotope, and optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence) of dissolved organic matter in two different seasons (March 2017 and September 2018).
Cited articles
Anderson, M. A. and Morel, F. M. M.: The Influence of Aqueous Iron Chemistry on the Uptake of Iron by the Coastal Diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, Limnol. Oceanogr., 27, 789–813, 1982.
Barbeau, K., Moffett, J. W., Caron, D. A., Croot, P. L., and Erdner, D. L.: Role of protozoan grazing in relieving iron limitation of phytoplankton, Nature, 380, 61–64, 1996.
Barbeau, K., Rue, E. L., Bruland, K. W., and Butler, A.: Photochemical cycling of iron in the surface ocean mediated by microbial iron(III)-binding ligands, Nature, 413, 409–413, 2001.
Barbeau, K., Rue, E. L., Trick, C. G., Bruland, K. T., and Butler, A.: Photochemical reactivity of siderophores produced by marine heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria based on characteristic Fe(III) binding groups, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 1069–1078, 2003.
Barbeau, K.: Photochemistry of organic iron(III) complexing ligands in oceanic systems, Photochem. Photobiol., 82, 1505–1516, https://doi.org/10.1562/2006-06-16-ir-935, 2006.
Bergström, S., Alexandersson, H., Carlsson, B., Josefsson, W., Karlsson, K.-G., and Westring, G.: Climate and hydrology of the Baltic Basin, in: Ecol. Stud.. A systems analysis of the Baltic Sea, Ecol. Stud., 148, 75–112, 2001.
Boyanapalli, R., Bullerjahn, G. S., Pohl, C., Croot, P. L., Boyd, P. W., and McKay, R. M. L.: Luminescent whole-cell cyanobacterial bioreporter for measuring Fe availability in diverse marine environments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 73, 1019–1024, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01670-06, 2007.
Boyd, P. W., Jickells, T., Law, C. S., Blain, S., Boyle, E. A., Buesseler, K. O., Coale, K. H., Cullen, J. J., de Baar, H. J. W., Follows, M., Harvey, M., Lancelot, C., Levasseur, M., Owens, N. P. J., Pollard, R., Rivkin, R. B., Sarmiento, J., Schoemann, V., Smetacek, V., Takeda, S., Tsuda, A., Turner, S., and Watson, A. J.: Mesoscale Iron Enrichment Experiments 1993–2005: Synthesis and Future Directions, Science, 315, 612–617, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1131669, 2007.
Brügmann, L., Bernard, P. C., and Vangrieken, R.: Geochemistry of Suspended Matter from the Baltic Sea 2 - Results of Bulk Trace-Metal Analysis by AAS, Marine Chem., 38, 303-323, 1992.
Brügmann, L., Hallberg, R., Larsson, C., and Loffler, A.: Trace metal speciation in sea and pore water of the Gotland Deep, Baltic Sea, 1994, Appl. Geochem., 13, 359–368, 1998.
Bruland, K. W., Rue, E. L., and Smith, G. J.: Iron and macronutrients in California coastal upwelling regimes: Implications for diatom blooms, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 1661–1674, 2001.
Cabaj, A. and Kosakowska, A.: The marine diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana Kötzing as a producer of siderophore-like substances, Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, 34, 57–72, 2005.
Cabaj, A. and Kosakowska, A.: Iron-dependent growth of and siderophore production by two heterotrophic bacteria isolated from brackish water of the southern Baltic Sea, Microbiol. Res., 164, 570–577, 2009.
Bruland, K. W. and Lohan, M. C.: Controls of Trace Metals in Seawater, in: Treatise on Geochemistry, Pergamon, Oxford, 23–47, 2003.
Clarke, S. E., Stuart, J., and Sandersloehr, J.: Induction of Siderophore Activity in Anabaena spp and Its Moderation of Copper Toxicity, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53, 917–922, 1987.
Croot, P. L. and Johansson, M.: Determination of iron speciation by cathodic stripping voltammetry in seawater using the competing ligand 2-(2-thiazolylazo)-p-cresol (TAC), Electroanalysis, 12, 565–576, 2000.
Croot, P. L., Bowie, A. R., Frew, R. D., Maldonado, M. T., Hall, J. A., Safi, K. A., La Roche, J., Boyd, P. W., and Law, C. S.: Retention of dissolved iron and Fe-II in an iron induced Southern Ocean phytoplankton bloom, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3425–3428, 2001.
Croot, P. L. and Laan, P.: Continuous shipboard determination of Fe(II) in polar waters using flow injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection, Anal. Chim. Acta, 466, 261–273, 2002.
Croot, P. L., Andersson, K., Ozturk, M., and Turner, D. R.: The distribution and speciation of iron along 6 E in the Southern Ocean, Deep Sea Res. II,, 51, 2857–2879, 2004a.
Croot, P. L., Streu, P., Peeken, I., Lochte, K., and Baker, A. R.: Influence of the ITCZ on H2O2 in near surface waters in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31,, L23S04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020154, 2004b.
Croot, P. L., Laan, P., Nishioka, J., Strass, V., Cisewski, B., Boye, M., Timmermans, K. R., Bellerby, R. G., Goldson, L., Nightingale, P., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Spatial and temporal distribution of Fe(II) and H2O2 during EisenEx, an open ocean mescoscale iron enrichment, Marine Chem., 95, 65–88, 2005.
Croot, P. L., Passow, U., Assmy, P., Jansen, S., and Strass, V. H.: Surface active substances in the upper water column during a Southern Ocean Iron Fertilization Experiment (EIFEX), Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L03612, https://doi.org/03610.01029/02006GL028080, 2007.
Croot, P. L., Bluhm, K., Schlosser, C., Streu, P., Breitbarth, E., Frew, R. D., and Ardelan, M. V.: Cycling of Fe(II) in Southern Ocean Iron Mesoscale Enrichment Experiments: EIFEX and SOFEX, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19606, https://doi.org/19610.11029/12008GL035063, 2008.
Dahlqvist, R., Zhang, H., Ingri, J., and Davison, W.: Performance of the diffusive gradients in thin films technique for measuring Ca and Mg in freshwater, Anal. Chim. Acta, 460, 247–256, 2002.
Davison, W. and Zhang, H.: In-Situ Speciation Measurements of Trace Components in Natural-Waters Using Thin-Film Gels, Nature, 367, 546–548, 1994.
de Baar, H. J. W., Boyd, P. W., Coale, K. H., Landry, M. R., Tsuda, A., Assmy, P., Bakker, D. C. E., Bozec, Y., Barber, R. T., Brzezinski, M. A., Buesseler, K. O., Boye, M., Croot, P. L., Gervais, F., Gorbunov, M. Y., Harrison, P. J., Hiscock, W. T., Laan, P., Lancelot, C., Law, C. S., Levasseur, M., Marchetti, A., Millero, F. J., Nishioka, J., Nojiri, Y., van Oijen, T., Riebesell, U., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Saito, H., Takeda, S., Timmermans, K. R., Veldhuis, M. J. W., Waite, A. M., and Wong, C. S.: Synthesis of iron fertilization experiments: From the Iron Age in the Age of Enlightenment, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C09S16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002601, 2005.
Dupont, C. L., Nelson, R. K., Bashir, S., Moffett, J. W., and Ahner, B. A.: Novel copper-binding and nitrogen-rich thiols produced and exuded by Emiliania huxleyi, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 1754–1762, 2004.
Dyrssen, D. and Kremling, K.: Increasing hydrogen sulfide concentration and trace metal behavior in the anoxic Baltic waters, Marine Chem., 30, 193–204, 1990.
Finni, T., Kononen, K., Olsonen, R., and Wallstrom, K.: The history of cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea, AMBIO, 30, 172–178, 2001.
Fonselius, S., Dyrssen, D., and Yhlen, B.: Determination of hydrogen sulfide, in: Methods of Seawater Analysis, edited by: Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., and Ehrhard, M., Wiley-VCH, 91–100, 1999.
Forsberg, J., Dahlqvist, R., Gelting-Nystrom, J., and Ingri, J.: Trace metal speciation in brackish water using diffusive gradients in thin films and ultrafiltration: Comparison of techniques, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3901–3905, 2006.
Franck, V. M., Bruland, K. W., Hutchins, D. A., and Brzezinski, M. A.: Iron and zinc effects on silicic acid and nitrate uptake kinetics in three high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 252, 15–33, 2003.
Gelting, J., Breitbarth, E., Stolpe, B., Hassellöv, M., and Ingri, J.: Fractionation of iron species and iron isotopes in the Baltic Sea euphotic zone, Biogeosciences Discuss., 6, 6491–6537, 2009.
Gerringa, L. J. A., Herman, P. M. J., and Poortvliet, T. C. W.: Comparison of the linear Van den Berg/Ruzic transformation and a non-linear fit of the Langmuir isotherm applied to Cu speciation data in the estuarine environment, Marine Chem., 48, 131–142, 1995.
Gerringa, L. J. A., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Wolterbeek, H. T., Verburg, T. G., Boye, M., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Kinetic study reveals weak Fe-binding ligand, which affects the solubility of Fe in the Scheldt estuary, Marine Chem., 103, 30–45, 2007.
Gonzalez-Davila, M., Santana-Casiano, J. M., and Millero, F. J.: Competition between O-2 and H2O2 in the oxidation of Fe(II) in natural waters, J. Solution Chem., 35, 95–111, 2006.
Gustafsson, O., Widerlund, A., Andersson, P. S., Ingri, J., Roos, P., and Ledin, A.: Colloid dynamics and transport of major elements through a boreal river - brackish bay mixing zone, Marine Chem., 71, 1–21, 2000.
Hagström, A., Azam, F., Kuparinen, J., and Zweifel, U.-L.: Pelagic plankton growth and resource limitations in the Baltic Sea, in: Ecol. Stud. A systems analysis of the Baltic Sea, Ecol. Stud., 148, 177–210, 2001.
Hansen, H. P.: Determination of oxygen, in: Methods of Seawater Analysis, edited by: Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., and Ehrhard, M., Wiley-VCH, 75–89, 1999.
Hassellöv, M.: Relative molar mass distributions of chromophoric colloidal organic matter in coastal seawater determined by Flow Field-Flow Fractionation with UV absorbance and fluorescence detection, Marine Chem., 94, 11-123, 2005.
Hjalmarsson, S., Wesslander, K., Anderson, L. G., Omstedt, A., Perttilä, M., and Mintrop, L.: Distribution, long-term development and mass balance calculation of total alkalinity in the Baltic Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 28, 593–601, 2008.
Hopkinson, B. M., and Barbeau, K. A.: Organic and redox speciation of iron in the eastern tropical North Pacific suboxic zone, Marine Chem., 106, 2–17, 2007.
Humble, A. V., Gadd, G. M., and Codd, G. A.: Binding of copper and zinc to three cyanobacterial microcystins quantified by differential pulse polarography, Water Res., 31, 1679–1686, 1997.
Hutchins, D. A., DiTullio, G. R., Zhang, Y., and Bruland, K. W.: An iron limitation mosaic in the California upwelling regime, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 1037–1054, 1998.
Ingri, J., Nordling, S., Larsson, J., Ronnegard, J., Nilsson, N., Rodushkin, I., Dahlqvist, R., Andersson, P., and Gustafsson, O.: Size distribution of colloidal trace metals and organic carbon during a coastal bloom in the Baltic Sea, Marine Chem., 91, 117–130, 2004.
Johansson, M., Gorokhova, E., and Larsson, U.: Annual variability in ciliate community structure, potential prey and predators in the open northern Baltic Sea proper, J. Plankton Res., 26, 67–80, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbg115, 2004.
Johnson, K. S., Coale, K. H., Elrod, V. A., and Tindale, N. W.: Iron photochemistry in seawater from the equatorial Pacific, Marine Chem., 46, 319–334, 1994.
Kaebernick, M. and Neilan, B. A.: Ecological and molecular investigations of cyanotoxin production, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 35, 1–9, 2006.
Kahru, M., Savchuk, O. P., and Elmgren, R.: Satellite measurements of cyanobacterial bloom frequency in the Baltic Sea: interannual and spatial variability, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 343, 15–23, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps06943, 2007.
Kieber, R. J., Williams, K., Willey, J. D., Skrabal, S., and Avery, G. B.: Iron speciation in coastal rainwater: concentration and deposition to seawater, Marine Chem., 73, 83–95, 2001.
Kieber, R. J., Skrabal, S. A., Smith, B. J., and Willey, J. D.: Organic complexation of Fe(II) and its impact on the redox cycling of iron in rain, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 1576–1583, https://doi.org/10.1021/es040439h, 2005.
Kononen, K., Kuparinen, J., Mäkelä, K., Laanemets, J., Pavelson, J., and Nômmann, S.: Initiation of cyanobacterial blooms in a frontal region at the entrance to the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea., Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 98–112, 1996.
Kuma, K., Nakabayashi, S., Suzuki, Y., Kudo, I., and Matsunaga, K.: Photo-Reduction of Fe (III) by Dissolved Organic-Substances and Existence of Fe (II) in Seawater During Spring Blooms, Marine Chem., 37, 15–27, 1992.
Kuma, K., Nakabayashi, S., and Matsunaga, K.: Photoreduction of Fe(III) by Hydroxycarboxylic Acids in Seawater, Water Res., 29, 1559–1569, 1995.
Kustka, A., Carpenter, E. J., and Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A.: Iron and marine nitrogen fixation: progress and future directions, Res. Microbiol., 153, 255–262, 2002.
Kustka, A., Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S., Carpenter, E. J., Capone, D. G., and Raven, J. A.: A revised estimate of the iron use efficiency of nitrogen fixation, with special reference to the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium spp. (Cyanophyta), J. Phycol., 39, 12–25, 2003a.
Kustka, A. B., Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A., Carpenter, E. J., Capone, D., Burns, J., and Sunda, W. G.: Iron requirements for dinitrogen- and ammonium-supported growth in cultures of Trichodesmium (IMS 101): Comparison with nitrogen fixation rates and iron: carbon ratios of field populations, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 1869–1884, 2003b.
Kustka, A. B., Shaked, Y., Milligan, A. J., King, D. W., and Morel, F. M. M.: Extracellular production of superoxide by marine diatoms: Contrasting effects on iron redox chemistry and bioavailability, Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 1172–1180, 2005.
Laglera, L. M. and van den Berg, C. M. G.: Copper complexation by thiol compounds in estuarine waters, Marine Chem., 82, 71–89, 2003.
Larsson, U., Hajdu, S., Walve, J., and Elmgren, R.: Baltic Sea nitrogen fixation estimated from the summer increase in upper mixed layer total nitrogen, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 811–820, 2001.
Lewis, E. and Wallace, D. W. R.: Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations. ORNL/CDIAC-105. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenessee, 1998.
Maldonado, M. T. and Price, N. M.: Utilization of iron bound to strong organic ligands by plankton communities in the subarctic Pacific Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. II, 46, 2447–2473, 1999.
Maldonado, M. T. and Price, N. M.: Nitrate regulation of Fe reduction and transport by Fe-limited Thalassiosira oceanica, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 814–826, 2000.
Maldonado, M. T. and Price, N. M.: Reduction and transport of organically bound iron by Thalassiosira oceanica (Bacillariophyceae), J. Phycol., 37, 298–309, 2001.
Maldonado, M. T., Strzepek, R. F., Sander, S., and Boyd, P. W.: Acquisition of iron bound to strong organic complexes, with different Fe binding groups and photochemical reactivities, by plankton communities in Fe-limited subantarctic waters, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4S23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002481, 2005.
Mawji, E., Gledhill, M., Milton, J. A., Tarran, G. A., Ussher, S., Thompson, A., Wolff, G. A., Worsfold, P. J., and Achterberg, E. P.: Hydroxamate Siderophores: Occurrence and Importance in the Atlantic Ocean, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 8675–8680, https://doi.org/10.1021/es801884r, 2008.
Meier, H. E. M.: Modeling the pathways and ages of inflowing salt- and freshwater in the Baltic Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 74, 610–627, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.019, 2007.
Menden-Deuer, S. and Lessard, E. J.: Carbon to volume relationships for dinoflagellates, diatoms, and other protist plankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 569–579, 2000.
Millero, F. J., Sotolongo, S., and Izaguirre, M.: The oxidation kinetics of Fe(II) in seawater, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51, 793–801, 1987.
Millero, F. J. and Sotolongo, S.: The oxidation of Fe(II) with H2O2 in seawater, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53, 1867–1873, 1989.
Moffett, J. W., Goeffert, T. J., and Naqvi, S. W. A.: Reduced iron associated with secondary nitrite maxima in the Arabian Sea, Deep-Sea Res. I, 54, 1341–1349, 2007.
Morel, F. M. M., Kustka, A. B., and Shaked, Y.: The role of unchelated Fe in the iron nutrition of phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 400–404, 2008.
Nagai, T., Imai, A., Matsushige, K., Yokoi, K., and Fukushima, T.: Dissolved iron and its speciation in a shallow eutrophic lake and its inflowing rivers, Water Res., 41, 775–784, 2007.
O'Sullivan, D. W., Hanson, A. K., Miller, W. L., and Kester, D. R.: Measurement of Fe(II) in surface water of the equatorial Pacific, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1727–1741, 1991.
Öztürk, M., Steinnes, E., and Sakshaug, E.: Iron Speciation in the Trondheim Fjord from the Perspective of Iron Limitation for Phytoplankton, Estuar. Coas. Shelf S., 55, 197–212, 2002.
Pamatmat, M. M.: Non-photosynthetic oxygen production and non-respiratory oxygen uptake in the dark: a theory of oxygen dynamics in plankton communities, Mar. Biol., 129, 735–746, 1997.
Pempkowiak, J.: The origin of humic substances in the baltic sea evaluated on the basis of chemical properties, Marine Chem., 12, 234–234, 1983.
Pempkowiak, J.: Complexing properties of humic substances isolated from sea water; the contribution of these substances to complexing capacities of water from the Baltic Sea and geochemical implications of this phenomenon, in: Humic Substances in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment, edited by: Allard, B., Borén, H., and Grimvall, A., Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 339–348, https://doi.org/310.1007/BFb0010485, 1991.
Pettersson, C., Allard, B., and Borén, H.: River Discharge of Humic Substances and Humic-bound Metals to the Gulf of Bothnia, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 44, 533–541, 1997a.
Pettersson, C., Rahm, L., Allard, B., and Boren, H.: Photodegradation of aquatic humic substances: An important factor for the Baltic carbon cycle?, Boreal Environ. Res., 2, 209–215, 1997b.
Ploug, H.: Cyanobacterial surface blooms formed by Aphanizomenon sp. and Nodularia spumigena in the Baltic Sea: Small-scale fluxes, pH, and oxygen microenvironments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 914–921, 2008.
Pohl, C. and Hennings, U.: The effect of redox processes on the partitioning of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Mn between dissolved and particulate phases in the Baltic Sea, Marine Chem., 65, 41–53, 1999.
Pohl, C., Löffler, A., and Hennings, U.: A sediment trap flux study for trace metals under seasonal aspects in the stratified Baltic Sea (Gotland Basin; 57 19.20'N; 20 03.00'E), Marine Chem., 84, 143–160, 2004.
Pohl, C. and Hennings, U.: The coupling of long-term trace metal trends to internal trace metal fluxes at the oxic-anoxic interface in the Gotland Basin (57 degrees 19, 20´ N; 20 degrees 03,00´ E) Baltic Sea, J. Marine Syst., 56, 207–225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.10.001, 2005.
Pohl, C., Loffler, A., Schmidt, M., and Seifert, T.: A trace metal (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu) balance for surface waters in the eastern Gotland Basin, Baltic Sea, J. Marine Syst., 60, 381–395, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.02.003, 2006.
Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Gerringa, L. J. A., Carolus, V. E., Velzeboer, I., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Enhancement and inhibition of iron photoreduction by individual ligands in open ocean seawater, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 70, 2790–2805, https://doi.org/2710.1016/j.gca.2006.2703.2004, 2006a.
Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Gerringa, L. J. A., Velzeboer, I., Timmermans, K. R., Buma, A. G. J., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Iron-binding ligands in Dutch estuaries are not affected by UV induced photochemical degradation, Marine Chem., 100, 11–23, 2006b.
Rodushkin, I. and Ruth, T.: Determination of trace metals in estuarine and sea-water reference materials by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 12, 1181–1185, 1997.
Rose, A. L. and Waite, T. D.: Kinetics of iron complexation by dissolved natural organic matter in coastal waters, Marine Chem., 84, 85–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(03)00113-0, 2003.
Rose, A. L., Salmon, T. P., Lukondeh, T., Neilan, B. A., and Waite, T. D.: Use of superoxide as an electron shuttle for iron acquisition by the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 3708–3715, https://doi.org/10.1021/es048766c, 2005.
Roy, E. G., Wells, M. L., and King, D. W.: Persistence of iron(II) in surface waters of the western subarctic Pacific, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 89–98, 2008.
Rue, E. L. and Bruland, K. W.: Complexation of iron(III) by natural organic ligands in the Central North Pacific as determined by a new competitive ligand equilibration/adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric method, Marine Chem., 50, 117–138, 1995.
Salmon, T. P., Rose, A. L., Neilan, B. A., and Waite, T. D.: The FeL model of iron acquisition: Nondissociative reduction of ferric complexes in the marine environment, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 1744–1754, 2006.
Sander, S., Mosley, L. M., and Hunter, K. A.: Investigation of interparticle forces in natural waters: Effects of adsorbed humic acids on iron oxide and alumina surface properties, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 4791–4796, https://doi.org/10.1021/es049602z, 2004.
Santana-Casiano, J. M., Gonzalez-Davila, M., and Millero, F. J.: The role of Fe(II) species on the oxidation of Fe(II) in natural waters in the presence of O2 and H2O2, Marine Chem., 99, 70–82, 2006.
Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A., Kustka, A. B., Gobler, C. J., Hutchins, D. A., Yang, M., Lwiza, K., Burns, J., Capone, D. G., Ravenk, J. A., and Carpenter, E. J.: Phosphorus limitation of nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium in the central Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 411, 66–69, 2001.
Scally, S., Davison, W., and Zhang, H.: Diffusion coefficients of metals and metal complexes in hydrogels used in diffusive gradients in thin films, Anal. Chim. Acta, 558, 222–229, https://doi.org/210.1016/j.aca.2005.1011.1020, 2006.
Schubert, B., Dahke, S., and Schoor, A.: Effects of short-term manipulations in iron nutrition of Nodularia spumigena from near-coast blooms (southern Baltic Sea), 6th Baltic Sea Science Congress/Joint Meeting of the Baltic Marine Biologists/Baltic Oceanographers/Baltic Sea Geologists, Rostock, GERMANY, ISI:000262091600011, S97–S107, 2007.
Shaked, Y., Kustka, A. B., Morel, F. M. M., and Erel, Y.: Simultaneous determination of iron reduction and uptake by phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 2, 137–145, 2004.
Shaked, Y., Kustka, A. B., and Morel, F. M. M.: A general kinetic model for iron acquisition by eukaryotic phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 872–882, 2005.
Sholkovitz, E. R. and Coplan, D.: The coagulation, solubility and adsorption properties of Fe, Mu, Cu, Ni, Cd, Co and humic acids in a river water, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 45, 181–189, 1981.
Skoog, A., Wedborg, M., and Fogelqvist, E.: Photobleaching of fluorescence and the organic carbon concentration in a coastal environment, Marine Chem., 55, 333–345, 1996.
Stal, L. J., Staal, M., and Villbrandt, M.: Nutrient control of cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 18, 165–173, 1999.
Stal, L. J., Albertano, P., Bergman, B., von Brockel, K., Gallon, J. R., Hayes, P. K., Sivonen, K., and Walsby, A. E.: BASIC: Baltic Sea cyanobacteria. An investigation of the structure and dynamics of water blooms of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea - responses to a changing environment, Cont. Shelf Res., 23, 1695–1714, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2003.06.001, 2003.
Stedmon, C. A., Thomas, D. N., Granskog, M., Kaartokallio, H., Papadimitriou, S., and Kuosa, H.: Characteristics of dissolved organic matter in Baltic coastal sea ice: Allochthonous or autochthonous origins?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 7273–7279, https://doi.org/10.1021/es071210f, 2007.
Steigenberger, S., Statham, P. J., Völker, C., and Passow, U.: The role of polysaccharides and diatom exudates in the redox cycling of Fe and the photoproduction of hydrogen peroxide in coastal seawaters, Biogeosciences Discuss., 6, 7789–7819, 2009.
Stolte, W., Balode, M., Carlsson, P., Grzebyk, D., Janson, S., Lips, I., Panosso, R., Ward, C. J., and Graneli, E.: Stimulation of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in a Baltic Sea plankton community by land-derived organic matter or iron addition, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 327, 71–82, 2006.
Strady, E., Pohl, C., Yakushev, E. V., Kruger, S., and Hennings, U.: PUMP-CTD-System for trace metal sampling with a high vertical resolution. A test in the Gotland Basin, Baltic Sea, Chemosphere, 70, 1309–1319, 2008.
Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A.: Iron uptake and growth limitation in oceanic and coastal phytoplankton, Marine Chem., 50, 189–206, 1995.
Sunda, W. G.: Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation of Iron in the Sea, in: The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater, edited by: Turner, D. R., and Hunter, K. A., John Wiley and Sons Ltd., West Sussex, England, 396 pp., 2001.
Utkilen, H. and Gjolme, N.: Iron-Stimulated Toxin Production in Microcystis-Aeruginosa, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61, 797–800, 1995.
Vähätalo, A. V. and Zepp, R. G.: Photochemical mineralization of dissolved organic nitrogen to ammonium in the Baltic Sea, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 6985–6992, https://doi.org/10.1021/es050142z, 2005.
Walve, J. and Larsson, U.: Blooms of Baltic Sea Aphanizomenon sp (cyanobacteria) collapse after internal phosphorus depletion, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 49, 57–69, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01130, 2007.
Wells, M. L. and Mayer, L. M.: The Photoconversion of Colloidal Iron Oxyhydroxides in Seawater, Deep-Sea Res. I, 38, 1379–1395, 1991.
Wells, M. L., Mayer, L. M., Donard, O. F. X., Sierra, M. M. D., and Ackelson, S. G.: The photolysis of colloidal iron in the oceans, Nature, 353, 248–250, 1991.
Wells, M. L.: A neglected dimension, Nature, 391, 530–531, 1998.
Wells, M. L., Smith, J. G., and Bruland, K. W.: The distribution of colloidal and particulate bioactive metals in Narragansett Bay, RI Marine Chem., 71, 143–163, 2000.
Wilhelm, S. W., Maxwell, D. P., and Trick, C. G.: Growth, iron requirements, and siderophore production in iron-limited Synechococcus PCC 7002, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 89–97, 1996.
Willey, J. D., Kieber, R. J., Seaton, P. J., and Miller, C.: Rainwater as a source of Fe(II)-stabilizing ligands to seawater, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 1678–1684, 2008.
Willey, J. D., Kieber, R. J., and Yavari, J. R.: Fe(II) in coastal rainwater: Changing stability and concentrations, Aquat. Sci., 71, 144–150, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-009-9176-4, 2009.
Yuan, J. C. and Shiller, A. M.: Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection, Anal. Chem., 71, 1975–1980, 1999.
Zhang, H. and Davison, W.: Performance-Characteristics of Diffusion Gradients in Thin-Films for the in-Situ Measurement of Trace-Metals in Aqueous-Solution, Anal. Chem., 67, 3391–3400, 1995.
Zhang, H. and Davison, W.: Diffusional characteristics of hydrogels used in DGT and DET techniques, Anal. Chim. Acta, 398, 329–340, 1999.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint