Articles | Volume 8, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1779-2011
© Author(s) 2011. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1779-2011
© Author(s) 2011. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Reviews and syntheses
| 
08 Jul 2011
Reviews and syntheses |
| 08 Jul 2011
Assessment of the importance of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium for the terrestrial nitrogen cycle
T. Rütting
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
P. Boeckx
Laboratory of Applied Physical Chemistry - ISOFYS, Ghent University, Coupure 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
C. Müller
Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany
School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
L. Klemedtsson
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Stable Isotopes & Other Tracers
Technical note: A Bayesian mixing model to unravel isotopic data and quantify trace gas production and consumption pathways for time series data – Time-resolved FRactionation And Mixing Evaluation (TimeFRAME)
Separating above-canopy CO2 and O2 measurements into their atmospheric and biospheric signatures
Position-specific kinetic isotope effects for nitrous oxide: A new expansion of the Rayleigh model
Climatic controls on leaf wax hydrogen isotope ratios in terrestrial and marine sediments along a hyperarid-to-humid gradient
Fractionation of stable carbon isotopes during microbial propionate consumption in anoxic rice paddy soils
Sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide inferred from tower and mobile atmospheric observations in the Netherlands
Downpour dynamics: outsized impacts of storm events on unprocessed atmospheric nitrate export in an urban watershed
The hidden role of dissolved organic carbon in the biogeochemical cycle of carbon in modern redox-stratified lakes
Biogeochemical processes captured by carbon isotopes in redox-stratified water columns: a comparative study of four modern stratified lakes along an alkalinity gradient
Partitioning of carbon export in the euphotic zone of the oligotrophic South China Sea
Determination of respiration and photosynthesis fractionation factors for atmospheric dioxygen inferred from a vegetation–soil–atmosphere analogue of the terrestrial biosphere in closed chambers
Permafrost degradation and nitrogen cycling in Arctic rivers: insights from stable nitrogen isotope studies
Neodymium budget in the Mediterranean Sea: evaluating the role of atmospheric dusts using a high-resolution dynamical-biogeochemical model
Nitrate isotope investigations reveal future impacts of climate change on nitrogen inputs and cycling in Arctic fjords: Kongsfjorden and Rijpfjorden (Svalbard)
Mineralization of autochthonous particulate organic carbon is a fast channel of organic matter turnover in Germany's largest drinking water reservoir
Carbon isotopic ratios of modern C3 and C4 vegetation on the Indian peninsula and changes along the plant–soil–river continuum – implications for vegetation reconstructions
Controls on nitrite oxidation in the upper Southern Ocean: insights from winter kinetics experiments in the Indian sector
Tracing the source of nitrate in a forested stream showing elevated concentrations during storm events
Intra-skeletal variability in phosphate oxygen isotope composition reveals regional heterothermies in marine vertebrates
Isotopic differences in soil–plant–atmosphere continuum composition and control factors of different vegetation zones on the northern slope of the Qilian Mountains
An analysis of the variability in δ13C in macroalgae from the Gulf of California: indicative of carbon concentration mechanisms and isotope discrimination during carbon assimilation
Summertime productivity and carbon export potential in the Weddell Sea, with a focus on the waters adjacent to Larsen C Ice Shelf
Particulate biogenic barium tracer of mesopelagic carbon remineralization in the Mediterranean Sea (PEACETIME project)
Hydrogen and carbon isotope fractionation factors of aerobic methane oxidation in deep-sea water
Host-influenced geochemical signature in the parasitic foraminifera Hyrrokkin sarcophaga
Comparing modified substrate-induced respiration with selective inhibition (SIRIN) and N2O isotope approaches to estimate fungal contribution to denitrification in three arable soils under anoxic conditions
How are oxygen budgets influenced by dissolved iron and growth of oxygenic phototrophs in an iron-rich spring system? Initial results from the Espan Spring in Fürth, Germany
Stable isotope ratios in seawater nitrate reflect the influence of Pacific water along the northwest Atlantic margin
High-resolution 14C bomb peak dating and climate response analyses of subseasonal stable isotope signals in wood of the African baobab – a case study from Oman
Geographic variability in freshwater methane hydrogen isotope ratios and its implications for global isotopic source signatures
Seasonality of nitrogen sources, cycling, and loading in a New England river discerned from nitrate isotope ratios
Evaluating the response of δ13C in Haloxylon ammodendron, a dominant C4 species in Asian desert ecosystems, to water and nitrogen addition as well as the availability of its δ13C as an indicator of water use efficiency
Modern silicon dynamics of a small high-latitude subarctic lake
Radium-228-derived ocean mixing and trace element inputs in the South Atlantic
Nitrogen isotopic fractionations during nitric oxide production in an agricultural soil
Silicon uptake and isotope fractionation dynamics by crop species
Barium stable isotopes as a fingerprint of biological cycling in the Amazon River basin
Bottomland hardwood forest growth and stress response to hydroclimatic variation: evidence from dendrochronology and tree ring Δ13C values
N2O isotope approaches for source partitioning of N2O production and estimation of N2O reduction – validation with the 15N gas-flux method in laboratory and field studies
Technical note: Single-shell δ11B analysis of Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi using femtosecond laser ablation MC-ICPMS and secondary ion mass spectrometry
Biogeochemical evidence of anaerobic methane oxidation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation in a stratified lake using stable isotopes
Effects of 238U variability and physical transport on water column 234Th downward fluxes in the coastal upwelling system off Peru
Do degree and rate of silicate weathering depend on plant productivity?
Alpine Holocene tree-ring dataset: age-related trends in the stable isotopes of cellulose show species-specific patterns
Ideas and perspectives: The same carbon behaves like different elements – an insight into position-specific isotope distributions
Seasonal dynamics of the COS and CO2 exchange of a managed temperate grassland
Leaf-scale quantification of the effect of photosynthetic gas exchange on Δ17O of atmospheric CO2
The stable carbon isotope signature of methane produced by saprotrophic fungi
Understanding the effects of early degradation on isotopic tracers: implications for sediment source attribution using compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA)
Oxygen isotope composition of waters recorded in carbonates in strong clumped and oxygen isotopic disequilibrium
Eliza Harris, Philipp Fischer, Maciej P. Lewicki, Dominika Lewicka-Szczebak, Stephen J. Harris, and Fernando Perez-Cruz
Biogeosciences, 21, 3641–3663, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3641-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3641-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gases are produced and consumed via a number of pathways. Quantifying these pathways helps reduce the climate and environmental footprint of anthropogenic activities. The contribution of the pathways can be estimated from the isotopic composition, which acts as a fingerprint for these pathways. We have developed the Time-resolved FRactionation And Mixing Evaluation (TimeFRAME) model to simplify interpretation and estimate the contribution of different pathways and their uncertainty.
Kim A. P. Faassen, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Raquel González-Armas, Bert G. Heusinkveld, Ivan Mammarella, Wouter Peters, and Ingrid T. Luijkx
Biogeosciences, 21, 3015–3039, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3015-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3015-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ratio between atmospheric O2 and CO2 can be used to characterize the carbon balance at the surface. By combining a model and observations from the Hyytiälä forest (Finland), we show that using atmospheric O2 and CO2 measurements from a single height provides a weak constraint on the surface CO2 exchange because large-scale processes such as entrainment confound this signal. We therefore recommend always using multiple heights of O2 and CO2 measurements to study surface CO2 exchange.
Elise D. Rivett, Wenjuan Ma, Nathaniel E. Ostrom, and Eric L. Hegg
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-963, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-963, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Many different processes produce nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. Measuring the ratio of heavy and light nitrogen isotopes (15N/14N) for the non-exchangeable central and outer N atoms of N2O helps to distinguish sources of N2O. To accurately calculate the position-specific isotopic preference, we developed an expansion of the widely-used Rayleigh model. Application of our new model to simulated and experimental data demonstrates its improved accuracy for analyzing N2O synthesis.
Nestor Gaviria-Lugo, Charlotte Läuchli, Hella Wittmann, Anne Bernhardt, Patrick Frings, Mahyar Mohtadi, Oliver Rach, and Dirk Sachse
Biogeosciences, 20, 4433–4453, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4433-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4433-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed how leaf wax hydrogen isotopes in continental and marine sediments respond to climate along one of the strongest aridity gradients in the world, from hyperarid to humid, along Chile. We found that under extreme aridity, the relationship between hydrogen isotopes in waxes and climate is non-linear, suggesting that we should be careful when reconstructing past hydrological changes using leaf wax hydrogen isotopes so as to avoid overestimating how much the climate has changed.
Ralf Conrad and Peter Claus
Biogeosciences, 20, 3625–3635, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3625-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3625-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge of carbon isotope fractionation is important for the assessment of the pathways involved in the degradation of organic matter. Propionate is an important intermediate. In the presence of sulfate, it was degraded by Syntrophobacter species via acetate to CO2. In the absence of sulfate, it was mainly consumed by Smithella and methanogenic archaeal species via butyrate and acetate to CH4. However, stable carbon isotope fractionation during the degradation process was quite small.
Alessandro Zanchetta, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Steven van Heuven, Andrea Scifo, Hubertus A. Scheeren, Ivan Mammarella, Ute Karstens, Jin Ma, Maarten Krol, and Huilin Chen
Biogeosciences, 20, 3539–3553, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3539-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3539-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) has been suggested as a tool to estimate carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake by plants during photosynthesis. However, understanding its sources and sinks is critical to preventing biases in this estimate. Combining observations and models, this study proves that regional sources occasionally influence the measurements at the 60 m tall Lutjewad tower (1 m a.s.l.; 53°24′ N, 6°21′ E) in the Netherlands. Moreover, it estimates nighttime COS fluxes to be −3.0 ± 2.6 pmol m−2 s−1.
Joel T. Bostic, David M. Nelson, and Keith N. Eshleman
Biogeosciences, 20, 2485–2498, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2485-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2485-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Land-use changes can affect water quality. We used tracers of pollution sources and water flow paths to show that an urban watershed exports variable sources during storm events relative to a less developed watershed. Our results imply that changing precipitation patterns combined with increasing urbanization may alter sources of pollution in the future.
Robin Havas, Christophe Thomazo, Miguel Iniesto, Didier Jézéquel, David Moreira, Rosaluz Tavera, Jeanne Caumartin, Elodie Muller, Purificación López-García, and Karim Benzerara
Biogeosciences, 20, 2405–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a reservoir of prime importance in the C cycle of both continental and marine systems. It has also been suggested to influence the past Earth climate but is still poorly characterized in ancient-Earth-like environments. In this paper we show how DOC analyses from modern redox-stratified lakes can evidence specific metabolic reactions and environmental factors and how these can help us to interpret the C cycle of specific periods in the Earth's past.
Robin Havas, Christophe Thomazo, Miguel Iniesto, Didier Jézéquel, David Moreira, Rosaluz Tavera, Jeanne Caumartin, Elodie Muller, Purificación López-García, and Karim Benzerara
Biogeosciences, 20, 2347–2367, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2347-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2347-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the C cycle of four modern stratified water bodies from Mexico, a necessary step to better understand the C cycle of primitive-Earth-like environments, which were dominated by these kinds of conditions. We highlight the importance of local external factors on the C cycle of these systems. Notably, they influence the sensitivity of the carbonate record to environmental changes. We also show the strong C-cycle variability among these lakes and their organic C sediment record.
Yifan Ma, Kuanbo Zhou, Weifang Chen, Junhui Chen, Jin-Yu Terence Yang, and Minhan Dai
Biogeosciences, 20, 2013–2030, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2013-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2013-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We distinguished particulate organic carbon (POC) export fluxes out of the nutrient-depleted layer (NDL) and the euphotic zone. The amount of POC export flux at the NDL base suggests that the NDL could be a hotspot of particle export. The substantial POC export flux at the NDL base challenges traditional concepts that the NDL was limited in terms of POC export. The dominant nutrient source for POC export fluxes should be subsurface nutrients, which was determined by 15N isotopic mass balance.
Clémence Paul, Clément Piel, Joana Sauze, Nicolas Pasquier, Frédéric Prié, Sébastien Devidal, Roxanne Jacob, Arnaud Dapoigny, Olivier Jossoud, Alexandru Milcu, and Amaëlle Landais
Biogeosciences, 20, 1047–1062, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1047-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1047-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To improve the interpretation of the δ18Oatm and Δ17O of O2 in air bubbles in ice cores, we need to better quantify the oxygen fractionation coefficients associated with biological processes. We performed a simplified analogue of the terrestrial biosphere in a closed chamber. We found a respiration fractionation in agreement with the previous estimates at the microorganism scale, and a terrestrial photosynthetic fractionation was found. This has an impact on the estimation of the Dole effect.
Adam Francis, Raja S. Ganeshram, Robyn E. Tuerena, Robert G. M. Spencer, Robert M. Holmes, Jennifer A. Rogers, and Claire Mahaffey
Biogeosciences, 20, 365–382, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-365-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-365-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is causing extensive permafrost degradation and nutrient releases into rivers with great ecological impacts on the Arctic Ocean. We focused on nitrogen (N) release from this degradation and associated cycling using N isotopes, an understudied area. Many N species are released at degradation sites with exchanges between species. N inputs from permafrost degradation and seasonal river N trends were identified using isotopes, helping to predict climate change impacts.
Mohamed Ayache, Jean-Claude Dutay, Kazuyo Tachikawa, Thomas Arsouze, and Catherine Jeandel
Biogeosciences, 20, 205–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-205-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-205-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The neodymium (Nd) is one of the most useful tracers to fingerprint water mass provenance. However, the use of Nd is hampered by the lack of adequate quantification of the external sources. Here, we present the first simulation of dissolved Nd concentration and Nd isotopic composition in the Mediterranean Sea using a high-resolution model. We aim to better understand how the various external sources affect the Nd cycle and particularly assess how it is impacted by atmospheric inputs.
Marta Santos-Garcia, Raja S. Ganeshram, Robyn E. Tuerena, Margot C. F. Debyser, Katrine Husum, Philipp Assmy, and Haakon Hop
Biogeosciences, 19, 5973–6002, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5973-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5973-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Terrestrial sources of nitrate are important contributors to the nutrient pool in the fjords of Kongsfjorden and Rijpfjorden in Svalbard during the summer, and they sustain most of the fjord primary productivity. Ongoing tidewater glacier retreat is postulated to favour light limitation and less dynamic circulation in fjords. This is suggested to encourage the export of nutrients to the middle and outer part of the fjord system, which may enhance primary production within and in offshore areas.
Marlene Dordoni, Michael Seewald, Karsten Rinke, Kurt Friese, Robert van Geldern, Jakob Schmidmeier, and Johannes A. C. Barth
Biogeosciences, 19, 5343–5355, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5343-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5343-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Organic matter (OM) turnover into dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was investigated by means of carbon isotope mass balances in Germany's largest water reservoir. This includes a metalimnetic oxygen minimum (MOM). Autochthonous particulate organic carbon (POC) was the main contributor to DIC, with rates that were highest for the MOM. Generally low turnover rates outline the environmental fragility of this water body in the case that OM loads increase due to storm events or land use changes.
Frédérique M. S. A. Kirkels, Hugo J. de Boer, Paulina Concha Hernández, Chris R. T. Martes, Marcel T. J. van der Meer, Sayak Basu, Muhammed O. Usman, and Francien Peterse
Biogeosciences, 19, 4107–4127, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The distinct carbon isotopic values of C3 and C4 plants are widely used to reconstruct past hydroclimate, where more C3 plants reflect wetter and C4 plants drier conditions. Here we examine the impact of regional hydroclimatic conditions on plant isotopic values in the Godavari River basin, India. We find that it is crucial to identify regional plant isotopic values and consider drought stress, which introduces a bias in C3 / C4 plant estimates and associated hydroclimate reconstructions.
Mhlangabezi Mdutyana, Tanya Marshall, Xin Sun, Jessica M. Burger, Sandy J. Thomalla, Bess B. Ward, and Sarah E. Fawcett
Biogeosciences, 19, 3425–3444, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3425-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3425-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in the winter Southern Ocean show a high affinity for nitrite but require a minimum (i.e., "threshold") concentration before they increase their rates of nitrite oxidation significantly. The classic Michaelis–Menten model thus cannot be used to derive the kinetic parameters, so a modified equation was employed that also yields the threshold nitrite concentration. Dissolved iron availability may play an important role in limiting nitrite oxidation.
Weitian Ding, Urumu Tsunogai, Fumiko Nakagawa, Takashi Sambuichi, Hiroyuki Sase, Masayuki Morohashi, and Hiroki Yotsuyanagi
Biogeosciences, 19, 3247–3261, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3247-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3247-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Excessive leaching of nitrate from forested catchments during storm events degrades water quality and causes eutrophication in downstream areas. Thus, tracing the source of nitrate increase during storm events in forested streams is important for sustainable forest management. Based on the isotopic compositions of stream nitrate, including Δ17O, this study clarifies that the source of stream nitrate increase during storm events was soil nitrate in the riparian zone.
Nicolas Séon, Romain Amiot, Guillaume Suan, Christophe Lécuyer, François Fourel, Fabien Demaret, Arnauld Vinçon-Laugier, Sylvain Charbonnier, and Peggy Vincent
Biogeosciences, 19, 2671–2681, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2671-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2671-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed the oxygen isotope composition of bones and teeth of four marine species possessing regional heterothermies. We observed a consistent link between oxygen isotope composition and temperature heterogeneities recorded by classical methods. This opens up new perspectives on the determination of the thermoregulatory strategies of extant marine vertebrates where conventional methods are difficult to apply, but also allows us to investigate thermophysiologies of extinct vertebrates.
Yuwei Liu, Guofeng Zhu, Zhuanxia Zhang, Zhigang Sun, Leilei Yong, Liyuan Sang, Lei Wang, and Kailiang Zhao
Biogeosciences, 19, 877–889, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-877-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-877-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We took the water cycle process of soil–plant–atmospheric precipitation as the research objective. In the water cycle of soil–plant–atmospheric precipitation, precipitation plays the main controlling role. The main source of replenishment for alpine meadow plants is precipitation and alpine meltwater; the main source of replenishment for forest plants is soil water; and the plants in the arid foothills mainly use groundwater.
Roberto Velázquez-Ochoa, María Julia Ochoa-Izaguirre, and Martín Federico Soto-Jiménez
Biogeosciences, 19, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our research is the first approximation to understand the δ13C macroalgal variability in one of the most diverse marine ecosystems in the world, the Gulf of California. The life-form is the principal cause of δ13C macroalgal variability, mainly taxonomy. However, changes in habitat characteristics and environmental conditions also influence the δ13C macroalgal variability. The δ13C macroalgae is indicative of carbon concentration mechanisms and isotope discrimination during carbon assimilation.
Raquel F. Flynn, Thomas G. Bornman, Jessica M. Burger, Shantelle Smith, Kurt A. M. Spence, and Sarah E. Fawcett
Biogeosciences, 18, 6031–6059, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6031-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6031-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biological activity in the shallow Weddell Sea affects the biogeochemistry of recently formed deep waters. To investigate the drivers of carbon and nutrient export, we measured rates of primary production and nitrogen uptake, characterized the phytoplankton community, and estimated nutrient depletion ratios across the under-sampled western Weddell Sea in mid-summer. Carbon export was highest at the ice shelves and was determined by a combination of physical, chemical, and biological factors.
Stéphanie H. M. Jacquet, Christian Tamburini, Marc Garel, Aurélie Dufour, France Van Vambeke, Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne, Nagib Bhairy, and Sophie Guasco
Biogeosciences, 18, 5891–5902, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5891-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5891-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We compared carbon remineralization rates (MRs) in the western and central Mediterranean Sea in late spring during the PEACETIME cruise, as assessed using the barium tracer. We reported higher and deeper (up to 1000 m depth) MRs in the western basin, potentially sustained by an additional particle export event driven by deep convection. The central basin is the site of a mosaic of blooming and non-blooming water masses and showed lower MRs that were restricted to the upper mesopelagic layer.
Shinsuke Kawagucci, Yohei Matsui, Akiko Makabe, Tatsuhiro Fukuba, Yuji Onishi, Takuro Nunoura, and Taichi Yokokawa
Biogeosciences, 18, 5351–5362, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5351-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5351-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios of methane as well as the relevant biogeochemical parameters and microbial community compositions in hydrothermal plumes in the Okinawa Trough were observed. We succeeded in simultaneously determining hydrogen and carbon isotope fractionation factors associated with aerobic oxidation of methane in seawater (εH = 49.4 ± 5.0 ‰, εC = 5.2 ± 0.4 ‰) – the former being the first of its kind ever reported.
Nicolai Schleinkofer, David Evans, Max Wisshak, Janina Vanessa Büscher, Jens Fiebig, André Freiwald, Sven Härter, Horst R. Marschall, Silke Voigt, and Jacek Raddatz
Biogeosciences, 18, 4733–4753, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4733-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4733-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have measured the chemical composition of the carbonate shells of the parasitic foraminifera Hyrrokkin sarcophaga in order to test if it is influenced by the host organism (bivalve or coral). We find that both the chemical and isotopic composition is influenced by the host organism. For example strontium is enriched in foraminifera that grew on corals, whose skeleton is built from aragonite, which is naturally enriched in strontium compared to the bivalves' calcite shell.
Lena Rohe, Traute-Heidi Anderson, Heinz Flessa, Anette Goeske, Dominika Lewicka-Szczebak, Nicole Wrage-Mönnig, and Reinhard Well
Biogeosciences, 18, 4629–4650, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4629-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4629-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first experimental setup combining a complex set of methods (microbial inhibitors and isotopic approaches) to differentiate between N2O produced by fungi or bacteria during denitrification in three soils. Quantifying the fungal fraction with inhibitors was not successful due to large amounts of uninhibited N2O production. All successful methods suggested a small or missing fungal contribution. Artefacts occurring with microbial inhibition to determine N2O fluxes are discussed.
Inga Köhler, Raul E. Martinez, David Piatka, Achim J. Herrmann, Arianna Gallo, Michelle M. Gehringer, and Johannes A. C. Barth
Biogeosciences, 18, 4535–4548, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4535-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4535-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how high Fe(II) levels influence the O2 budget of a circum-neutral Fe(II)-rich spring and if a combined study of dissolved O (DO) and its isotopic composition can help assess this effect. We showed that dissolved Fe(II) can exert strong effects on the δ18ODO even though a constant supply of atmospheric O2 occurs. In the presence of photosynthesis, direct effects of Fe oxidation become masked. Critical Fe(II) concentrations indirectly control the DO by enhancing photosynthesis.
Owen A. Sherwood, Samuel H. Davin, Nadine Lehmann, Carolyn Buchwald, Evan N. Edinger, Moritz F. Lehmann, and Markus Kienast
Biogeosciences, 18, 4491–4510, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4491-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4491-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Pacific water flowing eastward through the Canadian Arctic plays an important role in redistributing nutrients to the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Using samples collected from northern Baffin Bay to the southern Labrador Shelf, we show that stable isotopic ratios in seawater nitrate reflect the fraction of Pacific to Atlantic water. These results provide a new framework for interpreting patterns of nitrogen isotopic variability recorded in modern and archival organic materials in the region.
Franziska Slotta, Lukas Wacker, Frank Riedel, Karl-Uwe Heußner, Kai Hartmann, and Gerhard Helle
Biogeosciences, 18, 3539–3564, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The African baobab is a challenging climate and environmental archive for its semi-arid habitat due to dating uncertainties and parenchyma-rich wood anatomy. Annually resolved F14C data of tree-ring cellulose (1941–2005) from a tree in Oman show the annual character of the baobab’s growth rings but were up to 8.8 % lower than expected for 1964–1967. Subseasonal δ13C and δ18O patterns reveal years with low average monsoon rain as well as heavy rainfall events from pre-monsoonal cyclones.
Peter M. J. Douglas, Emerald Stratigopoulos, Sanga Park, and Dawson Phan
Biogeosciences, 18, 3505–3527, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3505-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3505-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrogen isotopes could be a useful tool to help resolve the geographic distribution of methane emissions from freshwater environments. We analyzed an expanded global dataset of freshwater methane hydrogen isotope ratios and found significant geographic variation linked to water isotopic composition. This geographic variability could be used to resolve changing methane fluxes from freshwater environments and provide more accurate estimates of the relative balance of global methane sources.
Veronica R. Rollinson, Julie Granger, Sydney C. Clark, Mackenzie L. Blanusa, Claudia P. Koerting, Jamie M. P. Vaudrey, Lija A. Treibergs, Holly C. Westbrook, Catherine M. Matassa, Meredith G. Hastings, and Craig R. Tobias
Biogeosciences, 18, 3421–3444, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3421-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3421-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We measured nutrients and the naturally occurring nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) stable isotope ratios of nitrate discharged from a New England river over an annual cycle, to monitor N loading and identify dominant sources from the watershed. We uncovered a seasonality to loading and sources of N from the watershed. Seasonality in the nitrate isotope ratios also informed on N cycling, conforming to theoretical expectations of riverine nutrient cycling.
Zixun Chen, Xuejun Liu, Xiaoqing Cui, Yaowen Han, Guoan Wang, and Jiazhu Li
Biogeosciences, 18, 2859–2870, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2859-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2859-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
δ13C in plants is a sensitive long-term indicator of physiological acclimatization. The present study suggests that precipitation change and increasing atmospheric N deposition have little impact on δ13C of H. ammodendron, a dominant plant in central Asian deserts, but affect its gas exchange. In addition, this study shows that δ13C of H. ammodendron could not indicate its water use efficiency (WUE), suggesting that whether δ13C of C4 plants indicates WUE is species-specific.
Petra Zahajská, Carolina Olid, Johanna Stadmark, Sherilyn C. Fritz, Sophie Opfergelt, and Daniel J. Conley
Biogeosciences, 18, 2325–2345, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2325-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2325-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The drivers of high accumulation of single-cell siliceous algae (diatoms) in a high-latitude lake have not been fully characterized before. We studied silicon cycling of the lake through water, radon, silicon, and stable silicon isotope balances. Results showed that groundwater brings 3 times more water and dissolved silica than the stream inlet. We demonstrate that groundwater discharge and low sediment deposition have driven the high diatom accumulation in the studied lake in the past century.
Yu-Te Hsieh, Walter Geibert, E. Malcolm S. Woodward, Neil J. Wyatt, Maeve C. Lohan, Eric P. Achterberg, and Gideon M. Henderson
Biogeosciences, 18, 1645–1671, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1645-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1645-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The South Atlantic near 40° S is one of the high-productivity and most dynamic nutrient regions in the oceans, but the sources and fluxes of trace elements (TEs) to this region remain unclear. This study investigates seawater Ra-228 and provides important constraints on ocean mixing and dissolved TE fluxes to this region. Vertical mixing is a more important source than aeolian or shelf inputs in this region, but particulate or winter deep-mixing inputs may be required to balance the TE budgets.
Zhongjie Yu and Emily M. Elliott
Biogeosciences, 18, 805–829, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-805-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-805-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we demonstrated distinct nitrogen isotope effects for nitric oxide (NO) production from major microbial and chemical NO sources in an agricultural soil. These results highlight characteristic bond-forming and breaking mechanisms associated with microbial and chemical NO production and implicate that simultaneous isotopic analyses of NO and nitrous oxide (N2O) can lead to unprecedented insights into the sources and processes controlling NO and N2O emissions from agricultural soils.
Daniel A. Frick, Rainer Remus, Michael Sommer, Jürgen Augustin, Danuta Kaczorek, and Friedhelm von Blanckenburg
Biogeosciences, 17, 6475–6490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6475-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6475-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Silicon is taken up by some plants to increase structural stability and to develop stress resistance and is rejected by others. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we used the stable isotopes of silicon that shift in their relative abundance depending on the biochemical transformation involved. On species with a rejective (tomato, mustard) and active (wheat) uptake mechanism, grown in hydroculture, we found that the transport of silicic acid is controlled by the precipitation of biogenic opal.
Quentin Charbonnier, Julien Bouchez, Jérôme Gaillardet, and Éric Gayer
Biogeosciences, 17, 5989–6015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5989-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5989-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The abundance and isotope composition of the trace metal barium (Ba) allows us to track and quantify nutrient cycling throughout the Amazon Basin. In particular, we show that the Ba biological fingerprint evolves from that of a strong net nutrient uptake in the mountainous area of the Andes towards efficient nutrient recycling on the plains of the Lower Amazon. Our study highlights the fact that the geochemical signature of rock-derived nutrients transported by the Amazon is scarred by life.
Ajinkya G. Deshpande, Thomas W. Boutton, Ayumi Hyodo, Charles W. Lafon, and Georgianne W. Moore
Biogeosciences, 17, 5639–5653, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5639-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5639-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Wetland forests in the southern USA are threatened by changing climate and human-induced pressures. We used tree ring widths and C isotopes as indicators of forest growth and physiological stress, respectively, and compared these to past climate data. We observed that vegetation growing in the drier patches is susceptible to stress, while vegetation growth and physiology in wetter patches is less sensitive to unfavorable environmental conditions, highlighting the importance of optimal wetness.
Dominika Lewicka-Szczebak, Maciej Piotr Lewicki, and Reinhard Well
Biogeosciences, 17, 5513–5537, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5513-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5513-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first validation of N2O isotopic approaches for estimating N2O source pathways and N2O reduction. These approaches are widely used for tracing soil nitrogen cycling, but the results of these estimations are very uncertain. Here we report the results from parallel treatments allowing for precise validation of these approaches, and we propose the best strategies for results interpretation, including the new idea of an isotope model integrating three isotopic signatures of N2O.
Markus Raitzsch, Claire Rollion-Bard, Ingo Horn, Grit Steinhoefel, Albert Benthien, Klaus-Uwe Richter, Matthieu Buisson, Pascale Louvat, and Jelle Bijma
Biogeosciences, 17, 5365–5375, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5365-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5365-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The isotopic composition of boron in carbonate shells of marine unicellular organisms is a popular tool to estimate seawater pH. Usually, many shells need to be dissolved and measured for boron isotopes, but the information on their spatial distribution is lost. Here, we investigate two techniques that allow for measuring boron isotopes within single shells and show that they yield robust mean values but provide additional information on the heterogeneity within and between single shells.
Florian Einsiedl, Anja Wunderlich, Mathieu Sebilo, Ömer K. Coskun, William D. Orsi, and Bernhard Mayer
Biogeosciences, 17, 5149–5161, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5149-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5149-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrate pollution of freshwaters and methane emissions into the atmosphere are crucial factors in deteriorating the quality of drinking water and in contributing to global climate change. Here, we report vertical concentration and stable isotope profiles of CH4, NO3-, NO2-, and NH4+ in the water column of Fohnsee (southern Bavaria, Germany) that may indicate linkages between nitrate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation and the anaerobic oxidation of ammonium.
Ruifang C. Xie, Frédéric A. C. Le Moigne, Insa Rapp, Jan Lüdke, Beat Gasser, Marcus Dengler, Volker Liebetrau, and Eric P. Achterberg
Biogeosciences, 17, 4919–4936, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4919-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4919-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Thorium-234 (234Th) is widely used to study carbon fluxes from the surface ocean to depth. But few studies stress the relevance of oceanic advection and diffusion on the downward 234Th fluxes in nearshore environments. Our study in offshore Peru showed strong temporal variations in both the importance of physical processes on 234Th flux estimates and the oceanic residence time of 234Th, whereas salinity-derived seawater 238U activities accounted for up to 40 % errors in 234Th flux estimates.
Ralf A. Oeser and Friedhelm von Blanckenburg
Biogeosciences, 17, 4883–4917, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4883-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4883-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a novel strategy to decipher the relative impact of biogenic and abiotic drivers of weathering. We parameterized the nutrient fluxes in four ecosystems along a climate and vegetation gradient situated on the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. We investigated how nutrient demand by plants drives weathering. We found that the increase in biomass nutrient demand is accommodated by faster nutrient recycling rather than an increase in the weathering–release rates.
Tito Arosio, Malin M. Ziehmer, Kurt Nicolussi, Christian Schlüchter, and Markus Leuenberger
Biogeosciences, 17, 4871–4882, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4871-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4871-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Stable isotopes in tree-ring cellulose are tools for climatic reconstructions, but interpretation is challenging due to nonclimate trends. We analyzed the tree-age trends in tree-ring isotopes of deciduous larch and evergreen cembran pine. Samples covering the whole Holocene were collected at the tree line in the Alps. For cambial ages over 100 years, we prove the absence of age trends in δD, δ18O, and δ13C for both species. For lower cambial ages, trends differ for each isotope and species.
Yuyang He, Xiaobin Cao, and Huiming Bao
Biogeosciences, 17, 4785–4795, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4785-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4785-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Different carbon sites in a large organic molecule have different isotope compositions. Different carbon sites may not have the chance to exchange isotopes at all. The lack of appreciation of this notion might be blamed for an unsettled debate on the thermodynamic state of an organism. Here we demonstrate using minerals, N2O, and acetic acid that the dearth of exchange among different carbon sites renders them as independent as if they were different elements in organic molecules.
Felix M. Spielmann, Albin Hammerle, Florian Kitz, Katharina Gerdel, and Georg Wohlfahrt
Biogeosciences, 17, 4281–4295, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4281-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4281-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) can be used as a proxy for plant photosynthesis on an ecosystem scale. However, the relationships between COS and CO2 fluxes and their dependence on daily to seasonal changes in environmental drivers are still poorly understood. We examined COS and CO2 ecosystem fluxes above an agriculturally used mountain grassland for 6 months. Harvesting of the grassland disturbed the otherwise stable COS-to-CO2 uptake ratio. We even found the canopy to release COS during those times.
Getachew Agmuas Adnew, Thijs L. Pons, Gerbrand Koren, Wouter Peters, and Thomas Röckmann
Biogeosciences, 17, 3903–3922, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3903-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3903-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the effect of photosynthesis, the largest flux in the carbon cycle, on the triple oxygen isotope composition of atmospheric CO2 at the leaf level during gas exchange using three plant species. The main factors that limit the impact of land vegetation on the triple oxygen isotope composition of atmospheric CO2 are identified, characterized and discussed. The effect of photosynthesis on the isotopic composition of CO2 is commonly quantified as discrimination (ΔA).
Moritz Schroll, Frank Keppler, Markus Greule, Christian Eckhardt, Holger Zorn, and Katharina Lenhart
Biogeosciences, 17, 3891–3901, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3891-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3891-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fungi have recently been identified to produce the greenhouse gas methane. Here, we investigated the stable carbon isotope values of methane produced by saprotrophic fungi. Our results show that stable isotope values of methane from fungi are dependent on the fungal species and the metabolized substrate. They cover a broad range and overlap with stable carbon isotope values of methane reported for methanogenic archaea, the thermogenic degradation of organic matter, and other eukaryotes.
Pranav Hirave, Guido L. B. Wiesenberg, Axel Birkholz, and Christine Alewell
Biogeosciences, 17, 2169–2180, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2169-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2169-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Sediment input into water bodies is a prominent threat to freshwater ecosystems. We tested the stability of tracers employed in freshwater sediment tracing based on compound-specific isotope analysis during early degradation in soil. While bulk δ13C values showed no stability, δ13C values of plant-derived fatty acids and n-alkanes were stably transferred to the soil without soil particle size dependency after an early degradation in organic horizons, thus indicating their suitability as tracers.
Caroline Thaler, Amandine Katz, Magali Bonifacie, Bénédicte Ménez, and Magali Ader
Biogeosciences, 17, 1731–1744, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1731-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1731-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Paleoenvironment reconstructions, retrieved from δ18O and Δ47 values measured in carbonate, are compromised when crystallization occurs in isotopic disequilibrium. We show that some paleoenvironmental information can still be retrieved from these paired disequilibrium Δ47 and δ18O values. The possibility of retrieving information on paleowaters, sediments' interstitial waters, or organisms' body water at the carbonate precipitation loci will help understand past Earth and life evolution.
Cited articles
Ambus, P., Mosier, A. R., and Christensen, S.: Nitrogen turnover rates in a riparian fen determined by 15N dilution, Biol. Fertil. Soil., 14, 230–236, 1992.
Barraclough, D.: The direct or MIT route for nitrogen immobilization: a 15N mirror image study with leucine and glycine, Soil Biol. Biochem., 29, 101–108, 1997.
Behrendt, U., Schumann, P., Stieglmeier, M., Pukall, R., Augustin, J., Spröer, C., Schwendner, P., Moissl-Eichinger, C., and Andreas, U.: Characterization of heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria with respiratory ammonification and denitrification activity – Description of \it Paenibacillus uliginis sp. nov., an inhabitant of fen peat soil and {\it Paenibacillus purispatii }sp. nov., isolated from a spacecraft assembly clean room, Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 33, 328–336, 2010.
Bengtsson, G. and Bergwall, C.: Fate of 15N labelled nitrate and ammonium in a fertilized forest soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 32, 545–557, 2000.
Bleakley, B. H. and Tiedje, J. M.: Nitrous oxide production by organisms other than nitrifiers or denitrifiers, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 44, 1342–1348, 1982.
Brunel, B., Janse, J. D., Laanbroek, H. J., and Woldendorp, J. W.: Effect of transient oxic conditions on the composition of the nitrate-reducing community from the rhizosphere of \it Typha angustifolia, Microbial Ecology, 24, 51-61, 1992.
Brunet, R. C. and Garcia-Gill, L. J.: Sulfide-induced dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia in anaerobic freshwater sediments, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 21, 131–138, 1996.
Buresh, R. J. and Patrick, W. H., Jr.: Nitrate reduction to ammonium in anaerobic soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 42, 913–918, 1978.
Burgin, A. J. and Hamilton, S. K.: Have we overemphasized the role of denitrification in aquatic ecosystems? A review of nitrate removal pathways, Frontier in Ecology and Environment, 5, 89–96, 2007.
Burger, M. and Jackson, L. E.: Plant and microbial use and turnover: rapid conversion of nitrate to ammonium in soil with roots, Plant Soil, 266, 289–301, 2004.
Caskey, W. H. and Tiedje, J. M.: Evidence for {\it Clostridia }as agents of dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium in soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 43, 931–936, 1979.
Chen, D. L., Chalk, P. M., and Freney, J. R.: Distribution of reduced products of 15N-labelled nitrate in anaerobic soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 27, 1539–1545, 1995.
Cole, J. A.: Assimilatory and dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonia, in: The Nitrogen and Sulphur Cycles, edited by: Cole, J. A. and Ferguson, S. J., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 281–329, 1988.
Cole, J. A.: Physiology, biochemistry and genetics of nitrate dissimilation to ammonia, in: Denitrification in Soil and Sediment, edited by: Revsbech, N. P., and Sørensen, J., Plenum Press, New York, USA, 57–76, 1990.
Cole, J. A. and Brown, C. M.: Nitrite reduction to ammonia by fermentative bacteria: a short circuit in the biological nitrogen cycle, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 7, 65–72, 1980.
Cookson, W. R., Müller, C., O'Brien, P. A., Murphy, D. V., and Grierson, P. F.: Nitrogen dynamics in an Australian semi-arid grassland soil, Ecology, 87, 2047–2057, 2006.
Davidson, T. E. and Ståhl, M.: The influence of organic carbon on nitrogen transformations in five wetland soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Ame. J., 64, 1129–1136, 2000.
Davis, J. H., Griffith, S. M., Horwath, W. R., Steiner, J. J., and Myrold, D. D.: Denitrification and nitrate consumption in an herbaceous riparian area and perennial ryegrass seed cropping system, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 72, 1299–1310, 2008.
deCatanzaro, J. B., Beauchamp, E. G., and Drury, C. F.: Denitrification vs dissimilatory nitrate reduction in soil with alfalfa, straw, glucose and sulfide treatments, Soil Biol. Biochem., 19, 583–587, 1987.
Dhondt, K., Boeckx, P., Van Cleemput, O., and Hofman, G.: Quantifying nitrate retention processes in a riparian buffer zone using the natural abundance of 15N in NO3-, Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom., 17, 2597–2604, 2003.
Dunn, G. M., Herbert, R. A., and Brown, C. M.: Influence of oxygen tension on nitrate reduction by a {\it Klebsiella }sp. growing in chemostat culture, J. General Microbiol., 112, 379–383, 1979.
Eschbach, M., Möbitz, H., Rompf, A., and Jahn, D.: Members of the genus {\it Arthrobacter }grow anaerobically using nitrate ammonification and fermentative processes: anaerobic adaptation of aerobic bacteria abundant in soil, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 223, 227–230, 2003.
Fazzolari, É., Mariotti, A., and Germon, J. C.: Dissimilatory ammonia production vs. denitrification \it in vitro and in inoculated agricultural soil samples, Canad. J. Microbiol., 36, 786–793, 1990.
Fazzolari, É., Nicolardot, B., and Germon, J. C.: Simultaneous effects of increasing levels of glucose and oxygen partial pressures on denitrification and dissimilatory reduction to ammonium in repacked soil cores, Europ. J. Soil Biol., 34, 47–52, 1998.
Fazzolari Correa, É., and Germon, J. C.: Dissimilative nitrate reduction to ammonium in different soils in waterlogged conditions, in: Diversity of Environmental Biogeochemistry, edited by: Berthelin, J., Developments in Geochemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 295–308, 1991.
Francis, C. A., Beman, J. M., and Kuypers, M. M. M.: New processes and players in the nitrogen cycle: the microbial ecology of anaerobic and archaeal ammonia oxidation, ISME Journal, 1, 19–27, 2007.
Freitag, A., Rudert, M., and Bock, E.: Growth of {\it Nitrobacter }by dissimilatoric nitrate reduction, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 48, 105–109, 1987.
Gamble, T. N., Betlach, M. R., and Tiedje, J. M.: Numerically dominant denitrifying bacteria from world soils, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 33, 926–939, 1977.
Gottschalk, G.: Bacterial metabolism, 2. ed., Springer, New York, USA, 359 pp., 1986.
Hart, S. C. and Myrold, D. D.: 15N tracer studies of soil nitrogen transformations, in: Mass spectrometry of soils, edited by: Boutton, T. W., and Yamasaki, S. i., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA, 225–245, 1996.
Hayatsu, M., Tago, K., and Saito, M.: Various players in the nitrogen cycle: diversity and functions of the microorganisms involved in nitrification and denitrification, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 54, 33–45, 2008.
Hungate, B. A., Dukes, J. S., Shaw, M. R., Luo, Y., and Field, C. B.: Nitrogen and climate change, Science, 302, 1512–1513, 2003.
Huygens, D., Rütting, T., Boeckx, P., Van Cleemput, O., Godoy, R., and Müller, C.: Soil nitrogen conservation mechanisms in a pristine south Chilean {\it Nothofagus }ecosystem, Soil Biol. Biochem., 39, 2448–2458, 2007.
Huygens, D., Boeckx, P., Templer, P. H., Paulino, L., Van Cleemput, O., Oyarzún, C. E., Müller, C., and Godoy, R.: Mechanisms for retention of bioavailable nitrogen in volcanic rainforest soil, Nature Geosci., 1, 543–548, 2008.
Inselsbacher, E., Hinko-Najera Umana, N., Stange, F. C., Gorfer, M., Schüller, E., Ripka, K., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., Hood-Novotny, R., Strauss, J., and Wanek, W.: Short-term competition between crop plants and soil microbes for inorganic N fertilizer, Soil Biol. Biochem., 42, 360–372, 2010.
Johnson, D. W.: Progressive N limitation in forests: review and implications for long-term responses to elevated CO2, Ecology, 87, 64–75, 2006.
Kandeler, E., Brune, T., Enowashu, E., Dörr, N., Guggenberger, G., Lamersdorf, N., and Philippot, L.: Response of total and nitrate-dissimilating bacteria to reduced N deposition in a spruce forest soil profile, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 67, 444–454, 2009.
Kaspar, H. F.: Nitrite reduction to nitrous oxide by propionibacteria: detoxication mechanism, Archives of Microbiology, 133, 126–130, 1982.
Klemedtsson, L., Svensson, B. H., and Rosswall, T.: Dinitrogen and nitrous oxide produced by denitrification and nitrification in soil with and without barley plants, Plant Soil, 99, 303–319, 1987.
Kraft, B., Strous, M., and Tegetmeyer, H. E.: Microbial nitrate respiration – Genes, enzymes and environmental distribution, J. Biotechnol., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.12.025, 2011.
Laughlin, R. J., Stevens, C. J., Müller, C., and Watson, C.: Evidence that fungi can oxidize NH4+ to NO3- in a grassland soil, Europ. J. Soil Sci., 59, 285–291, 2008.
Luo, Y., Currie, W. S., Dukes, J. S., Finzi, A. C., Hartwig, U., Hungate, B. A., McMurtrie, R. E., Oren, R., Parton, W. J., Pataki, D. E., Shaw, M. R., Zak, D. R., and Field, C. B.: Progressive nitrogen limitation of ecosystem responses to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide, BioScience, 54, 731–739, 2004.
MacRae, I. C., Ancajas, R. R., and Salandanan, S.: The fate of nitrate nitrogen in some tropical soils following submergence, Soil Sci., 105, 327–334, 1968.
Matheson, F. E., Nguyen, M. L., Cooper, A. B., Burt, T. P., and Bull, D. C.: Fate of 15N-nitrate in unplanted, planted and harvested riparian wetland soil microcosms, Ecol. Eng., 19, 249–264, 2002.
Mohan, S. B. and Cole, J. A.: The dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonia by anaerobic bacteria, in: Biology of the Nitrogen Cycle, edited by: Bothe, H., Ferguson, S. J., and Newton, W. E., Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 93–106, 2007.
Mohan, S. B., Schmid, M., Jetten, M. S. M., and Cole, J.: Detection and widespread distribution of the nrfA gene encoding nitrite reduction to ammonia, a short circuit in the biological nitrogen cycle that competes with denitrification, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 49, 433–443, 2004.
Moreno-Vivián, C. and Ferguson, S. J.: Definition and distinction between assimilatory, dissimilatory and respiratory pathways, Molec. Microbiol., 29, 661–669, 1998.
Morley, N. and Baggs, E. M.: Carbon and oxygen control of N2O and N2 production during nitrate reduction, Soil Biol. Biochem., 42, 1864–1871, 2010.
Müller, C., Stevens, R. J., and Laughlin, R. J.: A 15N tracing model to analyse N transformations in old grassland soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 36, 619–632, 2004.
Müller, C., Rütting, T., Kattge, J., Laughlin, R. J., and Stevens, R. J.: Estimation of parameters in complex 15N tracing models via Monte Carlo sampling, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 39, 715–726, 2007.
Müller, C., Rütting, T., Abbasi, M. K., Laughlin, R. J., Kammann, C., Clough, T. J., Sherlock, R. R., Kattge, J., Jäger, H. J., Watson, C. J., and Stevens, R. J.: Effect of elevated CO2 on soil N dynamics in a temperate grassland soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 1996–2001, 2009.
Myers, R. J. K.: The effect of sulphide on nitrate reduction in soil, Plant and Soil, 37, 431–433, 1972.
Nijburg, J. W. and Laanbroek, H. J.: The influence of \it Glyceria maxima and nitrate input on the composition and nitrate metabolism of the dissimilatory nitrate-reducing bacterial community, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 22, 57–63, 1997a.
Nijburg, J. W. and Laanbroek, H. J.: The fate of 15N-nitrate in healthy and declining \it Phragmites australis stands, Microb. Ecol., 34, 254–262, 1997b.
Nishio, T.: Estimating nitrogen transformation rates in surface aerobic soil of a paddy field, Soil Biol. Biochem., 26, 1273–1280, 1994.
Nõmmik, H.: Investigations on denitrification in soil, Acta Agriculturæ Scandinavica, 6, 195–228, 1956.
Page, K. L., Dalal, R. C., and Menzies, N. W.: Nitrate ammonification and its relationship to the accumulation of ammonium in a vertisol subsoil, Austr. J. Soil Res., 41, 687–697, 2003.
Paul, J. W. and Beauchamp, E. G.: Denitrification and fermentation in plant-residue-amended soil, Biol. Fertil. Soil., 7, 303–309, 1989.
Pett-Ridge, J., Silver, W. L., and Firestone, M. K.: Redox fluctuations frame microbial community impacts on N-cycling rates in humid tropical forest soil, Biogeochemistry, 81, 95-110, 2006.
Philippot, L.: Tracking nitrate reducers and denitrifiers in the environment, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 33, 200–204, 2005.
Philippot, L. and Hallin, S.: Finding the missing link between diversity and activity using denitrifying bacteria as a model functional community, Current Opinion in Microbiology, 8, 234–239, 2005.
Philippot, L. and Højberg, O.: Dissimilatory nitrate reductases in bacteria, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1446, 1–23, 1999.
Philippot, L., Hallin, S., Börjesson, G., and Baggs, E. M.: Biochemical cycling in the rhizosphere having an impact on global change, Plant and Soil, 321, 61–81, 2009.
Polcyn, W. and Podeszwa, J.: Coordinate induction of dissimilatory ammonification and fermentative pathways in rhizobia, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 96, 79–87, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-009-9338-3, 2009.
Rütting, T. and Müller, C.: 15N tracing models with a Monte Carlo optimization procedure provide new insights on gross N transformations in soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 39, 2351–2361, 2007.
Rütting, T. and Müller, C.: Process-specific analysis of nitrite dynamics in a permanent grassland soil by using a Monte Carlo sampling technique, Europ. J. Soil Sci., 59, 208–215, 2008.
Rütting, T., Huygens, D., Müller, C., Van Cleemput, O., Godoy, R., and Boeckx, P.: Functional role of DNRA and nitrite reduction in a pristine south Chilean {\it Nothofagus }forest, Biogeochemistry, 90, 243–258, 2008.
Rütting, T., Clough, T. J., Müller, C., Lieffering, M., and Newton, P. C. D.: Ten years of elevated atmospheric CO2 alters soil N transformations in a sheep-grazed pasture, Global Change Biol., 16, 2530–2542, 2010.
Rütting, T., Huygens, D., Staelens, J., Müller, C., and Boeckx, P.: Advances in 15N tracing experiments: new labelling and data analysis approaches, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 39, 279–283, 2011.
Schimel, J. P. and Bennett, J.: Nitrogen mineralization: challenges of a changing paradigm, Ecology, 85, 591–602, 2004.
Silver, W. L., Herman, D. J., and Firestone, M. K.: Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in upland tropical forest soils, Ecology, 82, 2410–2416, 2001.
Silver, W. L., Thompson, A. W., Reich, A., Ewel, J. J., and Firestone, M. K.: Nitrogen cycling in tropical plantation forests: potential controls on nitrogen retention, Ecol. Appl., 15, 1604–1614, 2005.
Šimek, M., and Cooper, J. E.: The influence of soil pH on denitrification: progress towards the understanding of this interaction over the last 50 years, Europ. J. Soil Sci., 53, 345–354, 2002.
Simon, J.: Enzymology and bioenergetics of respiratory nitrite ammonification, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 26, 285–309, 2002.
Smith, M. S.: Dissimilatory reduction of NO2- to NH4+ and N2O by a soil {\it Citrobacter }sp, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 43, 854–860, 1982.
Smith, M. S. and Zimmerman, K.: Nitrous oxide production by nondenitrifying soil nitrate reducers, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45, 865–871, 1981.
Sotta, E. D., Corre, M. D., and Veldkamp, E.: Differing N status and N retention processes of soils under old-growth lowland forest in Eastern Amazonia, Caxiuanã, Brazil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 40, 740–750, 2008.
Staelens, J., Rütting, T., Huygens, D., De Schrijver, A., Müller, C., Verheyen, K., and Boeckx, P.: In situ gross nitrogen transformations differ between temperate deciduous and coniferous forest soils, Biogeochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-10011-19598-10537, 2011.
Stanford, G., Legg, J. O., Dzienia, S., and Simpson Jr., E. C.,: Denitrification and associated nitrogen transformations in soils, Soil Sci., 120, 147–152, 1975.
Stevens, R. J. and Laughlin, R. J.: Measurement of nitrous oxide and di-nitrogen emissions from agricultural soils, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 52, 131–139, 1998.
Stevens, R. J., Laughlin, R. J., and Malone, J. P.: Soil pH affects the processes reducing nitrate to nitrous oxide and di-nitrogen, Soil Biol. Biochem., 30, 1119–1126, 1998.
Strohm, T. O., Griffin, B., Zumft, W. G., and Schink, B.: Growth yields in bacterial denitrification and nitrate ammonification, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 73, 1420–1424, 2007.
Takaya, N.: Dissimilatory nitrate reduction metabolisms and their control in fungi, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 94, 506–510, 2002.
Templer, P. H., Silver, W. L., Pett-Ridge, J., DeAngelis, K. M., and Firestone, M. K.: Plant and microbial controls on nitrogen retention and loss in a humid tropical forest, Ecology, 89, 3030–3040, 2008.
Tiedje, J. M., Sexstone, A. J., Myrold, D. D., and Robinson, J. A.: Denitrification: ecological niches, competition and survival, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Journal of Microbiology, 48, 569–583, 1982.
Tiedje, J. M.: Ecology of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, in: Biology of Anaerobic Microorganisms, edited by: Zehnder, A. J. B., John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, 179–244, 1988.
Tietema, A. and Van Dam, D.: Calculating microbial carbon and nitrogen transformations in acid forest litter with 15N enrichment and dynamic simulation modelling, Soil Biol. Biochem., 28, 953–965, 1996.
Verburg, P. S. J., Van Dam, D., Hefting, M. M., and Tietema, A.: Microbial transformations of C and N in a boreal forest floor as affected by temperature, Plant Soil, 208, 187–197, 1999.
Wallenstein, M. D. and Vilgalys, R. J.: Quantitative analyses of nitrogen cycling genes in soils, Pedobiologia, 49, 665–672, 2005.
Wan, Y., Ju, X., Ingwersen, J., Schwarz, U., Stange, C. F., Zhang, F., and Streck, T.: Gross nitrogen transformations and related nitrous oxide emissions in an intensively used calcareous soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 73, 102–112, 2009.
Waring, S. A. and Gilliam, J. W.: The effect of acidity on nitrate reduction and denitrification in lower coastal plain soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 42, 246–251, 1983.
Woldendorp, J. W.: The influence of living plants on denitrification, Medelingen van de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen, Nederland, 63, 1–100, 1963.
Woods, D. D.: The reduction of nitrate to ammonia by \it Clostridium welchii, Biochem. J., 32, 2000–2012, 1938.
Yin, S., Shen, Q., Tang, Y., and Cheng, L.: Reduction of nitrate to ammonium in selected paddy soils in China, Pedosphere, 8, 221–228, 1998.
Yin, S. X., Chen, D., Chen, L. M., and Edis, R.: Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium and responsible microorganisms in two Chinese and Australian paddy soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 34, 1131–1137, 2002.
Zhang, J., Müller, C., Zhu, T., Chen, Y., and Cai, Z.: Heterotrophic nitrification is the predominant NO3- production mechanism in coniferous but not broad-leaf acid forest soil in subtropical China, Biol. Fert. Soil., 47, 533–542, 2011a.
Zhang, J., Zhu, T., Cai, Z., and Müller, C.: Nitrogen cycling in forest soils across climate gradients in Eastern China, Plant Soil, 342, 419–432, 2011b.
Zhou, Z., Takaya, N., Nakamura, A., Yamaguchi, M., Takeo, K., and Shoun, H.: Ammonia fermentation, a novel anoxic metabolism of nitrate by fungi, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 1892–1896, 2002.
Zumft, W. G.: Cell biology and molecular basis of denitrification, Microbiol. Molec. Biol. Rev., 61, 533–616, 1997.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint