Articles | Volume 19, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Apr 2022
Research article |
| 22 Apr 2022
| 22 Apr 2022
Carbon sequestration potential of street tree plantings in Helsinki
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Liisa Kulmala
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Pasi Kolari
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Timo Vesala
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Anu Riikonen
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Leena Järvi
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Related authors
Stavros Stagakis, Dominik Brunner, Junwei Li, Leif Backman, Anni Karvonen, Lionel Constantin, Leena Järvi, Minttu Havu, Jia Chen, Sophie Emberger, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 22, 2133–2161, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2133-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2133-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The balance between CO2 uptake and emissions from urban green areas is still not well understood. This study evaluated for the first time the urban park CO2 exchange simulations with four different types of biosphere model by comparing them with observations. Even though some advantages and disadvantages of the different model types were identified, there was no strong evidence that more complex models performed better than simple ones.
Laura Thölix, Leif Backman, Minttu Havu, Esko Karvinen, Jesse Soininen, Justine Trémeau, Olli Nevalainen, Joyson Ahongshangbam, Leena Järvi, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 22, 725–749, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-725-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-725-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Cities aim for carbon neutrality and seek to understand urban vegetation's role as a carbon sink. Direct measurements are challenging, so models are used to estimate the urban carbon cycle. We evaluated model performance at estimating carbon sequestration in lawns, park trees, and urban forests in Helsinki, Finland. Models captured seasonal and annual variations well. Trees had higher sequestration rates than lawns, and irrigation often enhanced carbon sinks.
Yingqi Zheng, Minttu Havu, Huizhi Liu, Xueling Cheng, Yifan Wen, Hei Shing Lee, Joyson Ahongshangbam, and Leena Järvi
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4551–4579, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The performance of the Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) is evaluated against the observed surface exchanges (fluxes) of heat and carbon dioxide in a densely built neighborhood in Beijing. The heat flux modeling is noticeably improved by using the observed maximum conductance and by optimizing the vegetation phenology modeling. SUEWS also performs well in simulating carbon dioxide flux.
José Ángel Callejas-Rodelas, Alexander Knohl, Ivan Mammarella, Timo Vesala, Olli Peltola, and Christian Markwitz
Biogeosciences, 22, 4507–4529, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4507-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4507-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The spatial variability of CO2 and water vapour exchanges with the atmosphere was quantified above an agroforestry system and further compared to a monocropping system using a total of four eddy covariance stations. The variability of fluxes within the agroforestry site was found to be as large as the variability between agroforestry and monocropping site, induced by the heterogeneity of the site, which highlights the need for replicated measurements above such ecosystems.
Sasu Karttunen, Matthias Sühring, Ewan O'Connor, and Leena Järvi
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 5725–5757, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5725-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5725-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents PALM-SLUrb, a single-layer urban canopy model for the PALM model system, designed to simulate urban–atmosphere interactions without resolving flow around individual buildings. The model is described in detail and evaluated against grid-resolved urban canopy simulations, demonstrating its ability to model urban surfaces accurately. By bridging the gap between computational efficiency and physical detail, PALM-SLUrb broadens PALM's potential for urban climate research.
Henri Kajasilta, Stephanie Gerin, Milla Niiranen, Miika Läpikivi, Maarit Liimatainen, David Kraus, Henriikka Vekuri, Mika Korkiakoski, Liisa Kulmala, Jari Liski, and Julius Vira
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4219, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4219, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
We modelled different water table scenarios in drained agricultural peatlands to investigate the impact of water management on greenhouse gas emissions. Our results show that raising the water table reduces emissions, even in fields with thinner peat layers and conservative water management practices. Carbon dioxide emissions were more affected than nitrous oxide emissions. This study sheds light on the role of peatlands in mitigating emissions. Simulations were run using a process-based model.
Anam M. Khan, Olivia E. Clifton, Jesse O. Bash, Sam Bland, Nathan Booth, Philip Cheung, Lisa Emberson, Johannes Flemming, Erick Fredj, Stefano Galmarini, Laurens Ganzeveld, Orestis Gazetas, Ignacio Goded, Christian Hogrefe, Christopher D. Holmes, László Horváth, Vincent Huijnen, Qian Li, Paul A. Makar, Ivan Mammarella, Giovanni Manca, J. William Munger, Juan L. Pérez-Camanyo, Jonathan Pleim, Limei Ran, Roberto San Jose, Donna Schwede, Sam J. Silva, Ralf Staebler, Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, Eran Tas, Timo Vesala, Tamás Weidinger, Zhiyong Wu, Leiming Zhang, and Paul C. Stoy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8613–8635, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8613-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8613-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation removes tropospheric ozone through stomatal uptake, and accurately modeling the stomatal uptake of ozone is important for modeling dry deposition and air quality. We evaluated the stomatal component of ozone dry deposition modeled by atmospheric chemistry models at six sites. We find that models and observation-based estimates agree at times during the growing season at all sites, but some models overestimated the stomatal component during the dry summers at a seasonally dry site.
Nathalie Ylenia Triches, Jan Engel, Abdullah Bolek, Timo Vesala, Maija E. Marushchak, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Martin Heimann, and Mathias Göckede
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3407–3424, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3407-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3407-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from a nutrient-poor sub-Arctic peatland. N2O is a potent greenhouse gas; understanding its fluxes is essential for addressing global warming. Using a new instrument and flux chambers, we introduce a system to reliably detect low N2O fluxes and provide recommendations on chamber closure times and flux calculation methods to better quantify N2O fluxes. We encourage researchers to further investigate N2O fluxes in low-nutrient environments.
Piaopiao Ke, Anna Lintunen, Pasi Kolari, Annalea Lohila, Santeri Tuovinen, Janne Lampilahti, Roseline Thakur, Maija Peltola, Otso Peräkylä, Tuomo Nieminen, Ekaterina Ezhova, Mari Pihlatie, Asta Laasonen, Markku Koskinen, Helena Rautakoski, Laura Heimsch, Tom Kokkonen, Aki Vähä, Ivan Mammarella, Steffen Noe, Jaana Bäck, Veli-Matti Kerminen, and Markku Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 22, 3235–3251, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3235-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3235-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research explores diverse ecosystems’ roles in climate cooling via the concept of CarbonSink+ potential. We measured CO2 uptake and local aerosol production in forests, farms, peatlands, urban gardens, and coastal areas across Finland and Estonia. The long-term data reveal that, while forests are vital with regard to CarbonSink+ potential, farms and urban gardens also play significant roles. These insights can help optimize management policy of natural resources to mitigate global warming.
Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Roderick Dewar, Kim A. P. Faassen, Teemu Hölttä, Remco de Kok, Ingrid T. Luijkx, and Timo Vesala
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2705, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2705, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how oxygen moves through tiny pores in leaves, especially when water vapor is also flowing out. We show that under common conditions, oxygen can move from the leaf to the air even when its concentration is higher outside – a surprising effect. Our findings help explain oxygen exchange in still air and support better models of plant–atmosphere interactions.
Stavros Stagakis, Dominik Brunner, Junwei Li, Leif Backman, Anni Karvonen, Lionel Constantin, Leena Järvi, Minttu Havu, Jia Chen, Sophie Emberger, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 22, 2133–2161, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2133-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2133-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The balance between CO2 uptake and emissions from urban green areas is still not well understood. This study evaluated for the first time the urban park CO2 exchange simulations with four different types of biosphere model by comparing them with observations. Even though some advantages and disadvantages of the different model types were identified, there was no strong evidence that more complex models performed better than simple ones.
Aki Vähä, Timo Vesala, Sofya Guseva, Anders Lindroth, Andreas Lorke, Sally MacIntyre, and Ivan Mammarella
Biogeosciences, 22, 1651–1671, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1651-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1651-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Boreal rivers are significant sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) for the atmosphere, but the controls of these emissions are uncertain. We measured 4 months of CO2 and CH4 exchanges between a regulated boreal river and the atmosphere with eddy covariance. We found statistical relationships between the gas exchange and several environmental variables, the most important of which were dissolved CO2 partial pressure in water, wind speed and water temperature.
Laura Thölix, Leif Backman, Minttu Havu, Esko Karvinen, Jesse Soininen, Justine Trémeau, Olli Nevalainen, Joyson Ahongshangbam, Leena Järvi, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 22, 725–749, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-725-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-725-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Cities aim for carbon neutrality and seek to understand urban vegetation's role as a carbon sink. Direct measurements are challenging, so models are used to estimate the urban carbon cycle. We evaluated model performance at estimating carbon sequestration in lawns, park trees, and urban forests in Helsinki, Finland. Models captured seasonal and annual variations well. Trees had higher sequestration rates than lawns, and irrigation often enhanced carbon sinks.
Ekaterina Ezhova, Topi Laanti, Anna Lintunen, Pasi Kolari, Tuomo Nieminen, Ivan Mammarella, Keijo Heljanko, and Markku Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 22, 257–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-257-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-257-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Machine learning (ML) models are gaining popularity in biogeosciences. They are applied as gap-filling methods and used to upscale carbon fluxes to larger areas. Here we use explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods to elucidate the performance of machine learning models for carbon dioxide fluxes in boreal forests. We show that statistically equal models treat input variables differently. XAI methods can help scientists make informed decisions when applying ML models in their research.
Otso Peräkylä, Erkka Rinne, Ekaterina Ezhova, Anna Lintunen, Annalea Lohila, Juho Aalto, Mika Aurela, Pasi Kolari, and Markku Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 22, 153–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-153-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-153-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Forests are seen as good for climate. Yet, in areas with snow, trees break up the white snow surface and absorb more sunlight than open areas. This has a warming effect, negating some of the climate benefit of trees. We studied two site pairs in Finland, both with an open peatland and a forest. We found that the later the snow melts, the more extra energy the forest absorbs as compared to the peatland. This has implications for the future, as snow cover duration is affected by global warming.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Jiří Dušek, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo A. Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Mana Gharun, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 21, 5079–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand because it impacts our lives. Here, we outline a method called FLUXCOM-X to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from sites around the world. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Esko Karvinen, Leif Backman, Leena Järvi, and Liisa Kulmala
SOIL, 10, 381–406, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured and modelled soil respiration, a key part of the biogenic carbon cycle, in different urban green space types to assess its dynamics in urban areas. We discovered surprisingly similar soil respiration across the green space types despite differences in some of its drivers and that irrigation of green spaces notably elevates soil respiration. Our results encourage further research on the topic and especially on the role of irrigation in controlling urban soil respiration.
Justine Trémeau, Beñat Olascoaga, Leif Backman, Esko Karvinen, Henriikka Vekuri, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 21, 949–972, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-949-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-949-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied urban lawns and meadows in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. We found that meadows are more resistant to drought events but that they do not increase carbon sequestration compared with lawns. Moreover, the transformation from lawns to meadows did not demonstrate any negative climate effects in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Even though social and economic aspects also steer urban development, these results can guide planning to consider carbon-smart options.
Jari-Pekka Nousu, Matthieu Lafaysse, Giulia Mazzotti, Pertti Ala-aho, Hannu Marttila, Bertrand Cluzet, Mika Aurela, Annalea Lohila, Pasi Kolari, Aaron Boone, Mathieu Fructus, and Samuli Launiainen
The Cryosphere, 18, 231–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-231-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-231-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The snowpack has a major impact on the land surface energy budget. Accurate simulation of the snowpack energy budget is difficult, and studies that evaluate models against energy budget observations are rare. We compared predictions from well-known models with observations of energy budgets, snow depths and soil temperatures in Finland. Our study identified contrasting strengths and limitations for the models. These results can be used for choosing the right models depending on the use cases.
Markku Kulmala, Anna Lintunen, Hanna Lappalainen, Annele Virtanen, Chao Yan, Ekaterina Ezhova, Tuomo Nieminen, Ilona Riipinen, Risto Makkonen, Johanna Tamminen, Anu-Maija Sundström, Antti Arola, Armin Hansel, Kari Lehtinen, Timo Vesala, Tuukka Petäjä, Jaana Bäck, Tom Kokkonen, and Veli-Matti Kerminen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14949–14971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14949-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14949-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To be able to meet global grand challenges, we need comprehensive open data with proper metadata. In this opinion paper, we describe the SMEAR (Station for Measuring Earth surface – Atmosphere Relations) concept and include several examples (cases), such as new particle formation and growth, feedback loops and the effect of COVID-19, and what has been learned from these investigations. The future needs and the potential of comprehensive observations of the environment are summarized.
Joyson Ahongshangbam, Liisa Kulmala, Jesse Soininen, Yasmin Frühauf, Esko Karvinen, Yann Salmon, Anna Lintunen, Anni Karvonen, and Leena Järvi
Biogeosciences, 20, 4455–4475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Urban vegetation is important for removing urban CO2 emissions and cooling. We studied the response of urban trees' functions (photosynthesis and transpiration) to a heatwave and drought at four urban green areas in the city of Helsinki. We found that tree water use was increased during heatwave and drought periods, but there was no change in the photosynthesis rates. The heat and drought conditions were severe at the local scale but were not excessive enough to restrict urban trees' functions.
Matthew J. McGrath, Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Philippe Peylin, Robbie M. Andrew, Bradley Matthews, Frank Dentener, Juraj Balkovič, Vladislav Bastrikov, Meike Becker, Gregoire Broquet, Philippe Ciais, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Raphael Ganzenmüller, Giacomo Grassi, Ian Harris, Matthew Jones, Jürgen Knauer, Matthias Kuhnert, Guillaume Monteil, Saqr Munassar, Paul I. Palmer, Glen P. Peters, Chunjing Qiu, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Oksana Tarasova, Matteo Vizzarri, Karina Winkler, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Antoine Berchet, Peter Briggs, Patrick Brockmann, Frédéric Chevallier, Giulia Conchedda, Monica Crippa, Stijn N. C. Dellaert, Hugo A. C. Denier van der Gon, Sara Filipek, Pierre Friedlingstein, Richard Fuchs, Michael Gauss, Christoph Gerbig, Diego Guizzardi, Dirk Günther, Richard A. Houghton, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Ronny Lauerwald, Bas Lerink, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Géraud Moulas, Marilena Muntean, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Aurélie Paquirissamy, Lucia Perugini, Wouter Peters, Roberto Pilli, Julia Pongratz, Pierre Regnier, Marko Scholze, Yusuf Serengil, Pete Smith, Efisio Solazzo, Rona L. Thompson, Francesco N. Tubiello, Timo Vesala, and Sophia Walther
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4295–4370, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4295-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4295-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate estimation of fluxes of carbon dioxide from the land surface is essential for understanding future impacts of greenhouse gas emissions on the climate system. A wide variety of methods currently exist to estimate these sources and sinks. We are continuing work to develop annual comparisons of these diverse methods in order to clarify what they all actually calculate and to resolve apparent disagreement, in addition to highlighting opportunities for increased understanding.
Olivia E. Clifton, Donna Schwede, Christian Hogrefe, Jesse O. Bash, Sam Bland, Philip Cheung, Mhairi Coyle, Lisa Emberson, Johannes Flemming, Erick Fredj, Stefano Galmarini, Laurens Ganzeveld, Orestis Gazetas, Ignacio Goded, Christopher D. Holmes, László Horváth, Vincent Huijnen, Qian Li, Paul A. Makar, Ivan Mammarella, Giovanni Manca, J. William Munger, Juan L. Pérez-Camanyo, Jonathan Pleim, Limei Ran, Roberto San Jose, Sam J. Silva, Ralf Staebler, Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, Eran Tas, Timo Vesala, Tamás Weidinger, Zhiyong Wu, and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9911–9961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9911-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9911-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A primary sink of air pollutants is dry deposition. Dry deposition estimates differ across the models used to simulate atmospheric chemistry. Here, we introduce an effort to examine dry deposition schemes from atmospheric chemistry models. We provide our approach’s rationale, document the schemes, and describe datasets used to drive and evaluate the schemes. We also launch the analysis of results by evaluating against observations and identifying the processes leading to model–model differences.
Jani Strömberg, Xiaoyu Li, Mona Kurppa, Heino Kuuluvainen, Liisa Pirjola, and Leena Järvi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9347–9364, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9347-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9347-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We conclude that with low wind speeds, solar radiation has a larger decreasing effect (53 %) on pollutant concentrations than aerosol processes (18 %). Additionally, our results showed that with solar radiation included, pollutant concentrations were closer to observations (−13 %) than with only aerosol processes (+98 %). This has implications when planning simulations under calm conditions such as in our case and when deciding whether or not simulations need to include these processes.
Yingqi Zheng, Minttu Havu, Huizhi Liu, Xueling Cheng, Yifan Wen, Hei Shing Lee, Joyson Ahongshangbam, and Leena Järvi
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4551–4579, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The performance of the Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) is evaluated against the observed surface exchanges (fluxes) of heat and carbon dioxide in a densely built neighborhood in Beijing. The heat flux modeling is noticeably improved by using the observed maximum conductance and by optimizing the vegetation phenology modeling. SUEWS also performs well in simulating carbon dioxide flux.
Anton Rusanen, Kristo Hõrrak, Lauri R. Ahonen, Tuomo Nieminen, Pasi P. Aalto, Pasi Kolari, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka Petäjä, and Heikki Junninen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2781–2793, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2781-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2781-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a framework for setting up SMEAR (Station for Measuring Ecosystem–Atmosphere Relations) type measurement station data flows. This framework, called SMEARcore, consists of modular open-source software components that can be chosen to suit various station configurations. The benefits of using this framework are automation of routine operations and real-time monitoring of measurement results.
Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Chunjing Qiu, Matthew J. McGrath, Philippe Peylin, Glen P. Peters, Philippe Ciais, Rona L. Thompson, Aki Tsuruta, Dominik Brunner, Matthias Kuhnert, Bradley Matthews, Paul I. Palmer, Oksana Tarasova, Pierre Regnier, Ronny Lauerwald, David Bastviken, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Wilfried Winiwarter, Giuseppe Etiope, Tuula Aalto, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Vladislav Bastrikov, Antoine Berchet, Patrick Brockmann, Giancarlo Ciotoli, Giulia Conchedda, Monica Crippa, Frank Dentener, Christine D. Groot Zwaaftink, Diego Guizzardi, Dirk Günther, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Sander Houweling, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Massaer Kouyate, Adrian Leip, Antti Leppänen, Emanuele Lugato, Manon Maisonnier, Alistair J. Manning, Tiina Markkanen, Joe McNorton, Marilena Muntean, Gabriel D. Oreggioni, Prabir K. Patra, Lucia Perugini, Isabelle Pison, Maarit T. Raivonen, Marielle Saunois, Arjo J. Segers, Pete Smith, Efisio Solazzo, Hanqin Tian, Francesco N. Tubiello, Timo Vesala, Guido R. van der Werf, Chris Wilson, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1197–1268, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study updates the state-of-the-art scientific overview of CH4 and N2O emissions in the EU27 and UK in Petrescu et al. (2021a). Yearly updates are needed to improve the different respective approaches and to inform on the development of formal verification systems. It integrates the most recent emission inventories, process-based model and regional/global inversions, comparing them with UNFCCC national GHG inventories, in support to policy to facilitate real-time verification procedures.
Kim A. P. Faassen, Linh N. T. Nguyen, Eadin R. Broekema, Bert A. M. Kers, Ivan Mammarella, Timo Vesala, Penelope A. Pickers, Andrew C. Manning, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Harro A. J. Meijer, Wouter Peters, and Ingrid T. Luijkx
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 851–876, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange ratio (ER) between atmospheric O2 and CO2 provides a useful tracer for separately estimating photosynthesis and respiration processes in the forest carbon balance. This is highly relevant to better understand the expected biosphere sink, which determines future atmospheric CO2 levels. We therefore measured O2, CO2, and their ER above a boreal forest in Finland and investigated their diurnal behaviour for a representative day, and we show the most suitable way to determine the ER.
Mathew Lipson, Sue Grimmond, Martin Best, Winston T. L. Chow, Andreas Christen, Nektarios Chrysoulakis, Andrew Coutts, Ben Crawford, Stevan Earl, Jonathan Evans, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Bert G. Heusinkveld, Je-Woo Hong, Jinkyu Hong, Leena Järvi, Sungsoo Jo, Yeon-Hee Kim, Simone Kotthaus, Keunmin Lee, Valéry Masson, Joseph P. McFadden, Oliver Michels, Wlodzimierz Pawlak, Matthias Roth, Hirofumi Sugawara, Nigel Tapper, Erik Velasco, and Helen Claire Ward
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5157–5178, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5157-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5157-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a new openly accessible collection of atmospheric observations from 20 cities around the world, capturing 50 site years. The observations capture local meteorology (temperature, humidity, wind, etc.) and the energy fluxes between the land and atmosphere (e.g. radiation and sensible and latent heat fluxes). These observations can be used to improve our understanding of urban climate processes and to test the accuracy of urban climate models.
Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Roderick Dewar, Gianluca Tramontana, Aleksanteri Mauranen, Pasi Kolari, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Dario Papale, Timo Vesala, and Ivan Mammarella
Biogeosciences, 19, 4067–4088, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4067-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4067-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Four different methods for quantifying photosynthesis (GPP) at ecosystem scale were tested, of which two are based on carbon dioxide (CO2) and two on carbonyl sulfide (COS) flux measurements. CO2-based methods are traditional partitioning, and a new method uses machine learning. We introduce a novel method for calculating GPP from COS fluxes, with potentially better applicability than the former methods. Both COS-based methods gave on average higher GPP estimates than the CO2-based estimates.
Sasu Karttunen, Ewan O'Connor, Olli Peltola, and Leena Järvi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2417–2432, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2417-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2417-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To study the complex structure of the lowest tens of metres of atmosphere in urban areas, measurement methods with great spatial and temporal coverage are needed. In our study, we analyse measurements with a promising and relatively new method, distributed temperature sensing, capable of providing detailed information on the near-surface atmosphere. We present multiple ways to utilise these kinds of measurements, as well as important considerations for planning new studies using the method.
Timo Vesala, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Arnaud P. Praplan, Lenka Foltýnová, Pasi Kolari, Markku Kulmala, Jaana Bäck, David Nelson, Dan Yakir, Mark Zahniser, and Ivan Mammarella
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2569–2584, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2569-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2569-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) provides new insights into carbon cycle research. We present an easy-to-use flux parameterization and the longest existing time series of forest–atmosphere COS exchange measurements, which allow us to study both seasonal and interannual variability. We observed only uptake of COS by the forest on an annual basis, with 37 % variability between years. Upscaling the boreal COS uptake using a biosphere model indicates a significant missing COS sink at high latitudes.
Olli Nevalainen, Olli Niemitalo, Istem Fer, Antti Juntunen, Tuomas Mattila, Olli Koskela, Joni Kukkamäki, Layla Höckerstedt, Laura Mäkelä, Pieta Jarva, Laura Heimsch, Henriikka Vekuri, Liisa Kulmala, Åsa Stam, Otto Kuusela, Stephanie Gerin, Toni Viskari, Julius Vira, Jari Hyväluoma, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Annalea Lohila, Tuomas Laurila, Jussi Heinonsalo, Tuula Aalto, Iivari Kunttu, and Jari Liski
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 93–109, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-93-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-93-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Better monitoring of soil carbon sequestration is needed to understand the best carbon farming practices in different soils and climate conditions. We, the Field Observatory Network (FiON), have therefore established a methodology for monitoring and forecasting agricultural carbon sequestration by combining offline and near-real-time field measurements, weather data, satellite imagery, and modeling. To disseminate our work, we built a website called the Field Observatory (fieldobservatory.org).
Anna-Maria Virkkala, Susan M. Natali, Brendan M. Rogers, Jennifer D. Watts, Kathleen Savage, Sara June Connon, Marguerite Mauritz, Edward A. G. Schuur, Darcy Peter, Christina Minions, Julia Nojeim, Roisin Commane, Craig A. Emmerton, Mathias Goeckede, Manuel Helbig, David Holl, Hiroki Iwata, Hideki Kobayashi, Pasi Kolari, Efrén López-Blanco, Maija E. Marushchak, Mikhail Mastepanov, Lutz Merbold, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Matthias Peichl, Torsten Sachs, Oliver Sonnentag, Masahito Ueyama, Carolina Voigt, Mika Aurela, Julia Boike, Gerardo Celis, Namyi Chae, Torben R. Christensen, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Sigrid Dengel, Han Dolman, Colin W. Edgar, Bo Elberling, Eugenie Euskirchen, Achim Grelle, Juha Hatakka, Elyn Humphreys, Järvi Järveoja, Ayumi Kotani, Lars Kutzbach, Tuomas Laurila, Annalea Lohila, Ivan Mammarella, Yojiro Matsuura, Gesa Meyer, Mats B. Nilsson, Steven F. Oberbauer, Sang-Jong Park, Roman Petrov, Anatoly S. Prokushkin, Christopher Schulze, Vincent L. St. Louis, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, William Quinton, Andrej Varlagin, Donatella Zona, and Viacheslav I. Zyryanov
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 179–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-179-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-179-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of climate warming on carbon cycling across the Arctic–boreal zone (ABZ) remain poorly understood due to the relatively limited distribution of ABZ flux sites. Fortunately, this flux network is constantly increasing, but new measurements are published in various platforms, making it challenging to understand the ABZ carbon cycle as a whole. Here, we compiled a new database of Arctic–boreal CO2 fluxes to help facilitate large-scale assessments of the ABZ carbon cycle.
Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Ara Cho, Jin Ma, Aleya Kaushik, Katherine D. Haynes, Ian Baker, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Mathijs Groenink, Wouter Peters, John B. Miller, Joseph A. Berry, Jerome Ogée, Laura K. Meredith, Wu Sun, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Timo Vesala, Ivan Mammarella, Huilin Chen, Felix M. Spielmann, Georg Wohlfahrt, Max Berkelhammer, Mary E. Whelan, Kadmiel Maseyk, Ulli Seibt, Roisin Commane, Richard Wehr, and Maarten Krol
Biogeosciences, 18, 6547–6565, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6547-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6547-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The gas carbonyl sulfide (COS) can be used to estimate photosynthesis. To adopt this approach on regional and global scales, we need biosphere models that can simulate COS exchange. So far, such models have not been evaluated against observations. We evaluate the COS biosphere exchange of the SiB4 model against COS flux observations. We find that the model is capable of simulating key processes in COS biosphere exchange. Still, we give recommendations for further improvement of the model.
Moritz Lange, Henri Suominen, Mona Kurppa, Leena Järvi, Emilia Oikarinen, Rafael Savvides, and Kai Puolamäki
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7411–7424, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7411-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7411-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to replicate computationally expensive high-resolution large-eddy simulations (LESs) with regression models to simulate urban air quality and pollutant dispersion. The model development, including feature selection, model training and cross-validation, and detection of concept drift, has been described in detail. Of the models applied, log-linear regression shows the best performance. A regression model can replace LES unless high accuracy is needed.
Nahid Atashi, Dariush Rahimi, Victoria A. Sinclair, Martha A. Zaidan, Anton Rusanen, Henri Vuollekoski, Markku Kulmala, Timo Vesala, and Tareq Hussein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4719–4740, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Dew formation potential during a long-term period (1979–2018) was assessed in Iran to identify dew formation zones and to investigate the impacts of long-term variation in meteorological parameters on dew formation. Six dew formation zones were identified based on cluster analysis of the time series of the simulated dew yield. The distribution of dew formation zones in Iran was closely aligned with topography and sources of moisture. The dew formation trend was significantly negative.
Pavel Alekseychik, Aino Korrensalo, Ivan Mammarella, Samuli Launiainen, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Ilkka Korpela, and Timo Vesala
Biogeosciences, 18, 4681–4704, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4681-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4681-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Bogs of northern Eurasia represent a major type of peatland ecosystem and contain vast amounts of carbon, but carbon balance monitoring studies on bogs are scarce. The current project explores 6 years of carbon balance data obtained using the state-of-the-art eddy-covariance technique at a Finnish bog Siikaneva. The results reveal relatively low interannual variability indicative of ecosystem resilience to both cool and hot summers and provide new insights into the seasonal course of C fluxes.
Kyle B. Delwiche, Sara Helen Knox, Avni Malhotra, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Gavin McNicol, Sarah Feron, Zutao Ouyang, Dario Papale, Carlo Trotta, Eleonora Canfora, You-Wei Cheah, Danielle Christianson, Ma. Carmelita R. Alberto, Pavel Alekseychik, Mika Aurela, Dennis Baldocchi, Sheel Bansal, David P. Billesbach, Gil Bohrer, Rosvel Bracho, Nina Buchmann, David I. Campbell, Gerardo Celis, Jiquan Chen, Weinan Chen, Housen Chu, Higo J. Dalmagro, Sigrid Dengel, Ankur R. Desai, Matteo Detto, Han Dolman, Elke Eichelmann, Eugenie Euskirchen, Daniela Famulari, Kathrin Fuchs, Mathias Goeckede, Sébastien Gogo, Mangaliso J. Gondwe, Jordan P. Goodrich, Pia Gottschalk, Scott L. Graham, Martin Heimann, Manuel Helbig, Carole Helfter, Kyle S. Hemes, Takashi Hirano, David Hollinger, Lukas Hörtnagl, Hiroki Iwata, Adrien Jacotot, Gerald Jurasinski, Minseok Kang, Kuno Kasak, John King, Janina Klatt, Franziska Koebsch, Ken W. Krauss, Derrick Y. F. Lai, Annalea Lohila, Ivan Mammarella, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Giovanni Manca, Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, Trofim Maximov, Lutz Merbold, Bhaskar Mitra, Timothy H. Morin, Eiko Nemitz, Mats B. Nilsson, Shuli Niu, Walter C. Oechel, Patricia Y. Oikawa, Keisuke Ono, Matthias Peichl, Olli Peltola, Michele L. Reba, Andrew D. Richardson, William Riley, Benjamin R. K. Runkle, Youngryel Ryu, Torsten Sachs, Ayaka Sakabe, Camilo Rey Sanchez, Edward A. Schuur, Karina V. R. Schäfer, Oliver Sonnentag, Jed P. Sparks, Ellen Stuart-Haëntjens, Cove Sturtevant, Ryan C. Sullivan, Daphne J. Szutu, Jonathan E. Thom, Margaret S. Torn, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Jessica Turner, Masahito Ueyama, Alex C. Valach, Rodrigo Vargas, Andrej Varlagin, Alma Vazquez-Lule, Joseph G. Verfaillie, Timo Vesala, George L. Vourlitis, Eric J. Ward, Christian Wille, Georg Wohlfahrt, Guan Xhuan Wong, Zhen Zhang, Donatella Zona, Lisamarie Windham-Myers, Benjamin Poulter, and Robert B. Jackson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3607–3689, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is an important greenhouse gas, yet we lack knowledge about its global emissions and drivers. We present FLUXNET-CH4, a new global collection of methane measurements and a critical resource for the research community. We use FLUXNET-CH4 data to quantify the seasonality of methane emissions from freshwater wetlands, finding that methane seasonality varies strongly with latitude. Our new database and analysis will improve wetland model accuracy and inform greenhouse gas budgets.
Laura Heimsch, Annalea Lohila, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Henriikka Vekuri, Jussi Heinonsalo, Olli Nevalainen, Mika Korkiakoski, Jari Liski, Tuomas Laurila, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 18, 3467–3483, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3467-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3467-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
CO2 and H2O fluxes were measured at a newly established eddy covariance site in southern Finland for 2 years from 2018 to 2020. This agricultural grassland site focuses on the conversion from intensive towards more sustainable agricultural management. The first summer experienced prolonged dry periods, and notably larger fluxes were observed in the second summer. The field acted as a net carbon sink during both study years.
Olli Peltola, Karl Lapo, Ilkka Martinkauppi, Ewan O'Connor, Christoph K. Thomas, and Timo Vesala
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2409–2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2409-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2409-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the suitability of fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) for observing spatial (>25 cm) and temporal (>1 s) details of airflow within and above forests. The DTS measurements could discern up to third-order moments of the flow and observe spatial details of coherent flow motions. Similar measurements are not possible with more conventional measurement techniques. Hence, the DTS measurements will provide key insights into flows close to roughness elements, e.g. trees.
Toni Viskari, Maisa Laine, Liisa Kulmala, Jarmo Mäkelä, Istem Fer, and Jari Liski
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5959–5971, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5959-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5959-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The research here established whether a Bayesian statistical method called state data assimilation could be used to improve soil organic carbon (SOC) forecasts. Our test case was a fallow experiment where SOC content was measured over several decades from a plot where all vegetation was removed. Our results showed that state data assimilation improved projections and allowed for the detailed model state be updated with coarse total carbon measurements.
Mona Kurppa, Pontus Roldin, Jani Strömberg, Anna Balling, Sasu Karttunen, Heino Kuuluvainen, Jarkko V. Niemi, Liisa Pirjola, Topi Rönkkö, Hilkka Timonen, Antti Hellsten, and Leena Järvi
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5663–5685, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5663-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5663-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution modelling is needed to solve the aerosol concentrations in a complex urban area. Here, the performance of an aerosol module within the PALM model to simulate the detailed horizontal and vertical distribution of aerosol particles is studied. Further, sensitivity to the meteorological and aerosol boundary conditions is assessed using both model and observation data. The horizontal distribution is sensitive to the wind speed and stability, and the vertical to the wind direction.
Cited articles
Abramoff, R., Xu, X., Hartman, M., O’Brien, S., Feng, W., Davidson, E.,
Finzi, A., Moorhead, D., Schimel, J., Torn, M., and Mayes, M. A.: The Millennial model:
in search of measurable pools and transformations for modeling soil carbon in
the new century, Biogeochemistry, 137, 51–71,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-017-0409-7, 2018. a
Akujärvi, A., Heikkinen, J., Palosuo, T., and Liski, J.: Carbon budget of
Finnish croplands – effects of land use change from natural forest to
cropland, Geoderma Regional, 2, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2014.09.003,
2014. a, b
Ariluoma, M., Ottelin, J., Hautamäki, R., Tuhkanen, E.-M., and
Mänttäri, M.: Carbon sequestration and storage potential of urban
green in residential yards: A case study from Helsinki, Urban For. Urban Gree., 57, 126939, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126939, 2021. a
Bandaranayake, W., Qian, Y., Parton, W., Ojima, D., and Follett, R.: Estimation
of soil organic carbon changes in turfgrass systems using the CENTURY model,
Agron. J., 95, 558–563, https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.5580, 2003. a, b
Bosveld, F. C. and Bouten, W.: Evaluation of transpiration models with
observations over a Douglas-fir forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 108, 247–264, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00251-9, 2001. a
Breuer, L., Eckhardt, K., and Frede, H.-G.: Plant parameter values for models
in temperate climates, Ecol. Model., 169, 237–293,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00274-6, 2003. a, b, c, d
Burgess, S. S. and Dawson, T. E.: Using branch and basal trunk sap flow
measurements to estimate whole-plant water capacitance: a caution, Plant Soil, 305, 5–13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9378-2, 2008. a
Camino-Serrano, M., Guenet, B., Luyssaert, S., Ciais, P., Bastrikov, V., De Vos, B., Gielen, B., Gleixner, G., Jornet-Puig, A., Kaiser, K., Kothawala, D., Lauerwald, R., Peñuelas, J., Schrumpf, M., Vicca, S., Vuichard, N., Walmsley, D., and Janssens, I. A.: ORCHIDEE-SOM: modeling soil organic carbon (SOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics along vertical soil profiles in Europe, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 937–957, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-937-2018, 2018. a
Chen, Y., Day, S. D., Wick, A. F., Strahm, B. D., Wiseman, P. E., and Daniels,
W. L.: Changes in soil carbon pools and microbial biomass from urban land
development and subsequent post-development soil rehabilitation, Soil Biol. Biochem., 66, 38–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.022, 2013. a
Claessens, H., Oosterbaan, A., Savill, P., and Rondeux, J.: A review of the
characteristics of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) and their
implications for silvicultural practices, Forestry, 83, 163–175,
https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpp038, 2010. a
Clearwater, M. J., Meinzer, F. C., Andrade, J. L., Goldstein, G., and Holbrook,
N. M.: Potential errors in measurement of nonuniform sap flow using heat
dissipation probes, Tree Physiol., 19, 681–687,
https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/19.10.681, 1999. a
Dahlhausen, J., Rötzer, T., Biber, P., Uhl, E., and Pretzsch, H.: Urban
climate modifies tree growth in Berlin, Int. J. Biometeorol., 62, 795–808, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1481-3, 2018. a
Davidson, E. A. and Janssens, I. A.: Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon
decomposition and feedbacks to climate change, Nature, 440, 165–173,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04514, 2006. a
Decina, S. M., Hutyra, L. R., Gately, C. K., Getson, J. M., Reinmann, A. B.,
Gianotti, A. G. S., and Templer, P. H.: Soil respiration contributes
substantially to urban carbon fluxes in the greater Boston area,
Environ. Pollut., 212, 433–439, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.012,
2016. a, b
Edmondson, J. L., Davies, Z. G., McHugh, N., Gaston, K. J., and Leake, J. R.:
Organic carbon hidden in urban ecosystems, Scientific Reports, 2, 1–7,
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00963, 2012. a
Edmondson, J. L., Davies, Z. G., McCormack, S. A., Gaston, K. J., and Leake,
J. R.: Land-cover effects on soil organic carbon stocks in a European city,
Sci. Total Environ., 472, 444–453,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.025, 2014. a, b
Eschenbach, C. and Kappen, L.: Leaf area index determination in an alder
forest: a comparison of three methods, J. Exp. Bot., 47,
1457–1462, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/47.9.1457, 1996. a, b
Eschenbach, C. and Kappen, L.: Leaf water relations of black alder [Alnus
glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.] growing at neighbouring sites with different water
regimes, Trees, 14, 28–38, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004680050004, 1999. a, b
Goret, M., Masson, V., Schoetter, R., and Moine, M.-P.: Inclusion of CO2 flux
modelling in an urban canopy layer model and an evaluation over an old
European city centre, Atmos. Environ., 3, 100042,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100042, 2019. a
Granier, A.: Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglas-fir stand by means of sap
flow measurements, Tree Physiol., 3, 309–320,
https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/3.4.309, 1987. a
Grimmond, C. S. B. and Oke, T. R.: An evapotranspiration-interception model for
urban areas, Water Resour. Res., 27, 1739–1755,
https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00557, 1991. a
Grimmond, C., Cleugh, H., and Oke, T.: An objective urban heat storage model
and its comparison with other schemes, Atmos. Environ. B-Urb., 25, 311–326, https://doi.org/10.1016/0957-1272(91)90003-W, 1991. a
Hardiman, B. S., Wang, J. A., Hutyra, L. R., Gately, C. K., Getson, J. M., and
Friedl, M. A.: Accounting for urban biogenic fluxes in regional carbon
budgets, Sci. Total Environ., 592, 366–372,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.028, 2017. a
Hari, P., Mäkelä, A., Korpilahti, E., and Holmberg, M.: Optimal control
of gas exchange, Tree Physiol., 2, 169–175,
https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/2.1-2-3.169, 1986. a
Havu, M., Kulmala, L., Kolari, P., Vesala, T., Riikonen, A., and Järvi, L.:
Data used in manuscript Carbon sequestration potential of street tree
plantings in Helsinki, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5870101, 2022. a
Heikkinen, J., Ketoja, E., Seppänen, L., Luostarinen, S., Fritze, H.,
Pennanen, T., Peltoniemi, K., Velmala, S., Hanajik, P., and Regina, K.:
Chemical composition controls the decomposition of organic amendments and
influences the microbial community structure in agricultural soils, Carbon Manag., 12, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2021.1947386, 2021. a, b
HEL: Syksyn arkivuorokauden liikenne Helsingissä 2016,
https://www.hel.fi/hel2/ksv/aineistot/liikennesuunnittelu/liikennetutkimus/liikennemaarat.pdf (last access: 1 August 2020), 2016. a
Hölttä, T., Linkosalo, T., Riikonen, A., Sevanto, S., and Nikinmaa, E.:
An analysis of Granier sap flow method, its sensitivity to heat storage and a
new approach to improve its time dynamics, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 211, 2–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.05.005, 2015. a, b
Hoogsteen, M. J., Lantinga, E. A., Bakker, E. J., Groot, J. C., and Tittonell,
P. A.: Estimating soil organic carbon through loss on ignition: effects of
ignition conditions and structural water loss, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 66, 320–328, https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12224, 2015. a
HSY: SeutuCD'11 database, https://www.hsy.fi/en/environmental-information/open-data/avoin-data---sivut/population-grid-of-helsinki-metropolitan-area/
(last access: 1 May 2019), 2011. a
HSY: Selvitys pääkaupunkiseudun hiilinieluista ja -varastoista, Helsinki
Region Environmental Services Authority, https://julkaisu.hsy.fi/selvitys-paakaupunkiseudun-hiilinieluista-ja–varastoista.pdf, (last access: 30 February 2021), 2021. a
Järvi, L., Hannuniemi, H., Hussein, T., Junninen, H., Aalto, P. P.,
Hillamo, R., Mäkelä, T., Keronen, P., Siivola, E., Vesala, T.,
and Kulmala, M.: The urban measurement station SMEAR III: Continuous monitoring of air
pollution and surface–atmosphere interactions in Helsinki, Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 86–109, 2009. a, b
Järvi, L., Grimmond, C., and Christen, A.: The surface urban energy and
water balance scheme (SUEWS): Evaluation in Los Angeles and Vancouver,
J. Hydrol., 411, 219–237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.10.001,
2011. a, b
Järvi, L., Grimmond, C. S. B., Taka, M., Nordbo, A., Setälä, H., and Strachan, I. B.: Development of the Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) for cold climate cities, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1691–1711, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1691-2014, 2014. a, b
Järvi, L., Grimmond, C., McFadden, J., Christen, A., Strachan, I., Taka,
M., Warsta, L., and Heimann, M.: Warming effects on the urban hydrology in
cold climate regions, Scientific Reports, 7, 1–8,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05733-y, 2017. a
Järvi, L., Havu, M., Ward, H. C., Bellucco, V., McFadden, J. P., Toivonen,
T., Heikinheimo, V., Kolari, P., Riikonen, A., and Grimmond, C. S. B.:
Spatial modeling of local-scale biogenic and anthropogenic carbon dioxide
emissions in Helsinki, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124,
8363–8384, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029576, 2019. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Kalliokoski, T., Heinonen, T., Holder, J., Lehtonen, A., Mäkelä, A., Minunno, F., Ollikainen, M., Packalen, T., Peltoniemi, M., Pukkala, T., Salminen, O., Schelhaas, MJ., Seppälä, J., Vauhkonen, J., Kanninen, M.: Skenaarioanalyysi metsien Kehitystä Kuvaavien Mallien Ennusteiden Yhtäläisyyksistä ja Eroista, Finnish Climate Panel Report 2/2019, 88, (Suomen ilmastopaneeli), https://www.ilmastopaneeli.fi/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Ilmastopaneeli_mets%C3%A4mallit_raportti_180219.pdf (last access: 5 May 2021), 2019. a, b
Karhu, K., Gärdenäs, A. I., Heikkinen, J., Vanhala, P., Tuomi, M., and
Liski, J.: Impacts of organic amendments on carbon stocks of an agricultural
soil – comparison of model-simulations to measurements, Geoderma, 189,
606–616, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.06.007, 2012. a
Kaye, J. P., McCulley, R., and Burke, I.: Carbon fluxes, nitrogen cycling, and
soil microbial communities in adjacent urban, native and agricultural
ecosystems, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 575–587, 2005. a
Lindén, L., Riikonen, A., Setälä, H., and Yli-Pelkonen, V.:
Quantifying carbon stocks in urban parks under cold climate conditions, Urban For. Urban Gree., 49, 126633, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126633,
2020. a, b, c
Liski, J., Palosuo, T., Peltoniemi, M., and Sievänen, R.: Carbon and
decomposition model Yasso for forest soils, Ecol. Model., 189,
168–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.005, 2005. a
Liski, J., Lehtonen, A., Palosuo, T., Peltoniemi, M., Eggers, T., Muukkonen,
P., and Mäkipää, R.: Carbon accumulation in Finland's forests
1922–2004 – an estimate obtained by combination of forest inventory data with
modelling of biomass, litter and soil, Ann. Forest Sci., 63,
687–697, https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2006049, 2006. a
Liu, X., Li, T., Zhang, S., Jia, Y., Li, Y., and Xu, X.: The role of land use,
construction and road on terrestrial carbon stocks in a newly urbanized area
of western Chengdu, China, Landscape Urban Plan., 147, 88–95,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.12.001, 2016. a
Lorenz, K. and Lal, R.: Managing soil carbon stocks to enhance the resilience
of urban ecosystems, Carbon Manag., 6, 35–50,
https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2015.1071182, 2015. a
Mäkelä, A., Kolari, P., Karimäki, J., Nikinmaa, E.,
Perämäki, M., and Hari, P.: Modelling five years of weather-driven
variation of GPP in a boreal forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 139, 382–398, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.017, 2006. a, b
Marcotullio, P. J., Sarzynski, A., Albrecht, J., Schulz, N., and Garcia, J.:
The geography of global urban greenhouse gas emissions: An exploratory
analysis, Climatic Change, 121, 621–634, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0977-z,
2013. a
Matamala, R., Gonzalez-Meler, M. A., Jastrow, J. D., Norby, R. J., and
Schlesinger, W. H.: Impacts of fine root turnover on forest NPP and soil C
sequestration potential, Science, 302, 1385–1387,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089543, 2003. a
McPherson, G., Simpson, J. R., Peper, P. J., Maco, S. E., and Xiao, Q.:
Municipal forest benefits and costs in five US cities, J. Forest.,
103, 411–416, 2005. a
McPherson, E. G., Simpson, J. R., Xiao, Q., and Wu, C.: Million trees Los
Angeles canopy cover and benefit assessment, Landscape Urban Plan., 99, 40–50, 2011. a
Moore, G. W., Bond, B. J., Jones, J. A., and Meinzer, F. C.:
Thermal-dissipation sap flow sensors may not yield consistent sap-flux
estimates over multiple years, Trees, 24, 165–174,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-009-0390-4, 2010. a
Moyano, F. E., Vasilyeva, N., Bouckaert, L., Cook, F., Craine, J., Curiel Yuste, J., Don, A., Epron, D., Formanek, P., Franzluebbers, A., Ilstedt, U., Kätterer, T., Orchard, V., Reichstein, M., Rey, A., Ruamps, L., Subke, J.-A., Thomsen, I. K., and Chenu, C.: The moisture response of soil heterotrophic respiration: interaction with soil properties, Biogeosciences, 9, 1173–1182, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1173-2012, 2012. a
Myeong, S., Nowak, D. J., and Duggin, M. J.: A temporal analysis of urban
forest carbon storage using remote sensing, Remote Sens. Environ.,
101, 277–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.12.001, 2006. a
Nielsen, C. N., Buhler, O., and Kristoffersen, P.: Soil Water Dynamics and
Growth of Street and Park Trees, Arboriculture and Urban Forestry, 33, 231, https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2007.027, 2007. a
Nowak, D. J. and Crane, D. E.: The Urban Forest Effects (UFORE) model: quantifying urban forest structure and functions, in: Integrated tools for natural resources inventories in the 21st century, edited by: Hansen, M. and Burk, T., Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-212, St. Paul, MN, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 714–720, 2000. a, b
Offerle, B., Grimmond, C., and Oke, T. R.: Parameterization of net all-wave
radiation for urban areas, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim.,
42, 1157–1173, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1157:PONARF>2.0.CO;2, 2003. a
Oke, T. R.: The energetic basis of the urban heat island, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710845502,
1982. a, b
Parton, W. J., Stewart, J. W., and Cole, C. V.: Dynamics of C, N, P and S in
grassland soils: a model, Biogeochemistry, 5, 109–131,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02180320, 1988. a
Pataki, D. E., Alig, R., Fung, A., Golubiewski, N., Kennedy, C., McPherson, E.,
Nowak, D., Pouyat, R., and Romero Lankao, P.: Urban ecosystems and the North
American carbon cycle, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 2092–2102,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01242.x, 2006. a, b, c
Pataki, D. E., Carreiro, M. M., Cherrier, J., Grulke, N. E., Jennings, V.,
Pincetl, S., Pouyat, R. V., Whitlow, T. H., and Zipperer, W. C.: Coupling
biogeochemical cycles in urban environments: ecosystem services, green
solutions, and misconceptions, Front. Ecol. Environ., 9,
27–36, https://doi.org/10.1890/090220, 2011. a
Pickett, S. T., Cadenasso, M. L., Grove, J. M., Boone, C. G., Groffman, P. M., Irwin, E., Kaushal, S. S., Marshall, V., McGrath, B. P., Nilon, C. H., Pouyat, R. V., Szlavecs, K., Troy, A., and Warren, P.: Urban ecological systems: Scientific foundations and a decade of
progress, J. Environ. Manage., 92, 331–362,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.08.022, 2011. a, b
Pouyat, R. V., Yesilonis, I. D., and Nowak, D. J.: Carbon storage by urban
soils in the United States, J. Environ. Qual., 35, 1566–1575,
https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0215, 2006. a
Pouyat, R. V., Yesilonis, I. D., and Golubiewski, N. E.: A comparison of soil
organic carbon stocks between residential turf grass and native soil, Urban
Ecosyst., 12, 45–62, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-008-0059-6, 2009. a
Qian, Y., Bandaranayake, W., Parton, W., Mecham, B., Harivandi, M., and Mosier,
A.: Long-term effects of clipping and nitrogen management in turfgrass on
soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics: The CENTURY model simulation,
J. Environ. Qual., 32, 1694–1700, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.1694,
2003. a, b
Raciti, S. M., Hutyra, L. R., Rao, P., and Finzi, A. C.: Inconsistent
definitions of “urban” result in different conclusions about the size of
urban carbon and nitrogen stocks, Ecol. Appl., 22, 1015–1035,
https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1250.1, 2012. a
Raciti, S. M., Hutyra, L. R., and Newell, J. D.: Mapping carbon storage in
urban trees with multi-source remote sensing data: Relationships between
biomass, land use, and demographics in Boston neighborhoods, Sci. Total Environ., 500, 72–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.070, 2014. a
Riikonen, A., Pumpanen, J., Mäki, M., and Nikinmaa, E.: High carbon losses
from established growing sites delay the carbon sequestration benefits of
street tree plantings–A case study in Helsinki, Finland, Urban For. Urban Gree., 26, 85–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.04.004, 2017. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i
Roman, L. A. and Scatena, F. N.: Street tree survival rates: Meta-analysis of
previous studies and application to a field survey in Philadelphia, PA, USA,
Urban For. Urban Gree., 10, 269–274,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2011.05.008, 2011. a, b
Russo, A., Escobedo, F. J., Timilsina, N., Schmitt, A. O., Varela, S., and
Zerbe, S.: Assessing urban tree carbon storage and sequestration in Bolzano,
Italy, International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services &
Management, 10, 54–70, https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2013.873822, 2014. a, b
Sarzhanov, D., Vasenev, V., Sotnikova, Y. L., Tembo, A., Vasenev, I., and
Valentini, R.: Short-term dynamics and spatial heterogeneity of CO2 emission
from the soils of natural and urban ecosystems in the Central Chernozemic
Region, Eurasian Soil Sci.+, 48, 416–424, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229315040092,
2015. a
Sarzhanov, D., Vasenev, V., Vasenev, I., Sotnikova, Y., Ryzhkov, O., and Morin,
T.: Carbon stocks and CO2 emissions of urban and natural soils in Central
Chernozemic region of Russia, Catena, 158, 131–140,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.06.021, 2017. a
Scharenbroch, B. C., Lloyd, J. E., and Johnson-Maynard, J. L.: Distinguishing
urban soils with physical, chemical, and biological properties, Pedobiologia,
49, 283–296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2004.12.002, 2005. a
Setälä, H. M., Francini, G., Allen, J. A., Hui, N., Jumpponen, A., and
Kotze, D. J.: Vegetation type and age drive changes in soil properties,
nitrogen, and carbon sequestration in urban parks under cold climate,
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 4, 93, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2016.00093,
2016. a
Soares, A. L., Rego, F. C., McPherson, E., Simpson, J., Peper, P., and Xiao,
Q.: Benefits and costs of street trees in Lisbon, Portugal, Urban For. Urban Gree., 10, 69–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2010.12.001, 2011. a, b
Stewart, I. D. and Oke, T. R.: Local climate zones for urban temperature
studies, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 1879–1900,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1, 2012. a
Stoffberg, G. H., Van Rooyen, M., Van der Linde, M., and Groeneveld, H.: Carbon
sequestration estimates of indigenous street trees in the City of Tshwane,
South Africa, Urban For. Urban Gree., 9, 9–14,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2009.09.004, 2010. a
StromJan: StromJan/Raster4H: Final version, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4005833, 2020. a, b
Sun, T. and Grimmond, S.: A Python-enhanced urban land surface model SuPy (SUEWS in Python, v2019.2): development, deployment and demonstration, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2781–2795, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2781-2019, 2019. a, b
Sun, T., Wang, Z.-H., Oechel, W. C., and Grimmond, S.: The Analytical Objective Hysteresis Model (AnOHM v1.0): methodology to determine bulk storage heat flux coefficients, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2875–2890, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2875-2017, 2017. a
Tang, Y., Sun, T., Luo, Z., Omidvar, H., Theeuwes, N., Xie, X., Xiong, J., Yao,
R., and Grimmond, S.: Urban meteorological forcing data for building energy
simulations, Build. Environ., 204, 108088,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108088, 2021. a, b
Trammell, T., Pouyat, R., Carreiro, M., and Yesilonis, I.: Drivers of soil and
tree carbon dynamics in urban residential lawns: a modeling approach,
Ecol. Appl., 27, 991–1000, https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1502, 2017. a, b
Tuomi, M., Thum, T., Järvinen, H., Fronzek, S., Berg, B., Harmon, M.,
Trofymow, J., Sevanto, S., and Liski, J.: Leaf litter
decomposition – Estimates of global variability based on Yasso07 model,
Ecol. Model., 220, 3362–3371, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.05.016,
2009. a
Vaccari, F. P., Gioli, B., Toscano, P., and Perrone, C.: Carbon dioxide balance
assessment of the city of Florence (Italy), and implications for urban
planning, Landscape Urban Plan., 120, 138–146,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.08.004, 2013. a
Velasco, E., Segovia, E., Choong, A. M., Lim, B. K., and Vargas, R.: Carbon
dioxide dynamics in a residential lawn of a tropical city, J. Environ. Manage., 280, 111752, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111752,
2021. a, b
Viskari, T., Laine, M., Kulmala, L., Mäkelä, J., Fer, I., and Liski, J.: Improving Yasso15 soil carbon model estimates with ensemble adjustment Kalman filter state data assimilation, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5959–5971, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5959-2020, 2020. a, b
Weissert, L., Salmond, J., and Schwendenmann, L.: Variability of soil organic
carbon stocks and soil CO2 efflux across urban land use and soil cover types,
Geoderma, 271, 80–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.02.014, 2016. a, b
Zhao, C. and Sander, H. A.: Quantifying and mapping the supply of and demand
for carbon storage and sequestration service from urban trees, PLoS One, 10,
e0136392, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136392, 2015. a
Short summary
The carbon sequestration potential of two street tree species and the soil beneath them was quantified with the urban land surface model SUEWS and the soil carbon model Yasso. The street tree plantings turned into a modest sink of carbon from the atmosphere after 14 years. Overall, the results indicate the importance of soil in urban carbon sequestration estimations, as soil respiration exceeded the carbon uptake in the early phase, due to the high initial carbon loss from the soil.
The carbon sequestration potential of two street tree species and the soil beneath them was...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint