Articles | Volume 11, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5285-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5285-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Reviews and syntheses
| 
01 Oct 2014
Reviews and syntheses |
| 01 Oct 2014
Mechanisms of microbial carbon sequestration in the ocean – future research directions
N. Jiao
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
C. Robinson
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
F. Azam
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 920193, USA
H. Thomas
Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
F. Baltar
Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
H. Dang
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
N. J. Hardman-Mountford
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia
M. Johnson
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
D. L. Kirchman
School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, DE 19958, USA
B. P. Koch
Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
L. Legendre
CNRS, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
C. Li
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
J. Liu
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
T. Luo
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Y.-W. Luo
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
A. Mitra
Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
A. Romanou
Dept. of Applied Physics and Applied Math., Columbia University and NASA-Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, USA
K. Tang
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
X. Wang
South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
C. Zhang
Tongji University, Shanghai, China
R. Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Related authors
Le Xie, Wei Wei, Lanlan Cai, Xiaowei Chen, Yuhong Huang, Nianzhi Jiao, Rui Zhang, and Ya-Wei Luo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1251–1271, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1251-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1251-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Viruses play key roles in marine ecosystems by killing their hosts, maintaining diversity and recycling nutrients. In the global viral oceanography database (gVOD), 10 931 viral abundance data and 727 viral production data, along with host and other oceanographic parameters, were compiled. It identified viral data were undersampled in the southeast Pacific and Indian oceans. The gVOD can be used in marine viral ecology investigation and modeling of marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles.
Lei Hou, Xiabing Xie, Xianhui Wan, Shuh-Ji Kao, Nianzhi Jiao, and Yao Zhang
Biogeosciences, 15, 5169–5187, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5169-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5169-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The niche differentiation of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers is controversial because they display disparate patterns in different environments. Combining molecular and nitrification rate analyses, our study clarified that water mass mixing and the substrate availability primarily regulated the niche differentiation of nitrifier populations along a salinity gradient. The nitrifier populations may have specific adaptations to different substrate conditions through their ecological strategies.
J. Liu, N. Jiao, and K. Tang
Biogeosciences, 11, 5115–5122, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5115-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5115-2014, 2014
H. Dang and N. Jiao
Biogeosciences, 11, 3887–3898, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3887-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3887-2014, 2014
Y. Li, T. Luo, J. Sun, L. Cai, Y. Liang, N. Jiao, and R. Zhang
Biogeosciences, 11, 2531–2542, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2531-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2531-2014, 2014
N. Jiao, Y. Zhang, K. Zhou, Q. Li, M. Dai, J. Liu, J. Guo, and B. Huang
Biogeosciences, 11, 2465–2475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2465-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2465-2014, 2014
N. Jiao, T. Luo, R. Zhang, W. Yan, Y. Lin, Z. I. Johnson, J. Tian, D. Yuan, Q. Yang, Q. Zheng, J. Sun, D. Hu, and P. Wang
Biogeosciences, 11, 2391–2400, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2391-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2391-2014, 2014
Y. Zhang, X. Xie, N. Jiao, S. S.-Y. Hsiao, and S.-J. Kao
Biogeosciences, 11, 2131–2145, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2131-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2131-2014, 2014
R. Zhang, X. Xia, S. C. K. Lau, C. Motegi, M. G. Weinbauer, and N. Jiao
Biogeosciences, 10, 3679–3689, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3679-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3679-2013, 2013
Kubilay Timur Demir, Moritz Mathis, Jan Kossack, Feifei Liu, Ute Daewel, Christoph Stegert, Helmuth Thomas, and Corinna Schrum
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3449, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3449, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how variations in the ratios of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in organic matter affect carbon cycling in the Northwest European shelf seas. Traditional models with fixed ratios tend to underestimate biological carbon uptake. By integrating variable ratios into a regional model, we find that carbon dioxide uptake increases by 10–33 %. These results highlight the need to include variable ratios for accurate assessments of regional and global carbon cycles.
Mona Norbisrath, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Helmuth Thomas
Ocean Sci., 20, 1423–1440, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1423-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1423-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present an observational study investigating total alkalinity (TA) in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Discrete water samples were used to identify the TA spatial distribution patterns and locate and shed light on TA sources. By observing a tidal cycle, the sediments and pore water exchange were identified as local TA sources. We assumed metabolically driven CaCO3 dissolution as the TA source in the upper, oxic sediments and anaerobic metabolic processes as TA sources in the deeper, anoxic ones.
Julia Meyer, Yoana G. Voynova, Bryce Van Dam, Lara Luitjens, Dagmar Daehne, and Helmuth Thomas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3048, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3048, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study highlights the inter-seasonal variability of the carbonate dynamics of the East Frisian Wadden Sea, the world's largest intertidal area. During spring, increased biological activity leads to lower CO2 and nitrate levels, while total alkalinity (TA) rises slightly. In summer, TA increases, enhancing the ocean's ability to absorb CO2. Our research emphasizes the vital role of these intertidal regions in regulating carbon, contributing to a better understanding of carbon storage.
Mona Norbisrath, Andreas Neumann, Kirstin Dähnke, Tina Sanders, Andreas Schöl, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 20, 4307–4321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4307-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4307-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Total alkalinity (TA) is the oceanic capacity to store CO2. Estuaries can be a TA source. Anaerobic metabolic pathways like denitrification (reduction of NO3− to N2) generate TA and are a major nitrogen (N) sink. Another important N sink is anammox that transforms NH4+ with NO2− into N2 without TA generation. By combining TA and N2 production, we identified a TA source, denitrification, occurring in the water column and suggest anammox as the dominant N2 producer in the bottom layer of the Ems.
Angelika Graiff, Matthias Braun, Amelie Driemel, Jörg Ebbing, Hans-Peter Grossart, Tilmann Harder, Joseph I. Hoffman, Boris Koch, Florian Leese, Judith Piontek, Mirko Scheinert, Petra Quillfeldt, Jonas Zimmermann, and Ulf Karsten
Polarforschung, 91, 45–57, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-91-45-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/polf-91-45-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
There are many approaches to better understanding Antarctic processes that generate very large data sets (
Antarctic big data). For these large data sets there is a pressing need for improved data acquisition, curation, integration, service, and application to support fundamental scientific research, and this article describes and evaluates the current status of big data in various Antarctic scientific disciplines, identifies current gaps, and provides solutions to fill these gaps.
Nele Lehmann, Hugues Lantuit, Michael Ernst Böttcher, Jens Hartmann, Antje Eulenburg, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 20, 3459–3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3459-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3459-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Riverine alkalinity in the silicate-dominated headwater catchment at subarctic Iskorasfjellet, northern Norway, was almost entirely derived from weathering of minor carbonate occurrences in the riparian zone. The uphill catchment appeared limited by insufficient contact time of weathering agents and weatherable material. Further, alkalinity increased with decreasing permafrost extent. Thus, with climate change, alkalinity generation is expected to increase in this permafrost-degrading landscape.
Zhibo Shao, Yangchun Xu, Hua Wang, Weicheng Luo, Lice Wang, Yuhong Huang, Nona Sheila R. Agawin, Ayaz Ahmed, Mar Benavides, Mikkel Bentzon-Tilia, Ilana Berman-Frank, Hugo Berthelot, Isabelle C. Biegala, Mariana B. Bif, Antonio Bode, Sophie Bonnet, Deborah A. Bronk, Mark V. Brown, Lisa Campbell, Douglas G. Capone, Edward J. Carpenter, Nicolas Cassar, Bonnie X. Chang, Dreux Chappell, Yuh-ling Lee Chen, Matthew J. Church, Francisco M. Cornejo-Castillo, Amália Maria Sacilotto Detoni, Scott C. Doney, Cecile Dupouy, Marta Estrada, Camila Fernandez, Bieito Fernández-Castro, Debany Fonseca-Batista, Rachel A. Foster, Ken Furuya, Nicole Garcia, Kanji Goto, Jesús Gago, Mary R. Gradoville, M. Robert Hamersley, Britt A. Henke, Cora Hörstmann, Amal Jayakumar, Zhibing Jiang, Shuh-Ji Kao, David M. Karl, Leila R. Kittu, Angela N. Knapp, Sanjeev Kumar, Julie LaRoche, Hongbin Liu, Jiaxing Liu, Caroline Lory, Carolin R. Löscher, Emilio Marañón, Lauren F. Messer, Matthew M. Mills, Wiebke Mohr, Pia H. Moisander, Claire Mahaffey, Robert Moore, Beatriz Mouriño-Carballido, Margaret R. Mulholland, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Joseph A. Needoba, Eric J. Raes, Eyal Rahav, Teodoro Ramírez-Cárdenas, Christian Furbo Reeder, Lasse Riemann, Virginie Riou, Julie C. Robidart, Vedula V. S. S. Sarma, Takuya Sato, Himanshu Saxena, Corday Selden, Justin R. Seymour, Dalin Shi, Takuhei Shiozaki, Arvind Singh, Rachel E. Sipler, Jun Sun, Koji Suzuki, Kazutaka Takahashi, Yehui Tan, Weiyi Tang, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Kendra Turk-Kubo, Zuozhu Wen, Angelicque E. White, Samuel T. Wilson, Takashi Yoshida, Jonathan P. Zehr, Run Zhang, Yao Zhang, and Ya-Wei Luo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3673–3709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3673-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3673-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
N2 fixation by marine diazotrophs is an important bioavailable N source to the global ocean. This updated global oceanic diazotroph database increases the number of in situ measurements of N2 fixation rates, diazotrophic cell abundances, and nifH gene copy abundances by 184 %, 86 %, and 809 %, respectively. Using the updated database, the global marine N2 fixation rate is estimated at 223 ± 30 Tg N yr−1, which triplicates that using the original database.
Mona Norbisrath, Johannes Pätsch, Kirstin Dähnke, Tina Sanders, Gesa Schulz, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 19, 5151–5165, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5151-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5151-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Total alkalinity (TA) regulates the oceanic storage capacity of atmospheric CO2. TA is also metabolically generated in estuaries and influences coastal carbon storage through its inflows. We used water samples and identified the Hamburg port area as the one with highest TA generation. Of the overall riverine TA load, 14 % is generated within the estuary. Using a biogeochemical model, we estimated potential effects on the coastal carbon storage under possible anthropogenic and climate changes.
Bryce Van Dam, Nele Lehmann, Mary A. Zeller, Andreas Neumann, Daniel Pröfrock, Marko Lipka, Helmuth Thomas, and Michael Ernst Böttcher
Biogeosciences, 19, 3775–3789, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3775-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3775-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified sediment–water exchange at shallow sites in the North and Baltic seas. We found that porewater irrigation rates in the former were approximately twice as high as previously estimated, likely driven by relatively high bioirrigative activity. In contrast, we found small net fluxes of alkalinity, ranging from −35 µmol m−2 h−1 (uptake) to 53 µmol m−2 h−1 (release). We attribute this to low net denitrification, carbonate mineral (re-)precipitation, and sulfide (re-)oxidation.
Niek Jesse Speetjens, George Tanski, Victoria Martin, Julia Wagner, Andreas Richter, Gustaf Hugelius, Chris Boucher, Rachele Lodi, Christian Knoblauch, Boris P. Koch, Urban Wünsch, Hugues Lantuit, and Jorien E. Vonk
Biogeosciences, 19, 3073–3097, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change and warming in the Arctic exceed global averages. As a result, permanently frozen soils (permafrost) which store vast quantities of carbon in the form of dead plant material (organic matter) are thawing. Our study shows that as permafrost landscapes degrade, high concentrations of organic matter are released. Partly, this organic matter is degraded rapidly upon release, while another significant fraction enters stream networks and enters the Arctic Ocean.
Zhibo Shao and Ya-Wei Luo
Biogeosciences, 19, 2939–2952, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2939-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2939-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs) may be an important player in fixing N2 in the ocean. By conducting meta-analyses, we found that a representative marine NCD phylotype, Gamma A, tends to inhabit ocean environments with high productivity, low iron concentration and high light intensity. It also appears to be more abundant inside cyclonic eddies. Our study suggests a niche differentiation of NCDs from cyanobacterial diazotrophs as the latter prefers low-productivity and high-iron oceans.
Julie Dinasquet, Estelle Bigeard, Frédéric Gazeau, Farooq Azam, Cécile Guieu, Emilio Marañón, Céline Ridame, France Van Wambeke, Ingrid Obernosterer, and Anne-Claire Baudoux
Biogeosciences, 19, 1303–1319, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1303-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1303-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Saharan dust deposition of nutrients and trace metals is crucial to microbes in the Mediterranean Sea. Here, we tested the response of microbial and viral communities to simulated dust deposition under present and future conditions of temperature and pH. Overall, the effect of the deposition was dependent on the initial microbial assemblage, and future conditions will intensify microbial responses. We observed effects on trophic interactions, cascading all the way down to viral processes.
Hyewon Heather Kim, Jeff S. Bowman, Ya-Wei Luo, Hugh W. Ducklow, Oscar M. Schofield, Deborah K. Steinberg, and Scott C. Doney
Biogeosciences, 19, 117–136, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-117-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-117-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Heterotrophic marine bacteria are tiny organisms responsible for taking up organic matter in the ocean. Using a modeling approach, this study shows that characteristics (taxonomy and physiology) of bacteria are associated with a subset of ecological processes in the coastal West Antarctic Peninsula region, a system susceptible to global climate change. This study also suggests that bacteria will become more active, in particular large-sized cells, in response to changing climates in the region.
Krysten Rutherford, Katja Fennel, Dariia Atamanchuk, Douglas Wallace, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 18, 6271–6286, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6271-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6271-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using a regional model of the northwestern North Atlantic shelves in combination with a surface water time series and repeat transect observations, we investigate surface CO2 variability on the Scotian Shelf. The study highlights a strong seasonal cycle in shelf-wide pCO2 and spatial variability throughout the summer months driven by physical events. The simulated net flux of CO2 on the Scotian Shelf is out of the ocean, deviating from the global air–sea CO2 flux trend in continental shelves.
Hyewon Heather Kim, Ya-Wei Luo, Hugh W. Ducklow, Oscar M. Schofield, Deborah K. Steinberg, and Scott C. Doney
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4939–4975, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4939-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4939-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is a rapidly warming region, revealed by multi-decadal observations. Despite the region being data rich, there is a lack of focus on ecosystem model development. Here, we introduce a data assimilation ecosystem model for the WAP region. Experiments by assimilating data from an example growth season capture key WAP features. This study enables us to glue the snapshots from available data sets together to explain the observations in the WAP.
Jens A. Hölemann, Bennet Juhls, Dorothea Bauch, Markus Janout, Boris P. Koch, and Birgit Heim
Biogeosciences, 18, 3637–3655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3637-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3637-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic Ocean receives large amounts of river water rich in terrestrial dissolved organic matter (tDOM), which is an important component of the Arctic carbon cycle. Our analysis shows that mixing of three major freshwater sources is the main factor that regulates the distribution of tDOM concentrations in the Siberian shelf seas. In this context, the formation and melting of the land-fast ice in the Laptev Sea and the peak spring discharge of the Lena River are of particular importance.
Le Xie, Wei Wei, Lanlan Cai, Xiaowei Chen, Yuhong Huang, Nianzhi Jiao, Rui Zhang, and Ya-Wei Luo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1251–1271, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1251-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1251-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Viruses play key roles in marine ecosystems by killing their hosts, maintaining diversity and recycling nutrients. In the global viral oceanography database (gVOD), 10 931 viral abundance data and 727 viral production data, along with host and other oceanographic parameters, were compiled. It identified viral data were undersampled in the southeast Pacific and Indian oceans. The gVOD can be used in marine viral ecology investigation and modeling of marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles.
Chantal Mears, Helmuth Thomas, Paul B. Henderson, Matthew A. Charette, Hugh MacIntyre, Frank Dehairs, Christophe Monnin, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 17, 4937–4959, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4937-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4937-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Major research initiatives have been undertaken within the Arctic Ocean, highlighting this area's global importance and vulnerability to climate change. In 2015, the international GEOTRACES program addressed this importance by devoting intense research activities to the Arctic Ocean. Among various tracers, we used radium and carbonate system data to elucidate the functioning and vulnerability of the hydrographic regime of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, bridging the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
Fabian Schwichtenberg, Johannes Pätsch, Michael Ernst Böttcher, Helmuth Thomas, Vera Winde, and Kay-Christian Emeis
Biogeosciences, 17, 4223–4245, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4223-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4223-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean acidification has a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms. It is related to total alkalinity (TA) mainly produced in oxygen-poor situations like sediments in tidal flats. TA reduces the sensitivity of a water body to acidification. The decomposition of organic material and subsequent TA release in the tidal areas of the North Sea (Wadden Sea) is responsible for reduced acidification in the southern North Sea. This is shown with the results of an ecosystem model.
Alexis Beaupré-Laperrière, Alfonso Mucci, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 17, 3923–3942, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3923-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3923-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean acidification is the process by which the oceans are changing due to carbon dioxide emissions from human activities. Studying this process in the Arctic Ocean is essential as this ocean and its ecosystems are more vulnerable to the effects of acidification. Water chemistry measurements made in recent years show that waters in and around the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are considerably affected by this process and show dynamic conditions that might have an impact on local marine organisms.
Louise Delaigue, Helmuth Thomas, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 17, 547–566, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-547-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-547-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports on the first compilation and analysis of the surface water pCO2 distribution in the Saguenay Fjord, the southernmost subarctic fjord in the Northern Hemisphere, and thus fills a significant knowledge gap in current regional estimates of estuarine CO2 emissions.
Sinikka T. Lennartz, Marc von Hobe, Dennis Booge, Henry C. Bittig, Tim Fischer, Rafael Gonçalves-Araujo, Kerstin B. Ksionzek, Boris P. Koch, Astrid Bracher, Rüdiger Röttgers, Birgit Quack, and Christa A. Marandino
Ocean Sci., 15, 1071–1090, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1071-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1071-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean emits the gases carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS2), which affect our climate. The goal of this study was to quantify the rates at which both gases are produced in the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP), one of the most productive oceanic regions worldwide. Both gases are produced by reactions triggered by sunlight, but we found that the amount produced depends on different factors. Our results improve numerical models to predict oceanic concentrations of both gases.
Saisiri Chaichana, Tim Jickells, and Martin Johnson
Biogeosciences, 16, 1073–1096, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1073-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1073-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Organic molecules dissolved in the waters of coastal seas (DOM) are a potentially important vector for carbon transport and storage in the open ocean. DOM carbon and nitrogen concentrations from two consecutive summers in the North Sea show a strong pattern of concentrations decreasing away from land. We also observe significant differences between the years in both the DOM concentration and C : N ratios, suggesting that carbon export from shelf seas might be mediated by organic matter cycling.
Rachel M. Horwitz, Alex E. Hay, William J. Burt, Richard A. Cheel, Joseph Salisbury, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 16, 605–616, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-605-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-605-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
High-frequency CO2 measurements are used to quantify the daily and tidal cycles of dissolved carbon in the Bay of Fundy – home to the world's largest tides. The oscillating tidal flows drive a net carbon transport, and these results suggest that previously unaccounted for tidal variation could substantially modulate the coastal ocean's response to global ocean acidification. Evaluating the impact of rising atmospheric CO2 on coastal systems requires understanding this short-term variability.
Lei Hou, Xiabing Xie, Xianhui Wan, Shuh-Ji Kao, Nianzhi Jiao, and Yao Zhang
Biogeosciences, 15, 5169–5187, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5169-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5169-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The niche differentiation of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers is controversial because they display disparate patterns in different environments. Combining molecular and nitrification rate analyses, our study clarified that water mass mixing and the substrate availability primarily regulated the niche differentiation of nitrifier populations along a salinity gradient. The nitrifier populations may have specific adaptations to different substrate conditions through their ecological strategies.
Jonathan Lemay, Helmuth Thomas, Susanne E. Craig, William J. Burt, Katja Fennel, and Blair J. W. Greenan
Biogeosciences, 15, 2111–2123, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2111-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2111-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We report a detailed mechanistic investigation of the impact of Hurricane Arthur on the CO2 cycling on the Scotian Shelf. We can show that in contrast to common thinking, the deepening of the surface during the summer months can lead to increased CO2 uptake as carbon-poor waters from subsurface water are brought up to the surface. Only during prolonged storm events is the deepening of the mixed layer strong enough to bring the (expected) carbon-rich water to the surface.
Jacoba Mol, Helmuth Thomas, Paul G. Myers, Xianmin Hu, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 15, 1011–1027, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1011-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1011-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In the fall of 2014, the upwelling of water from the deep Canada Basin brought water onto the shallower Mackenzie Shelf in the Beaufort Sea. This increased the concentration of CO2 in water on the shelf, which alters pH and changes the transfer of CO2 between the ocean and atmosphere. These findings were a combined result of water sampling for CO2 parameters and the use of a computer model that simulates water movement in the ocean.
Andrew Joesoef, David L. Kirchman, Christopher K. Sommerfield, and Wei-Jun Cai
Biogeosciences, 14, 4949–4963, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4949-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4949-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we focus on key, poorly understood properties of carbonate geochemistry in one of the largest estuaries in North America. We explore how varying environmental factors impact estuarine inorganic carbon fluxes and seasonal net ecosystem production. Comparisons with long-term records highlight the significance of tributary inputs as well as a regional shift towards increased riverine bicarbonate concentrations.
Blair Thomson, Christopher David Hepburn, Miles Lamare, and Federico Baltar
Biogeosciences, 14, 3971–3977, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3971-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3971-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Recent evidences suggest that the proportion of cell-free relative to the total EEA is usually comparable or larger than to the cell-associated. Yet, it is unknown what is the fate of those cell-free enzymes in ocean (which are still active) nor what controls their activities. We found that the activity of cell-free enzymes is affected by both temperature and UV light and that this effect was enzyme specific, suggesting a link between warming and the degradation of organic matter in the sea.
Rachel Hussherr, Maurice Levasseur, Martine Lizotte, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Jacoba Mol, Helmuth Thomas, Michel Gosselin, Michel Starr, Lisa A. Miller, Tereza Jarniková, Nina Schuback, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 14, 2407–2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses the impact of ocean acidification on phytoplankton and its synthesis of the climate-active gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS), as well as its modulation, by two contrasting light regimes in the Arctic. The light regimes tested had no significant impact on either the phytoplankton or DMS concentration, whereas both variables decreased linearly with the decrease in pH. Thus, a rapid decrease in surface water pH could alter the algal biomass and inhibit DMS production in the Arctic.
Jonathan M. Gregory, Nathaelle Bouttes, Stephen M. Griffies, Helmuth Haak, William J. Hurlin, Johann Jungclaus, Maxwell Kelley, Warren G. Lee, John Marshall, Anastasia Romanou, Oleg A. Saenko, Detlef Stammer, and Michael Winton
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3993–4017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3993-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3993-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
As a consequence of greenhouse gas emissions, changes in ocean temperature, salinity, circulation and sea level are expected in coming decades. Among the models used for climate projections for the 21st century, there is a large spread in projections of these effects. The Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project (FAFMIP) aims to investigate and explain this spread by prescribing a common set of changes in the input of heat, water and wind stress to the ocean in the participating models.
Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Benjamin Pfeil, Camilla S. Landa, Nicolas Metzl, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Karl Smith, Cathy Cosca, Sumiko Harasawa, Stephen D. Jones, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Yukihiro Nojiri, Ute Schuster, Tobias Steinhoff, Colm Sweeney, Taro Takahashi, Bronte Tilbrook, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Simone R. Alin, Carlos F. Balestrini, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Alejandro A. Bianchi, Frédéric Bonou, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Eugene F. Burger, Wei-Jun Cai, Robert D. Castle, Liqi Chen, Melissa Chierici, Kim Currie, Wiley Evans, Charles Featherstone, Richard A. Feely, Agneta Fransson, Catherine Goyet, Naomi Greenwood, Luke Gregor, Steven Hankin, Nick J. Hardman-Mountford, Jérôme Harlay, Judith Hauck, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Christopher W. Hunt, Betty Huss, J. Severino P. Ibánhez, Truls Johannessen, Ralph Keeling, Vassilis Kitidis, Arne Körtzinger, Alex Kozyr, Evangelia Krasakopoulou, Akira Kuwata, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Claire Lo Monaco, Ansley Manke, Jeremy T. Mathis, Liliane Merlivat, Frank J. Millero, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, David R. Munro, Akihiko Murata, Timothy Newberger, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Kristina Paterson, David Pearce, Denis Pierrot, Lisa L. Robbins, Shu Saito, Joe Salisbury, Reiner Schlitzer, Bernd Schneider, Roland Schweitzer, Rainer Sieger, Ingunn Skjelvan, Kevin F. Sullivan, Stewart C. Sutherland, Adrienne J. Sutton, Kazuaki Tadokoro, Maciej Telszewski, Matthias Tuma, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, Doug Vandemark, Brian Ward, Andrew J. Watson, and Suqing Xu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (www.socat.info) has 14.5 million CO2 (carbon dioxide) values for the years 1957 to 2014 covering the global oceans and coastal seas. Version 3 is an update to version 2 with a longer record and 44 % more CO2 values. The CO2 measurements have been made on ships, fixed moorings and drifting buoys. SOCAT enables quantification of the ocean carbon sink and ocean acidification, as well as model evaluation, thus informing climate negotiations.
William J. Burt, Helmuth Thomas, Lisa A. Miller, Mats A. Granskog, Tim N. Papakyriakou, and Leah Pengelly
Biogeosciences, 13, 4659–4671, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4659-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4659-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses the state of the carbon cycle in Hudson Bay, an ecologically important region of the Canadian Arctic. Results show that river input, sea-ice melt, biological activity, and general circulation patterns all have significant, and regionally dependent, impacts on the carbon cycle. The study also highlights the importance of detailed sampling procedures in highly stratified waters, and reveals that the deep Hudson Bay is primarily filled with waters of Pacific origin.
Corinne Le Quéré, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Róisín Moriarty, Séverine Alvain, Olivier Aumont, Laurent Bopp, Sophie Chollet, Clare Enright, Daniel J. Franklin, Richard J. Geider, Sandy P. Harrison, Andrew G. Hirst, Stuart Larsen, Louis Legendre, Trevor Platt, I. Colin Prentice, Richard B. Rivkin, Sévrine Sailley, Shubha Sathyendranath, Nick Stephens, Meike Vogt, and Sergio M. Vallina
Biogeosciences, 13, 4111–4133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4111-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4111-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present a global biogeochemical model which incorporates ecosystem dynamics based on the representation of ten plankton functional types, and use the model to assess the relative roles of iron vs. grazing in determining phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean. Our results suggest that observed low phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean during summer is primarily explained by the dynamics of the Southern Ocean zooplankton community, despite iron limitation of phytoplankton growth.
Urban Johannes Wünsch, Boris Peter Koch, Matthias Witt, and Joseph Andrew Needoba
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2016-263, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2016-263, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We used a combination of continuously measuring water chemistry sensors and periodic sampling efforts to assess the seasonal variability of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the Columbia River in spring and summer 2013.
We found that our sensors can provide detailed data on carbon export that far exceed usual monitoring efforts. The detailed data help to understand the impact of short-lived events, such as rainstorms, on the overall terrestrial carbon flux in the Columbia River.
Federico Baltar, Catherine Legrand, and Jarone Pinhassi
Biogeosciences, 13, 2815–2821, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2815-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2815-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This work deals with one of the central topics in biogeochemistry, the factors controlling the degradation of organic matter. We found the contribution of dissolved (cell-free) to the total extracellular enzymatic activities follows a strong seasonal pattern, with the largest proportions during cold periods. Our results suggest that temperature changes can have strong implications in the hydrolysis of organic matter, suggesting a link between global warming and the degradation of organic matter.
Fabian Große, Naomi Greenwood, Markus Kreus, Hermann-Josef Lenhart, Detlev Machoczek, Johannes Pätsch, Lesley Salt, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 13, 2511–2535, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2511-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2511-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We used the ECOHAM5 model to provide a consistent picture of the physical and biological drivers of oxygen deficiency in the North Sea. Regions susceptible to oxygen deficiency are characterised by low tidal mixing and moderate water depth (~ 40 m). Variations in upper layer productivity drive the year-to-year variability of bottom oxygen conditions. The model-based analysis reveals that benthic and pelagic remineralisation account for 90 % of bottom oxygen consumption observed at North Dogger.
Tom Hull, Naomi Greenwood, Jan Kaiser, and Martin Johnson
Biogeosciences, 13, 943–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-943-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-943-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the estimation of NCP using an oxygen time series from a surface mooring located in the River Thames plume. Our study site is identified as a region of net heterotrophy with strong seasonal variability. Short-term daily variability in oxygen and horizontal advection is demonstrated to make accurate estimates challenging. The effects of bubble-induced supersaturation is shown to have a large influence on cumulative annual estimates.
J. Gloël, C. Robinson, G. H. Tilstone, G. Tarran, and J. Kaiser
Ocean Sci., 11, 947–952, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-947-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-947-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We assess benzalkonium chloride (BAC) as alternative to mercuric chloride (HgCl2) for preservation of seawater samples. BAC concentrations of 50mg dm–3 inhibited microbial activity for at least 3 days in samples tested with chlorophyll a concentrations up to 1mg m–3. With fewer risks to health and environment, and lower waste disposal costs, BAC could be a short-term alternative to HgCl2, but cannot replace it for oxygen triple isotope samples, which require storage over weeks to months.
H. Wang, W. Liu, and C. L. Zhang
Biogeosciences, 11, 6755–6768, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6755-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6755-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
The relationships between environmental variables and the cyclization of branched tetraethers (CBT) were investigated in surface soils in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) and its vicinity. We find that CBT is not sensitive to soil pH but correlates best with soil moisture in these alkaline soils from arid-subhumid regions. Therefore, we suggest that CBT can potentially be used as a palaeorainfall proxy on the CLP and applied it to three loess-paleosol sequences published before.
J. Liu, N. Jiao, and K. Tang
Biogeosciences, 11, 5115–5122, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5115-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5115-2014, 2014
D. Talmy, J. Blackford, N. J. Hardman-Mountford, L. Polimene, M. J. Follows, and R. J. Geider
Biogeosciences, 11, 4881–4895, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4881-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4881-2014, 2014
B. P. Koch, G. Kattner, M. Witt, and U. Passow
Biogeosciences, 11, 4173–4190, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4173-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4173-2014, 2014
H. Dang and N. Jiao
Biogeosciences, 11, 3887–3898, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3887-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3887-2014, 2014
M. Yang, R. Beale, P. Liss, M. Johnson, B. Blomquist, and P. Nightingale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7499–7517, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7499-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7499-2014, 2014
Y. Li, T. Luo, J. Sun, L. Cai, Y. Liang, N. Jiao, and R. Zhang
Biogeosciences, 11, 2531–2542, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2531-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2531-2014, 2014
N. Jiao, Y. Zhang, K. Zhou, Q. Li, M. Dai, J. Liu, J. Guo, and B. Huang
Biogeosciences, 11, 2465–2475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2465-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2465-2014, 2014
N. Jiao, T. Luo, R. Zhang, W. Yan, Y. Lin, Z. I. Johnson, J. Tian, D. Yuan, Q. Yang, Q. Zheng, J. Sun, D. Hu, and P. Wang
Biogeosciences, 11, 2391–2400, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2391-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2391-2014, 2014
Y. Zhang, X. Xie, N. Jiao, S. S.-Y. Hsiao, and S.-J. Kao
Biogeosciences, 11, 2131–2145, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2131-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2131-2014, 2014
D. C. E. Bakker, B. Pfeil, K. Smith, S. Hankin, A. Olsen, S. R. Alin, C. Cosca, S. Harasawa, A. Kozyr, Y. Nojiri, K. M. O'Brien, U. Schuster, M. Telszewski, B. Tilbrook, C. Wada, J. Akl, L. Barbero, N. R. Bates, J. Boutin, Y. Bozec, W.-J. Cai, R. D. Castle, F. P. Chavez, L. Chen, M. Chierici, K. Currie, H. J. W. de Baar, W. Evans, R. A. Feely, A. Fransson, Z. Gao, B. Hales, N. J. Hardman-Mountford, M. Hoppema, W.-J. Huang, C. W. Hunt, B. Huss, T. Ichikawa, T. Johannessen, E. M. Jones, S. D. Jones, S. Jutterström, V. Kitidis, A. Körtzinger, P. Landschützer, S. K. Lauvset, N. Lefèvre, A. B. Manke, J. T. Mathis, L. Merlivat, N. Metzl, A. Murata, T. Newberger, A. M. Omar, T. Ono, G.-H. Park, K. Paterson, D. Pierrot, A. F. Ríos, C. L. Sabine, S. Saito, J. Salisbury, V. V. S. S. Sarma, R. Schlitzer, R. Sieger, I. Skjelvan, T. Steinhoff, K. F. Sullivan, H. Sun, A. J. Sutton, T. Suzuki, C. Sweeney, T. Takahashi, J. Tjiputra, N. Tsurushima, S. M. A. C. van Heuven, D. Vandemark, P. Vlahos, D. W. R. Wallace, R. Wanninkhof, and A. J. Watson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 69–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014, 2014
A. Mitra, K. J. Flynn, J. M. Burkholder, T. Berge, A. Calbet, J. A. Raven, E. Granéli, P. M. Glibert, P. J. Hansen, D. K. Stoecker, F. Thingstad, U. Tillmann, S. Våge, S. Wilken, and M. V. Zubkov
Biogeosciences, 11, 995–1005, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-995-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-995-2014, 2014
Y.-W. Luo, I. D. Lima, D. M. Karl, C. A. Deutsch, and S. C. Doney
Biogeosciences, 11, 691–708, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-691-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-691-2014, 2014
E. T. Buitenhuis, M. Vogt, R. Moriarty, N. Bednaršek, S. C. Doney, K. Leblanc, C. Le Quéré, Y.-W. Luo, C. O'Brien, T. O'Brien, J. Peloquin, R. Schiebel, and C. Swan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 227–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-227-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-227-2013, 2013
S. E. Craig, H. Thomas, C. T. Jones, W. K. W. Li, B. J. W. Greenan, E. H. Shadwick, and W. J. Burt
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-11255-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-11255-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
R. Zhang, X. Xia, S. C. K. Lau, C. Motegi, M. G. Weinbauer, and N. Jiao
Biogeosciences, 10, 3679–3689, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3679-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3679-2013, 2013
R. Nobili, C. Robinson, E. Buitenhuis, and C. Castellani
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-3203-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-3203-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
W. J. Burt, H. Thomas, K. Fennel, and E. Horne
Biogeosciences, 10, 53–66, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-53-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-53-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Earth System Science/Response to Global Change: Climate Change
Particle fluxes by subtropical pelagic communities under ocean alkalinity enhancement
Responses of field-grown maize to different soil types, water regimes, and contrasting vapor pressure deficit
Effect of the 2022 summer drought across forest types in Europe
Effect of terrestrial nutrient limitation on the estimation of the remaining carbon budget
Projected changes in forest fire season, the number of fires, and burnt area in Fennoscandia by 2100
New ozone–nitrogen model shows early senescence onset is the primary cause of ozone-induced reduction in grain quality of wheat
Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios
Long-term impacts of global temperature stabilization and overshoot on exploited marine species
Variations of polyphenols and carbohydrates of Emiliania huxleyi grown under simulated ocean acidification conditions
Modelling the nutritional implications of ozone on wheat protein and amino acids
Global and regional hydrological impacts of global forest expansion
Effects of pH/pCO2 fluctuation on photosynthesis and fatty acid composition of two marine diatoms, with reference to consequence of coastal acidification
The biological and preformed carbon pumps in perpetually slower and warmer oceans
The Effectiveness of Agricultural Carbon Dioxide Removal using the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model
Toward more robust NPP projections in the North Atlantic Ocean
The Southern Ocean as the climate's freight train – driving ongoing global warming under zero-emission scenarios with ACCESS-ESM1.5
Review and syntheses: Ocean alkalinity enhancement and carbon dioxide removal through coastal enhanced silicate weathering with olivine
Mapping the future afforestation distribution of China constrained by a national afforestation plan and climate change
Southern Ocean phytoplankton under climate change: a shifting balance of bottom-up and top-down control
Coherency and time lag analyses between MODIS vegetation indices and climate across forests and grasslands in the European temperate zone
Direct foliar phosphorus uptake from wildfire ash
Unifying framework for assessing sensitivity for marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement identifies winners, losers and biological thresholds – importance of caution with precautionary principle
The effect of forest cover changes on the regional climate conditions in Europe during the period 1986–2015
Carbon cycle feedbacks in an idealized simulation and a scenario simulation of negative emissions in CMIP6 Earth system models
Divergent responses of evergreen needle-leaf forests in Europe to the 2020 warm winter
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the increase in ocean acidity extremes in the northeastern Pacific
Anthropogenic climate change drives non-stationary phytoplankton internal variability
The response of wildfire regimes to Last Glacial Maximum carbon dioxide and climate
Simulated responses of soil carbon to climate change in CMIP6 Earth system models: the role of false priming
Alkalinity biases in CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for simulated CO2 drawdown via artificial alkalinity enhancement
Experiments of the efficacy of tree ring blue intensity as a climate proxy in central and western China
Burned area and carbon emissions across northwestern boreal North America from 2001–2019
Quantifying land carbon cycle feedbacks under negative CO2 emissions
The potential of an increased deciduous forest fraction to mitigate the effects of heat extremes in Europe
Ideas and perspectives: Alleviation of functional limitations by soil organisms is key to climate feedbacks from arctic soils
A comparison of the climate and carbon cycle effects of carbon removal by afforestation and an equivalent reduction in fossil fuel emissions
Stability of alkalinity in ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) approaches – consequences for durability of CO2 storage
Ideas and perspectives: Land–ocean connectivity through groundwater
Bioclimatic change as a function of global warming from CMIP6 climate projections
Reconciling different approaches to quantifying land surface temperature impacts of afforestation using satellite observations
Drivers of intermodel uncertainty in land carbon sink projections
Reviews and syntheses: A framework to observe, understand and project ecosystem response to environmental change in the East Antarctic Southern Ocean
Acidification impacts and acclimation potential of Caribbean benthic foraminifera assemblages in naturally discharging low-pH water
Monitoring vegetation condition using microwave remote sensing: the standardized vegetation optical depth index (SVODI)
Evaluation of soil carbon simulation in CMIP6 Earth system models
Diazotrophy as a key driver of the response of marine net primary productivity to climate change
Impact of negative and positive CO2 emissions on global warming metrics using an ensemble of Earth system model simulations
Acidification, deoxygenation, and nutrient and biomass declines in a warming Mediterranean Sea
Ocean alkalinity enhancement – avoiding runaway CaCO3 precipitation during quick and hydrated lime dissolution
Assessment of the impacts of biological nitrogen fixation structural uncertainty in CMIP6 earth system models
Philipp Suessle, Jan Taucher, Silvan Urs Goldenberg, Moritz Baumann, Kristian Spilling, Andrea Noche-Ferreira, Mari Vanharanta, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 22, 71–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-71-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-71-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a negative emission technology which may alter marine communities and the particle export they drive. Here, impacts of carbonate-based OAE on the flux and attenuation of sinking particles in an oligotrophic plankton community are presented. Whilst biological parameters remained unaffected, abiotic carbonate precipitation occurred. Among counteracting OAE’s efficiency, it influenced mineral ballasting and particle sinking velocities, requiring monitoring.
Thuy Huu Nguyen, Thomas Gaiser, Jan Vanderborght, Andrea Schnepf, Felix Bauer, Anja Klotzsche, Lena Lärm, Hubert Hüging, and Frank Ewert
Biogeosciences, 21, 5495–5515, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Leaf water potential was at certain thresholds, depending on soil type, water treatment, and weather conditions. In rainfed plots, the lower water availability in the stony soil resulted in fewer roots with a higher root tissue conductance than the silty soil. In the silty soil, higher stress in the rainfed soil led to more roots with a lower root tissue conductance than in the irrigated plot. Crop responses to water stress can be opposite, depending on soil water conditions that are compared.
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Jingfeng Xiao, Xing Li, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 5481–5494, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5481-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5481-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 2022, Europe's forests faced unprecedented dry conditions. Our study aimed to understand how different forest types respond to extreme drought. Using meteorological data and satellite imagery, we compared 2022 with two previous extreme years, 2003 and 2018. Despite less severe drought in 2022, forests showed a 30 % greater decline in photosynthesis compared to 2018 and 60 % more than 2003. This suggests an alarming level of vulnerability of forests across Europe to more frequent droughts.
Makcim L. De Sisto and Andrew H. MacDougall
Biogeosciences, 21, 4853–4873, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4853-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4853-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The remaining carbon budget (RCB) represents the allowable future CO2 emissions before a temperature target is reached. Understanding the uncertainty in the RCB is critical for effective climate regulation and policy-making. One major source of uncertainty is the representation of the carbon cycle in Earth system models. We assessed how nutrient limitation affects the estimation of the RCB. We found a reduction in the estimated RCB when nutrient limitation is taken into account.
Outi Kinnunen, Leif Backman, Juha Aalto, Tuula Aalto, and Tiina Markkanen
Biogeosciences, 21, 4739–4763, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4739-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4739-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is expected to increase the risk of forest fires. Ecosystem process model simulations are used to project changes in fire occurrence in Fennoscandia under six climate projections. The findings suggest a longer fire season, more fires, and an increase in burnt area towards the end of the century.
Jo Cook, Clare Brewster, Felicity Hayes, Nathan Booth, Sam Bland, Pritha Pande, Samarthia Thankappan, Håkan Pleijel, and Lisa Emberson
Biogeosciences, 21, 4809–4835, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
At ground level, the air pollutant ozone (O3) damages wheat yield and quality. We modified the DO3SE-Crop model to simulate O3 effects on wheat quality and identified onset of leaf death as the key process affecting wheat quality upon O3 exposure. This aligns with expectations, as the onset of leaf death aids nutrient transfer from leaves to grains. Breeders should prioritize wheat varieties resistant to protein loss from delayed leaf death, to maintain yield and quality under O3 exposure.
Niels Suitner, Giulia Faucher, Carl Lim, Julieta Schneider, Charly A. Moras, Ulf Riebesell, and Jens Hartmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 4587–4604, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Recent studies described the precipitation of carbonates as a result of alkalinity enhancement in seawater, which could adversely affect the carbon sequestration potential of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) approaches. By conducting experiments in natural seawater, this study observed uniform patterns during the triggered runaway carbonate precipitation, which allow the prediction of safe and efficient local application levels of OAE scenarios.
Anne L. Morée, Fabrice Lacroix, William W. L. Cheung, and Thomas L. Frölicher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3090, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3090, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using novel Earth system model simulations and applying the Aerobic Growth Index, we show that only about half of the habitat loss for marine species is realized when temperature stabilization is initially reached. The maximum habitat loss happens over a century after peak warming in an overshoot scenario peaking at 2 °C before stabilizing at 1.5 °C. We also emphasize that species adaptation may play a key role in mitigating the long-term impacts of temperature stabilization and overshoot.
Milagros Rico, Paula Santiago-Díaz, Guillermo Samperio-Ramos, Melchor González-Dávila, and Juana Magdalena Santana-Casiano
Biogeosciences, 21, 4381–4394, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in pH generate stress conditions, either because high pH drastically decreases the availability of trace metals such as Fe(II), a restrictive element for primary productivity, or because reactive oxygen species are increased with low pH. The metabolic functions and composition of microalgae can be affected. These modifications in metabolites are potential factors leading to readjustments in phytoplankton community structure and diversity and possible alteration in marine ecosystems.
Jo Cook, Durgesh Singh Yadav, Felicity Hayes, Nathan Booth, Sam Bland, Pritha Pande, Samarthia Thankappan, and Lisa Emberson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2968, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2968, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) pollution reduces wheat yields and quality in India, affecting amino acids essential for nutrition, like lysine and methionine. Here, we improve the DO3SE-CropN model to simulate wheat’s protective processes against O3 and their impact on protein and amino acid concentrations. While the model captures O3-induced yield losses, it underestimates amino acid reductions. Further research is needed to refine the model, enabling future risk assessments of O3's impact on yields and nutrition.
James A. King, James Weber, Peter Lawrence, Stephanie Roe, Abigail L. S. Swann, and Maria Val Martin
Biogeosciences, 21, 3883–3902, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tackling climate change by adding, restoring, or enhancing forests is gaining global support. However, it is important to investigate the broader implications of this. We used a computer model of the Earth to investigate a future where tree cover expanded as much as possible. We found that some tropical areas were cooler because of trees pumping water into the atmosphere, but this also led to soil and rivers drying. This is important because it might be harder to maintain forests as a result.
Yu Shang, Jingmin Qiu, Yuxi Weng, Xin Wang, Di Zhang, Yuwei Zhou, Juntian Xu, and Futian Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2430, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2430, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal waters are characterized by dynamic pH due to a range of natural and anthropogenic factors. However, research on influences of dynamic pH on marine ecosystem is still in its infancy. We manipulated the culturing pH to simulate pH fluctuation and found lower pH could increase EPA and DHA production with unaltered growth and photosynthesis. Effects of seawater acidification on primary production could be overestimated if the prediction doesn’t take pH variability into account.
Benoît Pasquier, Mark Holzer, and Matthew A. Chamberlain
Biogeosciences, 21, 3373–3400, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3373-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3373-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
How do perpetually slower and warmer oceans sequester carbon? Compared to the preindustrial state, we find that biological productivity declines despite warming-stimulated growth because of a lower nutrient supply from depth. This throttles the biological carbon pump, which still sequesters more carbon because it takes longer to return to the surface. The deep ocean is isolated from the surface, allowing more carbon from the atmosphere to pass through the ocean without contributing to biology.
Rebecca Chloe Evans and H. Damon Matthews
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1810, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1810, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To mitigate our impact on the climate, research suggests that we will need to both drastically reduce emissions and perform carbon dioxide removal (CDR). We simulated future climates under three emissions scenarios, in which we removed some carbon from the air and put it into agricultural soil at varying rates. We found that agricultural CDR is much more effective at reducing global temperatures if done in a low emissions scenario and at a high rate, and it becomes less effective with time.
Stéphane Doléac, Marina Lévy, Roy El Hourany, and Laurent Bopp
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1820, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1820, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton net primary production (NPP) is influenced by many processes, and their representation varies across Earth-system models. This leads to differing projections for NPP's future under climate change, especially in the North Atlantic. To address this, we identified and assessed the processes controlling NPP in each model. This assessment helped us select the most reliable models, significantly improving NPP projections in the region.
Matthew A. Chamberlain, Tilo Ziehn, and Rachel M. Law
Biogeosciences, 21, 3053–3073, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3053-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3053-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores the climate processes that drive increasing global average temperatures in zero-emission commitment (ZEC) simulations despite decreasing atmospheric CO2. ACCESS-ESM1.5 shows the Southern Ocean to continue to warm locally in all ZEC simulations. In ZEC simulations that start after the emission of more than 1000 Pg of carbon, the influence of the Southern Ocean increases the global temperature.
Luna J. J. Geerts, Astrid Hylén, and Filip J. R. Meysman
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1824, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1824, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal enhanced silicate weathering (CESW) with olivine is a promising method for capturing CO2 from the atmosphere, yet studies in field conditions are lacking. We bridge the gap between theoretical studies and the real-world environment by estimating the predictability of CESW parameters and identifying aspects to consider when applying CESW. A major source of uncertainty is the lack of experimental studies with sediment, which can heavily influence the speed and efficiency of CO2 drawdown.
Shuaifeng Song, Xuezhen Zhang, and Xiaodong Yan
Biogeosciences, 21, 2839–2858, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2839-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2839-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We mapped the distribution of future potential afforestation regions based on future high-resolution climate data and climate–vegetation models. After considering the national afforestation policy and climate change, we found that the future potential afforestation region was mainly located around and to the east of the Hu Line. This study provides a dataset for exploring the effects of future afforestation.
Tianfei Xue, Jens Terhaar, A. E. Friederike Prowe, Thomas L. Frölicher, Andreas Oschlies, and Ivy Frenger
Biogeosciences, 21, 2473–2491, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2473-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2473-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton play a crucial role in marine ecosystems. However, climate change's impact on phytoplankton biomass remains uncertain, particularly in the Southern Ocean. In this region, phytoplankton biomass within the water column is likely to remain stable in response to climate change, as supported by models. This stability arises from a shallower mixed layer, favoring phytoplankton growth but also increasing zooplankton grazing due to phytoplankton concentration near the surface.
Kinga Kulesza and Agata Hościło
Biogeosciences, 21, 2509–2527, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present coherence and time lags in spectral response of three vegetation types in the European temperate zone to the influencing meteorological factors and teleconnection indices for the period 2002–2022. Vegetation condition in broadleaved forest, coniferous forest and pastures was measured with MODIS NDVI and EVI, and the coherence between NDVI and EVI and meteorological elements was described using the methods of wavelet coherence and Pearson’s linear correlation with time lag.
Anton Lokshin, Daniel Palchan, and Avner Gross
Biogeosciences, 21, 2355–2365, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2355-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2355-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ash particles from wildfires are rich in phosphorus (P), a crucial nutrient that constitutes a limiting factor in 43 % of the world's land ecosystems. We hypothesize that wildfire ash could directly contribute to plant nutrition. We find that fire ash application boosts the growth of plants, but the only way plants can uptake P from fire ash is through the foliar uptake pathway and not through the roots. The fertilization impact of fire ash was also maintained under elevated levels of CO2.
Nina Bednaršek, Greg Pelletier, Hanna van de Mortel, Marisol García-Reyes, Richard Feely, and Andrew Dickson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-947, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-947, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The environmental impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) are unknown. A conceptual framework was developed showing 40 % of species to respond positively, 20 % negatively and 40 % with neutral response upon alkalinity addition. Biological thresholds were found between 10 to 500 µmol/kg NaOH addition, emphasizing lab experiments to be conducted at lower dosages. A precautionary approach is warranted to avoid potential risks.
Marcus Breil, Vanessa K. M. Schneider, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Biogeosciences, 21, 811–824, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The general impact of afforestation on the regional climate conditions in Europe during the period 1986–2015 is investigated. For this purpose, a regional climate model simulation is performed, in which afforestation during this period is considered, and results are compared to a simulation in which this is not the case. Results show that afforestation had discernible impacts on the climate change signal in Europe, which may have mitigated the local warming trend, especially in summer in Europe.
Ali Asaadi, Jörg Schwinger, Hanna Lee, Jerry Tjiputra, Vivek Arora, Roland Séférian, Spencer Liddicoat, Tomohiro Hajima, Yeray Santana-Falcón, and Chris D. Jones
Biogeosciences, 21, 411–435, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-411-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-411-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon cycle feedback metrics are employed to assess phases of positive and negative CO2 emissions. When emissions become negative, we find that the model disagreement in feedback metrics increases more strongly than expected from the assumption that the uncertainties accumulate linearly with time. The geographical patterns of such metrics over land highlight that differences in response between tropical/subtropical and temperate/boreal ecosystems are a major source of model disagreement.
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Lukas Hörtnagl, Luana Krebs, Nicola Arriga, Mirco Migliavacca, Marilyn Roland, Bert Gielen, Leonardo Montagnani, Enrico Tomelleri, Ladislav Šigut, Matthias Peichl, Peng Zhao, Marius Schmidt, Thomas Grünwald, Mika Korkiakoski, Annalea Lohila, and Nina Buchmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2964, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2964, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Effect of winter warming on forest CO2 fluxes has rarely been investigated. We tested the effect of the warm winter in 2020 on the forest CO2 fluxes across 14 sites in Europe and found that in colder sites net ecosystem productivity (NEP) declined during the warm winter, while in the warmer sites NEP increased. Warming leads to increased respiration fluxes but if not translated into a direct warming of the soil might not enhance productivity, if the soil within the rooting zone remains frozen.
Flora Desmet, Matthias Münnich, and Nicolas Gruber
Biogeosciences, 20, 5151–5175, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5151-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5151-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean acidity extremes in the upper 250 m depth of the northeastern Pacific rapidly increase with atmospheric CO2 rise, which is worrisome for marine organisms that rapidly experience pH levels outside their local environmental conditions. Presented research shows the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in this increase between regions and depths. In particular, the subsurface increase is substantially slowed down by the presence of mesoscale eddies, often not resolved in Earth system models.
Geneviève W. Elsworth, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Kristen M. Krumhardt, Thomas M. Marchitto, and Sarah Schlunegger
Biogeosciences, 20, 4477–4490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic climate change will influence marine phytoplankton over the coming century. Here, we quantify the influence of anthropogenic climate change on marine phytoplankton internal variability using an Earth system model ensemble and identify a decline in global phytoplankton biomass variance with warming. Our results suggest that climate mitigation efforts that account for marine phytoplankton changes should also consider changes in phytoplankton variance driven by anthropogenic warming.
Olivia Haas, Iain Colin Prentice, and Sandy P. Harrison
Biogeosciences, 20, 3981–3995, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3981-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3981-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the impact of CO2 and climate on global patterns of burnt area, fire size, and intensity under Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) conditions using three climate scenarios. Climate change alone did not produce the observed LGM reduction in burnt area, but low CO2 did through reducing vegetation productivity. Fire intensity was sensitive to CO2 but strongly affected by changes in atmospheric dryness. Low CO2 caused smaller fires; climate had the opposite effect except in the driest scenario.
Rebecca M. Varney, Sarah E. Chadburn, Eleanor J. Burke, Simon Jones, Andy J. Wiltshire, and Peter M. Cox
Biogeosciences, 20, 3767–3790, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3767-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3767-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates soil carbon projections during the 21st century in CMIP6 Earth system models. In general, we find a reduced spread of changes in global soil carbon in CMIP6 compared to the previous CMIP5 generation. The reduced CMIP6 spread arises from an emergent relationship between soil carbon changes due to change in plant productivity and soil carbon changes due to changes in turnover time. We show that this relationship is consistent with false priming under transient climate change.
Claudia Hinrichs, Peter Köhler, Christoph Völker, and Judith Hauck
Biogeosciences, 20, 3717–3735, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3717-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3717-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the alkalinity distribution in 14 climate models and found that most models underestimate alkalinity at the surface and overestimate it in the deeper ocean. It highlights the need for better understanding and quantification of processes driving alkalinity distribution and calcium carbonate dissolution and the importance of accounting for biases in model results when evaluating potential ocean alkalinity enhancement experiments.
Yonghong Zheng, Huanfeng Shen, Rory Abernethy, and Rob Wilson
Biogeosciences, 20, 3481–3490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3481-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3481-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Investigations in central and western China show that tree ring inverted latewood intensity expresses a strong positive relationship with growing-season temperatures, indicating exciting potential for regions south of 30° N that are traditionally not targeted for temperature reconstructions. Earlywood BI also shows good potential to reconstruct hydroclimate parameters in some humid areas and will enhance ring-width-based hydroclimate reconstructions in the future.
Stefano Potter, Sol Cooperdock, Sander Veraverbeke, Xanthe Walker, Michelle C. Mack, Scott J. Goetz, Jennifer Baltzer, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, Arden Burrell, Catherine Dieleman, Nancy French, Stijn Hantson, Elizabeth E. Hoy, Liza Jenkins, Jill F. Johnstone, Evan S. Kane, Susan M. Natali, James T. Randerson, Merritt R. Turetsky, Ellen Whitman, Elizabeth Wiggins, and Brendan M. Rogers
Biogeosciences, 20, 2785–2804, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2785-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2785-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we developed a new burned-area detection algorithm between 2001–2019 across Alaska and Canada at 500 m resolution. We estimate 2.37 Mha burned annually between 2001–2019 over the domain, emitting 79.3 Tg C per year, with a mean combustion rate of 3.13 kg C m−2. We found larger-fire years were generally associated with greater mean combustion. The burned-area and combustion datasets described here can be used for local- to continental-scale applications of boreal fire science.
V. Rachel Chimuka, Claude-Michel Nzotungicimpaye, and Kirsten Zickfeld
Biogeosciences, 20, 2283–2299, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2283-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2283-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new method to quantify carbon cycle feedbacks under negative CO2 emissions. Our method isolates the lagged carbon cycle response to preceding positive emissions from the response to negative emissions. Our findings suggest that feedback parameters calculated with the novel approach are larger than those calculated with the conventional approach whereby carbon cycle inertia is not corrected for, with implications for the effectiveness of carbon dioxide removal in reducing CO2 levels.
Marcus Breil, Annabell Weber, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Biogeosciences, 20, 2237–2250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2237-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2237-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A promising strategy for mitigating burdens of heat extremes in Europe is to replace dark coniferous forests with brighter deciduous forests. The consequence of this would be reduced absorption of solar radiation, which should reduce the intensities of heat periods. In this study, we show that deciduous forests have a certain cooling effect on heat period intensities in Europe. However, the magnitude of the temperature reduction is quite small.
Gesche Blume-Werry, Jonatan Klaminder, Eveline J. Krab, and Sylvain Monteux
Biogeosciences, 20, 1979–1990, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1979-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1979-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Northern soils store a lot of carbon. Most research has focused on how this carbon storage is regulated by cold temperatures. However, it is soil organisms, from minute bacteria to large earthworms, that decompose the organic material. Novel soil organisms from further south could increase decomposition rates more than climate change does and lead to carbon losses. We therefore advocate for including soil organisms when predicting the fate of soil functions in warming northern ecosystems.
Koramanghat Unnikrishnan Jayakrishnan and Govindasamy Bala
Biogeosciences, 20, 1863–1877, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1863-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1863-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Afforestation and reducing fossil fuel emissions are two important mitigation strategies to reduce the amount of global warming. Our work shows that reducing fossil fuel emissions is relatively more effective than afforestation for the same amount of carbon removed from the atmosphere. However, understanding of the processes that govern the biophysical effects of afforestation should be improved before considering our results for climate policy.
Jens Hartmann, Niels Suitner, Carl Lim, Julieta Schneider, Laura Marín-Samper, Javier Arístegui, Phil Renforth, Jan Taucher, and Ulf Riebesell
Biogeosciences, 20, 781–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
CO2 can be stored in the ocean via increasing alkalinity of ocean water. Alkalinity can be created via dissolution of alkaline materials, like limestone or soda. Presented research studies boundaries for increasing alkalinity in seawater. The best way to increase alkalinity was found using an equilibrated solution, for example as produced from reactors. Adding particles for dissolution into seawater on the other hand produces the risk of losing alkalinity and degassing of CO2 to the atmosphere.
Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Amir Haroon, Hermann W. Bange, Ercan Erkul, Marion Jegen, Nils Moosdorf, Jens Schneider von Deimling, Christian Berndt, Michael Ernst Böttcher, Jasper Hoffmann, Volker Liebetrau, Ulf Mallast, Gudrun Massmann, Aaron Micallef, Holly A. Michael, Hendrik Paasche, Wolfgang Rabbel, Isaac Santos, Jan Scholten, Katrin Schwalenberg, Beata Szymczycha, Ariel T. Thomas, Joonas J. Virtasalo, Hannelore Waska, and Bradley A. Weymer
Biogeosciences, 20, 647–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater flows at the land–ocean transition and the extent of freshened groundwater below the seafloor are increasingly relevant in marine sciences, both because they are a highly uncertain term of biogeochemical budgets and due to the emerging interest in the latter as a resource. Here, we discuss our perspectives on future research directions to better understand land–ocean connectivity through groundwater and its potential responses to natural and human-induced environmental changes.
Morgan Sparey, Peter Cox, and Mark S. Williamson
Biogeosciences, 20, 451–488, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-451-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-451-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate climate models are vital for mitigating climate change; however, projections often disagree. Using Köppen–Geiger bioclimate classifications we show that CMIP6 climate models agree well on the fraction of global land surface that will change classification per degree of global warming. We find that 13 % of land will change climate per degree of warming from 1 to 3 K; thus, stabilising warming at 1.5 rather than 2 K would save over 7.5 million square kilometres from bioclimatic change.
Huanhuan Wang, Chao Yue, and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Biogeosciences, 20, 75–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-75-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-75-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provided a synthesis of three influential methods to quantify afforestation impact on surface temperature. Results showed that actual effect following afforestation was highly dependent on afforestation fraction. When full afforestation is assumed, the actual effect approaches the potential effect. We provided evidence the afforestation faction is a key factor in reconciling different methods and emphasized that it should be considered for surface cooling impacts in policy evaluation.
Ryan S. Padrón, Lukas Gudmundsson, Laibao Liu, Vincent Humphrey, and Sonia I. Seneviratne
Biogeosciences, 19, 5435–5448, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5435-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5435-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The answer to how much carbon land ecosystems are projected to remove from the atmosphere until 2100 is different for each Earth system model. We find that differences across models are primarily explained by the annual land carbon sink dependence on temperature and soil moisture, followed by the dependence on CO2 air concentration, and by average climate conditions. Our insights on why each model projects a relatively high or low land carbon sink can help to reduce the underlying uncertainty.
Julian Gutt, Stefanie Arndt, David Keith Alan Barnes, Horst Bornemann, Thomas Brey, Olaf Eisen, Hauke Flores, Huw Griffiths, Christian Haas, Stefan Hain, Tore Hattermann, Christoph Held, Mario Hoppema, Enrique Isla, Markus Janout, Céline Le Bohec, Heike Link, Felix Christopher Mark, Sebastien Moreau, Scarlett Trimborn, Ilse van Opzeeland, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Fokje Schaafsma, Katharina Teschke, Sandra Tippenhauer, Anton Van de Putte, Mia Wege, Daniel Zitterbart, and Dieter Piepenburg
Biogeosciences, 19, 5313–5342, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5313-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5313-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term ecological observations are key to assess, understand and predict impacts of environmental change on biotas. We present a multidisciplinary framework for such largely lacking investigations in the East Antarctic Southern Ocean, combined with case studies, experimental and modelling work. As climate change is still minor here but is projected to start soon, the timely implementation of this framework provides the unique opportunity to document its ecological impacts from the very onset.
Daniel François, Adina Paytan, Olga Maria Oliveira de Araújo, Ricardo Tadeu Lopes, and Cátia Fernandes Barbosa
Biogeosciences, 19, 5269–5285, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5269-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5269-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our analysis revealed that under the two most conservative acidification projections foraminifera assemblages did not display considerable changes. However, a significant decrease in species richness was observed when pH decreases to 7.7 pH units, indicating adverse effects under high-acidification scenarios. A micro-CT analysis revealed that calcified tests of Archaias angulatus were of lower density in low pH, suggesting no acclimation capacity for this species.
Leander Moesinger, Ruxandra-Maria Zotta, Robin van der Schalie, Tracy Scanlon, Richard de Jeu, and Wouter Dorigo
Biogeosciences, 19, 5107–5123, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The standardized vegetation optical depth index (SVODI) can be used to monitor the vegetation condition, such as whether the vegetation is unusually dry or wet. SVODI has global coverage, spans the past 3 decades and is derived from multiple spaceborne passive microwave sensors of that period. SVODI is based on a new probabilistic merging method that allows the merging of normally distributed data even if the data are not gap-free.
Rebecca M. Varney, Sarah E. Chadburn, Eleanor J. Burke, and Peter M. Cox
Biogeosciences, 19, 4671–4704, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4671-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4671-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil carbon is the Earth’s largest terrestrial carbon store, and the response to climate change represents one of the key uncertainties in obtaining accurate global carbon budgets required to successfully militate against climate change. The ability of climate models to simulate present-day soil carbon is therefore vital. This study assesses soil carbon simulation in the latest ensemble of models which allows key areas for future model development to be identified.
Laurent Bopp, Olivier Aumont, Lester Kwiatkowski, Corentin Clerc, Léonard Dupont, Christian Ethé, Thomas Gorgues, Roland Séférian, and Alessandro Tagliabue
Biogeosciences, 19, 4267–4285, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4267-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4267-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of anthropogenic climate change on the biological production of phytoplankton in the ocean is a cause for concern because its evolution could affect the response of marine ecosystems to climate change. Here, we identify biological N fixation and its response to future climate change as a key process in shaping the future evolution of marine phytoplankton production. Our results show that further study of how this nitrogen fixation responds to environmental change is essential.
Negar Vakilifard, Richard G. Williams, Philip B. Holden, Katherine Turner, Neil R. Edwards, and David J. Beerling
Biogeosciences, 19, 4249–4265, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4249-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4249-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To remain within the Paris climate agreement, there is an increasing need to develop and implement carbon capture and sequestration techniques. The global climate benefits of implementing negative emission technologies over the next century are assessed using an Earth system model covering a wide range of plausible climate states. In some model realisations, there is continued warming after emissions cease. This continued warming is avoided if negative emissions are incorporated.
Marco Reale, Gianpiero Cossarini, Paolo Lazzari, Tomas Lovato, Giorgio Bolzon, Simona Masina, Cosimo Solidoro, and Stefano Salon
Biogeosciences, 19, 4035–4065, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Future projections under the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 emission scenarios of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry at the end of the 21st century show different levels of decline in nutrients, oxygen and biomasses and an acidification of the water column. The signal intensity is stronger under RCP8.5 and in the eastern Mediterranean. Under RCP4.5, after the second half of the 21st century, biogeochemical variables show a recovery of the values observed at the beginning of the investigated period.
Charly A. Moras, Lennart T. Bach, Tyler Cyronak, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, and Kai G. Schulz
Biogeosciences, 19, 3537–3557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3537-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3537-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research presents the first laboratory results of quick and hydrated lime dissolution in natural seawater. These two minerals are of great interest for ocean alkalinity enhancement, a strategy aiming to decrease atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Following the dissolution of these minerals, we identified several hurdles and presented ways to avoid them or completely negate them. Finally, we proceeded to various simulations in today’s oceans to implement the strategy at its highest potential.
Taraka Davies-Barnard, Sönke Zaehle, and Pierre Friedlingstein
Biogeosciences, 19, 3491–3503, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3491-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biological nitrogen fixation is the largest natural input of new nitrogen onto land. Earth system models mainly represent global total terrestrial biological nitrogen fixation within observational uncertainties but overestimate tropical fixation. The model range of increase in biological nitrogen fixation in the SSP3-7.0 scenario is 3 % to 87 %. While biological nitrogen fixation is a key source of new nitrogen, its predictive power for net primary productivity in models is limited.
Cited articles
Allgaier, M., Riebesell, U., Vogt, M., Thyrhaug, R., and Grossart, H.-P.: Coupling of heterotrophic bacteria to phytoplankton bloom development at different pCO2 levels: a mesocosm study, Biogeosciences, 5, 1007–1022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1007-2008, 2008.
Alonso-González, I. J., Arístegui, J., Lee, C., and Calafat, A.: Regional and temporal variability of sinking organic matter in the subtropical northeast Atlantic Ocean: a biomarker diagnosis, Biogeosciences, 7, 2101–2115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2101-2010, 2010.
Anderson, T. R. and Tang, K. W.: Carbon cycling and POC turnover in the mesopelagic zone of the ocean: Insights from a simple model, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II., 57, 1581–1592, 2010.
Arístegui, J. and Montero, M. F.: Temporal and spatial changes in plankton respiration and biomass in the Canary Islands region: the effect of mesoscale variability, J. Marine. Syst., 54, 65–82, 2005.
Arístegui, J., Tett, P., Hernández-Guerra, A., Basterretxea, G., Montero, M. F., Wild, K., Sangrá, P., Hernández-León, S., Cantón, M., García-Braun, J. A., Pacheco, M., and Barton, E. D.: The influence of island-generated eddies on chlorophyll distribution: a study of mesoscale variation around Gran Canaria, Deep-Sea Res., 44, 71–96, 1997.
Arístegui, J., Gasol, J. M., Duarte, C. M., and Herndl, G. J.: Microbial Oceanography of the dark ocean's pelagic realm, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 1501–1529, 2009.
Arnosti, C.: Microbial Extracellular Enzymes and the Marine Carbon Cycle, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 3, 401–425, 2011.
Arnosti, C., Fuchs, B. M., Amann, R., and Passow, U.: Contrasting extracellular enzyme activities of particle-associated bacteria from distinct provinces of the North Atlantic Ocean, Front. Microbiol., 3, 425, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00425, 2012.
Azam, F. and Malfatti, F.: Microbial structuring of marine ecosystems, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 5, 782–791, 2007.
Baldock, J. A., Masiello, C. A., Gelinas, Y., and Hedges, J. I.: Cycling and composition of organic matter in terrestrial and marine ecosystems, Mar. Chem., 92, 39–64, 2004.
Baltar, F., Arístegui, J., Gasol, J. M., Hernández-León, S., and Herndl, G. J.: Strong coast – ocean and surface – depthgradients in prokaryotic assemblage structure and activity in a coastal transition zone region, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 50, 63–74, 2007.
Baltar, F., Arístegui, J., Gasol, J. M., Sintes, E., and Herndl, G. J.: Evidence of prokaryotic metabolism on suspended particulate organic matter in the dark waters of the subtropical North Atlantic, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 182–193, 2009.
Baltar, F., Arístegui, J., Gasol, J. M., Lekunberri, I., and Herndl, G. J.: Mesoscale eddies: Hotspots of prokaryotic activity and differential community structure in the ocean, ISME J., 4, 975–988, 2010a.
Baltar, F., Arístegui, J., Gasol, J. M., Sintes, E., van Aken, H. M., and Herndl, G. J.: High dissolved extracellular enzymatic activity in the deep central Atlantic Ocean, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 58, 287–302, 2010b.
Baltar, F., Palovaara, J., Vila-Costa, M., Calvo, E., Pelejero, C., Marrase, C., Salazar, G., Gasol, J. M., and Pinhassi, J.: Response of rare versus abundant bacterioplankton to disturbances in a Mediterranean coastal site, in 13th Symposium on Aquatic microbial Ecology, Stresa, Italy, 8–13 September 2013, 2013.
Barber, R. T.: Dissolved organic carbon from deep waters resists microbial oxidation, Nature, 220, 274–275, 1968.
Barker, S., Higgins, J. A., and Elderfield, H.: The future of the carbon cycle: review, calcification response, ballast and feedback on atmospheric CO2, Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 361, 1977–1999, 2003.
Bauer, J. E., Williams, P. M., and Druffel, E. R. M.: 14C activity of dissolved organic carbon fractions in the north-central Pacific and Sargasso Sea, Nature, 357, 667–670, 1992.
Beauvais, S., Pedrotti, M. L., Egge, J., Iversen, K., and Marrasé, C.: Effects of turbulence on TEP dynamics under contrasting nutrient conditions: implications for aggregation and sedimentation processes, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 323, 47–57, 2006.
Béjà, O., Aravind, L., Koonin, E. V., Suzuki, M. T., Hadd, A., Nguyen, L. P., Jovanovich, S., Gates, C. M., Feldman, R. A., Spudich, J. L., Spudich, E. N., and DeLong, E. F.: Bacterial rhodopsin: Evidence for a new type of phototrophy in the sea, Science, 289, 1902–1906, 2000.
Bhaskar, P. V. and Bhosle, N. B.: Microbial extracellular polymeric substances in marine biogeochemical processes, Curr. Sci. India, 88, 45–53, 2005.
Bidigare, R. R., Chai, F., Landry, M. R., Lukas, R., Hannides, C. C. S., Christensen, S. J., Karl, D. M., Shi, L., and Chao, Y.: Subtropical ocean ecosystem structure changes forced by North Pacific climate variations, J. Plankton. Res., 31, 1131–1139, 2009.
Blackford, J. C., Allen, J. I., and Gilbert, F. J.: Ecosystem dynamics at six contrasting sites: a generic modelling study, J. Marine. Syst., 52, 191–215, 2004.
Bode, A., Barquero, S., Varela, M., Braun, J. A., and de Armas, D.: Pelagic bacteria and phytoplankton in oceanic waters near the Canary Islands in summer, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 209, 1–17, 2001.
Boyd, P. W. and Hutchins, D. A.: Understanding the responses of ocean biota to a complex matrix of cumulative anthropogenic change, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 470, 125–135, 2012.
Boyd, P. W., Jickells, T., Law, C. S., Blain, S., Boyle, E. A., Buesseler, K. O., Coale, K. H., Cullen, J. J., de Baar, H. J. W., Follows, M., Harvey, M., Lancelot, C., Levasseur, M., Owens, N. P. J., Pollard, R., Rivkin, R. B., Sarmiento, J., Schoemann, V., Smetacek, V., Takeda, S., Tsuda, A., Turner, S., and Watson, A. J.: Mesoscale iron enrichment experiments 1993–2005: Synthesis and future directions, Science, 315, 612–617, 2007.
Breitburg, D. L., Baxter, J. W., Hatfield, C. A., Howarth, R. W., Jones, C. G., Lovett, G. M., and Wigand, C.: Understanding effects of multiple stressors: ideas and challenges, in: Successes, Limitations, and Frontiers in ecosystem science, edited by: Pace, M. L., and Groffman, P. M., Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, 416–431, 1998.
Brewin, R. J. W., Lavender, S. J., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., and Hirata, T.: A spectral response approach for detecting dominant phytoplankton size class from satellite remote sensing, Acta Oceanol. Sin., 29, 14–32, 2010a.
Brewin, R. J. W., Sathyendranath, S., Hirata, T., Lavender, S. J., Barciela, R. M., and Hardman-Mountford, N. J.: A three-component model of phytoplankton size class for the Atlantic Ocean, Ecol. Model., 221, 1472–1483, 2010b.
Brophy, J. E. and Carlson, D. J.: Production of biologically refractory dissolved organic carbon by natural seawater microbial populations, Deep-Sea. Res. Pt. I., 36, 497–507, 1989.
Brussaard, C. P. D., Noordeloos, A. A. M., Witte, H., Collenteur, M. C. J., Schulz, K., Ludwig, A., and Riebesell, U.: Arctic microbial community dynamics influenced by elevated CO2 levels, Biogeosciences, 10, 719–731, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-719-2013, 2013.
Calow, P.: Proximate and ultimate responses to stress in biological systems, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 37, 173–181, 1989.
Canfield, D. E. and Kump, L. R.: Geochemistry, Carbon cycle makeover, Science, 339, 533–534, 2013.
Capotondi, A., Alexander, M. A., Bond, N. A., Curchitser, E. N., and Scott, J. D.: Enhanced upper ocean stratification with climate change in the CMIP3 models, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C04031, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jc007409, 2012.
Carder, K. L., Steward, R. G., and Betzer, P. R.: In situ holographic measurements of the sizes and settling rates of oceanic particulates, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 5681–5685, 1982.
Carlson, C. A., Giovannoni, S. J., Hansell, D. A., Goldberg, S. J., Parsons, R., Otero, M. P., Vergin, K., and Wheeler, B. R.: Effect of nutrient amendments on bacterioplankton production, community structure, and DOC utilization in the northwestern Sargasso Sea, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 30, 19–36, 2002.
Carlson, C. A., Giovannoni, S. J., Hansell, D. A., Goldberg, S. J., Parsons, R., and Vergin, K.: Interactions among dissolved organic carbon, microbial processes, and community structure in the mesopelagic zone of the northwestern Sargasso Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 1073–1083, 2004.
Carlson, C. A., Hansell, D. A., and Tamburini, C.: DOC Persistence and its Fate After Export Within the Ocean Interior, in: Microbial Carbon Pump in the Ocean, edited by: Jiao, N., Azam, F., and Sanders, S., Science/AAAS Business Office, Washington, DC, 57–59, 2011.
Cheney, R. E. and Richardson, P. L.: Observed decay of a cyclonic Gulf Stream ring, Deep-Sea Res., 23, 143–155, 1976.
Ciotti, A. M. and Bricaud, A.: Retrievals of a size parameter for phytoplankton and spectral light absorption by colored detrital matter from water-leaving radiances at SeaWiFS channels in a continental shelf region off Brazil, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 4, 237–253, 2006.
Corzo, A., Morillo, J. A., and Rodríguez, S.: Production of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in cultures of Chaetoceros calcitrans under nitrogen limitation, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 23, 63–72, 2000.
Costerton, J. W., Lewandowski, Z., Caldwell, D. E., Korber, D. R., and Lappinscott, H. M.: Microbial Biofilms, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 49, 711–745, 1995.
Cottrell, M. T., Yu, L., and Kirchman, D. L.: Sequence and expression analyses of Cytophaga-like hydrolases in a western Arctic metagenomic library and the Sargasso Sea, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 8506–8513, 2005.
Craig, S. E., Thomas, H., Jones, C. T., Li, W. K. W., Greenan, B. J. W., Shadwick, E. H., and Burt, W. J.: Temperature and phytoplankton cell size regulate carbon uptake and carbon overconsumption in the ocean, Biogeosciences Discuss., 10, 11255–11282, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-11255-2013, 2013.
Dall'Olmo, G., Westberry, T. K., Behrenfeld, M. J., Boss, E., and Slade, W. H.: Significant contribution of large particles to optical backscattering in the open ocean, Biogeosciences, 6, 947–967, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-947-2009, 2009.
Dang, H. and Jiao, N.: Perspectives on the microbial carbon pump with special reference to microbial respiration and ecosystem efficiency in large estuarine systems, Biogeosciences, 11, 3887–3898, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3887-2014, 2014.
DeLong, E. F., Preston, C. M., Mincer, T., Rich, V., Hallam, S. J., Frigaard, N. U., Martinez, A., Sullivan, M. B., Edwards, R., Brito, B. R., Chisholm, S. W., and Karl, D. M.: Community genomics among stratified microbial assemblages in the ocean's interior, Science, 311, 496–503, 2006.
Devred, E., Sathyendranath, S., Stuart, V., and Platt, T.: A three component classification of phytoplankton absorption spectra: Application to ocean-color data, Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 2255–2266, 2011.
Doney, S. C.: Oceanography: Plankton in a warmer world, Nature, 444, 695–696, 2006.
Doney, S. C., Fabry, V. J., Feely, R. A., and Kleypas, J. A.: Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 169–192, 2009.
Druffel, E. R. M. and Williams, P. M.: Identification of a deep marine source of particulate organic-carbon using bomb C-14, Nature, 347, 172–174, 1990.
Egge, J. K., Thingstad, T. F., Larsen, A., Engel, A., Wohlers, J., Bellerby, R. G. J., and Riebesell, U.: Primary production during nutrient-induced blooms at elevated CO2 concentrations, Biogeosciences, 6, 877–885, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-877-2009, 2009.
Emeis, K.-C., Beusekom, J. V., Callies, U., Ebinghaus, R., Kannen, A., Kraus, G., Kröncke, I., Lenhart, H., Lorkowski, I., Matthias, V., Möllmann, C., Pätsch, J., Scharfe, M., Thomas, H., Weisse, R., and Zorita, E.: The North Sea – a shelf sea in the anthropocene, J. Marine Syst., IMBIZO special issue, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.03.012, in press, 2014.
Engel, A.: Direct relationship between CO2 uptake and transparent exopolymer particles production in natural phytoplankton, J. Plankton. Res., 24, 49–53, 2002.
Engel, A., Delille, B., Jacquet, S., Riebesell, U., Rochelle-Newall, E., Terbrüggen, A., and Zondervan, I.: Transparent exopolymer particles and dissolved organic carbon production by Emiliania huxleyi exposed to different CO2 concentrations: a mesocosm experiment, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 34, 93–104, 2004a.
Engel, A., Thoms, S., Riebesell, U., Rochelle-Newall, E., and Zondervan, I.: Polysaccharide aggregation as a potential sink of marine dissolved organic carbon, Nature, 428, 929–932, 2004b.
Falkowski, P. G., Ziemann, D. A., Kolber, D. A., and Bienfang, P. K.: Role of eddy pumping in enhancing primary production in the ocean, Nature, 352, 55–58, 1991.
Fike, D. A., Grotzinger, J. P., Pratt, L. M., and Summons, R. E.: Oxidation of the Ediacaran ocean, Nature, 444, 744–747, 2006.
Flerus, R., Lechtenfeld, O. J., Koch, B. P., McCallister, S. L., Schmitt-Kopplin, P., Benner, R., Kaiser, K., and Kattner, G.: A molecular perspective on the ageing of marine dissolved organic matter, Biogeosciences, 9, 1935–1955, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1935-2012, 2012.
Flynn, K. J.: Incorporating plankton respiration in models of aquatic ecosystem function, in: Respiration in Aquatic Ecosystems, edited by: Giorgio, P. A. D. and Williams, P. J. L. B., Oxford University Press, 2005.
Flynn, K. J., Clark, D. R., and Xue, Y.: Modeling the release of dissolved organic matter by phytoplankton, J. Phycol., 44, 1171–1187, 2008.
Friedrichs, M. A. M., Dusenberry, J. A., Anderson, L. A., Armstrong, R. A., Chai, F., Christian, J. R., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J., Fujii, M., Hood, R., McGillicuddy, D. J., Moore, J. K., Schartau, M., Spitz, Y. H., and Wiggert, J. D.: Assessment of skill and portability in regional marine biogeochemical models: Role of multiple planktonic groups, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C08001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jc003852, 2007.
Fu, F. X., Warner, M. E., Zhang, Y., Feng, Y., and Hutchins, D. A.: Effects of increased temperature and CO2 on photosynthesis, growth, and elemental ratios in marine Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus (Cyanobacteria), J. Phycol., 43, 485–496, 2007.
Fuhrman, J. A.: Close Coupling between Release and Uptake of Dissolved Free Amino-Acids in Seawater Studied by an Isotope-Dilution Approach, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 37, 45–52, 1987.
Gardner, W. D., Mishonov, A., and Richardson, M. J.: Global POC concentrations from in-situ and satellite data, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II., 53, 718–740, 2006.
Gasol, J. M., Vázquez-Domínguez, E., Vaqué, D., Agustí, S., and Duarte, C. M.: Bacterial activity and diffusive nutrient supply in the oligotrophic Central Atlantic Ocean, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 56, 1–12, 2009.
Gonsior, M., Peake, B. M., Cooper, W. T., Podgorski, D., D'Andrilli, J., and Cooper, W. J.: Photochemically Induced Changes in Dissolved Organic Matter Identified by Ultrahigh Resolution Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 698–703, 2009.
Grimsditch, G., Alder, J., Nakamura, T., Kenchington, R., and Tamelander, J.: The blue carbon special edition – Introduction and overview, Ocean. Coast. Manage., 83, 1–4, 2013.
Grossart, H. P., Allgaier, M., Passow, U., and Riebesell, U.: Testing the effect of CO2 concentration on the dynamics of marine heterotrophic bacterioplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 1–11, 2006.
Grotzinger, J. P., Fike, D. A., and Fischer, W. W.: Enigmatic origin of the largest-known carbon isotope excursion in Earth's history, Nat. Geosci., 4, 285–292, 2011.
Gruber, D. F., Simjouw, J. P., Seitzinger, S. P., and Taghon, G. L.: Dynamics and characterization of refractory dissolved organic matter produced by a pure bacterial culture in an experimental predator-prey system, Appl. Environ. Microb., 72, 4184–4191, 2006.
Hansell, D. A.: Recalcitrant Dissolved Organic Carbon Fractions, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 5, 421–445, 2013.
Hansell, D. A., Carlson, C. A., Repeta, D. J., and Schlitzer, R.: Dissolved organic matter in the ocean – A controversy stimulates new insights, Oceanography, 22, 202–211, 2009.
Hansell, D. A., Carlson, C. A., and Schlitzer, R.: Net removal of major marine dissolved organic carbon fractions in the subsurface ocean, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB1016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gb004069, 2012.
Hansman, R. L., Griffin, S., Watson, J. T., Druffel, E. R. M., and Ingalls, A. E.: The radiocarbon signature of microorganisms in the mesopelagic ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 6513–6518, 2009.
Harris, R. P., Boyd, P., Harbour, D. S., Head, R. N., Pingree, R. D., and Pomroy, A. J.: Physical, chemical and biological features of a cyclonic eddy in the region of 61° 10´N 19° 50´W in the North Atlantic., Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 11, 1815–1839, 1997.
Hartmann, M., Grob, C., Tarran, G. A., Martin, A. P., Burkill, P. H., Scanlan, D. J., and Zubkov, M. V.: Mixotrophic basis of Atlantic oligotrophic ecosystems, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 5756–5760, 2012.
Hedges, I. J. and Keil, R. G.: Sedimentary organic matter preservation: an assessment and speculative synthesis, Mar. Chem., 49, 81–115, 1995.
Henson, S. A., Sanders, R., and Madsen, E.: Global patterns in efficiency of particulate organic carbon export and transfer to the deep ocean, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB1028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gb004099, 2012.
Hertkorn, N., Benner, R., Frommberger, M., Schmitt-Kopplin, P., Witt, M., Kaiser, K., Kettrup, A., and Hedges, J. I.: Characterization of a major refractory component of marine dissolved organic matter, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 70, 2990–3010, 2006.
Hinder, S. L., Manning, J. E., Gravenor, M. B., Edwards, M., Walne, A. W., Burkill, P. H., and Hays, G. C.: Long-term changes in abundance and distribution of microzooplankton in the NE Atlantic and North Sea, J. Plankton. Res., 34, 83–91, 2012.
Hirata, T., Aiken, J., Hardman-Mountford, N., Smyth, T. J., and Barlow, R. G.: An absorption model to determine phytoplankton size classes from satellite ocean colour, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 3153–3159, 2008a.
Hirata, T., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Aiken, J., Martinez-Vicente, V., Fishwick, J., and Bernard, S.: Particle size distribution determined from ocean colour as a descriptor of nano/micro phytoplankton community in the oceans, in Proceedings of the Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Society Conference 2008, University of Exeter, Falmouth, UK, 15–17 September 2008, 155–156, 2008b.
Hirata, T., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Brewin, R. J. W., Aiken, J., Barlow, R., Suzuki, K., Isada, T., Howell, E., Hashioka, T., Noguchi-Aita, M., and Yamanaka, Y.: Synoptic relationships between surface Chlorophyll-a and diagnostic pigments specific to phytoplankton functional types, Biogeosciences, 8, 311–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-311-2011, 2011.
Honjo, S., Manganini, S. J., Krishfield, R. A., and Francois, R.: Particulate organic carbon fluxes to the ocean interior and factors controlling the biological pump: A synthesis of global sediment trap programs since 1983, Prog. Oceanogr., 76, 217–285, 2008.
Hoppe, H.-G., Breithaupt, P., Walther, K., Koppe, R., Bleck, S., Sommer, U., and Jürgens, K.: Climate warming in winter affects the coupling between phytoplankton and bacteria during the spring bloom: a mesocosm study, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 51, 105–115, 2008.
Hwang, J. and Druffel, E. R.: Lipid-like material as the source of the uncharacterized organic carbon in the ocean?, Science, 299, 881–884, 2003.
Ingalls, A. E., Shah, S. R., Hansman, R. L., Aluwihare, L. I., Santos, G. M., Druffel, E. R. M., and Pearson, A.: Quantifying archaeal community autotrophy in the mesopelagic ocean using natural radiocarbon, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 6442–6447, 2006.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauel, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., 2013.
Jannasch, H. W.: The Microbial Turnover of Carbon in the Deep-Sea Environment, in: Direct Ocean Disposal of Carbon Dioxide, edited by: Handa, N. and Ohsumi, T., Terra Scientific Publishing Company (TERRAPUB), Tokyo, 1–11, 1995.
Jiang, H. B., Kong, R. Q., and Xu, X. D.: The N-Acetylmuramic Acid 6-Phosphate Etherase Gene Promotes Growth and Cell Differentiation of Cyanobacteria under Light-Limiting Conditions, J. Bacteriol., 192, 2239–2245, 2010.
Jiao, N. and Zheng, Q.: The microbial carbon pump: from genes to ecosystems, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 77, 7439–7444, 2011.
Jiao, N., Herndl, G. J., Hansell, D. A., Benner, R., Kattner, G., Wilhelm, S. W., Kirchman, D. L., Weinbauer, M. G., Luo, T., Chen, F., and Azam, F.: Microbial production of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter: long-term carbon storage in the global ocean, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 8, 593–599, 2010a.
Jiao, N., Tang, K., Cai, H., and Mao, Y.: Increasing the microbial carbon sink in the sea by reducing chemical fertilization on the land, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 9, 75–75, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2386-c2, 2010b.
Jiao, N., Herndl, G. J., Hansell, D. A., Benner, R., Kattner, G., Wilhelm, S. W., Kirchman, D. L., Weinbauer, M. G., Luo, T., Chen, F., and Azam, F.: The microbial carbon pump and the oceanic recalcitrant dissolved organic matter pool, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 9, 555–555, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2386-c5, 2011.
Jiao, N., Luo, T., Zhang, R., Yan, W., Lin, Y., Johnson, Z. I., Tian, J., Yuan, D., Yang, Q., Zheng, Q., Sun, J., Hu, D., and Wang, P.: Presence of Prochlorococcus in the aphotic waters of the western Pacific Ocean, Biogeosciences, 11, 2391–2400, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2391-2014, 2014.
Johnson, K. S., Berelson, W. M., Boss, E. S., Chase, Z., Claustre, H., Emerson, S. R., Gruber, N., Kortzinger, A., Perry, M. J., and Riser, S. C.: Observing Biogeochemical Cycles at Global Scales with Profiling Floats and Gliders Prospects for a Global Array, Oceanography, 22, 216–225, 2009.
Johnson, M. T., Greenwood, N., Sivyer, D. B., Thomson, M., Reeve, A., Weston, K., and Jickells, T. D.: Characterising the seasonal cycle of dissolved organic nitrogen using Cefas SmartBuoy high-resolution time-series samples from the southern North Sea, Biogeochemistry, 113, 23–36, 2013.
Jørgensen, N. O. G. and Middelboe, M.: Occurrence and bacterial cycling of D amino acid isomers in an estuarine environment, Biogeochemistry, 81, 77–94, 2006.
Kadouri, D., Jurkevitch, E., Okon, Y., and Castro-Sowinski, S.: Ecological and agricultural significance of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates, Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 31, 55–67, 2005.
Kattner, G., Simon, M., and Koch, B.: Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter and constraints for prokaryotic utilization, in: Microbial Carbon Pump in the Ocean, edited by: Jiao, N., Azam, F., and Sanders, S., Science/AAAS, Washington DC, 60–61, 2011.
Kieber, R. J., Zhou, X. L., and Mopper, K.: Formation of Carbonyl-Compounds from UV-Induced Photodegradation of Humic Substances in Natural-Waters – Fate of Riverine Carbon in the Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 35, 1503–1515, 1990.
Kim, J. M., Lee, K., Shin, K., Yang, E. J., Engel, A., Karl, D. M., and Kim, H. C.: Shifts in biogenic carbon flow from particulate to dissolved forms under high carbon dioxide and warm ocean conditions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L08612, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl047346, 2011.
Kiorboe, T. and Jackson, G. A.: Marine snow, organic solute plumes, and optimal chemosensory behavior of bacteria, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 1309–1318, 2001.
Kirchman, D. L.: Processes in Microbial Ecology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 312 pp., 2012.
Koch, B. P., Witt, M., Engbrodt, R., Dittmar, T., and Kattner, G.: Molecular formulae of marine and terrigenous dissolved organic matter detected by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 69, 3299–3308, 2005.
Koch, B. P., Kattner, G., Witt, M., and Passow, U.: Molecular insights into the microbial formation of marine dissolved organic matter: recalcitrant or labile?, Biogeosciences, 11, 4173–4190, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4173-2014, 2014.
Koonin, E. V. and Wolf, Y. I.: Genomics of bacteria and archaea: the emerging dynamic view of the prokaryotic world, Nucleic. Acids. Res., 36, 6688–6719, 2008.
Kostadinov, T. S., Siegel, D. A., and Maritorena, S.: Retrieval of the particle size distribution from satellite ocean color observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C09015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jc005303, 2009.
Kostadinov, T. S., Siegel, D. A., and Maritorena, S.: Global variability of phytoplankton functional types from space: assessment via the particle size distribution, Biogeosciences, 7, 3239–3257, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3239-2010, 2010.
Kriest, I., Khatiwala, S., and Oschlies, A.: Towards an assessment of simple global marine biogeochemical models of different complexity, Prog. Oceanogr., 86, 337–360, 2010.
Kujawinski, E. B.: The Impact of Microbial Metabolism on Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 3, 567–599, 2011.
Kujawinski, E. B., Del Vecchio, R., Blough, N. V., Klein, G. C., and Marshall, A. G.: Probing molecular-level transformations of dissolved organic matter: insights on photochemical degradation and protozoan modification of DOM from electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, Mar. Chem., 92, 23–37, 2004.
Lampitt, R. S., Achterberg, E. P., Anderson, T. R., Hughes, J. A., Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D., Kelly-Gerreyn, B. A., Lucas, M., Popova, E. E., Sanders, R., Shepherd, J. G., Smythe-Wright, D., and Yool, A.: Ocean fertilization: a potential means of geoengineering?, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A, 366, 3919–3945, 2008.
Lauro, F. M., McDougald, D., Thomas, T., Williams, T. J., Egan, S., Rice, S., DeMaere, M. Z., Ting, L., Ertan, H., Johnson, J., Ferriera, S., Lapidus, A., Anderson, I., Kyrpides, N., Munk, A. C., Detter, C., Han, C. S., Brown, M. V., Robb, F. T., Kjelleberg, S., and Cavicchioli, R.: The genomic basis of trophic strategy in marine bacteria, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 15527–15533, 2009.
Le Quere, C., Harrison, S. P., Prentice, I. C., Buitenhuis, E. T., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Claustre, H., Da Cunha, L. C., Geider, R., Giraud, X., Klaas, C., Kohfeld, K. E., Legendre, L., Manizza, M., Platt, T., Rivkin, R. B., Sathyendranath, S., Uitz, J., Watson, A. J., and Wolf-Gladrow, D.: Ecosystem dynamics based on plankton functional types for global ocean biogeochemistry models, Glob. Change. Biol., 11, 2016–2040, 2005.
Lechtenfeld, O. J., Kattner, G., Flerus, R., McCallister, S. L., Schmitt-Kopplin, P., and Koch, B. P.: Molecular transformation and degradation of refractory dissolved organic matter in the Atlantic and Southern Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 126, 321–337, 2014.
Legendre, L. and Le Fèvre, J.: From individual plankton cells to pelagic marine ecosystems and to global biogeochemical cycles, in: Particle analysis in oceanography, edited by: Demers, S., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 261–300, 1991.
Legendre, L. and Le Fèvre, J.: Microbial Food Webs and the Export of Biogenic Carbon in Oceans, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 9, 69–77, 1995.
Legendre, L. and Rassoulzadegan, F.: Food-web mediated export of biogenic carbon in oceans: Hydrodynamic control, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 145, 179–193, 1996.
Li, C., Love, G. D., Lyons, T. W., Fike, D. A., Sessions, A. L., and Chu, X. L.: A Stratified Redox Model for the Ediacaran Ocean, Science, 328, 80–83, 2010.
Lindh, M. V., Riemann, L., Baltar, F., Romero-Oliva, C., Salomon, P. S., Granéli, E., and Pinhassi, J.: Consequences of increased temperature and acidification on bacterioplankton community composition during a mesocosm spring bloom in the Baltic Sea, Environ. Microbiol. Rep., 5, 252–262, 2012.
Lipp, J. S., Morono, Y., Inagaki, F., and Hinrichs, K. U.: Significant contribution of Archaea to extant biomass in marine subsurface sediments, Nature, 454, 991–994, 2008.
Liu, J., Jiao, N., and Tang, K.: An experimental study on the effects of nutrient enrichment on organic carbon persistence in the western Pacific oligotrophic gyre, Biogeosciences, 11, 5115–5122, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5115-2014, 2014.
Liu, Y., Yao, T., Jiao, N., Tian, L., Hu, A., Yu, W., and Li, S.: Microbial diversity in the snow, a moraine lake and a stream in Himalayan glacier, Extremophiles, 15, 411–421, 2011.
Logan, G. A., Hayes, J. M., Hieshima, G. B., and Summons, R. E.: Terminal Proterozoic Reorganization of Biogeochemical Cycles, Nature, 376, 53–56, 1995.
Loisel, H., Nicolas, J. M., Deschamps, P. Y., and Frouin, R.: Seasonal and inter-annual variability of particulate organic matter in the global ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2196, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl015948, 2002.
Loucaides, S., Tyrrell, T., Achterberg, E. P., Torres, R., Nightingale, P. D., Kitidis, V., Serret, P., Woodward, M., and Robinson, C.: Biological and physical forcing of carbonate chemistry in an upwelling filament off northwest Africa: Results from a Lagrangian study, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB3008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gb004216, 2012.
Luisetti, T., Turner, R. K., Bateman, I. J., Morse-Jones, S., Adams, C., and Fonseca, L.: Coastal and marine ecosystem services valuation for policy and management: Managed realignment case studies in England, Ocean. Coast. Manage., 54, 212–224, 2011.
Luo, Y. W., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Doney, S. C., Church, M. J., and Ducklow, H. W.: Oceanic heterotrophic bacterial nutrition by semilabile DOM as revealed by data assimilative modeling, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 60, 273–287, 2010.
Maiti, K., Benitez-Nelson, C. R., Rii, Y., and Bidigare, R.: The influence of a mature cyclonic eddy on particle export in the lee of Hawaii, Deep-Sea Res. Pt II, 55, 1445–1460, 2008.
Mannino, A., Russ, M. E., and Hooker, S. B.: Algorithm development and validation for satellite-derived distributions of DOC and CDOM in the US Middle Atlantic Bight, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C07051, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jc004493, 2008.
Marchant, H. J. and Scott, F. J.: Uptake of sub-micrometre particles and dissolved organic material by Antarctic choanoflagellates, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 92, 59–64, 1993.
Mari, X.: Does ocean acidification induce an upward flux of marine aggregates?, Biogeosciences, 5, 1023–1031, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1023-2008, 2008.
Maritorena, S. and Siegel, D. A.: Consistent merging of satellite ocean color data sets using a bio-optical model, Remote Sens. Environ., 94, 429–440, 2005.
McFadden, K. A., Huang, J., Chu, X., Jiang, G., Kaufman, A. J., Zhou, C., Yuan, X., and Xiao, S.: Pulsed oxidation and biological evolution in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 3197–3202, 2008.
McGillicuddy Jr., D. J., Robinson, A. R., Siegel, D. A., Jannasch, H. W., Johnson, R., Dickey, T. D., McNeil, J., Michaels, A. F., and Knap, A. H.: Influence of mesoscale eddies on new production in the Sargasso Sea, Nature, 394, 263–266, 1998.
McNichol, A. P. and Aluwihare, L. I.: The power of radiocarbon in biogeochemical studies of the marine carbon cycle: insights from studies of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC), Chem. Rev., 107, 443–466, 2007.
Mitra, A., Flynn, K. J., Burkholder, J. M., Berge, T., Calbet, A., Raven, J. A., Granéli, E., Glibert, P. M., Hansen, P. J., Stoecker, D. K., Thingstad, F., Tillmann, U., Våge, S., Wilken, S., and Zubkov, M. V.: The role of mixotrophic protists in the biological carbon pump, Biogeosciences, 11, 995–1005, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-995-2014, 2014.
Moore, T. S., Mullaugh, K. M., Holyoke, R. R., Madison, A. S., Yucel, M., and Luther, G. W.: Marine Chemical Technology and Sensors for Marine Waters: Potentials and Limits, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 91–115, 2009.
Moran, M. A.: Genomics and metagenomics of marine prokaryotes, in: Microbial Ecology of the Oceans, edited by: Kirchman, D. L., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 91–129, 2008.
Moran, X. A. G., Taupier-Letage, I., Vazquez-Dominguez, E., Ruiz, S., Arin, L., Raimbault, P., and Estrada, M.: Physical-biological coupling in the Algerian Basin (SW Mediterranean): Influence of mesoscale instabilities on the biomass and production of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 48, 405–437, 2001.
Morel, A. and Gentili, B.: A simple band ration technique to quantify the colored dissolved and detrital organic material from ocean color remotely sensed data, Remote Sens. Environ., 113, 998–1011, 2009.
Motegi, C., Tanaka, T., Piontek, J., Brussaard, C. P. D., Gattuso, J.-P., and Weinbauer, M. G.: Effect of CO2 enrichment on bacterial metabolism in an Arctic fjord, Biogeosciences, 10, 3285–3296, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3285-2013, 2013.
Müren, U., Berglund, J., Samuelsson, K., and Andersson, A.: Potential effects of elevated sea-water temperature on pelagic food webs, Hydrobiologia, 545, 153–166, 2005.
Newbold, L. K., Oliver, A. E., Booth, T., Tiwari, B., DeSantis, T., Maguire, M., Andersen, G., van der Gast, C. J., and Whiteley, A. S.: The response of marine picoplankton to ocean acidification, Environ. Microbiol., 14, 2293–2307, 2012.
Ogawa, H., Amagai, Y., Koike, I., Kaiser, K., and Benner, R.: Production of refractory dissolved organic matter by bacteria, Science, 292, 917–920, 2001.
Parekh, P., Dutkiewicz, S., Follows, M. J., and Ito, T.: Atmospheric carbon dioxide in a less dusty world, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L03610, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl025098, 2006.
Park, J. T. and Uehara, T.: How bacteria consume their own exoskeletons (Turnover and recycling of cell wall peptidoglycan), Microbiol. Mol. Biol. R, 72, 211–227, 2008.
Passow, U.: Production of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) by phyto-and bacterioplankton, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 236, 1–12, 2002.
Passow, U.: The abiotic formation of TEP under different ocean acidification scenarios, Mar. Chem., 128, 72–80, 2012.
Passow, U. and Carlson, C. A.: The biological pump in a high CO2 world, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 470, 249–271, 2012.
Paulino, A. I., Egge, J. K., and Larsen, A.: Effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on small and intermediate sized osmotrophs during a nutrient induced phytoplankton bloom, Biogeosciences, 5, 739–748, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-739-2008, 2008.
Pedrotti, M. L., Fiorini, S., Kerros, M. E., Middelburg, J. J., and Gattuso, J. P.: Variable production of transparent exopolymeric particles by haploid and diploid life stages of coccolithophores grown under different CO2 concentrations, J. Plankton. Res., 34, 388–398, 2012.
Piontek, J., Lunau, M., Händel, N., Borchard, C., Wurst, M., and Engel, A.: Acidification increases microbial polysaccharide degradation in the ocean, Biogeosciences, 7, 1615–1624, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1615-2010, 2010.
Piontek, J., Borchard, C., Sperling, M., Schulz, K. G., Riebesell, U., and Engel, A.: Response of bacterioplankton activity in an Arctic fjord system to elevated pCO2: results from a mesocosm perturbation study, Biogeosciences, 10, 297–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-297-2013, 2013.
Polimene, L., Allen, J. I., and Zavatarelli, M.: Model of interactions between dissolved organic carbon and bacteria in marine systems, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 43, 127–138, 2006.
Poretsky, R. S., Sun, S., Mou, X., and Moran, M. A.: Transporter genes expressed by coastal bacterioplankton in response to dissolved organic carbon, Environ. Microbiol., 12, 616–627, 2010.
Prentice, I. C., Farquhar, G. D., Fasham, M. J. R., Goulden, M. L., Heimann, M., Jaramillo, V. J., Kheshgi, H. S., LeQuéré, C., Scholes, R. J., and Wallace, D. W. R.: The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, in: Climate Change 2001: the Scientific Basis. Contributions of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P. J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., and Johnson, C. A., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 185–237, 2001.
Prowe, A. E. F., Thomas, H., Patsch, J., Kuhn, W., Bozec, Y., Schiettecatte, L. S., Borges, A. V., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Mechanisms controlling the air-sea CO2 flux in the North Sea, Cont. Shelf. Res., 29, 1801–1808, 2009.
Riebesell, U. and Tortell, P. D.: Effects of ocean acidification on pelagic organisms and ecosystems, in: Ocean Acidification, edited by: Gattuso, J. and Hanson, L., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 99–121, 2011.
Riebesell, U., Czerny, J., von Bröckel, K., Boxhammer, T., Büdenbender, J., Deckelnick, M., Fischer, M., Hoffmann, D., Krug, S. A., Lentz, U., Ludwig, A., Muche, R., and Schulz, K. G.: Technical Note: A mobile sea-going mesocosm system – new opportunities for ocean change research, Biogeosciences, 10, 1835–1847, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1835-2013, 2013.
Riemann, L. and Azam, F.: Widespread N-acetyl-D-glucosamine uptake among pelagic marine bacteria and its ecological implications, Appl. Environ. Microb., 68, 5554–5562, 2002.
Robinson, C., Poulton, A. J., Holligan, P. M., Baker, A. R., Forster, G., Gist, N., Jickells, T. D., Malin, G., Upstill-Goddard, R., Williams, R. G., Woodward, E. M. S., and Zubkov, M. V.: The Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) Programme: A contextual view 1995–2005, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 1485–1515, 2006.
Rochelle-Newall, E., Delille, B., Frankignoulle, M., Gattuso, J. P., Jacquet, S., Riebesell, U., Terbrüggen, A., and Zondervan, I.: Chromophoric dissolved organic matter in experimental mesocosms maintained under different pCO2 levels, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 272, 25–31, 2004.
Roland, L. A., McCarthy, M. D., and Guilderson, T.: Sources of molecularly uncharacterized organic carbon in sinking particles from three ocean basins: A coupled Δ14C and δ13C approach, Mar. Chem., 111, 199–213, 2008.
Romanou, A., Romanski, J., and Gregg, W. W.: Natural ocean carbon cycle sensitivity to parameterizations of the recycling in a climate model, Biogeosciences, 11, 1137–1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1137-2014, 2014.
Rothman, D. H., Hayes, J. M., and Summons, R. E.: Dynamics of the Neoproterozoic carbon cycle, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 8124–8129, 2003.
Sathyendranath, S., Stuart, V., Nair, A., Oka, K., Nakane, T., Bouman, H., Forget, M. H., Maass, H., and Platt, T.: Carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio and growth rate of phytoplankton in the sea, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 383, 73–84, 2009.
Schrag, D. P., Higgins, J. A., Macdonald, F. A., and Johnston, D. T.: Authigenic carbonate and the history of the global carbon cycle, Science, 339, 540–543, 2013.
Schulz, K. G., Riebesell, U., Bellerby, R. G. J., Biswas, H., Meyerhöfer, M., Müller, M. N., Egge, J. K., Nejstgaard, J. C., Neill, C., Wohlers, J., and Zöllner, E.: Build-up and decline of organic matter during PeECE III, Biogeosciences, 5, 707–718, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-707-2008, 2008.
Sherr, E. B.: Direct Use of High Molecular-Weight Polysaccharide by Heterotrophic Flagellates, Nature, 335, 348–351, 1988.
Siegel, D. A., Maritorena, S., Nelson, N. B., Hansell, D. A., and Lorenzi-Kayser, M.: Global distribution and dynamics of colored dissolved and detrital organic materials, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 3228, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jc000965, 2002.
Siegel, D. A., Maritorena, S., Nelson, N. B., Behrenfeld, M. J., and McClain, C. R.: Colored dissolved organic matter and its influence on the satellite-based characterization of the ocean biosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024310, 2005.
Staats, N., Stal, L. J., and Mur, L. R.: Exopolysaccharide production by the epipelic diatom Cylindrotheca closterium: effects of nutrient conditions, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 249, 13–27, 2000.
Stocker, R.: Marine microbes see a sea of gradients, Science, 338, 628–633, 2012.
Stramska, M.: Particulate organic carbon in the global ocean derived from SeaWiFS ocean color, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56, 1459–1470, 2009.
Stramski, D., Reynolds, R. A., Kahru, M., and Mitchell, B. G.: Estimation of particulate organic carbon in the ocean from satellite remote sensing, Science, 285, 239–242, 1999.
Stramski, D., Reynolds, R. A., Babin, M., Kaczmarek, S., Lewis, M. R., Röttgers, R., Sciandra, A., Stramska, M., Twardowski, M. S., Franz, B. A., and Claustre, H.: Relationships between the surface concentration of particulate organic carbon and optical properties in the eastern South Pacific and eastern Atlantic Oceans, Biogeosciences, 5, 171–201, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-171-2008, 2008.
Sturt, H. F., Summons, R. E., Smith, K., Elvert, M., and Hinrichs, K. U.: Intact polar membrane lipids in prokaryotes and sediments deciphered by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry–new biomarkers for biogeochemistry and microbial ecology, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 18, 617–628, 2004.
Suzumura, M.: Phospholipids in marine environments: a review, Talanta, 66, 422–434, 2005.
Swan, B. K., Martinez-Garcia, M., Preston, C. M., Sczyrba, A., Woyke, T., Lamy, D., Reinthaler, T., Poulton, N. J., Masland, E. D. P., Gomez, M. L., Sieracki, M. E., DeLong, E. F., Herndl, G. J., and Stepanauskas, R.: Potential for Chemolithoautotrophy Among Ubiquitous Bacteria Lineages in the Dark Ocean, Science, 333, 1296–1300, 2011.
Swanson-Hysell, N. L., Rose, C. V., Calmet, C. C., Halverson, G. P., Hurtgen, M. T., and Maloof, A. C.: Cryogenian glaciation and the onset of carbon-isotope decoupling, Science, 328, 608–611, 2010.
Tang, K., Jiao, N., Liu, K., Zhang, Y., and Li, S.: Distribution and functions of TonB-dependent transporters in marine bacteria and environments: implications for dissolved organic matter utilization, Plos One, 7, e41204, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041204, 2012.
Tarran, G. A., Zubkov, M. V., Sleigh, M. A., Burkill, P. H., and Yallop, M.: Microbial community structure and standing stocks in the NE Atlantic in June and July of 1996, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 48, 963–985, 2001.
Taylor, P. G. and Townsend, A. R.: Stoichiometric control of organic carbon-nitrate relationships from soils to the sea, Nature, 464, 1178–1181, 2010.
Teira, E., Pazo, M. J., Serret, P., and Fernandez, E.: Dissolved organic carbon production by microbial populations in the Atlantic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 1370–1377, 2001.
Thomas, H., Ittekkot, V., Osterroht, C., and Schneider, B.: Preferential recycling of nutrients – the ocean's way to increase new production and to pass nutrient limitation?, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 1999–2004, 1999.
Thomas, H., Bozec, Y., Elkalay, K., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Enhanced open ocean storage of CO2 from shelf sea pumping, Science, 304, 1005–1008, 2004.
Tortell, P. D., DiTullio, G. R., Sigman, D. M., and Morel, F. M. M.: CO2 effects on taxonomic composition and nutrient utilization in an Equatorial Pacific phytoplankton assemblage, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 236, 37–43, 2002.
Tsunogai, S. and Noriki, S.: Particulate Fluxes of Carbonate and Organic-Carbon in the Ocean – Is the Marine Biological-Activity Working as a Sink of the Atmospheric Carbon, Tellus B, 43, 256–266, 1991.
Uitz, J., Claustre, H., Gentili, B., and Stramski, D.: Phytoplankton class-specific primary production in the world's oceans: Seasonal and interannual variability from satellite observations, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB3016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gb003680, 2010.
Ullman, R., Bilbao-Bastida, V., and Grimsditch, G.: Including Blue Carbon in climate market mechanisms, Ocean. Coast. Manage., 83, 15–18, 2013.
van Haren, H., Millot, C., and Taupier-Letage, I.: Fast deep sinking in Mediterranean eddies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L04606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl025367, 2006.
Volk, T. and Hoffert, M. I.: Ocean carbon pumps: analysis of relative strength and efficiencies of in ocean-driven circulation atmospheric CO2 changes, in: The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2: Natural variation Archean to Present, edited by: Sundquist, E. T. and Broecker, W. S., AGU Monograph 32, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 99–110, 1985.
White, A. E., Watkins-Brandt, K. S., Engle, M. A., Burkhardt, B., and Paytan, A.: Characterization of the rate and temperature sensitivities of bacterial remineralization of dissolved organic phosphorus compounds by natural populations, Front Microbiol., 3, 276, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00276, 2012.
White, D. C., Davis, W. M., Nickels, J. S., King, J. D., and Bobbie, R. J.: Determination of the sedimentary microbial biomass by extractible lipid phosphate, Oecologia, 40, 51–62, 1979.
White, D. C., Flemming, C. A., Leung, K. T., and Macnaughton, S. J.: In situ microbial ecology for quantitative appraisal, monitoring, and risk assessment of pollution remediation in soils, the subsurface, the rhizosphere and in biofilms, J. Microbiol. Meth., 32, 93–105, 1998.
Wieder, W. R., Bonan, G. B., and Allison, S. D.: Global soil carbon projections are improved by modelling microbial processes, Nat. Clim. Chang., 3, 909–912, 2013.
Wohlers-Zöllner, J., Biermann, A., Engel, A., Dörge, P., Lewandowska, A. M., von Scheibner, M., and Riebesell, U.: Effects of rising temperature on pelagic biogeochemistry in mesocosm systems: a comparative analysis of the AQUASHIFT Kiel experiments, Mar. Biol., 159, 2503–2518, 2012.
Zhang, C. L., Li, Y., Wall, J. D., Larsen, L., Sassen, R., Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Peacock, A., White, D. C., Horita, J., and Cole, D. R.: Lipid and carbon isotopic evidence of methane-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria in association with gas hydrates from the Gulf of Mexico, Geology, 30, 239–242, 2002.
Zhang, R., Xia, X., Lau, S. C. K., Motegi, C., Weinbauer, M. G., and Jiao, N.: Response of bacterioplankton community structure to an artificial gradient of pCO2 in the Arctic Ocean, Biogeosciences, 10, 3679–3689, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3679-2013, 2013.
Ziervogel, B., Dhaksnamoorthy, B., Blachowicz, L., and Roux, B.: Antibiotic Binding and Dynamics within the OmpF Channel Allow Transfer Across the Bacterial Outer Membrane, Biophys. J., 100, 244–244, 2011.
Zubkov, M. V. and Tarran, G. A.: High bacterivory by the smallest phytoplankton in the North Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 455, 224–226, 2008.
Download
The requested paper has a corresponding corrigendum published. Please read the corrigendum first before downloading the article.
- Article
(1791 KB) - Metadata XML
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint