Articles | Volume 19, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-359-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-359-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Ideas and perspectives
| 
24 Jan 2022
Ideas and perspectives |
| 24 Jan 2022
| 24 Jan 2022
Ideas and perspectives: Emerging contours of a dynamic exogenous kerogen cycle
Thomas M. Blattmann
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Biogeochemistry Research Center, Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, 237-0061 Yokosuka, Japan
present address: Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
Tessa Sophia van der Voort, Thomas Michael Blattmann, Muhammed Usman, Daniel Montluçon, Thomas Loeffler, Maria Luisa Tavagna, Nicolas Gruber, and Timothy Ian Eglinton
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2135–2146, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2135-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2135-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean sediments form the largest and longest-term storage of organic carbon. Despite their global importance, information on these sediments is often scattered, incomplete or inaccessible. Here we present MOSAIC (Modern Ocean Sediment Archive and Inventory of Carbon, mosaic.ethz.ch), a (radio)carbon-centric database that addresses this information gap. This database provides a platform for assessing the transport, deposition and storage of carbon in ocean surface sediments.
Thomas M. Blattmann
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-273, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-273, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Growing evidence points to the dynamic role that kerogen is playing on the Earth's surface in controlling atmospheric chemistry over geologic time. Although quantitative constraints on weathering of kerogen remain loose, its changing weathering behavior modulated by the activity of glaciers, suggest that this largest pool of reduced carbon on Earth may have played a key part in atmospheric CO2 variability across recent glacial-interglacial times and beyond.
Tessa Sophia van der Voort, Thomas Michael Blattmann, Muhammed Usman, Daniel Montluçon, Thomas Loeffler, Maria Luisa Tavagna, Nicolas Gruber, and Timothy Ian Eglinton
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2135–2146, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2135-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2135-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean sediments form the largest and longest-term storage of organic carbon. Despite their global importance, information on these sediments is often scattered, incomplete or inaccessible. Here we present MOSAIC (Modern Ocean Sediment Archive and Inventory of Carbon, mosaic.ethz.ch), a (radio)carbon-centric database that addresses this information gap. This database provides a platform for assessing the transport, deposition and storage of carbon in ocean surface sediments.
Thomas M. Blattmann
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-273, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-273, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Growing evidence points to the dynamic role that kerogen is playing on the Earth's surface in controlling atmospheric chemistry over geologic time. Although quantitative constraints on weathering of kerogen remain loose, its changing weathering behavior modulated by the activity of glaciers, suggest that this largest pool of reduced carbon on Earth may have played a key part in atmospheric CO2 variability across recent glacial-interglacial times and beyond.
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Air - Land Exchange
Environmental controls of winter soil carbon dioxide fluxes in boreal and tundra environments
Origin of secondary fatty alcohols in atmospheric aerosols in a cool–temperate forest based on their mass size distributions
Sap flow and leaf gas exchange response to a drought and heatwave in urban green spaces in a Nordic city
Changes in biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in response to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Rethinking the deployment of static chambers for CO2 flux measurement in dry desert soils
Observational relationships between ammonia, carbon dioxide and water vapor under a wide range of meteorological and turbulent conditions: RITA-2021 campaign
Lichen species across Alaska produce highly active and stable ice nucleators
A differentiable, physics-informed ecosystem modeling and learning framework for large-scale inverse problems: demonstration with photosynthesis simulations
Snow–vegetation–atmosphere interactions in alpine tundra
Enhanced net CO2 exchange of a semi-deciduous forest in the southern Amazon due to diffuse radiation from biomass burning
Synergy between TROPOMI sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and MODIS spectral reflectance for understanding the dynamics of gross primary productivity at Integrated Carbon Observatory System (ICOS) ecosystem flux sites
Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen to a deciduous forest in the southern Appalachian Mountains
Tropical cyclones facilitate recovery of forest leaf area from dry spells in East Asia
Minor contributions of daytime monoterpenes are major contributors to atmospheric reactivity
Using atmospheric observations to quantify annual biogenic carbon dioxide fluxes on the Alaska North Slope
Forest–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen in a remote region – Part II: Modeling annual budgets
Growth and actual leaf temperature modulate CO2 responsiveness of monoterpene emissions from holm oak in opposite ways
Multi-year observations reveal a larger than expected autumn respiration signal across northeast Eurasia
Reviews and syntheses: VOC emissions from soil cover in boreal and temperate natural ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere
Internal tree cycling and atmospheric archiving of mercury: examination with concentration and stable isotope analyses
Contrasting drought legacy effects on gross primary productivity in a mixed versus pure beech forest
CO2 and CH4 exchanges between moist moss tundra and atmosphere on Kapp Linné, Svalbard
Recent extreme drought events in the Amazon rainforest: assessment of different precipitation and evapotranspiration datasets and drought indicators
Variability and uncertainty in flux-site-scale net ecosystem exchange simulations based on machine learning and remote sensing: a systematic evaluation
Update of a biogeochemical model with process-based algorithms to predict ammonia volatilization from fertilized cultivated uplands and rice paddy fields
Massive warming-induced carbon loss from subalpine grassland soils in an altitudinal transplantation experiment
Climatic variation drives loss and restructuring of carbon and nitrogen in boreal forest wildfire
Gaps in network infrastructure limit our understanding of biogenic methane emissions for the United States
Changes of the aerodynamic characteristics of a flux site after an extensive windthrow
Carbon sequestration potential of street tree plantings in Helsinki
Technical note: Incorporating expert domain knowledge into causal structure discovery workflows
Sensitivity of biomass burning emissions estimates to land surface information
A convolutional neural network for spatial downscaling of satellite-based solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIFnet)
Influence of plant ecophysiology on ozone dry deposition: comparing between multiplicative and photosynthesis-based dry deposition schemes and their responses to rising CO2 level
Modeling the interinfluence of fertilizer-induced NH3 emission, nitrogen deposition, and aerosol radiative effects using modified CESM2
Physiological and climate controls on foliar mercury uptake by European tree species
Radiation, soil water content, and temperature effects on carbon cycling in an alpine swamp meadow of the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Representativeness assessment of the pan-Arctic eddy covariance site network and optimized future enhancements
Forest–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen in a remote region – Part I: Measuring temporal dynamics
Versatile soil gas concentration and isotope monitoring: optimization and integration of novel soil gas probes with online trace gas detection
On the impact of canopy model complexity on simulated carbon, water, and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence fluxes
Mercury accumulation in leaves of different plant types – the significance of tissue age and specific leaf area
Isolation of subpollen particles (SPPs) of birch: SPPs are potential carriers of ice nucleating macromolecules
Choosing an optimal β factor for relaxed eddy accumulation applications across vegetated and non-vegetated surfaces
Bioaerosols in the Amazon rain forest: temporal variations and vertical profiles of Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea
Ice nucleation by viruses and their potential for cloud glaciation
Carbon dioxide fluxes and carbon balance of an agricultural grassland in southern Finland
Sun-induced fluorescence and near-infrared reflectance of vegetation track the seasonal dynamics of gross primary production over Africa
Measurement and modelling of the dynamics of NH3 surface–atmosphere exchange over the Amazonian rainforest
Isoprene and monoterpene emissions from alder, aspen and spruce short-rotation forest plantations in the United Kingdom
Alex Mavrovic, Oliver Sonnentag, Juha Lemmetyinen, Carolina Voigt, Nick Rutter, Paul Mann, Jean-Daniel Sylvain, and Alexandre Roy
Biogeosciences, 20, 5087–5108, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analysis of soil CO2 emissions in boreal and tundra regions during the non-growing season. We show that when the soil is completely frozen, soil temperature is the main control on CO2 emissions. When the soil is around the freezing point, with a mix of liquid water and ice, the liquid water content is the main control on CO2 emissions. This study highlights that the vegetation–snow–soil interactions must be considered to understand soil CO2 emissions during the non-growing season.
Yuhao Cui, Eri Tachibana, Kimitaka Kawamura, and Yuzo Miyazaki
Biogeosciences, 20, 4969–4980, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4969-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4969-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Fatty alcohols (FAs) are major components of surface lipids in plant leaves and serve as surface-active aerosols. Our study on the aerosol size distributions in a forest suggests that secondary FAs (SFAs) originated from plant waxes and that leaf senescence status is likely an important factor controlling the size distribution of SFAs. This study provides new insights into the sources of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) and their effects on the aerosol ice nucleation activity.
Joyson Ahongshangbam, Liisa Kulmala, Jesse Soininen, Yasmin Frühauf, Esko Karvinen, Yann Salmon, Anna Lintunen, Anni Karvonen, and Leena Järvi
Biogeosciences, 20, 4455–4475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Urban vegetation is important for removing urban CO2 emissions and cooling. We studied the response of urban trees' functions (photosynthesis and transpiration) to a heatwave and drought at four urban green areas in the city of Helsinki. We found that tree water use was increased during heatwave and drought periods, but there was no change in the photosynthesis rates. The heat and drought conditions were severe at the local scale but were not excessive enough to restrict urban trees' functions.
Ryan Vella, Andrea Pozzer, Matthew Forrest, Jos Lelieveld, Thomas Hickler, and Holger Tost
Biogeosciences, 20, 4391–4412, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4391-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4391-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the effect of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from plants. ENSO events can cause a significant increase in these emissions, which have a long-term impact on the Earth's atmosphere. Persistent ENSO conditions can cause long-term changes in vegetation, resulting in even higher BVOC emissions. We link ENSO-induced emission anomalies with driving atmospheric and vegetational variables.
Nadav Bekin and Nurit Agam
Biogeosciences, 20, 3791–3802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3791-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3791-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The mechanisms of soil CO2 flux in dry desert soils are not fully understood. Yet studies conducted in desert ecosystems rarely discuss potential errors related to using the commonly used flux chambers in dry and bare soils. In our study, the conventional deployment practice of the chambers underestimated the instantaneous CO2 flux by up to 50 % and the total daily CO2 uptake by 35 %. This suggests that desert soils are a larger carbon sink than previously reported.
Ruben Bastiaan Schulte, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Shelley van der Graaf, Susanna Rutledge-Jonker, Jun Zhang, and Margreet Catharijne van Zanten
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1526, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1526, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed measurements, aiming to find relations between the surface atmosphere exchange of NH3 and the CO2 uptake and transpiration by vegetation. We found high correlation between the daytime NH3 emissions and latent heat flux and the photosynthetically active radiation. There exist very few simultaneous measurements of NH3, CO2 fluxes and meteorological variables at subdiurnal timescales. This study paves the way for finding more robust relations between NH3 exchange flux and CO2 uptake.
Rosemary J. Eufemio, Ingrid de Almeida Ribeiro, Todd L. Sformo, Gary A. Laursen, Valeria Molinero, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Mischa Bonn, and Konrad Meister
Biogeosciences, 20, 2805–2812, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2805-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2805-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Lichens, the dominant vegetation in the Arctic, contain ice nucleators (INs) that enable freezing close to 0°C. Yet the abundance, diversity, and function of lichen INs is unknown. Our screening of lichens across Alaska reveal that most species have potent INs. We find that lichens contain two IN populations which retain activity under environmentally relevant conditions. The ubiquity and stability of lichen INs suggest that they may have considerable impacts on local atmospheric patterns.
Doaa Aboelyazeed, Chonggang Xu, Forrest M. Hoffman, Jiangtao Liu, Alex W. Jones, Chris Rackauckas, Kathryn Lawson, and Chaopeng Shen
Biogeosciences, 20, 2671–2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2671-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Photosynthesis is critical for life and has been affected by the changing climate. Many parameters come into play while modeling, but traditional calibration approaches face many issues. Our framework trains coupled neural networks to provide parameters to a photosynthesis model. Using big data, we independently found parameter values that were correlated with those in the literature while giving higher correlation and reduced biases in photosynthesis rates.
Norbert Pirk, Kristoffer Aalstad, Yeliz A. Yilmaz, Astrid Vatne, Andrea L. Popp, Peter Horvath, Anders Bryn, Ane Victoria Vollsnes, Sebastian Westermann, Terje Koren Berntsen, Frode Stordal, and Lena Merete Tallaksen
Biogeosciences, 20, 2031–2047, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2031-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2031-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the land–atmosphere exchange of CO2 and water vapor in alpine Norway over 3 years. The extremely snow-rich conditions in 2020 reduced the total annual evapotranspiration to 50 % and reduced the growing-season carbon assimilation to turn the ecosystem from a moderate annual carbon sink to an even stronger source. Our analysis suggests that snow cover anomalies are driving the most consequential short-term responses in this ecosystem’s functioning.
Simone Rodrigues, Glauber Cirino, Demerval Moreira, Rafael Palácios, José Nogueira, Maria Isabel Vitorino, and George Vourlitis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-684, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-684, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The radiative effects of atmospheric particles are still unknown for a wide variety of species and types of vegetation present in Amazonian biomes. We examined the effects of aerosols on solar radiation and their impacts on photosynthesis in an area of semideciduous forest in the southern Amazon basin. Under highly smoky sky conditions, our results show substantial photosynthetic interruption (20–70 %), attributed specially to the decrease in the solar radiation and leaf canopy temperature.
Hamadou Balde, Gabriel Hmimina, Yves Goulas, Gwendal Latouche, and Kamel Soudani
Biogeosciences, 20, 1473–1490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1473-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1473-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the relationship between sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP) across the ICOS European flux tower network. It shows that SIF, coupled with reflectance observations, explains over 80 % of the GPP variability across diverse ecosystems but fails to bring new information compared to reflectance alone at coarse spatial scales (~5 km). These findings have applications in agriculture and ecophysiological studies.
John T. Walker, Xi Chen, Zhiyong Wu, Donna Schwede, Ryan Daly, Aleksandra Djurkovic, A. Christopher Oishi, Eric Edgerton, Jesse Bash, Jennifer Knoepp, Melissa Puchalski, John Iiames, and Chelcy F. Miniat
Biogeosciences, 20, 971–995, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-971-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-971-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Better estimates of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are needed to accurately assess ecosystem risk and impacts from deposition of nutrients and acidity. Using measurements and modeling, we estimate total N deposition of 6.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at a forest site in the southern Appalachian Mountains, a region sensitive to atmospheric deposition. Reductions in deposition of reduced forms of N (ammonia and ammonium) will be needed to meet the lowest estimates of N critical loads for the region.
Yi-Ying Chen and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Biogeosciences, 20, 349–363, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-349-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-349-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical cyclones are typically assumed to be associated with ecosystem damage. This study challenges this assumption and suggests that instead of reducing leaf area, cyclones in East Asia may increase leaf area by alleviating water stress.
Deborah F. McGlynn, Graham Frazier, Laura E. R. Barry, Manuel T. Lerdau, Sally E. Pusede, and Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
Biogeosciences, 20, 45–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-45-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-45-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using a custom-made gas chromatography flame ionization detector, 2 years of speciated hourly biogenic volatile organic compound data were collected in a forest in central Virginia. We identify diurnal and seasonal variability in the data, which is shown to impact atmospheric oxidant budgets. A comparison with emission models identified discrepancies with implications for model outcomes. We suggest increased monitoring of speciated biogenic volatile organic compounds to improve modeled results.
Luke D. Schiferl, Jennifer D. Watts, Erik J. L. Larson, Kyle A. Arndt, Sébastien C. Biraud, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Jordan P. Goodrich, John M. Henderson, Aram Kalhori, Kathryn McKain, Marikate E. Mountain, J. William Munger, Walter C. Oechel, Colm Sweeney, Yonghong Yi, Donatella Zona, and Róisín Commane
Biogeosciences, 19, 5953–5972, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As the Arctic rapidly warms, vast stores of thawing permafrost could release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. We combined observations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations from aircraft and a tower with observed CO2 fluxes from tundra ecosystems and found that the Alaskan North Slope in not a consistent source nor sink of CO2. Our study shows the importance of using both site-level and atmospheric measurements to constrain regional net CO2 fluxes and improve biogenic processes in models.
Pascal Wintjen, Frederik Schrader, Martijn Schaap, Burkhard Beudert, Richard Kranenburg, and Christian Brümmer
Biogeosciences, 19, 5287–5311, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, we compared four methods for estimating the annual dry deposition of total reactive nitrogen into a low-polluted forest ecosystem. In our analysis, we used 2.5 years of flux measurements, an in situ modeling approach, a large-scale chemical transport model (CTM), and canopy budget models. Annual nitrogen dry deposition budgets ranged between 4.3 and 6.7 kg N ha−1 a−1, depending on the applied method.
Michael Staudt, Juliane Daussy, Joseph Ingabire, and Nafissa Dehimeche
Biogeosciences, 19, 4945–4963, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4945-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4945-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the short- and long-term effects of CO2 as a function of temperature on monoterpene emissions from holm oak. Similarly to isoprene, emissions decreased non-linearly with increasing CO2, with no differences among compounds and chemotypes. The CO2 response was modulated by actual leaf and growth temperature but not by growth CO2. Estimates of annual monoterpene release under double CO2 suggest that CO2 inhibition does not offset the increase in emissions due to expected warming.
Brendan Byrne, Junjie Liu, Yonghong Yi, Abhishek Chatterjee, Sourish Basu, Rui Cheng, Russell Doughty, Frédéric Chevallier, Kevin W. Bowman, Nicholas C. Parazoo, David Crisp, Xing Li, Jingfeng Xiao, Stephen Sitch, Bertrand Guenet, Feng Deng, Matthew S. Johnson, Sajeev Philip, Patrick C. McGuire, and Charles E. Miller
Biogeosciences, 19, 4779–4799, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Plants draw CO2 from the atmosphere during the growing season, while respiration releases CO2 to the atmosphere throughout the year, driving seasonal variations in atmospheric CO2 that can be observed by satellites, such as the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2). Using OCO-2 XCO2 data and space-based constraints on plant growth, we show that permafrost-rich northeast Eurasia has a strong seasonal release of CO2 during the autumn, hinting at an unexpectedly large respiration signal from soils.
Valery A. Isidorov and Andrej A. Zaitsev
Biogeosciences, 19, 4715–4746, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4715-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4715-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a critical role in earth-system processes: they are
main playersin the formation of tropospheric O3 and secondary aerosols, which have a significant impact on climate, human health and crops. A complex mixture of VOCs, formed as a result of physicochemical and biological processes, is released into the atmosphere from the forest floor. This review presents data on the composition of VOCs and contribution of various processes to their emissions.
David S. McLagan, Harald Biester, Tomas Navrátil, Stephan M. Kraemer, and Lorenz Schwab
Biogeosciences, 19, 4415–4429, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4415-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4415-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Spruce and larch trees are effective archiving species for historical atmospheric mercury using growth rings of bole wood. Mercury stable isotope analysis proved an effective tool to characterise industrial mercury signals and assess mercury uptake pathways (leaf uptake for both wood and bark) and mercury cycling within the trees. These data detail important information for understanding the mercury biogeochemical cycle particularly in forest systems.
Xin Yu, René Orth, Markus Reichstein, Michael Bahn, Anne Klosterhalfen, Alexander Knohl, Franziska Koebsch, Mirco Migliavacca, Martina Mund, Jacob A. Nelson, Benjamin D. Stocker, Sophia Walther, and Ana Bastos
Biogeosciences, 19, 4315–4329, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Identifying drought legacy effects is challenging because they are superimposed on variability driven by climate conditions in the recovery period. We develop a residual-based approach to quantify legacies on gross primary productivity (GPP) from eddy covariance data. The GPP reduction due to legacy effects is comparable to the concurrent effects at two sites in Germany, which reveals the importance of legacy effects. Our novel methodology can be used to quantify drought legacies elsewhere.
Anders Lindroth, Norbert Pirk, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Christian Stiegler, Leif Klemedtsson, and Mats B. Nilsson
Biogeosciences, 19, 3921–3934, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3921-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane between a moist moss tundra and the atmosphere on Svalbard in order to better understand how such ecosystems are affecting the climate and vice versa. We found that the system was a small sink of carbon dioxide and a small source of methane. These fluxes are small in comparison with other tundra ecosystems in the high Arctic. Analysis of temperature sensitivity showed that respiration was more sensitive than photosynthesis above about 6 ℃.
Phillip Papastefanou, Christian S. Zang, Zlatan Angelov, Aline Anderson de Castro, Juan Carlos Jimenez, Luiz Felipe Campos De Rezende, Romina C. Ruscica, Boris Sakschewski, Anna A. Sörensson, Kirsten Thonicke, Carolina Vera, Nicolas Viovy, Celso Von Randow, and Anja Rammig
Biogeosciences, 19, 3843–3861, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3843-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3843-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Amazon rainforest has been hit by multiple severe drought events. In this study, we assess the severity and spatial extent of the extreme drought years 2005, 2010 and 2015/16 in the Amazon. Using nine different precipitation datasets and three drought indicators we find large differences in drought stress across the Amazon region. We conclude that future studies should use multiple rainfall datasets and drought indicators when estimating the impact of drought stress in the Amazon region.
Haiyang Shi, Geping Luo, Olaf Hellwich, Mingjuan Xie, Chen Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yuangang Wang, Xiuliang Yuan, Xiaofei Ma, Wenqiang Zhang, Alishir Kurban, Philippe De Maeyer, and Tim Van de Voorde
Biogeosciences, 19, 3739–3756, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A number of studies have been conducted by using machine learning approaches to simulate carbon fluxes. We performed a meta-analysis of these net ecosystem exchange (NEE) simulations. Random forests and support vector machines performed better than other algorithms. Models with larger timescales had a lower accuracy. For different plant functional types (PFTs), there were significant differences in the predictors used and their effects on model accuracy.
Siqi Li, Wei Zhang, Xunhua Zheng, Yong Li, Shenghui Han, Rui Wang, Kai Wang, Zhisheng Yao, Chunyan Liu, and Chong Zhang
Biogeosciences, 19, 3001–3019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3001-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3001-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The CNMM–DNDC model was modified to simulate ammonia volatilization (AV) from croplands. AV from cultivated uplands followed the first-order kinetics, which was jointly regulated by the factors of soil properties and meteorological conditions. AV simulation from rice paddy fields was improved by incorporating Jayaweera–Mikkelsen mechanisms. The modified model performed well in simulating the observed cumulative AV measured from 63 fertilization events in China.
Matthias Volk, Matthias Suter, Anne-Lena Wahl, and Seraina Bassin
Biogeosciences, 19, 2921–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2921-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Because soils are an important sink for greenhouse gasses, we subjected sub-alpine grassland to a six-level climate change treatment.
Two independent methods showed that at warming > 1.5 °C the grassland ecosystem lost ca. 14 % or ca. 1 kg C m−2 in 5 years.
This shrinking of the terrestrial C sink implies a substantial positive feedback to the atmospheric greenhouse effect.
It is likely that this dramatic C loss is a transient effect before a new, climate-adjusted steady state is reached.
Johan A. Eckdahl, Jeppe A. Kristensen, and Daniel B. Metcalfe
Biogeosciences, 19, 2487–2506, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2487-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2487-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study found climate to be a driving force for increasing per area emissions of greenhouse gases and removal of important nutrients from high-latitude forests due to wildfire. It used detailed direct measurements over a large area to uncover patterns and mechanisms of restructuring of forest carbon and nitrogen pools that are extrapolatable to larger regions. It also takes a step forward in filling gaps in global knowledge of northern forest response to climate-change-strengthened wildfires.
Sparkle L. Malone, Youmi Oh, Kyle A. Arndt, George Burba, Roisin Commane, Alexandra R. Contosta, Jordan P. Goodrich, Henry W. Loescher, Gregory Starr, and Ruth K. Varner
Biogeosciences, 19, 2507–2522, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2507-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2507-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To understand the CH4 flux potential of natural ecosystems and agricultural lands in the United States of America, a multi-scale CH4 observation network focused on CH4 flux rates, processes, and scaling methods is required. This can be achieved with a network of ground-based observations that are distributed based on climatic regions and land cover.
Bruna R. F. Oliveira, Jan J. Keizer, and Thomas Foken
Biogeosciences, 19, 2235–2243, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2235-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2235-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes the impacts of this windthrow on the aerodynamic characteristics of zero-plane displacement and roughness length and, ultimately, their implications for the turbulent fluxes. The turbulent fluxes were only affected to a minor degree by the windthrow, but the footprint area of the flux tower changed markedly so that the target area of the measurements had to be redetermined.
Minttu Havu, Liisa Kulmala, Pasi Kolari, Timo Vesala, Anu Riikonen, and Leena Järvi
Biogeosciences, 19, 2121–2143, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The carbon sequestration potential of two street tree species and the soil beneath them was quantified with the urban land surface model SUEWS and the soil carbon model Yasso. The street tree plantings turned into a modest sink of carbon from the atmosphere after 14 years. Overall, the results indicate the importance of soil in urban carbon sequestration estimations, as soil respiration exceeded the carbon uptake in the early phase, due to the high initial carbon loss from the soil.
Jarmo Mäkelä, Laila Melkas, Ivan Mammarella, Tuomo Nieminen, Suyog Chandramouli, Rafael Savvides, and Kai Puolamäki
Biogeosciences, 19, 2095–2099, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2095-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2095-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Causal structure discovery algorithms have been making headway into Earth system sciences, and they can be used to increase our understanding on biosphere–atmosphere interactions. In this paper we present a procedure on how to utilize prior knowledge of the domain experts together with these algorithms in order to find more robust causal structure models. We also demonstrate how to avoid pitfalls such as over-fitting and concept drift during this process.
Makoto Saito, Tomohiro Shiraishi, Ryuichi Hirata, Yosuke Niwa, Kazuyuki Saito, Martin Steinbacher, Doug Worthy, and Tsuneo Matsunaga
Biogeosciences, 19, 2059–2078, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2059-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2059-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study tested combinations of two sources of AGB data and two sources of LCC data and used the same burned area satellite data to estimate BB CO emissions. Our analysis showed large discrepancies in annual mean CO emissions and explicit differences in the simulated CO concentrations among the BB emissions estimates. This study has confirmed that BB emissions estimates are sensitive to the land surface information on which they are based.
Johannes Gensheimer, Alexander J. Turner, Philipp Köhler, Christian Frankenberg, and Jia Chen
Biogeosciences, 19, 1777–1793, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1777-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1777-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a convolutional neural network, named SIFnet, that increases the spatial resolution of SIF from TROPOMI by a factor of 10 to a spatial resolution of 0.005°. SIFnet utilizes coarse SIF observations, together with a broad range of high-resolution auxiliary data. The insights gained from interpretable machine learning techniques allow us to make quantitative claims about the relationships between SIF and other common parameters related to photosynthesis.
Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, David H. Y. Yung, Anthony Y. H. Wong, Jason A. Ducker, and Christopher D. Holmes
Biogeosciences, 19, 1753–1776, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We developed and used a terrestrial biosphere model to compare and evaluate widely used empirical dry deposition schemes with different stomatal approaches and found that using photosynthesis-based stomatal approaches can reduce biases in modeled dry deposition velocities in current chemical transport models. Our study shows systematic errors in current dry deposition schemes and the importance of representing plant ecophysiological processes in models under a changing climate.
Ka Ming Fung, Maria Val Martin, and Amos P. K. Tai
Biogeosciences, 19, 1635–1655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fertilizer-induced ammonia detrimentally affects the environment by not only directly damaging ecosystems but also indirectly altering climate and soil fertility. To quantify these secondary impacts, we enabled CESM to simulate ammonia emission, chemical evolution, and deposition as a continuous cycle. If synthetic fertilizer use is to soar by 30 % from today's level, we showed that the counteracting impacts will increase the global ammonia emission by 3.3 Tg N per year.
Lena Wohlgemuth, Pasi Rautio, Bernd Ahrends, Alexander Russ, Lars Vesterdal, Peter Waldner, Volkmar Timmermann, Nadine Eickenscheidt, Alfred Fürst, Martin Greve, Peter Roskams, Anne Thimonier, Manuel Nicolas, Anna Kowalska, Morten Ingerslev, Päivi Merilä, Sue Benham, Carmen Iacoban, Günter Hoch, Christine Alewell, and Martin Jiskra
Biogeosciences, 19, 1335–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Gaseous mercury is present in the atmosphere all over the globe. During the growing season, plants take up mercury from the air in a similar way as CO2. We investigated which factors impact this vegetational mercury uptake by analyzing a large dataset of leaf mercury uptake rates of trees in Europe. As a result, we conclude that mercury uptake is foremost controlled by tree-intrinsic traits like physiological activity but also by climatic factors like dry conditions in the air and in soils.
Junqi Wei, Xiaoyan Li, Lei Liu, Torben Røjle Christensen, Zhiyun Jiang, Yujun Ma, Xiuchen Wu, Hongyun Yao, and Efrén López-Blanco
Biogeosciences, 19, 861–875, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-861-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-861-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Although water availability has been linked to the response of ecosystem carbon (C) sink–source to climate warming, the mechanisms by which C uptake responds to soil moisture remain unclear. We explored how soil water and other environmental drivers modulate net C uptake in an alpine swamp meadow. Results reveal that nearly saturated soil conditions during warm seasons can help to maintain lower ecosystem respiration and therefore enhance the C sequestration capacity in this alpine swamp meadow.
Martijn M. T. A. Pallandt, Jitendra Kumar, Marguerite Mauritz, Edward A. G. Schuur, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Gerardo Celis, Forrest M. Hoffman, and Mathias Göckede
Biogeosciences, 19, 559–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-559-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-559-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Thawing of Arctic permafrost soils could trigger the release of vast amounts of carbon to the atmosphere, thus enhancing climate change. Our study investigated how well the current network of eddy covariance sites to monitor greenhouse gas exchange at local scales captures pan-Arctic flux patterns. We identified large coverage gaps, e.g., in Siberia, but also demonstrated that a targeted addition of relatively few sites can significantly improve network performance.
Pascal Wintjen, Frederik Schrader, Martijn Schaap, Burkhard Beudert, and Christian Brümmer
Biogeosciences, 19, 389–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-389-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-389-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fluxes of total reactive nitrogen (∑Nr) over a low polluted forest were analyzed with regard to their temporal dynamics. Mostly deposition was observed with median fluxes ranging from −15 to −5 ng N m−2 s−1, corresponding to a range of deposition velocities from 0.2 to 0.5 cm s−1. While seasonally changing contributions of NH3 and NOx to the ∑Nr signal were found, we estimate an annual total N deposition (dry+wet) of 12.2 and 10.9 kg N ha−1 a−1 in the 2 years of observation.
Juliana Gil-Loaiza, Joseph R. Roscioli, Joanne H. Shorter, Till H. M. Volkmann, Wei-Ren Ng, Jordan E. Krechmer, and Laura K. Meredith
Biogeosciences, 19, 165–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-165-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated a new diffusive soil probe integrated with high-resolution gas analyzers to measure soil gases in real time at a centimeter scale. Using columns with simple silica and soil, we captured changes in carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrous oxide (N2O) with its isotopes to distinguish potential nutrient sources and microbial metabolism. This approach will advance the use of soil gases as important signals to understand and monitor soil fertility and health.
Yujie Wang and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 19, 29–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-29-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-29-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling vegetation canopy is important in predicting whether the land remains a carbon sink to mitigate climate change in the near future. Vegetation canopy model complexity, however, impacts the model-predicted carbon and water fluxes as well as canopy fluorescence, even if the same suite of model inputs is used. Given the biases caused by canopy model complexity, we recommend not misusing parameters inverted using different models or assumptions.
Håkan Pleijel, Jenny Klingberg, Michelle Nerentorp, Malin C. Broberg, Brigitte Nyirambangutse, John Munthe, and Göran Wallin
Biogeosciences, 18, 6313–6328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6313-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6313-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury is a problematic metal in the environment. It is crucial to understand the Hg circulation in ecosystems. We explored the mercury concentration in foliage from a diverse set of plants, locations and sampling periods to study the accumulation of Hg in leaves–needles over time. Mercury was always higher in older tissue: in broadleaved trees, conifers and wheat. Specific leaf area, the leaf area per unit leaf mass, turned out to be critical for Hg accumulation in leaves–needles.
Julia Burkart, Jürgen Gratzl, Teresa M. Seifried, Paul Bieber, and Hinrich Grothe
Biogeosciences, 18, 5751–5765, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5751-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5751-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Extracts of birch pollen grains are known to be ice nucleation active and thus impact cloud formation and climate. In this study we develop an extraction method to separate subpollen particles from ice nucleating macromolecules. Our results thereby illustrate that ice nucleating macromolecules can be washed off the subpollen particles and that the ice activity is linked to the presence of proteins.
Teresa Vogl, Amy Hrdina, and Christoph K. Thomas
Biogeosciences, 18, 5097–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5097-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5097-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The relaxed eddy accumulation technique is a method used for measuring fluxes of chemical species in the atmosphere. It relies on a proportionality factor, β, which can be determined using different methods. Also, different techniques for sampling can be used by only drawing air into the measurement system when vertical wind velocity exceeds a certain threshold. We compare different ways to obtain β and different threshold techniques to direct flux measurements for three different sites.
Maria Prass, Meinrat O. Andreae, Alessandro C. de Araùjo, Paulo Artaxo, Florian Ditas, Wolfgang Elbert, Jan-David Förster, Marco Aurélio Franco, Isabella Hrabe de Angelis, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Thomas Klimach, Leslie Ann Kremper, Eckhard Thines, David Walter, Jens Weber, Bettina Weber, Bernhard M. Fuchs, Ulrich Pöschl, and Christopher Pöhlker
Biogeosciences, 18, 4873–4887, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4873-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Bioaerosols in the atmosphere over the Amazon rain forest were analyzed by molecular biological staining and microscopy. Eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal aerosols were quantified in time series and altitude profiles which exhibited clear differences in number concentrations and vertical distributions. Our results provide insights into the sources and dispersion of different Amazonian bioaerosol types as a basis for a better understanding of biosphere–atmosphere interactions.
Michael P. Adams, Nina S. Atanasova, Svetlana Sofieva, Janne Ravantti, Aino Heikkinen, Zoé Brasseur, Jonathan Duplissy, Dennis H. Bamford, and Benjamin J. Murray
Biogeosciences, 18, 4431–4444, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4431-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4431-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of ice in clouds is critically important for the planet's climate. Hence, we need to know which aerosol types nucleate ice and how effectively they do so. Here we show that virus particles, with a range of architectures, nucleate ice when immersed in supercooled water. However, we also show that they only make a minor contribution to the ice-nucleating particle population in the terrestrial atmosphere, but we cannot rule them out as being important in the marine environment.
Laura Heimsch, Annalea Lohila, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Henriikka Vekuri, Jussi Heinonsalo, Olli Nevalainen, Mika Korkiakoski, Jari Liski, Tuomas Laurila, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 18, 3467–3483, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3467-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3467-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
CO2 and H2O fluxes were measured at a newly established eddy covariance site in southern Finland for 2 years from 2018 to 2020. This agricultural grassland site focuses on the conversion from intensive towards more sustainable agricultural management. The first summer experienced prolonged dry periods, and notably larger fluxes were observed in the second summer. The field acted as a net carbon sink during both study years.
Anteneh Getachew Mengistu, Gizaw Mengistu Tsidu, Gerbrand Koren, Maurits L. Kooreman, K. Folkert Boersma, Torbern Tagesson, Jonas Ardö, Yann Nouvellon, and Wouter Peters
Biogeosciences, 18, 2843–2857, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2843-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2843-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we assess the usefulness of Sun-Induced Fluorescence of Terrestrial Ecosystems Retrieval (SIFTER) data from the GOME-2A instrument and near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) from MODIS to capture the seasonality and magnitudes of gross primary production (GPP) derived from six eddy-covariance flux towers in Africa in the overlap years between 2007–2014. We also test the robustness of sun-induced fluoresence and NIRv to compare the seasonality of GPP for the major biomes.
Robbie Ramsay, Chiara F. Di Marco, Mathew R. Heal, Matthias Sörgel, Paulo Artaxo, Meinrat O. Andreae, and Eiko Nemitz
Biogeosciences, 18, 2809–2825, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2809-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2809-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of the gas ammonia between the atmosphere and the surface is an important biogeochemical process, but little is known of this exchange for certain ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest. This study took measurements of ammonia exchange over an Amazon rainforest site and subsequently modelled the observed deposition and emission patterns. We observed emissions of ammonia from the rainforest, which can be simulated accurately by using a canopy resistance modelling approach.
Gemma Purser, Julia Drewer, Mathew R. Heal, Robert A. S. Sircus, Lara K. Dunn, and James I. L. Morison
Biogeosciences, 18, 2487–2510, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2487-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2487-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Short-rotation forest plantations could help reduce greenhouse gases but can emit biogenic volatile organic compounds. Emissions were measured at a plantation trial in Scotland. Standardised emissions of isoprene from foliage were higher from hybrid aspen than from Sitka spruce and low from Italian alder. Emissions of total monoterpene were lower. The forest floor was only a small source. Model estimates suggest an SRF expansion of 0.7 Mha could increase total UK emissions between < 1 %–35 %.
Cited articles
Adams, J. M., Faure, H., Faure-Denard, L., McGlade, J. M., and Woodward, F. I.:
Increases in terrestrial carbon storage from the Last Glacial Maximum to the present,
Nature,
348, 711–714, 1990.
Ai, X. E., Studer, A. S., Sigman, D. M., Martínez-García, A., Fripiat, F., Thöle, L. M., Michel, E., Gottschalk, J., Arnold, L., Moretti, S., Schmitt, M., Oleynik, S., Jaccard, S. L., and Haug, G. H.:
Southern Ocean upwelling, Earth's obliquity, and glacial-interglacial atmospheric CO2 change,
Science,
370, 1348–1352,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd2115, 2020.
Ait-Langomazino, N., Sellier, R., Jouquet, G., and Trescinski, M.:
Microbial degradation of bitumen,
Experientia,
47, 533–539, 1991.
Andriashek, L. D.:
On the origin of oil sand and related bedrock erratics in glacial sediments of central Alberta; Alberta Energy Regulator/Alberta Geological Survey, AER/AGS Open File Report 2018–13, 42 p., 2018.
Andriashek, L. D. and Pawlowicz, J. G.:
Observations of naturally occurring hydrocarbons (bitumen) in Quaternary sediments, Athabasca Oil Sands area and areas west, Alberta, Alberta Energy Regulator/Alberta Geological Survey, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, EUB/AGS Geo-Note 2002-01, 27 p., 2002.
Barnola, J. M., Raynaud, D., Korotkevich, Y. S., and Lorius, C.:
Vostok ice core provides 160,000-year record of atmospheric CO2,
Nature,
329, 408–414, 1987.
Batchelor, C. L., Margold, M., Krapp, M., Murton, D. K., Dalton, A. S., Gibbard, P. L., Stokes, C. R., Murton, J. B., and Manica, A.:
The configuration of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets through the Quaternary,
Nat. Commun.,
10, 3713, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11601-2, 2019.
Bauska, T. K., Baggenstos, D., Brook, E. J., Mix, A. C., Marcott, S. A., Petrenko, V. V., Schaefer, H., Severinghaus, J. P., and Lee, J. E.:
Carbon isotopes characterize rapid changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide during the last deglaciation,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
113, 3465–3470, 2016.
Beaupré, S. R.:
The carbon isotopic composition of marine DOC,
in: Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, second edn.,
edited by: Hansell, D. A. and Carlson, C. A.,
Academic Press, Boston, 335–368, 2015.
Berg, S., Jivcov, S., Kusch, S., Kuhn, G., White, D., Bohrmann, G., Melles, M., and Rethemeyer, J.:
Increased petrogenic and biospheric organic carbon burial in sub-Antarctic fjord sediments in response to recent glacier retreat,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 66, 4347–4362,
https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11965, 2021.
Berner, R. A.:
Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels over Phanerozoic time,
Science,
249, 1382–1386, 1990.
Berner, R. A., Lasaga, A. C., and Garrels, R. M.:
The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years,
Am. J. Sci.,
283, 641–683, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.283.7.641, 1983.
Bertassoli Jr., D. J., Sawakuchi, H. O., Almeida, N. S., Castanheira, B., Alem, V. A. T., Camargo, M. G. P., Krusche, A. V., Brochsztain, S., and Sawakuchi, A. O.:
Biogenic methane and carbon dioxide generation in organic-rich shales from southeastern Brazil,
Int. J. Coal Geol.,
162, 1–13, 2016.
Bird, M. I., Lloyd, J., and Farquhar, G. D.:
Terrestrial carbon storage at the LGM,
Nature,
371, 566–566, 1994.
Blair, N. E. and Aller, R. C.:
The fate of terrestrial organic carbon in the marine environment,
Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci.,
4, 401–423, 2012.
Blattmann, T. M. and Liu, Z.:
Proposing a classic clay mineral proxy for quantifying kerogen reburial in the geologic past,
Appl. Clay Sci.,
211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2021.106190, 2021.
Blattmann, T. M., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Wen, K., Lin, S., Li, J., Wacker, L., Haghipour, N., Plötze, M., Liu, Z., and Eglinton, T. I.:
Contrasting fates of petrogenic and biospheric carbon in the South China Sea,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
45, 9077–9086, 2018a.
Blattmann, T. M., Letsch, D., and Eglinton, T. I.:
On the geological and scientific legacy of petrogenic organic carbon,
Am. J. Sci.,
318, 861–881, 2018b.
Blattmann, T. M., Wang, S. L., Lupker, M., Märki, L., Haghipour, N., Wacker, L., Chung, L. H., Bernasconi, S. M., Plötze, M., and Eglinton, T. I.:
Sulphuric acid-mediated weathering on Taiwan buffers geological atmospheric carbon sinks,
Sci. Rep.-UK,
9, 2945, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39272-5, 2019a.
Blattmann, T. M., Wessels, M., McIntyre, C. P., and Eglinton, T. I.:
Petrogenic organic carbon retention in terrestrial basins: A case study from perialpine Lake Constance,
Chem. Geol.,
503, 52–60, 2019b.
Bolton, E. W., Berner, R. A., and Petsch, S. T.:
The weathering of sedimentary organic matter as a control on atmospheric O2: II. Theoretical modelling,
Am. J. Sci.,
306, 575–615, 2006.
Bouchez, J., Beyssac, O., Galy, V., Gaillardet, J., France-Lanord, C., Maurice, L., and Moreira-Turcq, P.: Oxidation of petrogenic organic carbon in the Amazon floodplain as a source of atmospheric CO2, Geology, 38, 255–258, 2010.
Boucsein, B. and Stein, R.:
Black shale formation in the late Paleocene/early Eocene Arctic Ocean and paleoenvironmental conditions: New results from a detailed organic petrological study,
Mar. Petrol. Geol.,
26, 416–426, 2009.
Bouttes, N., Vazquez Riveiros, N., Govin, A., Swingedouw, D., Sanchez-Goni, M. F., Crosta, X., and Roche, D. M.:
Carbon 13 isotopes reveal limited ocean circulation changes between interglacials of the last 800 ka,
Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol.,
35, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003776, 2020.
Broecker, W. and Barker, S.:
A 190 ‰ drop in atmosphere's Δ14C during the “Mystery Interval” (17.5 to 14.5 kyr),
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
256, 90–99, 2007.
Broecker, W. and Clark, E.:
Search for a glacial-age 14C-depleted ocean reservoir,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
37, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043969, 2010.
Broecker, W. S. and McGee, D.:
The 13C record for atmospheric CO2: What is it trying to tell us?,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
368, 175–182, 2013.
Broecker, W. S. and Peng, T. H.:
What caused the glacial to interglacial CO2 change?,
in: The Global Carbon Cycle,
edited by: Heimann, M.,
Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 95–115, 1993.
Bufe, A., Hovius, N., Emberson, R., Rugenstein, J. K. C., Galy, A., Hassenruck-Gudipati, H. J., and Chang, J.-M.:
Co-variation of silicate, carbonate and sulfide weathering drives CO2 release with erosion,
Nat. Geosci.,
14, 211–216, 2021.
Chang, S. and Berner, R. A.:
Humic substance formation via the oxidative weathering of coal,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
32, 2883–2886, 1998.
Chang, S. and Berner, R. A.:
Coal weathering and the geochemical carbon cycle,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac.,
63, 3301–3310, 1999.
Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Southon, J., Matsumoto, K., Feinberg, J. M., Sinha, A., Zhou, W., Li, H., Li, X., Xu, Y., Chen, S., Tan, M., Wang, Q., Wang, Y., and Ning, Y.:
Atmospheric 14C/12C changes during the last glacial period from Hulu Cave,
Science,
362, 1293–1297, 2018.
Ciais, P., Tagliabue, A., Cuntz, M., Bopp, L., Scholze, M., Hoffmann, G., Lourantou, A., Harrison, S. P., Prentice, I. C., Kelley, D. I., Koven, C., and Piao, S. L.:
Large inert carbon pool in the terrestrial biosphere during the Last Glacial Maximum,
Nat. Geosci.,
5, 74–79, 2012.
Clark, K. E., Hilton, R. G., West, A. J., Robles Caceres, A., Gröcke, D. R., Marthews, T. R., Ferguson, R. I., Asner, G. P., New, M., and Malhi, Y.:
Erosion of organic carbon from the Andes and its effects on ecosystem carbon dioxide balance,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo.,
122, 449–469, 2017.
Clark, P. U.:
Unstable behavior of the Laurentide Ice Sheet over deforming sediment and its implications for climate change,
Quaternary Res.,
41, 19–25, 1994.
Copard, Y., Amiotte-Suchet, P., and Di-Giovanni, C.:
Storage and release of fossil organic carbon related to weathering of sedimentary rocks,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
258, 345–357, 2007.
Crichton, K. A., Bouttes, N., Roche, D. M., Chappellaz, J., and Krinner, G.:
Permafrost carbon as a missing link to explain CO2 changes during the last deglaciation,
Nat. Geosci.,
9, 683–686, 2016.
Crowley, T. J.:
Ice Age terrestrial carbon changes revisited,
Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
9, 377–389, 1995.
Cui, X., Bianchi, T. S., Jaeger, J. M., and Smith, R. W.:
Biospheric and petrogenic organic carbon flux along southeast Alaska,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
452, 238–246, 2016.
Daines, S. J., Mills, B. J. W., and Lenton, T. M.:
Atmospheric oxygen regulation at low Proterozoic levels by incomplete oxidative weathering of sedimentary organic carbon,
Nat. Commun.,
8, 14379, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14379, 2017.
Dalton, A. S., Margold, M., Stokes, C. R., Tarasov, L., Dyke, A. S., Adams, R. S., Allard, S., Arends, H. E., Atkinson, N., Attig, J. W., Barnett, P. J., Barnett, R. L., Batterson, M., Bernatchez, P., Borns, H. W., Breckenridge, A., Briner, J. P., Brouard, E., Campbell, J. E., Carlson, A. E., Clague, J. J., Curry, B. B., Daigneault, R.-A., Dubé-Loubert, H., Easterbrook, D. J., Franzi, D. A., Friedrich, H. G., Funder, S., Gauthier, M. S., Gowan, A. S., Harris, K. L., Hétu, B., Hooyer, T. S., Jennings, C. E., Johnson, M. D., Kehew, A. E., Kelley, S. E., Kerr, D., King, E. L., Kjeldsen, K. K., Knaeble, A. R., Lajeunesse, P., Lakeman, T. R., Lamothe, M., Larson, P., Lavoie, M., Loope, H. M., Lowell, T. V., Lusardi, B. A., Manz, L., McMartin, I., Nixon, F. C., Occhietti, S., Parkhill, M. A., Piper, D. J. W., Pronk, A. G., Richard, P. J. H., Ridge, J. C., Ross, M., Roy, M., Seaman, A., Shaw, J., Stea, R. R., Teller, J. T., Thompson, W. B., Thorleifson, L. H., Utting, D. J., Veillette, J. J., Ward, B. C., Weddle, T. K., and Wright, H. E.:
An updated radiocarbon-based ice margin chronology for the last deglaciation of the North American Ice Sheet Complex,
Quaternary Sci. Rev.,
234, 106223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106223, 2020.
de Carvalho Ferreira, M. L. and Kerr, R.:
Source water distribution and quantification of North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water in the Atlantic Ocean,
Prog. Oceanogr.,
153, 66–83, 2017.
Derry, L. A. and France-Lanord, C.:
Neogene growth of the sedimentary organic carbon reservoir,
Paleoceanography,
11, 267–275, 1996.
Dinauer, A., Adolphi, F., and Joos, F.: Mysteriously high Δ14C of the glacial atmosphere: influence of 14C production and carbon cycle changes, Clim. Past, 16, 1159–1185, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1159-2020, 2020.
Dyke, A. S.:
An outline of North American deglaciation with emphasis on central and northern Canada,
in: Developments in Quaternary Sciences,
edited by: Ehlers, J. and Gibbard, P. L.,
Elsevier, 373–424, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-0866(04)80209-4, 2004.
Fischer, C. and Gaupp, R.:
Change of black shale organic material surface area during oxidative weathering: Implications for rock-water surface evolution,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac.,
69, 1213–1224, 2005.
Fischer, C., Karius, V., and Thiel, V.:
Organic matter in black slate shows oxidative degradation within only a few decades,
J. Sediment. Res.,
77, 355–365, 2007.
Fox, P. M., Bill, M., Heckman, K., Conrad, M., Anderson, C., Keiluweit, M., and Nico, P. S.:
Shale as a source of organic carbon in floodplain sediments of a mountainous watershed,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo.,
125, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005419, 2020.
Galvez, M. E.:
Redox constraints on a Cenozoic imbalance in the organic carbon cycle,
Am. J. Sci.,
320, 730–751, https://doi.org/10.2475/10.2020.03, 2020.
Galy, V., Beyssac, O., France-Lanord, C., and Eglinton, T. I.:
Recycling of graphite during Himalayan erosion: A geological stabilization of carbon in the crust,
Science,
322, 943–945, 2008.
Galy, V., Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., and Eglinton, T. I.:
Global carbon export from the terrestrial biosphere controlled by erosion,
Nature,
521, 204–207, 2015.
Georg, R. B., West, A. J., Vance, D., Newman, K., and Halliday, A. N.:
Is the marine osmium isotope record a probe for CO2 release from sedimentary rocks?,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
367, 28–38, 2013.
Gibbs, M. and Kump, L.:
Global chemical weathering during deglaciation,
in: Fourth International Symposium on the Geochemistry of the Earth's Surface, University of Leeds, 22–28 July 1996, Ilkley, Yorkshire, England, 733–737, 1996.
Hain, M. P., Sigman, D. M., and Haug, G. H.:
Distinct roles of the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic in the deglacial atmospheric radiocarbon decline,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
394, 198–208, 2014.
Harden, J. W., Mark, R. K., Sundquist, E. T., and Stallard, R. F.:
Dynamics of soil carbon during deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet,
Science,
258, 1921–1924, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5090.1921, 1992.
Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., and Shackleton, N. J.:
Variations in the Earth's orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages,
Science,
194, 1121–1132, 1976.
Hedges, J. I. and Oades, J. M.:
Comparative organic geochemistries of soils and marine sediments,
Org. Geochem.,
27, 319–361, 1997.
Herman, F., Seward, D., Valla, P. G., Carter, A., Kohn, B., Willett, S. D., and Ehlers, T. A.:
Worldwide acceleration of mountain erosion under a cooling climate,
Nature,
504, 423–426, 2013.
Herman, F., Beyssac, O., Brughelli, M., Lane, S. N., Leprince, S., Adatte, T., Lin, J. Y. Y., Avouac, J.-P., and Cox, S. C.:
Erosion by an Alpine glacier,
Science,
350, 193–195, 2015.
Hemingway, J. D., Hilton, R. G., Hovius, N., Eglinton, T. I., Haghipour, N., Wacker, L., Chen, M.-C., and Galy, V. V.:
Microbial oxidation of lithospheric organic carbon in rapidly eroding tropical mountain soils,
Science,
360, 209–212, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao6463, 2018.
Hilton, R. G. and West, A. J.:
Mountains, erosion and the carbon cycle,
Nat. Rev. Earth Environ.,
1, 284–299, 2020.
Hilton, R. G., Galy, A., Hovius, N., Horng, M.-J., and Chen, H.:
Efficient transport of fossil organic carbon to the ocean by steep mountain rivers: An orogenic carbon sequestration mechanism,
Geology,
39, 71–74, 2011.
Hilton, R. G., Gaillardet, J., Calmels, D., and Birck, J.-L.:
Geological respiration of a mountain belt revealed by the trace element rhenium,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
403, 27–36, 2014.
Hood, E., Fellman, J., Spencer, R. G. M., Hernes, P. J., Edwards, R., D'Amore, D., and Scott, D.:
Glaciers as a source of ancient and labile organic matter to the marine environment,
Nature,
462, 1044–1047, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08580, 2009.
Horan, K.:
The oxidative weathering of organic matter and its carbon dioxide emissions: Insight from the trace elements rhenium and molybdenum,
PhD thesis, Durham University, UK, 223 pp., 2018.
Horan, K., Hilton, R. G., Selby, D., Ottley, C. J., Gröcke, D. R., Hicks, M., and Burton, K. W.:
Mountain glaciation drives rapid oxidation of rock-bound organic carbon,
Sci. Adv.,
3, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701107, 2017.
Horan, K., Hilton, R. G., Dellinger, M., Tipper, E., Galy, V., Calmels, D., Selby, D., Gaillardet, J., Ottley, C. J., Parsons, D. R., and Burton, K. W.:
Carbon dioxide emissions by rock organic carbon oxidation and the net geochemical carbon budget of the Mackenzie River Basin,
Am. J. Sci.,
319, 473–499, 2019.
Huang, Y., Street-Perrott, F. A., Metcalfe, S. E., Brenner, M., Moreland, M., and Freeman, K. H.:
Climate change as the dominant control on glacial-interglacial variations in C3 and C4 plant abundance,
Science,
293, 1647–1651, 2001.
Jeltsch-Thömmes, A., Battaglia, G., Cartapanis, O., Jaccard, S. L., and Joos, F.: Low terrestrial carbon storage at the Last Glacial Maximum: constraints from multi-proxy data, Clim. Past, 15, 849–879, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-849-2019, 2019.
Keller, C. K. and Bacon, D. H.:
Soil respiration and georespiration distinguished by transport analyses of vadose CO2, 13CO2, and 14CO2,
Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
12, 361–372, 1998.
Kohfeld, K. E. and Ridgwell, A.:
Glacial-interglacial variability in atmospheric CO2,
in: Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Processes,
edited by: Le Quéré, C. and Saltzman, E. S.,
Geophys. Monogr. Ser., American Geophysical Union,
251–286, 2009.
Köhler, P., Knorr, G., and Bard, E.:
Permafrost thawing as a possible source of abrupt carbon release at the onset of the Bølling/Allerød,
Nat. Commun.,
5, 5520, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6520, 2014.
Kölling, M., Bouimetarhan, I., Bowles, M. W., Felis, T., Goldhammer, T., Hinrichs, K.-U., Schulz, M., and Zabel, M.:
Consistent CO2 release by pyrite oxidation on continental shelves prior to glacial terminations,
Nat. Geosci.,
12, 929–934, 2019.
Kump, L. R., Junium, C., Arthur, M. A., Brasier, A., Fallick, A., Melezhik, V., Lepland, A., Črne, A. E., and Luo, G.:
Isotopic evidence for massive oxidation of organic matter following the Great Oxidation Event,
Science,
334, 1694–1696, 2011.
Lewan, M. D.:
Stable carbon isotopes of amorphous kerogens from Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac.,
50, 1583–1591, 1986.
Leythaeuser, D.:
Effects of weathering on organic matter in shales,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac.,
37, 113–120, 1973.
Licciardi, J. M., Clark, P. U., Jenson, J. W., and Macayeal, D. R.:
Deglaciation of a soft-bedded Laurentide Ice Sheet,
Quaternary Sci. Rev.,
17, 427–448, 1998.
Lin, B., Liu, Z., Eglinton, T. I., Kandasamy, S., Blattmann, T. M., Haghipour, N., Huang, K.-F., and You, C.-F.:
Island-wide variation in provenance of riverine sedimentary organic carbon: A case study from Taiwan,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
539, 116238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116238, 2020.
Lindgren, A., Hugelius, G., and Kuhry, P.:
Extensive loss of past permafrost carbon but a net accumulation into present-day soils,
Nature,
560, 219–222, 2018.
Littke, R., Klussmann, U., Krooss, B., and Leythaeuser, D.:
Quantification of loss of calcite, pyrite, and organic matter due to weathering of Toarcian black shales and effects on kerogen and bitumen characteristics,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac.,
55, 3369–3378, 1991.
Lyons, S. L., Baczynski, A. A., Babila, T. L., Bralower, T. J., Hajek, E. A., Kump, L. R., Polites, E. G., Self-Trail, J. M., Trampush, S. M., Vornlocher, J. R., Zachos, J. C., and Freeman, K. H.:
Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum prolonged by fossil carbon oxidation,
Nat. Geosci.,
12, 54–60, 2019.
Marcott, S. A., Bauska, T. K., Buizert, C., Steig, E. J., Rosen, J. L., Cuffey, K. M., Fudge, T. J., Severinghaus, J. P., Ahn, J., Kalk, M. L., McConnell, J. R., Sowers, T., Taylor, K. C., White, J. W. C., and Brook, E. J.:
Centennial-scale changes in the global carbon cycle during the last deglaciation,
Nature,
514, 616–619, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13799, 2014.
Martens, J., Wild, B., Muschitiello, F., O'Regan, M., Jakobsson, M., Semiletov, I., Dudarev, O. V., and Gustafsson, Ö.:
Remobilization of dormant carbon from Siberian-Arctic permafrost during three past warming events,
Sci. Adv.,
6, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb6546, 2020.
Martin, J. H.:
Glacial-interglacial CO2 change: The iron hypothesis,
Paleoceanography,
5, 1–13, 1990.
Martínez, M., and Escobar, M.:
Effect of coal weathering on some geochemical parameters,
Org. Geochem.,
23, 253–261, 1995.
Menviel, L., Spence, P., Yu, J., Chamberlain, M. A., Matear, R. J., Meissner, K. J., and England, M. H.:
Southern Hemisphere westerlies as a driver of the early deglacial atmospheric CO2 rise,
Nat. Commun.,
9, 2503, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04876-4, 2018.
Meybeck, M.:
Riverine transport of atmospheric carbon: Sources, global typology and budget,
Water Air Soil Pollut.,
70, 443–463, 1993.
Meyers, P. A.:
Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter,
Chem. Geol.,
114, 289–302, 1994.
Miall, A. D. and Blakey, R. C.:
The Phanerozoic tectonic and sedimentary evolution of North America,
in: The Sedimentary Basins of the United States and Canada, second edn.,
edited by: Miall, A. D.,
Elsevier, 1–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63895-3.00001-2, 2019.
Moran, J. E., Fehn, U., and Teng, R. T. D.:
Variations in
Munhoven, G. and François, L. M.:
Glacial-interglacial variability of atmospheric CO2 due to changing continental silicate rock weathering: A model study,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
101, 21423–21437, 1996.
Peterson, C. D., Lisiecki, L. E., and Stern, J. V.:
Deglacial whole-ocean δ13C change estimated from 480 benthic foraminiferal records,
Paleoceanography,
29, 549–563, 2014.
Petsch, S. T.:
Weathering of organic carbon,
in: Treatise on Geochemistry,
edited by: Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K.,
Elsevier, Oxford, 217–238, 2014.
Petsch, S. T., Eglinton, T. I., and Edwards, K. J.:
14C-dead living biomass: Evidence for microbial assimilation of ancient organic carbon during shale weathering,
Science,
292, 1127–1131, 2001.
Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B. and Ravizza, G. E.:
Osmium isotope stratigraphy,
in: Geologic Time Scale 2020,
edited by: Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. D., and Ogg, G. M.,
Elsevier, 239–257, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824360-2.00008-5, 2020.
Rafter, P. A., Carriquiry, J. D., Herguera, J.-C., Hain, M. P., Solomon, E. A., and Southon, J. R.:
Anomalous > 2000-year-old surface ocean radiocarbon age as evidence for deglacial geologic carbon release,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
46, 13950–13960, 2019.
Rapp, D.:
Ice Ages and Interglacials: Measurements, Interpretation, and Models, 3rd edn.,
Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 346, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10466-5, 2019.
Ravizza, G. and Esser, B. K.:
A possible link between the seawater osmium isotope record and weathering of ancient sedimentary organic matter,
Chem. Geol.,
107, 255–258, 1993.
Reed Jr., J. C., Wheeler, J. O., and Tucholke, B. E.:
Geologic map of North America: Decade of North American geology continental scale map 001, scale
Reimer, P. J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., Ramsey, C. B., Buck, C. E., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P. M., Guilderson, T. P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatté, C., Heaton, T. J., Hoffmann, D. L., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kaiser, K. F., Kromer, B., Manning, S. W., Niu, M., Reimer, R. W., Richards, D. A., Scott, E. M., Southon, J. R., Staff, R. A., Turney, C. S. M., and van der Plicht, J.:
IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP,
Radiocarbon,
55, 1869–1887, 2013.
Rogieri Pelissari, M., Oliveira Sawakuchi, H., Bertassoli Junior, D. J., da Silva Almeida, N., and Oliveira Sawakuchi, A.:
Water influence on CH4 and CO2 generation from tar sandstones: Insights from incubation experiments in the Pirambóia Formation, Paraná Basin,
J. S. Am. Earth Sci.,
106, 103097, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103097, 2021.
Roth, R. and Joos, F.:
Model limits on the role of volcanic carbon emissions in regulating glacial–interglacial CO2 variations,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
329–330, 141–149, 2012.
Roth, R. and Joos, F.: A reconstruction of radiocarbon production and total solar irradiance from the Holocene 14C and CO2 records: implications of data and model uncertainties, Clim. Past, 9, 1879–1909, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1879-2013, 2013.
Roy, M., Clark, P. U., Raisbeck, G. M., and Yiou, F.:
Geochemical constraints on the regolith hypothesis for the middle Pleistocene transition,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
227, 281–296, 2004.
Rutherford, R. L.:
Two interesting boulders in the glacial deposits of Alberta,
J. Geol.,
36, 558–563, 1928.
Sackett, W. M., Poag, C. W., and Eadie, B. J.:
Kerogen recycling in the Ross Sea, Antarctica,
Science,
185, 1045–1047, 1974.
Sarnthein, M., Schneider, B., and Grootes, P. M.: Peak glacial 14C ventilation ages suggest major draw-down of carbon into the abyssal ocean, Clim. Past, 9, 2595–2614, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2595-2013, 2013.
Sauramo, M. R.:
The mode of occurrence of carbon in Quaternary deposits,
Suom. Kemistil.,
3, 11–16, 1938.
Schachtman, N. S., Roering, J. J., Marshall, J. A., Gavin, D. G., and Granger, D. E.:
The interplay between physical and chemical erosion over glacial-interglacial cycles,
Geology,
47, 613–616, 2019.
Schillawski, S. and Petsch, S.:
Release of biodegradable dissolved organic matter from ancient sedimentary rocks,
Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002980, 2008.
Schmitt, J., Schneider, R., Elsig, J., Leuenberger, D., Lourantou, A., Chappellaz, J., Köhler, P., Joos, F., Stocker, T. F., Leuenberger, M., and Fischer, H.:
Carbon isotope constraints on the deglacial CO2 rise from ice cores,
Science,
336, 711–714, 2012.
Schmittner, A., Bostock, H. C., Cartapanis, O., Curry, W. B., Filipsson, H. L., Galbraith, E. D., Gottschalk, J., Herguera, J. C., Hoogakker, B., Jaccard, S. L., Lisiecki, L. E., Lund, D. C., Martínez-Méndez, G., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Mackensen, A., Michel, E., Mix, A. C., Oppo, D. W., Peterson, C. D., Repschläger, J., Sikes, E. L., Spero, H. J., and Waelbroeck, C.:
Calibration of the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of benthic foraminifera,
Paleoceanography,
32, 512–530, 2017.
Shackleton, N. J.:
Carbon-13 in Uvigerina: Tropical rainforest history and the equatorial Pacific carbonate dissolution cycles,
in: The Fate of Fossil Fuel CO2 in the Oceans,
edited by: Andersen, N. R. and Malahoff, A.,
Plenum Press, 401–427, ISBN 030635506X, 1977.
Shackleton, N. J., Hall, M. A., Line, J., and Shuxi, C.:
Carbon isotope data in core V19-30 confirm reduced carbon dioxide concentration in the ice age atmosphere,
Nature,
306, 319–322, 1983.
Sharp, M. and Tranter, M.:
Glacier biogeochemistry,
Geochem. Perspect.,
6, 173–174, 2017.
Sharp, M., Parkes, J., Cragg, B., Fairchild, I. J., Lamb, H., and Tranter, M.:
Widespread bacterial populations at glacier beds and their relationship to rock weathering and carbon cycling,
Geology,
27, 107–110, 1999.
Sigman, D. M. and Boyle, E. A.:
Glacial/interglacial variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide,
Nature,
407, 859–869, 2000.
Sigman, D. M., Hain, M. P., and Haug, G. H.:
The polar ocean and glacial cycles in atmospheric CO2 concentration,
Nature,
466, 47–55, 2010.
Simmons, C. T., Matthews, H. D., and Mysak, L. A.:
Deglacial climate, carbon cycle and ocean chemistry changes in response to a terrestrial carbon release,
Clim. Dynam.,
46, 1287–1299, 2016.
Smith, H. J., Fischer, H., Wahlen, M., Mastroianni, D., and Deck, B.:
Dual modes of the carbon cycle since the Last Glacial Maximum,
Nature,
400, 248–250, 1999.
Soulet, G., Hilton, R. G., Garnett, M. H., Dellinger, M., Croissant, T., Ogrič, M., and Klotz, S.: Technical note: In situ measurement of flux and isotopic composition of CO2 released during oxidative weathering of sedimentary rocks, Biogeosciences, 15, 4087–4102, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4087-2018, 2018.
Soulet, G., Hilton, R. G., Garnett, M. H., Roylands, T., Klotz, S., Croissant, T., Dellinger, M., and Le Bouteiller, C.:
Temperature control on CO2 emissions from the weathering of sedimentary rocks,
Nat. Geosci.,
14, 665–671, 2021.
Sparkes, R. B., Hovius, N., Galy, A., and Liu, J. T.:
Survival of graphitized petrogenic organic carbon through multiple erosional cycles,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
531, 115992, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115992, 2020.
Steffen, W., Rockström, J., Richardson, K., Lenton, T. M., Folke, C., Liverman, D., Summerhayes, C. P., Barnosky, A. D., Cornell, S. E., Crucifix, M., Donges, J. F., Fetzer, I., Lade, S. J., Scheffer, M., Winkelmann, R., and Schellnhuber, H. J.:
Trajectories of the Earth system in the Anthropocene,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
115, 8252–8259, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810141115, 2018.
Still, C. J., Berry, J. A., Collatz, G. J., and DeFries, R. S.:
Global distribution of C3 and C4 vegetation: Carbon cycle implications,
Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
17, 6-1–6-14, 2003.
Stips, A., Macias, D., Coughlan, C., Garcia-Gorriz, E., and Liang, X. S.:
On the causal structure between CO2 and global temperature,
Sci. Rep.-UK,
6, 21691, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21691, 2016.
Stolper, D. A., Bender, M. L., Dreyfus, G. B., Yan, Y., and Higgins, J. A.:
A Pleistocene ice core record of atmospheric O2 concentrations,
Science,
353, 1427–1430, 2016.
Stroeven, A. P., Hättestrand, C., Kleman, J., Heyman, J., Fabel, D., Fredin, O., Goodfellow, B. W., Harbor, J. M., Jansen, J. D., Olsen, L., Caffee, M. W., Fink, D., Lundqvist, J., Rosqvist, G. C., Strömberg, B., and Jansson, K. N.:
Deglaciation of Fennoscandia,
Quaternary Sci. Rev.,
147, 91–121, 2016.
Tesi, T., Muschitiello, F., Smittenberg, R. H., Jakobsson, M., Vonk, J. E., Hill, P., Andersson, A., Kirchner, N., Noormets, R., Dudarev, O., Semiletov, I., and Gustafsson, Ö.:
Massive remobilization of permafrost carbon during post-glacial warming,
Nat. Commun.,
7, 13653, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13653, 2016.
Torres, M. A., West, A. J., and Li, G.:
Sulphide oxidation and carbonate dissolution as a source of CO2 over geological timescales,
Nature,
507, 346–349, 2014.
Torres, M. A., Moosdorf, N., Hartmann, J., Adkins, J. F., and West, A. J.:
Glacial weathering, sulfide oxidation, and global carbon cycle feedbacks,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
114, 1–6, 2017.
Tranter, M.:
Glacial runoff as a sink for atmospheric CO2 during the last glacial-interglacial transition,
in: Fourth International Symposium on the Geochemistry of the Earth's Surface, University of Leeds, 22–28 July 1996, Ilkley, Yorkshire, England, 709–713, 1996.
Uribe-Alvarez, C., Ayala, M., Perezgasga, L., Naranjo, L., Urbina, H., and Vazquez-Duhalt, R.:
First evidence of mineralization of petroleum asphaltenes by a strain of Neosartorya fischeri,
Microb. Biotechnol.,
4, 663–672, 2011.
Vance, D., Teagle, D. A. H., and Foster, G. L.:
Variable Quaternary chemical weathering fluxes and imbalances in marine geochemical budgets,
Nature,
458, 493–496, 2009.
Vonk, J. E., Dickens, A. F., Giosan, L., Hussain, Z. A., Kim, B., Zipper, S. C., Holmes, R. M., Montluçon, D. B., Galy, V., and Eglinton, T. I.:
Arctic deltaic lake sediments as recorders of fluvial organic matter deposition,
Front. Earth Sci.,
4, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00077, 2016.
Winterfeld, M., Mollenhauer, G., Dummann, W., Köhler, P., Lembke-Jene, L., Meyer, V. D., Hefter, J., McIntyre, C., Wacker, L., Kokfelt, U., and Tiedemann, R.:
Deglacial mobilization of pre-aged terrestrial carbon from degrading permafrost,
Nat. Commun.,
9, 3666, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06080-w, 2018.
Wong, M.-L., An, D., Caffrey, S. M., Soh, J., Dong, X., Sensen, C. W., Oldenburg, T. B. P., Larter, S. R., and Voordouw, G.:
Roles of thermophiles and fungi in bitumen degradation in mostly cold oil sands outcrops,
Appl. Environ. Microb.,
81, 6825–6838, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02221-15, 2015.
Wyndham, R. C. and Costerton, J. W.:
In vitro microbial degradation of bituminous hydrocarbons and in situ colonization of bitumen surfaces within the Athabasca oil sands deposit,
Appl. Environ. Microb.,
41, 791–800, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.41.3.791-800.1981, 1981.
Yu, Z., Wu, G., Li, F., Chen, M., Vi Tran, T., Liu, X., and Gao, S.:
Glaciation enhanced chemical weathering in a cold glacial catchment, western Nyaingêntanglha Mountains, central Tibetan Plateau,
J. Hydrol.,
597, 126197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126197, 2021.
Zeng, N.:
Glacial-interglacial atmospheric CO2 change — The glacial burial hypothesis,
Adv. Atmos. Sci.,
20, 677–693, 2003.
Zeng, N.: Quasi-100 ky glacial-interglacial cycles triggered by subglacial burial carbon release, Clim. Past, 3, 135–153, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-135-2007, 2007.
Zhao, N., Marchal, O., Keigwin, L., Amrhein, D., and Gebbie, G.:
A synthesis of deglacial deep-sea radiocarbon records and their (in)consistency with modern ocean ventilation,
Paleoceanogr. Paleocl.,
33, 128–151, 2018.
ZoBell, C. E.:
Action of microörganisms on hydrocarbons,
Bacteriol. Rev.,
10, 1–49, 1946.
Short summary
This work enunciates the possibility of kerogen oxidation contributing to atmospheric CO2 increase in the wake of glacial episodes. This hypothesis is substantiated by several lines of independent evidence synthesized in this contribution. The author hypothesizes that the deglaciation of kerogen-rich lithologies in western Canada contributed to the characteristic deglacial increase in atmospheric CO2.
This work enunciates the possibility of kerogen oxidation contributing to atmospheric CO2...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint