Articles | Volume 10, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2393-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2393-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
10 Apr 2013
Research article |
| 10 Apr 2013
Modelling the sensitivity of soil mercury storage to climate-induced changes in soil carbon pools
O. Hararuk
University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
D. Obrist
Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, USA
Y. Luo
University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Related authors
R. Rafique, J. Xia, O. Hararuk, and Y. Luo
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-9979-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-9979-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript not accepted
Ting Wang, Buyun Du, Inke Forbrich, Jun Zhou, Joshua Polen, Elsie M. Sunderland, Prentiss H. Balcom, Celia Chen, and Daniel Obrist
Biogeosciences, 21, 1461–1476, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1461-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1461-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The strong seasonal increases of Hg in aboveground biomass during the growing season and the lack of changes observed after senescence in this salt marsh ecosystem suggest physiologically controlled Hg uptake pathways. The Hg sources found in marsh aboveground tissues originate from a mix of sources, unlike terrestrial ecosystems, where atmospheric GEM is the main source. Belowground plant tissues mostly take up Hg from soils. Overall, the salt marsh currently serves as a small net Hg sink.
Dean Howard, Yannick Agnan, Detlev Helmig, Yu Yang, and Daniel Obrist
Biogeosciences, 17, 4025–4042, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4025-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4025-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic tundra represents a vast store of carbon that may be broken down by microbial activity into greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4. Though microbes are less active in winter, the long duration of the cold season makes this period very important for carbon cycling. We show that, under conditions of warmer winter air temperatures and greater snowfall, deeper soils can remain warm enough to sustain significantly enhanced CH4 emission. This could have large implications for future climates.
Martin Jiskra, Jeroen E. Sonke, Yannick Agnan, Detlev Helmig, and Daniel Obrist
Biogeosciences, 16, 4051–4064, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4051-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4051-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The tundra plays a pivotal role in Arctic mercury cycling by storing atmospheric mercury deposition and shuttling it to the Arctic Ocean. We used the isotopic fingerprint of mercury to investigate the processes controlling atmospheric mercury deposition. We found that the uptake of atmospheric mercury by vegetation was the major deposition source. Direct deposition to snow or soils only played a minor role. These results improve our understanding of Arctic mercury cycling.
Christopher Pearson, Dean Howard, Christopher Moore, and Daniel Obrist
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6913–6929, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6913-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6913-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation-based deposition of mercury and other trace metals throughout Alaska provides a significant input of pollutants. Deposition shows significant seasonal and spatial variability, largely driven by precipitation patterns. Annual wet deposition of Hg at all AK collection sites is consistently lower than other monitoring stations throughout the CONUS. Hg showed no clear relationship to other metals, likely due to its highly volatile nature and capability of long-range transport.
Haoyu Xu, Tao Zhang, Yiqi Luo, Xin Huang, and Wei Xue
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3027–3044, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3027-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3027-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes a new parameter calibration method based on surrogate optimization techniques to improve the prediction accuracy of soil organic carbon. Experiments on three popular global soil carbon cycle models show that the surrogate-based optimization method is effective and efficient in terms of both accuracy and cost. This research would help develop and improve the parameterization schemes of Earth climate systems.
Donghai Wu, Philippe Ciais, Nicolas Viovy, Alan K. Knapp, Kevin Wilcox, Michael Bahn, Melinda D. Smith, Sara Vicca, Simone Fatichi, Jakob Zscheischler, Yue He, Xiangyi Li, Akihiko Ito, Almut Arneth, Anna Harper, Anna Ukkola, Athanasios Paschalis, Benjamin Poulter, Changhui Peng, Daniel Ricciuto, David Reinthaler, Guangsheng Chen, Hanqin Tian, Hélène Genet, Jiafu Mao, Johannes Ingrisch, Julia E. S. M. Nabel, Julia Pongratz, Lena R. Boysen, Markus Kautz, Michael Schmitt, Patrick Meir, Qiuan Zhu, Roland Hasibeder, Sebastian Sippel, Shree R. S. Dangal, Stephen Sitch, Xiaoying Shi, Yingping Wang, Yiqi Luo, Yongwen Liu, and Shilong Piao
Biogeosciences, 15, 3421–3437, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3421-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3421-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our results indicate that most ecosystem models do not capture the observed asymmetric responses under normal precipitation conditions, suggesting an overestimate of the drought effects and/or underestimate of the watering impacts on primary productivity, which may be the result of inadequate representation of key eco-hydrological processes. Collaboration between modelers and site investigators needs to be strengthened to improve the specific processes in ecosystem models in following studies.
Yannick Agnan, Thomas A. Douglas, Detlev Helmig, Jacques Hueber, and Daniel Obrist
The Cryosphere, 12, 1939–1956, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1939-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1939-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigated mercury dynamics in an interior arctic tundra at Toolik Field Station (200 km from the Arctic Ocean) during two full snow seasons. We continuously measured atmospheric, snow gas phase, and soil pores mercury concentrations. We observed consistent concentration declines from the atmosphere to snowpack to soils, indicating that soils are continuous sinks of mercury. We suggest that interior arctic snowpacks may be negligible sources of mercury.
Guanghui Ming, Hongchang Hu, Fuqiang Tian, Zhenyang Peng, Pengju Yang, and Yiqi Luo
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3075–3086, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3075-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3075-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The purpose of this research was to detect the effect of plastic film mulching (PFM), a widely applied cultivation method, on soil respiration. We found that soil respiration was not only affected by PFM, but it was also affected by irrigation and precipitation, and whether the PFM increases soil respiration compared to a non-mulched field largely depends on precipitation in the field. The result has an important meaning for agricultural carbon sequestration in the context of global warming.
Yaner Yan, Xuhui Zhou, Lifeng Jiang, and Yiqi Luo
Biogeosciences, 14, 5441–5454, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5441-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5441-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of C turnover time on ecosystem C storage have not been well explored, so we quantified the spatial variation in ecosystem C storage over time from changes in C turnover time and/or NPP. Our results showed that the terrestrial C release caused by the decrease in MTT only accounted for about 13.5 % of that due to the change in NPP uptake. However, the larger uncertainties in the spatial variation of MTT than temporal changes would lead to a greater impact on ecosystem C storage.
Yiqi Luo, Zheng Shi, Xingjie Lu, Jianyang Xia, Junyi Liang, Jiang Jiang, Ying Wang, Matthew J. Smith, Lifen Jiang, Anders Ahlström, Benito Chen, Oleksandra Hararuk, Alan Hastings, Forrest Hoffman, Belinda Medlyn, Shuli Niu, Martin Rasmussen, Katherine Todd-Brown, and Ying-Ping Wang
Biogeosciences, 14, 145–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-145-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-145-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is strongly regulated by land carbon cycle. However, we lack the ability to predict future land carbon sequestration. Here, we develop a novel framework for understanding what determines the direction and rate of future change in land carbon storage. The framework offers a suite of new approaches to revolutionize land carbon model evaluation and improvement.
Qian Zhao, Simon R. Poulson, Daniel Obrist, Samira Sumaila, James J. Dynes, Joyce M. McBeth, and Yu Yang
Biogeosciences, 13, 4777–4788, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4777-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4777-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
To mitigate the harmful effects of global climate change, it is essential to completely understand the cycles of carbon. In this study, we found the iron oxides play an important role in regulating the accumulation of carbon in forest soil, and uncovered the governing factors for the spatial variability and characteristics of iron-bound organic carbon. Such information is important for predicting the turnover of carbon in global soils.
Rashid Rafique, Jianyang Xia, Oleksandra Hararuk, Ghassem R. Asrar, Guoyong Leng, Yingping Wang, and Yiqi Luo
Earth Syst. Dynam., 7, 649–658, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-649-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-649-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Traceability analysis was used to diagnose the causes of differences in simulating ecosystem carbon storage capacity between two land models: CLMA-CASA and CABLE. Results showed that the simulated ecosystem carbon storage capacity is largely influenced by the photosynthesis parameterization, residence time and organic matter decomposition.
Junyi Liang, Xuan Qi, Lara Souza, and Yiqi Luo
Biogeosciences, 13, 2689–2699, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2689-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2689-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
It is unclear how the nitrogen (N) cycle regulates climate change through influencing carbon sequestration. By using meta-analysis, we tested a popular hypothesis, progressive N limitation (PNL), which postulates that greater N sequestration in organisms leads to declining N availability for further plant growth under elevated CO2. Our analyses suggest that extra nitrogen supply by increased biological N fixation and decreased leaching may potentially alleviate PNL.
Y. P. Wang, J. Jiang, B. Chen-Charpentier, F. B. Agusto, A. Hastings, F. Hoffman, M. Rasmussen, M. J. Smith, K. Todd-Brown, Y. Wang, X. Xu, and Y. Q. Luo
Biogeosciences, 13, 887–902, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-887-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-887-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Comparing two nonlinear microbial models, we found that,
in response to warming, soil C decreases in one model but can increase or decrease in the other model, and sensitivity of priming response to carbon input increases with soil T in one model but decreases in the other model
Significance: these differences in the responses can be used to discern which model is more realistic, which will improve our understanding of the significance of soil microbial processes in the terrestrial C cycle.
M. S. Torn, A. Chabbi, P. Crill, P. J. Hanson, I. A. Janssens, Y. Luo, C. H. Pries, C. Rumpel, M. W. I. Schmidt, J. Six, M. Schrumpf, and B. Zhu
SOIL, 1, 575–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-575-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-575-2015, 2015
C. Pearson, R. Schumer, B. D. Trustman, K. Rittger, D. W. Johnson, and D. Obrist
Biogeosciences, 12, 3665–3680, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3665-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3665-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Snowpack and precipitation samples were collected along two elevation gradients in the Tahoe Basin during winter and spring from 2011 to 2014 to evaluate spatial and temporal deposition patterns of nitrogen, phosphorus, and mercury. Study results reflect the highly dynamic nature of snowpack chemical storage, while basin-wide estimates identify snowpack chemical loading from atmospheric deposition as a substantial source of nutrient and pollutant input to the Lake Tahoe watershed each year.
P. Weiss-Penzias, H. M. Amos, N. E. Selin, M. S. Gustin, D. A. Jaffe, D. Obrist, G.-R. Sheu, and A. Giang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1161–1173, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1161-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1161-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Speciated atmospheric Hg measurements from five high-elevation sites were compared with a global mercury model. The comparison confirmed that reactive mercury is formed in dry free tropospheric air from the oxidation of elemental Hg, more so in the summer than in other seasons. Simulations run with OH-O3 oxidation instead of the Br oxidation mechanism compared more closely with observations at desert sites, suggesting future simulations should include multiple reaction mechanisms simultaneously.
W. Zhang, X. Zhu, Y. Luo, R. Rafique, H. Chen, J. Huang, and J. Mo
Biogeosciences, 11, 4941–4951, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4941-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4941-2014, 2014
R. Rafique, J. Xia, O. Hararuk, and Y. Luo
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-9979-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-9979-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript not accepted
Y. P. Wang, B. C. Chen, W. R. Wieder, M. Leite, B. E. Medlyn, M. Rasmussen, M. J. Smith, F. B. Agusto, F. Hoffman, and Y. Q. Luo
Biogeosciences, 11, 1817–1831, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1817-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1817-2014, 2014
Z. Shi, M. L. Thomey, W. Mowll, M. Litvak, N. A. Brunsell, S. L. Collins, W. T. Pockman, M. D. Smith, A. K. Knapp, and Y. Luo
Biogeosciences, 11, 621–633, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-621-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-621-2014, 2014
P. C. Stoy, M. C. Dietze, A. D. Richardson, R. Vargas, A. G. Barr, R. S. Anderson, M. A. Arain, I. T. Baker, T. A. Black, J. M. Chen, R. B. Cook, C. M. Gough, R. F. Grant, D. Y. Hollinger, R. C. Izaurralde, C. J. Kucharik, P. Lafleur, B. E. Law, S. Liu, E. Lokupitiya, Y. Luo, J. W. Munger, C. Peng, B. Poulter, D. T. Price, D. M. Ricciuto, W. J. Riley, A. K. Sahoo, K. Schaefer, C. R. Schwalm, H. Tian, H. Verbeeck, and E. Weng
Biogeosciences, 10, 6893–6909, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6893-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6893-2013, 2013
X. Faïn, D. Helmig, J. Hueber, D. Obrist, and M. W. Williams
Biogeosciences, 10, 3793–3807, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3793-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3793-2013, 2013
A. Pierce, D. Obrist, H. Moosmüller, X. Faïn, and C. Moore
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 1477–1489, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1477-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1477-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Modelling, Terrestrial
Development of the DO3SE-Crop model to assess ozone effects on crop phenology, biomass, and yield
Future methane fluxes of peatlands are controlled by management practices and fluctuations in hydrological conditions due to climatic variability
Understanding and simulating cropland and non-cropland burning in Europe using the BASE (Burnt Area Simulator for Europe) model
Representation of the terrestrial carbon cycle in CMIP6
Does dynamically modeled leaf area improve predictions of land surface water and carbon fluxes? Insights into dynamic vegetation modules
Observational benchmarks inform representation of soil organic carbon dynamics in land surface models
X-BASE: the first terrestrial carbon and water flux products from an extended data-driven scaling framework, FLUXCOM-X
A 2001–2022 global gross primary productivity dataset using an ensemble model based on the random forest method
Future projections of Siberian wildfire and aerosol emissions
Mechanisms of soil organic carbon and nitrogen stabilization in mineral-associated organic matter – insights from modeling in phase space
Optimizing the terrestrial ecosystem gross primary productivity using carbonyl sulfide (COS) within a two-leaf modeling framework
Modeling integrated soil fertility management for maize production in Kenya using a Bayesian calibration of the DayCent model
Estimates of critical loads and exceedances of acidity and nutrient nitrogen for mineral soils in Canada for 2014–2016 average annual sulphur and nitrogen atmospheric deposition
When and why microbial-explicit soil organic carbon models can be unstable
The impacts of modelling prescribed vs. dynamic land cover in a high-CO2 future scenario – greening of the Arctic and Amazonian dieback
Climate-based prediction of carbon fluxes from deadwood in Australia
Integration of tree hydraulic processes and functional impairment to capture the drought resilience of a semiarid pine forest
The effect of temperature on photosystem II efficiency across plant functional types and climate
Modeling microbial carbon fluxes and stocks in global soils from 1901 to 2016
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and vegetation structural changes contributed to gross primary productivity increase more than climate and forest cover changes in subtropical forests of China
Non-steady-state stomatal conductance modeling and its implications: from leaf to ecosystem
Modelled forest ecosystem carbon–nitrogen dynamics with integrated mycorrhizal processes under elevated CO2
A chemical kinetics theory for interpreting the non-monotonic temperature dependence of enzymatic reactions
Using Free Air CO2 Enrichment data to constrain land surface model projections of the terrestrial carbon cycle
Multiscale assessment of North American terrestrial carbon balance
Simulating net ecosystem exchange under seasonal snow cover at an Arctic tundra site
Spatial biases reduce the ability of Earth system models to simulate soil heterotrophic respiration fluxes
Tropical dry forest response to nutrient fertilization: a model validation and sensitivity analysis
Connecting competitor, stress-tolerator and ruderal (CSR) theory and Lund Potsdam Jena managed Land 5 (LPJmL 5) to assess the role of environmental conditions, management and functional diversity for grassland ecosystem functions
A global fuel characteristic model and dataset for wildfire prediction
Can models adequately reflect how long-term nitrogen enrichment alters the forest soil carbon cycle?
Temporal variability of observed and simulated gross primary productivity, modulated by vegetation state and hydrometeorological drivers
Empirical upscaling of OzFlux eddy covariance for high-resolution monitoring of terrestrial carbon uptake in Australia
A modeling approach to investigate drivers, variability and uncertainties in O2 fluxes and O2 : CO2 exchange ratios in a temperate forest
Modeling coupled nitrification–denitrification in soil with an organic hotspot
A new method for estimating carbon dioxide emissions from drained peatland forest soils for the greenhouse gas inventory of Finland
Enabling a process-oriented hydro-biogeochemical model to simulate soil erosion and nutrient losses
Potassium limitation of forest productivity – Part 1: A mechanistic model simulating the effects of potassium availability on canopy carbon and water fluxes in tropical eucalypt stands
Potassium limitation of forest productivity – Part 2: CASTANEA-MAESPA-K shows a reduction in photosynthesis rather than a stoichiometric limitation of tissue formation
Global evaluation of terrestrial biogeochemistry in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) and the role of the phosphorus cycle in the historical terrestrial carbon balance
Assessing carbon storage capacity and saturation across six central US grasslands using data–model integration
Optimizing the carbonic anhydrase temperature response and stomatal conductance of carbonyl sulfide leaf uptake in the Simple Biosphere model (SiB4)
Exploring environmental and physiological drivers of the annual carbon budget of biocrusts from various climatic zones with a mechanistic data-driven model
Improved process representation of leaf phenology significantly shifts climate sensitivity of ecosystem carbon balance
Mapping of ESA's Climate Change Initiative land cover data to plant functional types for use in the CLASSIC land model
Exploring the impacts of unprecedented climate extremes on forest ecosystems: hypotheses to guide modeling and experimental studies
Effect of droughts and climate change on future soil weathering rates in Sweden
Information content in time series of litter decomposition studies and the transit time of litter in arid lands
Long-term changes of nitrogen leaching and the contributions of terrestrial nutrient sources to lake eutrophication dynamics on the Yangtze Plain of China
Towards an ensemble-based evaluation of land surface models in light of uncertain forcings and observations
Pritha Pande, Sam Bland, Nathan Booth, Jo Cook, Zhaozhong Feng, and Lisa Emberson
Biogeosciences, 22, 181–212, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-181-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-181-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The DO3SE-Crop model extends the DO3SE to simulate ozone's impact on crops with modules for ozone uptake, damage, and crop growth from JULES-crop. It's versatile, suits China's varied agriculture, and improves yield predictions under ozone stress. It is essential for policy, water management, and climate response, and it integrates into Earth system models for a comprehensive understanding of agriculture's interaction with global systems.
Vilna Tyystjärvi, Tiina Markkanen, Leif Backman, Maarit Raivonen, Antti Leppänen, Xuefei Li, Paavo Ojanen, Kari Minkkinen, Roosa Hautala, Mikko Peltoniemi, Jani Anttila, Raija Laiho, Annalea Lohila, Raisa Mäkipää, and Tuula Aalto
Biogeosciences, 21, 5745–5771, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5745-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5745-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Drainage of boreal peatlands strongly influences soil methane fluxes, with important implications for climatic impacts. Here we simulate methane fluxes in forestry-drained and restored peatlands during the 21st century. We found that restoration turned peatlands into a source of methane, but the magnitude varied regionally. In forests, changes in the water table level influenced methane fluxes, and in general, the sink was weaker under rotational forestry compared to continuous cover forestry.
Matthew Forrest, Jessica Hetzer, Maik Billing, Simon P. K. Bowring, Eric Kosczor, Luke Oberhagemann, Oliver Perkins, Dan Warren, Fátima Arrogante-Funes, Kirsten Thonicke, and Thomas Hickler
Biogeosciences, 21, 5539–5560, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5539-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5539-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is causing an increase in extreme wildfires in Europe, but drivers of fire are not well understood, especially across different land cover types. We used statistical models with satellite data, climate data, and socioeconomic data to determine what affects burning in cropland and non-cropland areas of Europe. We found different drivers of burning in cropland burning vs. non-cropland to the point that some variables, e.g. population density, had the complete opposite effects.
Bettina K. Gier, Manuel Schlund, Pierre Friedlingstein, Chris D. Jones, Colin Jones, Sönke Zaehle, and Veronika Eyring
Biogeosciences, 21, 5321–5360, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5321-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5321-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates present-day carbon cycle variables in CMIP5 and CMIP6 simulations. Overall, CMIP6 models perform better but also show many remaining biases. A significant improvement in the simulation of photosynthesis in models with a nitrogen cycle is found, with only small differences between emission- and concentration-based simulations. Thus, we recommend using emission-driven simulations in CMIP7 by default and including the nitrogen cycle in all future carbon cycle models.
Sven Armin Westermann, Anke Hildebrandt, Souhail Bousetta, and Stephan Thober
Biogeosciences, 21, 5277–5303, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5277-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5277-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Plants at the land surface mediate between soil and the atmosphere regarding water and carbon transport. Since plant growth is a dynamic process, models need to consider these dynamics. Two models that predict water and carbon fluxes by considering plant temporal evolution were tested against observational data. Currently, dynamizing plants in these models did not enhance their representativeness, which is caused by a mismatch between implemented physical relations and observable connections.
Kamal Nyaupane, Umakant Mishra, Feng Tao, Kyongmin Yeo, William J. Riley, Forrest M. Hoffman, and Sagar Gautam
Biogeosciences, 21, 5173–5183, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5173-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5173-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Representing soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in Earth system models (ESMs) is a key source of uncertainty in predicting carbon–climate feedbacks. Using machine learning, we develop and compare predictive relationships in observations (Obs) and ESMs. We find different relationships between environmental factors and SOC stocks in Obs and ESMs. SOC prediction in ESMs may be improved by representing the functional relationships of environmental controllers in a way consistent with observations.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo A. Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Mana Gharun, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 21, 5079–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand because it impacts our lives. Here, we outline a method called FLUXCOM-X to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from sites around the world. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Xin Chen, Tiexi Chen, Xiaodong Li, Yuanfang Chai, Shengjie Zhou, Renjie Guo, and Jie Dai
Biogeosciences, 21, 4285–4300, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4285-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4285-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide an ensemble-model-based GPP dataset (ERF_GPP) that explains 85.1 % of the monthly variation in GPP across 170 sites, which is higher than other GPP estimate models. In addition, ERF_GPP improves the phenomenon of “high-value underestimation and low-value overestimation” in GPP estimation to some extent. Overall, ERF_GPP provides a more reliable estimate of global GPP and will facilitate further development of carbon cycle research.
Reza Kusuma Nurrohman, Tomomichi Kato, Hideki Ninomiya, Lea Végh, Nicolas Delbart, Tatsuya Miyauchi, Hisashi Sato, Tomohiro Shiraishi, and Ryuichi Hirata
Biogeosciences, 21, 4195–4227, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4195-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4195-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
SPITFIRE (SPread and InTensity of FIRE) was integrated into a spatially explicit individual-based dynamic global vegetation model to improve the accuracy of depicting Siberian forest fire frequency, intensity, and extent. Fires showed increased greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions in 2006–2100 for Representative Concentration Pathways. This study contributes to understanding fire dynamics, land ecosystem–climate interactions, and global material cycles under the threat of escalating fires.
Stefano Manzoni and M. Francesca Cotrufo
Biogeosciences, 21, 4077–4098, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4077-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4077-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Organic carbon and nitrogen are stabilized in soils via microbial assimilation and stabilization of necromass (in vivo pathway) or via adsorption of the products of extracellular decomposition (ex vivo pathway). Here we use a diagnostic model to quantify which stabilization pathway is prevalent using data on residue-derived carbon and nitrogen incorporation in mineral-associated organic matter. We find that the in vivo pathway is dominant in fine-textured soils with low organic matter content.
Huajie Zhu, Xiuli Xing, Mousong Wu, Weimin Ju, and Fei Jiang
Biogeosciences, 21, 3735–3760, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3735-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3735-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ecosystem carbonyl sulfide (COS) fluxes were employed to optimize GPP estimation across ecosystems with the Biosphere-atmosphere Exchange Process Simulator (BEPS), which was developed for simulating the canopy COS uptake under its state-of-the-art two-leaf modeling framework. Our results showcased the efficacy of COS in improving model prediction and reducing prediction uncertainty of GPP and enhanced insights into the sensitivity, identifiability, and interactions of parameters related to COS.
Moritz Laub, Magdalena Necpalova, Marijn Van de Broek, Marc Corbeels, Samuel Mathu Ndungu, Monicah Wanjiku Mucheru-Muna, Daniel Mugendi, Rebecca Yegon, Wycliffe Waswa, Bernard Vanlauwe, and Johan Six
Biogeosciences, 21, 3691–3716, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3691-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3691-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used the DayCent model to assess the potential impact of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) on maize production, soil fertility, and greenhouse gas emission in Kenya. After adjustments, DayCent represented measured mean yields and soil carbon stock changes well and N2O emissions acceptably. Our results showed that soil fertility losses could be reduced but not completely eliminated with ISFM and that, while N2O emissions increased with ISFM, emissions per kilogram yield decreased.
Hazel Cathcart, Julian Aherne, Michael D. Moran, Verica Savic-Jovcic, Paul A. Makar, and Amanda Cole
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2371, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2371, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Deposition from sulfur and nitrogen pollution can harm ecosystems, and recovery from this type of pollution can take decades or longer. To identify risk to Canadian soils, we created maps showing sensitivity to sulfur and nitrogen pollution. Results show that some ecosystems are at risk from acid and nutrient nitrogen deposition; 10 % of protected areas are receiving acid deposition beyond their damage threshold and 70 % may be receiving nitrogen deposition that could cause biodiversity loss.
Erik Schwarz, Samia Ghersheen, Salim Belyazid, and Stefano Manzoni
Biogeosciences, 21, 3441–3461, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3441-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The occurrence of unstable equilibrium points (EPs) could impede the applicability of microbial-explicit soil organic carbon models. For archetypal model versions we identify when instability can occur and describe mathematical conditions to avoid such unstable EPs. We discuss implications for further model development, highlighting the important role of considering basic ecological principles to ensure biologically meaningful models.
Sian Kou-Giesbrecht, Vivek K. Arora, Christian Seiler, and Libo Wang
Biogeosciences, 21, 3339–3371, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3339-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3339-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Terrestrial biosphere models can either prescribe the geographical distribution of biomes or simulate them dynamically, capturing climate-change-driven biome shifts. We isolate and examine the differences between these different land cover implementations. We find that the simulated terrestrial carbon sink at the end of the 21st century is twice as large in simulations with dynamic land cover than in simulations with prescribed land cover due to important range shifts in the Arctic and Amazon.
Elizabeth S. Duan, Luciana Chavez Rodriguez, Nicole Hemming-Schroeder, Baptiste Wijas, Habacuc Flores-Moreno, Alexander W. Cheesman, Lucas A. Cernusak, Michael J. Liddell, Paul Eggleton, Amy E. Zanne, and Steven D. Allison
Biogeosciences, 21, 3321–3338, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3321-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3321-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the link between climate and carbon fluxes is crucial for predicting how climate change will impact carbon sinks. We estimated carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from deadwood in tropical Australia using wood moisture content and temperature. Our model predicted that the majority of deadwood carbon is released as CO2, except when termite activity is detected. Future models should also incorporate wood traits, like species and chemical composition, to better predict fluxes.
Daniel Nadal-Sala, Rüdiger Grote, David Kraus, Uri Hochberg, Tamir Klein, Yael Wagner, Fedor Tatarinov, Dan Yakir, and Nadine K. Ruehr
Biogeosciences, 21, 2973–2994, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2973-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2973-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A hydraulic model approach is presented that can be added to any physiologically based ecosystem model. Simulated plant water potential triggers stomatal closure, photosynthesis decline, root–soil resistance increases, and sapwood and foliage senescence. The model has been evaluated at an extremely dry site stocked with Aleppo pine and was able to represent gas exchange, soil water content, and plant water potential. The model also responded realistically regarding leaf senescence.
Patrick Neri, Lianhong Gu, and Yang Song
Biogeosciences, 21, 2731–2758, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2731-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2731-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A first-of-its-kind global-scale model of temperature resilience and tolerance of photosystem II maximum quantum yield informs how plants maintain their efficiency of converting light energy to chemical energy for photosynthesis under temperature changes. Our finding explores this variation across plant functional types and habitat climatology, highlighting diverse temperature response strategies and a method to improve global-scale photosynthesis modeling under climate change.
Liyuan He, Jorge L. Mazza Rodrigues, Melanie A. Mayes, Chun-Ta Lai, David A. Lipson, and Xiaofeng Xu
Biogeosciences, 21, 2313–2333, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2313-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2313-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Soil microbes are the driving engine for biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients. This study applies a microbial-explicit model to quantify bacteria and fungal biomass carbon in soils from 1901 to 2016. Results showed substantial increases in bacterial and fungal biomass carbon over the past century, jointly influenced by vegetation growth and soil temperature and moisture. This pioneering century-long estimation offers crucial insights into soil microbial roles in global carbon cycling.
Tao Chen, Félicien Meunier, Marc Peaucelle, Guoping Tang, Ye Yuan, and Hans Verbeeck
Biogeosciences, 21, 2253–2272, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2253-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2253-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Chinese subtropical forest ecosystems are an extremely important component of global forest ecosystems and hence crucial for the global carbon cycle and regional climate change. However, there is still great uncertainty in the relationship between subtropical forest carbon sequestration and its drivers. We provide first quantitative estimates of the individual and interactive effects of different drivers on the gross primary productivity changes of various subtropical forest types in China.
Ke Liu, Yujie Wang, Troy S. Magney, and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 21, 1501–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1501-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1501-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stomata are pores on leaves that regulate gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Existing land models unrealistically assume stomata can jump between steady states when the environment changes. We implemented dynamic modeling to predict gradual stomatal responses at different scales. Results suggested that considering this effect on plant behavior patterns in diurnal cycles was important. Our framework also simplified simulations and can contribute to further efficiency improvements.
Melanie A. Thurner, Silvia Caldararu, Jan Engel, Anja Rammig, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 21, 1391–1410, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1391-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1391-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Due to their crucial role in terrestrial ecosystems, we implemented mycorrhizal fungi into the QUINCY terrestrial biosphere model. Fungi interact with mineral and organic soil to support plant N uptake and, thus, plant growth. Our results suggest that the effect of mycorrhizal interactions on simulated ecosystem dynamics is minor under constant environmental conditions but necessary to reproduce and understand observed patterns under changing conditions, such as rising atmospheric CO2.
Jinyun Tang and William J. Riley
Biogeosciences, 21, 1061–1070, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1061-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1061-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A chemical kinetics theory is proposed to explain the non-monotonic relationship between temperature and biochemical rates. It incorporates the observed thermally reversible enzyme denaturation that is ensured by the ceaseless thermal motion of molecules and ions in an enzyme solution and three well-established theories: (1) law of mass action, (2) diffusion-limited chemical reaction theory, and (3) transition state theory.
Nina Raoult, Louis-Axel Edouard-Rambaut, Nicolas Vuichard, Vladislav Bastrikov, Anne Sofie Lansø, Bertrand Guenet, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences, 21, 1017–1036, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Observations are used to reduce uncertainty in land surface models (LSMs) by optimising poorly constraining parameters. However, optimising against current conditions does not necessarily ensure that the parameters treated as invariant will be robust in a changing climate. Manipulation experiments offer us a unique chance to optimise our models under different (here atmospheric CO2) conditions. By using these data in optimisations, we gain confidence in the future projections of LSMs.
Kelsey T. Foster, Wu Sun, Yoichi P. Shiga, Jiafu Mao, and Anna M. Michalak
Biogeosciences, 21, 869–891, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-869-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Assessing agreement between bottom-up and top-down methods across spatial scales can provide insights into the relationship between ensemble spread (difference across models) and model accuracy (difference between model estimates and reality). We find that ensemble spread is unlikely to be a good indicator of actual uncertainty in the North American carbon balance. However, models that are consistent with atmospheric constraints show stronger agreement between top-down and bottom-up estimates.
Victoria R. Dutch, Nick Rutter, Leanne Wake, Oliver Sonnentag, Gabriel Hould Gosselin, Melody Sandells, Chris Derksen, Branden Walker, Gesa Meyer, Richard Essery, Richard Kelly, Phillip Marsh, Julia Boike, and Matteo Detto
Biogeosciences, 21, 825–841, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-825-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-825-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We undertake a sensitivity study of three different parameters on the simulation of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) during the snow-covered non-growing season at an Arctic tundra site. Simulations are compared to eddy covariance measurements, with near-zero NEE simulated despite observed CO2 release. We then consider how to parameterise the model better in Arctic tundra environments on both sub-seasonal timescales and cumulatively throughout the snow-covered non-growing season.
Bertrand Guenet, Jérémie Orliac, Lauric Cécillon, Olivier Torres, Laura Sereni, Philip A. Martin, Pierre Barré, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 21, 657–669, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-657-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-657-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Heterotrophic respiration fluxes are a major flux between surfaces and the atmosphere, but Earth system models do not yet represent them correctly. Here we benchmarked Earth system models against observation-based products, and we identified the important mechanisms that need to be improved in the next-generation Earth system models.
Shuyue Li, Bonnie Waring, Jennifer Powers, and David Medvigy
Biogeosciences, 21, 455–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-455-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-455-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used an ecosystem model to simulate primary production of a tropical forest subjected to 3 years of nutrient fertilization. Simulations parameterized such that relative allocation to fine roots increased with increasing soil phosphorus had leaf, wood, and fine root production consistent with observations. However, these simulations seemed to over-allocate to fine roots on multidecadal timescales, affecting aboveground biomass. Additional observations across timescales would benefit models.
Stephen Björn Wirth, Arne Poyda, Friedhelm Taube, Britta Tietjen, Christoph Müller, Kirsten Thonicke, Anja Linstädter, Kai Behn, Sibyll Schaphoff, Werner von Bloh, and Susanne Rolinski
Biogeosciences, 21, 381–410, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs), the role of functional diversity in forage supply and soil organic carbon storage of grasslands is not explicitly taken into account. We introduced functional diversity into the Lund Potsdam Jena managed Land (LPJmL) DGVM using CSR theory. The new model reproduced well-known trade-offs between plant traits and can be used to quantify the role of functional diversity in climate change mitigation using different functional diversity scenarios.
Joe R. McNorton and Francesca Di Giuseppe
Biogeosciences, 21, 279–300, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-279-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-279-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfires have wide-ranging consequences for local communities, air quality and ecosystems. Vegetation amount and moisture state are key components to forecast wildfires. We developed a combined model and satellite framework to characterise vegetation, including the type of fuel, whether it is alive or dead, and its moisture content. The daily data is at high resolution globally (~9 km). Our characteristics correlate with active fire data and can inform fire danger and spread modelling efforts.
Brooke A. Eastman, William R. Wieder, Melannie D. Hartman, Edward R. Brzostek, and William T. Peterjohn
Biogeosciences, 21, 201–221, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-201-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-201-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We compared soil model performance to data from a long-term nitrogen addition experiment in a forested ecosystem. We found that in order for soil carbon models to accurately predict future forest carbon sequestration, two key processes must respond dynamically to nitrogen availability: (1) plant allocation of carbon to wood versus roots and (2) rates of soil organic matter decomposition. Long-term experiments can help improve our predictions of the land carbon sink and its climate impact.
Jan De Pue, Sebastian Wieneke, Ana Bastos, José Miguel Barrios, Liyang Liu, Philippe Ciais, Alirio Arboleda, Rafiq Hamdi, Maral Maleki, Fabienne Maignan, Françoise Gellens-Meulenberghs, Ivan Janssens, and Manuela Balzarolo
Biogeosciences, 20, 4795–4818, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4795-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4795-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The gross primary production (GPP) of the terrestrial biosphere is a key source of variability in the global carbon cycle. To estimate this flux, models can rely on remote sensing data (RS-driven), meteorological data (meteo-driven) or a combination of both (hybrid). An intercomparison of 11 models demonstrated that RS-driven models lack the sensitivity to short-term anomalies. Conversely, the simulation of soil moisture dynamics and stress response remains a challenge in meteo-driven models.
Chad A. Burton, Luigi J. Renzullo, Sami W. Rifai, and Albert I. J. M. Van Dijk
Biogeosciences, 20, 4109–4134, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4109-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4109-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Australia's land-based ecosystems play a critical role in controlling the variability in the global land carbon sink. However, uncertainties in the methods used for quantifying carbon fluxes limit our understanding. We develop high-resolution estimates of Australia's land carbon fluxes using machine learning methods and find that Australia is, on average, a stronger carbon sink than previously thought and that the seasonal dynamics of the fluxes differ from those described by other methods.
Yuan Yan, Anne Klosterhalfen, Fernando Moyano, Matthias Cuntz, Andrew C. Manning, and Alexander Knohl
Biogeosciences, 20, 4087–4107, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A better understanding of O2 fluxes, their exchange ratios with CO2 and their interrelations with environmental conditions would provide further insights into biogeochemical ecosystem processes. We, therefore, used the multilayer canopy model CANVEG to simulate and analyze the flux exchange for our forest study site for 2012–2016. Based on these simulations, we further successfully tested the application of various micrometeorological methods and the prospects of real O2 flux measurements.
Jie Zhang, Elisabeth Larsen Kolstad, Wenxin Zhang, Iris Vogeler, and Søren O. Petersen
Biogeosciences, 20, 3895–3917, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3895-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3895-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Manure application to agricultural land often results in large and variable N2O emissions. We propose a model with a parsimonious structure to investigate N transformations around such N2O hotspots. The model allows for new detailed insights into the interactions between transport and microbial activities regarding N2O emissions in heterogeneous soil environments. It highlights the importance of solute diffusion to N2O emissions from such hotspots which are often ignored by process-based models.
Jukka Alm, Antti Wall, Jukka-Pekka Myllykangas, Paavo Ojanen, Juha Heikkinen, Helena M. Henttonen, Raija Laiho, Kari Minkkinen, Tarja Tuomainen, and Juha Mikola
Biogeosciences, 20, 3827–3855, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3827-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3827-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In Finland peatlands cover one-third of land area. For half of those, with 4.3 Mha being drained for forestry, Finland reports sinks and sources of greenhouse gases in forest lands on organic soils following its UNFCCC commitment. We describe a new method for compiling soil CO2 balance that follows changes in tree volume, tree harvests and temperature. An increasing trend of emissions from 1.4 to 7.9 Mt CO2 was calculated for drained peatland forest soils in Finland for 1990–2021.
Siqi Li, Bo Zhu, Xunhua Zheng, Pengcheng Hu, Shenghui Han, Jihui Fan, Tao Wang, Rui Wang, Kai Wang, Zhisheng Yao, Chunyan Liu, Wei Zhang, and Yong Li
Biogeosciences, 20, 3555–3572, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3555-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3555-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Physical soil erosion and particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus loss modules were incorporated into the process-oriented hydro-biogeochemical model CNMM-DNDC to realize the accurate simulation of water-induced erosion and subsequent particulate nutrient losses at high spatiotemporal resolution.
Ivan Cornut, Nicolas Delpierre, Jean-Paul Laclau, Joannès Guillemot, Yann Nouvellon, Otavio Campoe, Jose Luiz Stape, Vitoria Fernanda Santos, and Guerric le Maire
Biogeosciences, 20, 3093–3117, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3093-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3093-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Potassium is an essential element for living organisms. Trees are dependent upon this element for certain functions that allow them to build their trunks using carbon dioxide. Using data from experiments in eucalypt plantations in Brazil and a simplified computer model of the plantations, we were able to investigate the effect that a lack of potassium can have on the production of wood. Understanding nutrient cycles is useful to understand the response of forests to environmental change.
Ivan Cornut, Guerric le Maire, Jean-Paul Laclau, Joannès Guillemot, Yann Nouvellon, and Nicolas Delpierre
Biogeosciences, 20, 3119–3135, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3119-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3119-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
After simulating the effects of low levels of potassium on the canopy of trees and the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by leaves in Part 1, here we tried to simulate the way the trees use the carbon they have acquired and the interaction with the potassium cycle in the tree. We show that the effect of low potassium on the efficiency of the trees in acquiring carbon is enough to explain why they produce less wood when they are in soils with low levels of potassium.
Xiaojuan Yang, Peter Thornton, Daniel Ricciuto, Yilong Wang, and Forrest Hoffman
Biogeosciences, 20, 2813–2836, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2813-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2813-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the performance of a land surface model (ELMv1-CNP) that includes both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitation on carbon cycle processes. We show that ELMv1-CNP produces realistic estimates of present-day carbon pools and fluxes. We show that global C sources and sinks are significantly affected by P limitation. Our study suggests that introduction of P limitation in land surface models is likely to have substantial consequences for projections of future carbon uptake.
Kevin R. Wilcox, Scott L. Collins, Alan K. Knapp, William Pockman, Zheng Shi, Melinda D. Smith, and Yiqi Luo
Biogeosciences, 20, 2707–2725, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2707-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2707-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The capacity for carbon storage (C capacity) is an attribute that determines how ecosystems store carbon in the future. Here, we employ novel data–model integration techniques to identify the carbon capacity of six grassland sites spanning the US Great Plains. Hot and dry sites had low C capacity due to less plant growth and high turnover of soil C, so they may be a C source in the future. Alternately, cooler and wetter ecosystems had high C capacity, so these systems may be a future C sink.
Ara Cho, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Richard Wehr, and Maarten C. Krol
Biogeosciences, 20, 2573–2594, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2573-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2573-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a useful constraint for estimating photosynthesis. To simulate COS leaf flux better in the SiB4 model, we propose a novel temperature function for enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity and optimize conductances using observations. The optimal activity of CA occurs below 40 °C, and Ball–Woodrow–Berry parameters are slightly changed. These reduce/increase uptakes in the tropics/higher latitudes and contribute to resolving discrepancies in the COS global budget.
Yunyao Ma, Bettina Weber, Alexandra Kratz, José Raggio, Claudia Colesie, Maik Veste, Maaike Y. Bader, and Philipp Porada
Biogeosciences, 20, 2553–2572, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2553-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2553-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We found that the modelled annual carbon balance of biocrusts is strongly affected by both the environment (mostly air temperature and CO2 concentration) and physiology, such as temperature response of respiration. However, the relative impacts of these drivers vary across regions with different climates. Uncertainty in driving factors may lead to unrealistic carbon balance estimates, particularly in temperate climates, and may be explained by seasonal variation of physiology due to acclimation.
Alexander J. Norton, A. Anthony Bloom, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Paul A. Levine, Shuang Ma, Renato K. Braghiere, and T. Luke Smallman
Biogeosciences, 20, 2455–2484, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how the representation of leaf phenology affects our ability to predict changes to the carbon balance of land ecosystems. We calibrate a new leaf phenology model against a diverse range of observations at six forest sites, showing that it improves the predictive capability of the processes underlying the ecosystem carbon balance. We then show how changes in temperature and rainfall affect the ecosystem carbon balance with this new model.
Libo Wang, Vivek K. Arora, Paul Bartlett, Ed Chan, and Salvatore R. Curasi
Biogeosciences, 20, 2265–2282, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2265-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2265-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Plant functional types (PFTs) are groups of plant species used to represent vegetation distribution in land surface models. There are large uncertainties associated with existing methods for mapping land cover datasets to PFTs. This study demonstrates how fine-resolution tree cover fraction and land cover datasets can be used to inform the PFT mapping process and reduce the uncertainties. The proposed largely objective method makes it easier to implement new land cover products in models.
Jennifer A. Holm, David M. Medvigy, Benjamin Smith, Jeffrey S. Dukes, Claus Beier, Mikhail Mishurov, Xiangtao Xu, Jeremy W. Lichstein, Craig D. Allen, Klaus S. Larsen, Yiqi Luo, Cari Ficken, William T. Pockman, William R. L. Anderegg, and Anja Rammig
Biogeosciences, 20, 2117–2142, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2117-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2117-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Unprecedented climate extremes (UCEs) are expected to have dramatic impacts on ecosystems. We present a road map of how dynamic vegetation models can explore extreme drought and climate change and assess ecological processes to measure and reduce model uncertainties. The models predict strong nonlinear responses to UCEs. Due to different model representations, the models differ in magnitude and trajectory of forest loss. Therefore, we explore specific plant responses that reflect knowledge gaps.
Veronika Kronnäs, Klas Lucander, Giuliana Zanchi, Nadja Stadlinger, Salim Belyazid, and Cecilia Akselsson
Biogeosciences, 20, 1879–1899, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1879-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1879-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In a future climate, extreme droughts might become more common. Climate change and droughts can have negative effects on soil weathering and plant health.
In this study, climate change effects on weathering were studied on sites in Sweden using the model ForSAFE, a climate change scenario and an extreme drought scenario. The modelling shows that weathering is higher during summer and increases with global warming but that weathering during drought summers can become as low as winter weathering.
Agustín Sarquis and Carlos A. Sierra
Biogeosciences, 20, 1759–1771, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1759-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1759-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Although plant litter is chemically and physically heterogenous and undergoes multiple transformations, models that represent litter dynamics often ignore this complexity. We used a multi-model inference framework to include information content in litter decomposition datasets and studied the time it takes for litter to decompose as measured by the transit time. In arid lands, the median transit time of litter is about 3 years and has a negative correlation with mean annual temperature.
Qi Guan, Jing Tang, Lian Feng, Stefan Olin, and Guy Schurgers
Biogeosciences, 20, 1635–1648, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1635-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1635-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding terrestrial sources of nitrogen is vital to examine lake eutrophication changes. Combining process-based ecosystem modeling and satellite observations, we found that land-leached nitrogen in the Yangtze Plain significantly increased from 1979 to 2018, and terrestrial nutrient sources were positively correlated with eutrophication trends observed in most lakes, demonstrating the necessity of sustainable nitrogen management to control eutrophication.
Vivek K. Arora, Christian Seiler, Libo Wang, and Sian Kou-Giesbrecht
Biogeosciences, 20, 1313–1355, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1313-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1313-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The behaviour of natural systems is now very often represented through mathematical models. These models represent our understanding of how nature works. Of course, nature does not care about our understanding. Since our understanding is not perfect, evaluating models is challenging, and there are uncertainties. This paper illustrates this uncertainty for land models and argues that evaluating models in light of the uncertainty in various components provides useful information.
Cited articles
Aastrup, M., Johnson, J., Bringmark, E., Bringmark, I., and Iverfeldt, A.: Occurence and transport of mercury within a small catchment area, Water Air Soil Pollut., 56, 155–167, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00342269, 1991.
Ainsworth, E. A. and Long, S. P.: What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2, New Phytol., 165, 351–372, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01224.x, 2005.
Amirbahman, A., Ruck, P. L., Fernandez, I. J., Haines, T. A., and Kahl, J. A.: The Effect of Fire on Mercury Cycling in the Soils of Forested Watersheds: Acadia National Park, Maine, U.S.A, Water Air Soil Pollut., 152, 315–331, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WATE.0000015369.02804.15, 2004.
Andersson, A.: Mercury in soils, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 79–112, 1979.
Artaxo, P., Calixto de Campos, R., Fernandes, E. T., Martins, J. V., Xiao, Z., Lindqvist, O., Fernández-Jiménez, M. T., and Maenhaut, W.: Large scale mercury and trace element measurements in the Amazon basin, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4085–4096, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00106-0, 2000.
Bader, M. K. F. and Korner, C.: No overall stimulation of soil respiration under mature deciduous forest trees after 7 years of CO2 enrichment, Global Change Biol., 16, 2830–2843, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02159.x, 2010.
Biester, H., Martinez-Cortizas, A., Birkenstock, S., and Kilian, R.: Effect of Peat Decomposition and Mass Loss on Historic Mercury Records in Peat Bogs from Patagonia, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 32–39, https://doi.org/10.1021/es025657u, 2003.
Bonan, G. B., Oleson, K. W., Vertenstein, M., Levis, S., Zeng, X., Dai, Y., Dickinson, R. E., and Yang, Z.-L.: The Land Surface Climatology of the Community Land Model Coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model, J. Climate, 3123–3149, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<3123:TLSCOT>2.0.CO;2, 2002a.
Bonan, G. B., Levis, S., Kergoat, L., and Oleson, K. W.: Landscapes as patches of plant functional types: An integrating concept for climate and ecosystem models, Global Biogeochem. Cycl., 16, 1021–1044, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001360, 2002b.
Brunke, E., Labuschagne, C., and Slemr, F.: Gaseous mercury emissions from a fire in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, during January 2000, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1483–1486, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012193, 2001.
Callesen, I., Liski, J., Raulund-Rasmussen, K., Olsson, M. T., Tau-Strand, L., Vesterdal, L., and Westman, C. J.: Soil carbon stores in Nordic well-drained forest soils – relationships with climate and texture class, Global Change Biol., 9, 358–370, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00587.x, 2003.
Cohen, M. J., Lamsal, S., Osborne, T. Z., Bonzongo, J. C. J., Newman, S., and Reddy, R. K.: Soil Total Mercury Concentrations across the Greater Everglades, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 73, 675–685, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2008.0126, 2009.
Corbitt, E. S., Jacob, D. J., Holmes, C. D., Streets, D. G., and Sunderland, E. M.: Global Source–Receptor Relationships for Mercury Deposition Under Present-Day and 2050 Emissions Scenarios, Environ. Sci. Techn., 45, 10477–10484, https://doi.org/10.1021/es202496y, 2011.
Coughenour, M. B. and Chen, D. X.: Assessment of grassland ecosystem responses to atmospheric change using linked plant-soil process models, Ecol. Appl., 7, 802–827, https://doi.org/10.2307/2269435, 1997.
Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Jones, C. D., Spall, S. A., and Totterdell, A. J.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model, Nature, 408, 184–187, https://doi.org/10.1038/35041539, 2000.
Cramer, W., Bondeau, A., Woodward, F. I., Prentice, I. C., Betts, R. A., Brovkin, V., Cox, P. M., Fisher, V., Foley, J. A., Friend, A. D., Kucharik, C., Lomas, M. R., Ramankutty, N., Sitch, S., Smith, B., White, A., and Young-Molling, C.: Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models, Global Change Biol., 7, 357–373, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00383.x, 2001.
De Graaff, M. A., Van Groenigen, K. J., Six, J., Hungate, B., and Van Kessel, C.: Interactions between plant growth and soil nutrient cycling under elevated CO2: a meta-analysis, Global Change Biol., 12, 2077–2091, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01240.x, 2006.
Demers, J. D., Driscoll, C. T., Fahey, T. J., and Yavitt, J. B.: Mercury cycling in litter and soil in different forest types in the Adirondack region, New York, USA, Ecol. Appl., 17, 1341–1351, https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1697.1, 2007.
Dicosti, R., Callaham, M., and Stanturf, J.: Atmospheric Deposition and Re-Emission of Mercury Estimated in a Prescribed Forest-Fire Experiment in Florida, USA, Water Air Soil Pollut., 176, 77–91, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9149-3, 2006.
Dreher, G. B. and Follmer, L. R.: Mercury Content of Illinois Soils, Water Air Soil Pollut., 156, 299–315, https://doi.org/10.1023/b:wate.0000036824.07207.16, 2004.
Eamus, D.: The interaction of rising CO2 and temperatures with water use efficiency, Plant Cell Environ., 14, 843–852, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb01447.x, 1991.
Emori, S. and Brown, S. J.: Dynamic and thermodynamic changes in mean and extreme precipitation under changed climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023272, 2005.
Engle, M. A., Gustin, M. S., Johnson, D. W., Murphy, J. F., Miller, W. W., Walker, R. F., Wright, J., and Markee, M.: Mercury distribution in two Sierran forest and one desert sagebrush steppe ecosystems and the effects of fire, Sci. Total Environ., 367, 222–233, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.11.025, 2006.
Ericksen , J. A., Gustin, M. S., Lindberg, S. E., Olund, S. E., and Krabbenhoft, D. P.: Assessing the Potential for Re-emission of Mercury Deposited in Precipitation from Arid Soils Using a Stable Isotope, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8001–8007, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0505651, 2005.
Ericksen, J. A., Gustin, M. S., Xin, M., Weisberg, P. J., and Fernandez, G. C. J.: Air–soil exchange of mercury from background soils in the United States, Sci. Total Environ., 366, 851–863, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.019, 2006.
Faïn, X., Obrist, D., Pierce, A., Barth, C., Gustin, M. S., and Boyle, D. P.: Whole-watershed mercury balance at Sagehen Creek, Sierra Nevada, CA, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 75, 2379–2392, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.01.041, 2011.
Fitzgerald, W. F., Engstrom, D. R., Mason, R. P., and Nater, E. A.: The Case for Atmospheric Mercury Contamination in Remote Areas, Environ. Sci. Techn. 32, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1021/es970284w, 1998.
Friedli, H. R., Radke, L. F., and Lu, J. Y.: Mercury in smoke from biomass fires, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3223–3226, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012704, 2001.
Fritsche, J., Obrist, D., Zeeman, M. J., Conen, F., Eugster, W., and Alewell, C.: Elemental mercury fluxes over a sub-alpine grassland determined with two micrometeorological methods, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2922–2933, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.055, 2008.
Gnamuš, A., Byrne, A. R., and Horvat, M.: Mercury in the Soil-Plant-Deer-Predator Food Chain of a Temperate Forest in Slovenia, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3337–3345, https://doi.org/10.1021/es991419w, 2000.
Graydon, J. A., St. Louis, V. L., Hintelmann, H., Lindberg, S. E., Sandilands, K. A., Rudd, J. W. M., Kelly, C. A., Hall, B. D., and Mowat, L. D.: Long-Term Wet and Dry Deposition of Total and Methyl Mercury in the Remote Boreal Ecoregion of Canada, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 8345–8351, https://doi.org/10.1021/es801056j, 2008a.
Graydon, J. A., St. Louis, V. L., Hintelmann, H., Lindberg, S. E., Sandilands, K. A., Rudd, J. W. M., Kelly, C. A., Hall, B. D., and Mowat, L. D.: Long-Term Wet and Dry Deposition of Total and Methyl Mercury in the Remote Boreal Ecoregion of Canada, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 8345-8351, 10.1021/es801056j, 2008b.
Graydon, J. A., St. Louis, V. L., Hintelmann, H., Lindberg, S. E., Sandilands, K. A., Rudd, J. W. M., Kelly, C. A., Tate, M. T., Krabbenhoft, D. P., and Lehnherr, I.: Investigation of Uptake and Retention of Atmospheric Hg(II) by Boreal Forest Plants Using Stable Hg Isotopes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4960–4966, https://doi.org/10.1021/es900357s, 2009.
Grigal, D. F.: Mercury Sequestration in Forests and Peatlands, J. Environ. Qual., 32, 393–405, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.3930, 2003.
Guo, L. B. and Gifford, R. M.: Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 345–360, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2002.00486.x, 2002.
Guo, Y., Gong, P., Amundson, R., and Yu, Q.: Analysis of Factors Controlling Soil Carbon in the Conterminous United States, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 70, 601–612, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0163, 2006.
Gustin, M. S., Lindberg, S. E., and Weisberg, P. J.: An update on the natural sources and sinks of atmospheric mercury, Appl. Geochem., 23, 482–493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.010, 2008.
Harris, R. C., Rudd, J. W. M., Amyot, M., Babiarz, C. L., Beaty, K. G., Blanchfield, P. J., Bodaly, R. A., Branfireun, B. A., Gilmour, C. C., Graydon, J. A., Heyes, A., Hintelmann, H., Hurley, J. P., Kelly, C. A., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Lindberg, S. E., Mason, R. P., Paterson, M. J., Podemski, C. L., Robinson, A., Sandilands, K., Southworth, G. R., St. Louis, V. L., and Tate, M. T.: Whole-ecosystem study shows rapid fish-mercury response to changes in mercury deposition, P. Natl. A. Sci., 104, 16586–16591, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704186104, 2007.
Hintelmann, H., Harris, R., Heyes, A., Hurley, J. P., Kelly, C. A., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Lindberg, S. E., Rudd, J. W. M., Scott, K. J., and St.Louis, V. L.: Reactivity and Mobility of New and Old Mercury Deposition in a Boreal Forest Ecosystem during the First Year of the METAALICUS Study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 5034–5040, https://doi.org/10.1021/es025572t, 2002.
Housman, D., Naumburg, E., Huxman, T., Charlet, T., Nowak, R., and Smith, S.: Increases in Desert Shrub Productivity under Elevated Carbon Dioxide Vary with Water Availability, Ecosystems, 9, 374–385, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0124-4, 2006.
Huxman, T. E., Smith, M. D., Fay, P. A., Knapp, A. K., Shaw, M. R., Loik, M. E., Smith, S. D., Tissue, D. T., Zak, J. C., Weltzin, J. F., Pockman, W. T., Sala, O. E., Haddad, B. M., Harte, J., Koch, J. W., Schwinning, S., Small, E. E., and Williams, D. G.: Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency, Nature, 429, 651–654, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02561, 2004.
IPCC: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp., 2007.
Jobbagy, E. G. and Jackson, R. B.: The Vertical Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon and Its Relation to Climate and Vegetation, Ecol. Appl., 10, 423–436, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0423:TVDOSO]2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Johnson, D. W., Hungate, B. A., Dijkstra, B., Hymus, G., and Drake, B.: Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide on Soils in a Florida Scrub Oak Ecosystem, J. Environ. Qual., 30, 501–507, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.302501x, 2001.
Kubiske, M. E., and Pregitzer, K. S.: Effects of elevated CO2 and light availability on the photosynthetic light response of trees of contrasting shade tolerance, Tree Physiol., 16, 351–358, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/16.3.351, 1996.
Lag, J. and Steinnes, E.: Regional distribution of mercury in humus layers of Norwegian forest soils, Acta Agr. Scand., 28, 393–396, 1978.
Lalonde, J. D., Poulain, A. J., and Amyot, M.: The Role of Mercury Redox Reactions in Snow on Snow-to-Air Mercury Transfer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 174–178, https://doi.org/10.1021/es010786g, 2001.
Lamborg, C. H., Fitzgerald, W. F., Vandal, G. M., and Rolfhus, K. R.: Atmospheric mercury in northern Wisconsin: Sources and species, Water Air Soil Pollut., 80, 189–198, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01189667, 1995.
Landis, M. S., Vette, A. F., and Keeler, G. J.: Atmospheric Mercury in the Lake Michigan Basin: Influence of the Chicago/Gary Urban Area, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 4508–4517, https://doi.org/10.1021/es011216j, 2002.
Lichter, J., Barron, S. H., Bevacqua, C. E., Finzi, A. C., Irving, K. F., Stemmler, E. A., and Schlesinger, W. H.: Soil carbon sequestration and turnover in a pine forest after six years of atmospheric CO2 enrichment, Ecology, 86, 1835–1847, https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1205, 2005.
Lu, X. Y., Cheng, G. W., Xiao, F. P., and Fan, J. H.: Modeling effects of temperature and precipitation on carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions in Abies fabric forest of subalpine, J. Environ. Sci., 20, 339–346, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)60053-4, 2008.
Luo, Y., Wan, S., Hui, D., and Wallace, L. L.: Acclimatization of soil respiration to warming in a tall grass prairie, Nature, 413, 622–625, https://doi.org/10.1038/35098065, 2001a.
Luo, Y., Wu, L., Andrews, J., White, L., Matamala, R., Schäfer, K., and Schlesinger, W. H.: Elevated CO2 differentiates ecosystem carbon processes: deconvolution analysis of Duke forest FACE data, Ecological Monographs, 71, 357–376, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2001)071[0357:ECDECP]2.0.CO;2, 2001b.
Luo, Y., Su, B. O., Currie, W. S., Dukes, J. S., Finzi, A., Hartwig, U., Hungate, B., Murtrie, R. E., Oren, R. A. M., Parton, W. J., Pataki, D. E., Shaw, R. M., Zak, D. R., and Field, C. B.: Progressive Nitrogen Limitation of Ecosystem Responses to Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, BioScience, 54, 731–739, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0731:PNLOER]2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Luo, Y., Hui, D., and Zhang, D.: Elevated CO2 stimulates net accumulations of carbon and nitrogen in land ecosystems: a meta-analysis, Ecology, 87, 53–63, https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1724, 2006.
Lyman, S. N., and Gustin, M. S.: Speciation of atmospheric mercury at two sites in northern Nevada, USA, Atmos. Environ., 42, 927–939, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.012, 2008.
Ma, L. Q., Tan, F., and Harris, W. G.: Concentrations and distributions of eleven metals in Florida soils, Journal of Environmental Quality, 26, 769-775, 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030025x, 1997.
Mason, R. P., Lawson, N. M., and Sullivan, K. A.: The concentration, speciation and sources of mercury in Chesapeake Bay precipitation, Atmos. Environ., 31, 3541–3550, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00206-9, 1997.
Meili, M.: The coupling of mercury and organic matter in the biogeochemical cycle –- towards a mechanistic model for the boreal forest zone, Water Air Soil Pollut., 56, 333–347, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00342281, 1991.
Melillo, J. M., Steudler, P. A., Aber, J. D., Newkirk, K., Lux, H., Bowles, F. P., Catricala, C., Magill, A., Ahrens, T., and Morrisseau, S.: Soil Warming and Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks to the Climate System, Science, 298, 2173–2176, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1074153, 2002.
Millhollen, A. G., Obrist, D., and Gustin, M. S.: Mercury accumulation in grass and forb species as a function of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and mercury exposures in air and soil, Chemosphere, 65, 889–897, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.008, 2006.
Morel, F. M. M., Kraepiel, A. M. M., and Amyot, M.: The chemical cycle and bioaccumulation of mercury, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 29, 543–566, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.543, 1998.
Mercury Deposition network: http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/lib/data/2010as.pdf, 2011.
Natali, S., Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S., Norby, R., Zhang, H., Finzi, A., and Lerdau, M.: Increased mercury in forest soils under elevated carbon dioxide, Oecologia, 158, 343–354, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1135-6, 2008.
Nater, E. A. and Grigal, D. F.: Regional trends in mercury distribution across the Great Lakes states, north central USA, Nature, 358, 139–141, https://doi.org/10.1038/358139a0, 1992.
Norby, R. J., DeLucia, E. H., Gielen, B., Calfapietra, C., Giardina, C. P., King, J. S., Ledford, J., McCarthy, H. R., Moore, D. J. P., Ceulemans, R., De Angelis, P., Finzi, A. C., Karnosky, D. F., Kubiske, M. E., Lukac, M., Pregitzer, K. S., Scarascia-Mugnozza, G. E., Schlesinger, W. H., and Oren, R.: Forest response to elevated CO2 is conserved across a broad range of productivity, P. Natl. A. Sci. USA, 102, 18052–18056, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509478102, 2005.
Norby, R. J. and Iversen, C. M.: Nitrogen uptake, distribution, turnover, and efficiency of use in a CO2-enriched Sweetgum forest, Ecology, 87, 5–14, https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1950, 2006.
Obrist, D.: Atmospheric mercury pollution due to losses of terrestrial carbon pools?, Biogeochemistry, 85, 119–123, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-007-9108-0, 2007.
Obrist, D., Moosmüller, H., Schürmann, R., Chen, A. L. W., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: Particulate-Phase and Gaseous Elemental Mercury Emissions During Biomass Combustion: Controlling Factors and Correlation with Particulate Matter Emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 721–727, https://doi.org/10.1021/es071279n, 2008.
Obrist, D., Johnson, D. W., and Lindberg, S. E.: Mercury concentrations and pools in four Sierra Nevada forest sites, and relationships to organic carbon and nitrogen, Biogeosciences, 6, 765–777, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-765-2009, 2009.
Obrist, D., Faïn, X., and Berger, C.: Gaseous elemental mercury emissions and CO2 respiration rates in terrestrial soils under controlled aerobic and anaerobic laboratory conditions, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 1691–1700, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.008, 2010a.
Obrist, D., Faïn, X., and Berger, C.: Gaseous elemental mercury emissions and CO2 respiration rates in terrestrial soils under controlled aerobic and anaerobic laboratory conditions, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 1691–1700, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.008, 2010b.
Obrist, D., Johnson, D. W., Lindberg, S. E., Luo, Y., Hararuk, O., Bracho, R., Battles, J. J., Dail, D. B., Edmonds, R. L., Monson, R. K., Ollinger, S. V., Pallardy, S. G., Pregitzer, K. S., and Todd, D. E.: Mercury Distribution Across 14 US Forests. Part I: Spatial Patterns of Concentrations in Biomass, Litter, and Soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 3974–3981, https://doi.org/10.1021/es104384m, 2011.
Obrist, D., Johnson, D. W., and Edmonds, R. L.: Effects of vegetation type on mercury concentrations and pools in two adjacent coniferous and deciduous forests, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201000415, 2012.
Oechel, W. C., Vourlitis, G. L., Hastings, S. J., Zulueta, R. C., Hinzman, L., and Kane, D.: Acclimation of ecosystem CO2 exchange in the Alaskan Arctic in response to decadal climate warming, Nature, 406, 978–981, https://doi.org/10.1038/35023137, 2000.
Oleson, K. W., Niu, Z.-L., Yang, G.-Y., Lawrence, D. M., Thornton, P. E., Lawrence, P. J., Stockli, R., Dickinson, R. E., Bonan, G. B., Levis, S., Dai, A., and Qian, T.: Improvements to the Community Land Model and their impact on the hydrological cycle, J. Geophys. Res., G01021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000563, 2008.
Oren, R., Ellsworth, D. S., Johnsen, K. H., Phillips, N., Ewers, B. E., Maier, C., Schafer, K. V. R., McCarthy, H., Hendrey, G., McNulty, S. G., and Katul, G. G.: Soil fertility limits carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems in a CO2-enriched atmosphere, Nature, 411, 469–472, https://doi.org/10.1038/35078064, 2001.
Parton, W. J., Schimel, D. S., Cole, C. V., and Ojima, D. S.: Analysis of Factors Controlling Soil Organic Matter Levels in Great Plains Grasslands, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51, 1173–1179, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100050015x, 1987.
Pepper, D. A., Del Grosso, S. J., McMurtrie, R. E., and Parton, W. J.: Simulated carbon sink response of shortgrass steppe, tallgrass prairie and forest ecosystems to rising CO2, temperature and nitrogen input, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, 10.1029/2004gb002226, 2005.
Pokharel, A. K. and Obrist, D.: Fate of mercury in tree litter during decomposition, Biogeosciences, 8, 2507–2521, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2507-2011, 2011.
Qian, T., Dai, A., Trenberth, K. E., and Oleson, K. W.: Simulation of global land surface conditions from 1948 to 2004: Part I: Forcing data and evaluations, J. Hydrometeorol., 953–975, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM540.1, 2006.
Randerson, J. T., Thompson, M. V., Conway, T. J., Fung, I. Y., and Field, C. B.: The contribution of terrestrial sources and sinks to trends in the seasonal cycle of atmospheric carbon dioxide, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 535–560, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GB02268, 1997.
Randerson, J. T., Hoffman, F. M., Thornton, P. E., Mahowald, N. M., Lindsay, K., Lee, Y.-H., Nevison, C. D., Doney, S. C., Bonan, G., Stockli, R., Covey, C., Running, S. W., and Fung, I. Y.: Systematic assessment of terrestrial biogeochemistry in coupled climate – carbon models, Glob. Change Biol., https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01912.x, 2009.
Rea, A. W., Keeler, G. J., and Scherbatskoy, T.: The deposition of mercury in throughfall and litterfall in the Lake Champlain watershed: A short-term study, Atmos. Environ., 30, 3257–3263, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(96)00087-8, 1996.
Reich, J. W. and Schlesinger, W. H.: The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate, Tellus B, 44, 81–99, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-1-00001.x, 1992.
Rustad, L. R., Campbell, J., Marion, G., Norby, R., Mitchell, M., Hartley, A., Cornelissen, J., Gurevitch, J., and Gcte-News: A meta-analysis of the response of soil respiration, net nitrogen mineralization, and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming, Oecologia, 126, 543–562, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420000544 2001.
Saiz, G., Bird, M. I., Domingues, T., Schrodt, F., Schwarz, M., Feldpausch, T. R., Veenendaal, E., Djagbletey, G., Hien, F., Compaore, H., Diallo, A., and Lloyd, J.: Variation in soil carbon stocks and their determinants across a precipitation gradient in West Africa, Glob. Change Biol., v10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x, 2012.
Schroeder, W. H. and Munthe, J.: Atmospheric mercury – An overview, Atmos. Environ., 32, 809–822, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00293-8, 1998.
Schuster, P. F., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Naftz, D. L., Cecil, L. D., Olson, M. L., Dewild, J. F., Susong, D. D., Green, J. R., and Abbott, M. L.: Atmospheric Mercury Deposition during the Last 270 Years:? A Glacial Ice Core Record of Natural and Anthropogenic Sources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 2303–2310, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0157503, 2002.
Shen, W., Reynolds, J. F., and Hui, D.: Responses of dryland soil respiration and soil carbon pool size to abrupt vs. gradual and individual vs. combined changes in soil temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric [CO2]: a simulation analysis, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 2274–2294, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01857.x, 2009.
Sigler, J. M., Lee, X., and Munger, W.: Emission and Long-Range Transport of Gaseous Mercury from a Large-Scale Canadian Boreal Forest Fire, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 4343–4347, https://doi.org/10.1021/es026401r, 2003. Skyllberg, U., Xia, K., Bloom, P. R., Nater, E. A., and Bleam, W. F.: Binding of mercury(II) to reduced sulfur in soil organic matter along upland-peat soil transects, J. Environ. Qual., 29, 855–865, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900030022x, 2000.
Smith-Downey, N. V., Sunderland, E. M., and Jacob, D. J.: Anthropogenic impacts on global storage and emissions of mercury from terrestrial soils: Insights from a new global model, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G03008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001124, 2010.
Stamenkovic, H., Gustin, M. S., Arnone, J. A., Johnson, D. W., Larsen, J. D., and Verburg, P. S. J.: Atmospheric mercury exchange with a tallgrass prairie ecosystem housed in mesocosms, Sci. Total Environ., 406, 227–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.07.047, 2008.
Streets, D. G., Devane, M. K., Lu, Z., Bond, T. C., Sunderland, E. M., and Jacob, D. J.: All-Time Releases of Mercury to the Atmosphere from Human Activities, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 10485–10491, https://doi.org/10.1021/es202765m, 2011.
Talmon, Y., Sternberg, M., and Grunzweig, J. M.: Impact of rainfall manipulations and biotic controls on soil respiration in Mediterranean and desert ecosystems along an aridity gradient, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 1108–1118, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02285.x, 2011.
Tingey, D. T., Lee, E. H., Waschmann, R., Johnson, M. G., and Rygiewicz, P. T.: Does soil CO2 efflux acclimatize to elevated temperature and CO2 during long-term treatment of Douglas-fir seedlings?, New Phytol., 170, 107–118, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01646.x, 2006.
Treseder, K. K., Egerton-Warburton, L. M., Allen, M. F., Cheng, Y., and Oechel, W. C.: Alteration of Soil Carbon Pools and Communities of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Chaparral Exposed to Elevated Carbon Dioxide, Ecosystems, 6, 786–796, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0182-4, 2003.
Turetsky, M. R., Harden, J. W., Friedli, H. R., Flannigan, M., Payne, N., Crock, J., and Radke, L.: Wildfires threaten mercury stocks in northern soils, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025595, 2006.
Ullrich, S. M., Tanton, T. W., and Abdrashitova, S. A.: Mercury in the Aquatic Environment: A Review of Factors Affecting Methylation, Crit. Rev. Environ Sci. Technol., 31, 241–293, https://doi.org/10.1080/20016491089226, 2001.
Wang, H., Ni, J., and Prentice, I.: Sensitivity of potential natural vegetation in China to projected changes in temperature, precipitation and atmospheric CO(Eq. (2)), Reg. Environ. Change, 11, 715–727, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-011-0204-2, 2011.
Wang, S. P., Zhou, G. S., Gao, S. H., and Guo, J. P.: Soil organic carbon and labile carbon along a precipitation gradient and their responses to some environmental changes, Pedosphere, 15, 676–680, 2005.
Wigley, T.: The pre-industrial carbon dioxide level, Clim. Change, 5, 315–320, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02423528, 1983.
Wu, Z., Dijkstra, P., Koch, G. W., Pe\ {N}Uelas, J., and Hungate, B. A.: Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and precipitation change: a meta-analysis of experimental manipulation, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 927–942, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02302.x, 2011.
Zhang, X., Zwiers, F. W., Hegerl, G. C., Lambert, F. G., Gillett, N. P., Solomon, S., Stott, P. A., and Nozawa, T.: Detection of human influence on twentieth-century precipitation trends, Nature, 448, 461–465, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06025, 2007.
Zheng, Z. M., Yu, G. R., Fu, Y. L., Wang, Y. S., Sun, X. M., and Wang, Y. H.: Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration is affected by prevailing climatic conditions and soil organic carbon content: A trans-China based case study, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 1531–1540, v10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.04.013, 2009.
Zhou, G., Wang, Y., and Wang, S.: Responses of grassland ecosystems to precipitation and land use along the Northeast China Transect, J. Veg. Sci., 13, 361–368, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02060.x, 2002.
Zhou, T. and Luo, Y.: Spatial patterns of ecosystem carbon residence time and NPP-driven carbon uptake in the conterminous United States, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB3032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002939, 2008.
Zhou, X., Talley, M., and Luo, Y.: Biomass, Litter, and Soil Respiration Along a Precipitation Gradient in Southern Great Plains, USA, Ecosystems, 12, 1369–1380, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-009-9296-7, 2009.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint