Articles | Volume 19, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3381-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3381-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
BG Letters
| Highlight paper
| 
20 Jul 2022
BG Letters | Highlight paper |
| 20 Jul 2022
| 20 Jul 2022
Soil carbon loss in warmed subarctic grasslands is rapid and restricted to topsoil
Niel Verbrigghe
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Research Group Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Niki I. W. Leblans
Research Group Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Bjarni D. Sigurdsson
Faculty of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyri, Borgarnes, Iceland
Sara Vicca
Research Group Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Chao Fang
Research Group Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
School of Applied Meteorology, Institute of Ecology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
Lucia Fuchslueger
Research Group Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Jennifer L. Soong
Research Group Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Soil and Crop Sciences Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
James T. Weedon
Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Christopher Poeplau
Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Braunschweig, Germany
Cristina Ariza-Carricondo
Research Group Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Michael Bahn
Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Bertrand Guenet
Laboratoire de Géologie, École normale supérieure/CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
Per Gundersen
Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
Gunnhildur E. Gunnarsdóttir
Soil Conservation Service of Iceland, Gunnarsholt, Hella, Iceland
Thomas Kätterer
Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Zhanfeng Liu
Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems & CAS Engineering Laboratory for Vegetation Ecosystem Restoration on Islands and Coastal Zones, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
Marja Maljanen
Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Sara Marañón-Jiménez
CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF–CSIC–UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Kathiravan Meeran
Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Edda S. Oddsdóttir
Icelandic Forest Research, Mógilsá, Reykjavík, Iceland
Ivika Ostonen
Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Josep Peñuelas
CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF–CSIC–UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Andreas Richter
Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
Jordi Sardans
CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF–CSIC–UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Páll Sigurðsson
Faculty of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyri, Borgarnes, Iceland
Margaret S. Torn
Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, California, USA
Peter M. Van Bodegom
Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, CML, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
Erik Verbruggen
Research Group Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Tom W. N. Walker
Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Håkan Wallander
MEMEG, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Ivan A. Janssens
Research Group Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Related authors
No articles found.
Laura Sereni, Elodie Salmon, Simon Bowring, Bertrand Guenet, Erfan Jahangir, Ronny Lauerwald, Dingwu Liu, Haicheng Zhang, and Hélène Angot
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5859, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5859, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic global pollutant whose terrestrial cycling is strongly influenced by vegetation, soils, and environmental changes. We present ORCHIDEE-Hg v1.0, a global mechanistic model of the terrestrial Hg cycle simulating atmospheric Hg deposition inputs, vegetation uptake, soil storage, dissolved Hg dynamics, and soil re-emissions. Evaluation against observations shows that the model successfully reproduces Hg concentrations, stocks, and fluxes across key terrestrial compartments.
Lucilla Boito, Jet Rijnders, Laura Steinwidder, Patrick Frings, Arthur Vienne, Mirthe Maes, Erik Verbruggen, and Sara Vicca
SOIL, 12, 1057–1078, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-12-1057-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-12-1057-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We explored whether adding basalt and beneficial fungi to soil could improve soil health and crop growth. Basalt improved soil chemistry, confirming its role as a soil improver, while the fungi had little effect. Crop yield remained unchanged, showing that benefits depend on soil type. Our study helps clarify how soil amendments work and when they may support farming and climate solutions.
Estefanía Muñoz, Karis J. McFarlane, Romà Ogaya, Jofre Carnicer, Guillem Mampel, Xin Song, Sara Marañón-Jiménez, Josep Peñuelas, and Carlos A. Sierra
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-6195, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-6195, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term drought is changing how Mediterranean forests store carbon. By measuring the age of carbon in leaves, roots, wood, soil, and respired CO₂, we found that drought makes carbon older overall. Forests are using older, long-stored carbon while taking in less new carbon. Drought also makes topsoil more uniform in carbon and age, depleting older reserves. These results highlight the need to protect soil carbon as droughts intensify.
Yue Zhou, Maria Costanza Andrenelli, Quentin Beauclaire, Eyal Ben-Dor, Sara Bergante, Javier Bravo-García, David de la Fuente Blanco, Asa Gholizadeh, David Čejka, Sabine Chabrillat, Bernard Heinesch, Laura Hernandez Mateo, Kevin Kuehl, Bernard Longdoz, Carlos Lozano Fondón, Petr Maca, Robert Milewski, Stefano Monaco, Dimitra Palantza, Francesco Palazzi, Maria Fantappiè, Roberta Farina, Marmar Sabetizadeh, Benjamin Sanchez, Inés Santín, Jonti Evan Shepherd, Judit Torres, Marta Gómez-Giménez, Bas van Wesemael, and Bertrand Guenet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4735, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4735, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for SOIL (SOIL).
Short summary
Short summary
Modelling changes in soil carbon stocks often relies on field measurements, such as temperature, rainfall and plant growth, but these data are not widely available across large areas. Using 16 long-term experiments data across Europe, we tested how model results changed when field measurements were replaced with satellite-based and other spatial data. Overall, spatial data produced reliable estimates of soil carbon change, supporting their use in large-scale assessments.
Josua Seitz, Midori Yajima, Yu Zhu, Lumnesh Swaroop Kumar Joseph, Jinyan Yang, Fabrice Lacroix, Yunpeng Luo, Andreas Schaumberger, Michael Bahn, Sönke Zaehle, and Silvia Caldararu
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 8289–8319, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8289-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-8289-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a new global leaf turnover model for grasslands in the QUINCY (QUantifying Interactions between terrestrial Nutrient CYcles and the climate system) land surface model. Land surface models often struggle to simulate grassland carbon dynamics and phenology accurately. By allowing environmental conditions to directly control leaf senescence we improve its timing as well as the accuracy of whole-season carbon dynamics across a wide range of climates and grassland ecosystems.
Anna-Maria Virkkala, Isabel Wargowsky, Judith Vogt, McKenzie A. Kuhn, Simran Madaan, Tiffany Windholz, Kyle A. Arndt, Gerard Rocher-Ros, Mathias Göckede, David Olefeldt, Edward A. G. Schuur, David Bastviken, Richard O'Keefe, Brendan M. Rogers, Jennifer D. Watts, Kelcy Kent, Kristoffer Aalstad, Kelly Aho, Joonatan Ala-Könni, Haley Alcock, Inge Althuizen, Christopher D. Arp, Jun Asanuma, Mika Aurela, Sivakiruthika Balathandayuthabani, Katrin Attermeyer, Alan Barr, Maialen Barret, Ochirbat Batkhishig, Christina Biasi, Mats P. Björkman, Andrew Black, Elena Blanc-Betes, Pascal Bodmer, Julia Boike, Abdullah Bolek, Frédéric Bouchard, Ingeborg Bussmann, Lea Cabrol, Eleonora Canfora, Sean Carey, Karel Castro-Morales, Namyi Chae, Andreas Christen, Torben R. Christensen, Casper T. Christiansen, Housen Chu, Graham Clark, Francois Clayer, Patrick Crill, Christopher Cunada, Scott J. Davidson, Joshua F. Dean, Sigrid Dengel, Matteo Detto, Catherine Dieleman, Florent Domine, Egor Dyukarev, Colin Edgar, Bo Elberling, Craig A. Emmerton, Eugenie Euskirchen, Grant Falvo, Thomas Friborg, Michelle Garneau, Mariasilvia Giamberini, Mikhail V. Glagolev, Miquel A. Gonzalez-Meler, Gustaf Granath, Jón Guðmundsson, Konsta Happonen, Yoshinobu Harazono, Lorna Harris, Josh Hashemi, Nicholas Hasson, Janna Heerah, Liam Heffernan, Manuel Helbig, Warren Helgason, Michal Heliasz, Greg Henry, Geert Hensgens, Tetsuya Hiyama, Beth Holmes, Macall Hock, David Holl, Jutta Holst, Thomas Holst, Gabriel Hould-Gosselin, Elyn Humphreys, Jacqueline Hung, Jussi Huotari, Hiroki Ikawa, Danil V. Ilyasov, Mamoru Ishikawa, Go Iwahana, Hiroki Iwata, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Joachim Jansen, Järvi Järveoja, Vincent E. J. Jassey, Rasmus Jensen, Katharina Jentzsch, Robert G. Jespersen, Carl-Fredrik Johannesson, Cheristy P. Jones, Anders Jonsson, Ji Young Jung, Sari Juutinen, Evan Kane, Jan Karlsson, Sergey Karsanaev, Kuno Kasak, Julia Kelly, Kasha Kempton, Marcus Klaus, George W. Kling, Natascha Kljun, Jacqueline Knutson, Hideki Kobayashi, John Kochendorfer, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Pasi Kolari, Mika Korkiakoski, Aino Korrensalo, Pirkko Kortelainen, Egle Koster, Kajar Koster, Ayumi Kotani, Praveena Krishnan, Juliya Kurbatova, Lars Kutzbach, Min Jung Kwon, Ethan D. Kyzivat, Jessica Lagroix, Theodore Langhorst, Elena Lapshina, Tuula Larmola, Klaus S. Larsen, Isabelle Laurion, Justin Ledman, Hanna Lee, A. Joshua Leffler, Lance Lesack, Anders Lindroth, David Lipson, Annalea Lohila, Efrén López-Blanco, Vincent L. St. Louis, Erik Lundin, Miska Luoto, Takashi Machimura, Marta Magnani, Avni Malhotra, Marja Maljanen, Ivan Mammarella, Elisa Männistö, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Phil Marsh, Pertti J. Martikainen, Maija E. Marushchak, Mikhail Mastepanov, Alex Mavrovic, Trofim Maximov, Christina Minions, Daniel F. Nadeau, Marco Montemayor, Tomoaki Morishita, Patrick Murphy, Erin Nicholls, Mats B. Nilsson, Anastasia Niyazova, Jenni Nordén, Koffi Dodji Noumonvi, Hannu Nykänen, Walter Oechel, Anne Ojala, Tomohiro Okadera, Sujan Pal, Alexey V. Panov, Tim Papakyriakou, Dario Papale, Sang-Jong Park, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Gilberto Pastorello, Mike Peacock, Matthias Peichl, Roman Petrov, Kyra St. Pierre, Norbert Pirk, Jessica Plein, Vilmantas Preskienis, Anatoly Prokushkin, Jukka Pumpanen, Hilary A. Rains, Niklas Rakos, Aleksi Räsänen, Helena Rautakoski, Riikka Rinnan, Janne Rinne, Adrian Rocha, Nigel Roulet, Alexandre Roy, Anna Rutgersson, Aleksandr F. Sabrekov, Torsten Sachs, Erik Sahlée, Alejandro Salazar, Henrique Oliveira Sawakuchi, Christopher Schulze, Roger Seco, Armando Sepulveda-Jauregui, Svetlana Serikova, Abbey Serrone, Hanna M. Silvennoinen, Sofie Sjogersten, June Skeeter, Jo Snöälv, Sebastian Sobek, Oliver Sonnentag, Emily H. Stanley, Maria Strack, Lena Strom, Patrick Sullivan, Ryan Sullivan, Anna Sytiuk, Torbern Tagesson, Pierre Taillardat, Julie Talbot, Suzanne E. Tank, Mario Tenuta, Irina Terenteva, Frederic Thalasso, Antoine Thiboult, Halldor Thorgeirsson, Fenix Garcia Tigreros, Margaret Torn, Amy Townsend-Small, Claire Treat, Alain Tremblay, Carlo Trotta, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Merritt Turetsky, Masahito Ueyama, Muhammad Umair, Aki Vähä, Lona van Delden, Maarten van Hardenbroek, Andrej Varlagin, Ruth K. Varner, Tarmo Virtanen, Elena Veretennikova, Timo Vesala, Carolina Voigt, Jorien E. Vonk, Robert Wagner, Katey Walter Anthony, Qinxue Wang, Masataka Watanabe, Hailey Webb, Jeffrey M. Welker, Andreas Westergaard-Nielsen, Sebastian Westermann, Jeffrey R. White, Christian Wille, Scott N. Williamson, Scott Zolkos, Donatella Zona, and Susan M. Natali
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 6357–6409, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-6357-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-6357-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset includes monthly measurements of carbon dioxide and methane exchange between land, water, and the atmosphere from over 1000 sites in Arctic and boreal regions. It combines measurements from a variety of ecosystems, including wetlands, forests, tundra, lakes, and rivers, gathered by over 260 researchers from 1984–2024. This dataset can be used to improve and reduce uncertainty in carbon budgets in order to strengthen our understanding of climate feedbacks in a warming world.
Pelin Erturk Ari, Rafael Marcé, Oriol Sacristán-Soriano, Duygu Tolunay, Carles M. Borrego, Sílvia Poblador, Biel Obrador, Enrique Moreno-Ostos, Jorge J. Montes-Pérez, Teresa Conejo-Orosa, Matthias Koschorreck, Josep Peñuelas, and Núria Catalán
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5010, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5010, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Rewetting dry sediments of Lake Gallocanta had little effect on carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes, which showed strong daily cycles of emission and uptake. Despite changes in microbial community composition, biological carbon fixation did not explain CO₂ uptake. Modeling of CO₂ flux and isotope data showed that abiotic processes, likely weathering, dominated CO₂ uptake, while respiration drove emissions. These results highlight the importance of abiotic controls on CO₂ dynamics in dry sediments.
Linsey Maria Avila, Jesper Riis Christiansen, Bjarni Diðrik Sigurdssðn, and Klaus Steenberg Larsen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4047, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4047, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how long-term warming affects carbon stored in soils, we studied soils that had been naturally warmed at different temperatures for 13 years and measured the carbon release. Warmer soils had lost more carbon over time and now released less carbon overall because less carbon remained available. However, the temperature sensitivity was similar across warming levels. This suggests that carbon losses from soils may slow over time, potentially weakening the feedback to climate warming.
Aldis Butlers, Zaiga Anna Zvaigzne, Arta Bārdule, Josep Peñuelas, Andis Lazdiņš, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Laure Gandois, Noémie Carles, Romain Darnajoux, Parvez Rana, Kaido Soosaar, Julien Tournebize, Jauhiainen Jyrki, Tuula Larmola, Muhammad Kamil-Sardar, Thomas Schindler, Laura Escarmena, Nerea Parada-Reverter, Sílvia Poblador, Francesc Sabater, and Tom De Dobbelaer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3623, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3623, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Measuring greenhouse gas emissions from soils is expensive and time-consuming, limiting our ability to identify where emissions occur and how to reduce them. We tested whether infrared measurements of soil could provide a faster alternative. Using samples from wetlands across six European countries, we demonstrated that this method can predict a soil’s potential to release carbon dioxide and identify areas at risk of elevated greenhouse gas emissions, supporting more effective climate action.
Binyan Sun, Guido L. B. Wiesenberg, Elaine Pegoraro, Margaret S. Torn, Michael W. I. Schmidt, and Mike C. Rowley
SOIL, 12, 757–771, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-12-757-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-12-757-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Soil is the largest terrestrial carbon pool but vulnerable to loss under warming. Using a +4 °C whole-soil warming experiment at Blodgett Forest Research Station to 1 m depth, we investigated density fractions across depths. Below 50 cm, carbon quantity and composition shifted, mainly from losses of unprotected soil organic carbon. Soil carbon protected by minerals stayed largely stable, indicating organo-mineral protection buffers subsoil carbon loss.
Kelcy Kent, Kyle Arndt, Danielle Trangmoe, Patrick Murphy, Sigrid Dengel, Margaret Torn, Oriana Chafe, Marco Montemayor, and Susan Natali
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3328, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3328, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
With Arctic warming, thawing frozen ground releases greenhouse gases that further accelerate climate change. We analyzed a six-year record of carbon dioxide and methane gas exchange between the ecosystem and atmosphere at an Arctic tundra site, finding the site shifted between absorbing and releasing carbon depending on temperature, soil moisture, and landscape features, highlighting the importance of accounting for landscape variation when tracking and predicting evolving Arctic carbon stocks.
Sanne E. Bethe, Mariet M. Hefting, Joao R. Wendrich Teixeira, Matty P. Berg, and James T. Weedon
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3155, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3155, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Regenerative ditch borders could mitigate CO2 emissions from peatland agroecosystems. Field soil respiration measurements were combined with models to estimate the carbon impact of this management measure. Regenerative ditch borders reduced annual soil CO2 emissions by 17 % in comparison to conventional ditch borders mostly driven by lower amounts of carbon above the groundwater level. Potential emissions from excavated carbon should be accounted for as the payback time can exceed 100 years.
Asra Salimi, Bjarni D. Sigurdsson, Brynhildur Bjarnadottir, Chenxin Feng, Hlynur Óskarsson, and Ivan Mammarella
Biogeosciences, 23, 4011–4035, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4011-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4011-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the carbon balance of a drained unmanaged peatland in Iceland. By measuring greenhouse gases for two years using eddy covariance system, it was found that this site releases less carbon dioxide than currently estimated by international guidelines. Despite a very warm year, increased plant growth balanced out higher soil emissions, keeping the total carbon loss stable. This study shows that winter emissions are crucial and year-round monitoring is vital for accuracy.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Hongmei Li, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Kjetil Aas, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Nicolas Bellouin, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Carla F. Berghoff, Raffaele Bernardello, Laurent Bopp, Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Nathan O. Collier, Thomas H. Colligan, Margot Cronin, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Matt P. Enright, Kazutaka Enyo, Michael Erb, Wiley Evans, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Daniel J. Ford, Adrianna Foster, Filippa Fransner, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Jefferson Goncalves De Souza, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Bertrand Guenet, Özgür Gürses, Kirsty Harrington, Ian Harris, Jens Heinke, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Akihiko Ito, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul K. Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Steve D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Yawen Kong, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Charles Koven, Taro Kunimitsu, Xin Lan, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Zhu Liu, Claire Lo Monaco, Lei Ma, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Galen A. McKinley, Joe R. Melton, Natalie Monacci, Erwan Monier, Eric J. Morgan, David R. Munro, Jens D. Müller, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Lorna R. Nayagam, Yosuke Niwa, Tobias Nutzel, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M. Omar, Naiqing Pan, Sudhanshu Pandey, Denis Pierrot, Zhangcai Qin, Pierre Regnier, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Thais M. Rosan, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Ingunn Skjelvan, T. Luke Smallman, Victoria Spada, Mohanan G. Sreeush, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Didier Swingedouw, Roland Séférian, Shintaro Takao, Hiroaki Tatebe, Hanqin Tian, Xiangjun Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Erik van Ooijen, Guido R. van der Werf, Sebastiaan J. van de Velde, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Xiaojuan Yang, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 3211–3288, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3211-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3211-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2025 describes the methodology, main results, and datasets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2025). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Victoria Martin, Cornelia Rottensteiner, Hannes Schmidt, Moritz Mohrlok, Julia Horak, Carolina Urbina-Malo, Julia Wagner, Willeke A'Campo, Luca Durstewitz, Niek Jesse Speetjens, Rachele Lodi, Bela Hausmann, Michael Fritz, Gustaf Hugelius, and Andreas Richter
Biogeosciences, 23, 2761–2785, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2761-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2761-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We asked how organic matter pools and microbial communities vary across polygon types and soil layers in Arctic lowland tundra. Low-center polygons had lower microbial abundance, enzyme potential, and organic matter bioavailability. Organic topsoils were microbial hotspots, but thaw may also rapidly mobilize carbon from upper permafrost. Patterns consistently followed gradients in organic matter and redox conditions, offering a practical framework for scaling landscape-scale soil carbon changes.
Arthur Vienne, Patrick Frings, Jet Rijnders, Lucilla Boito, Jens Hartmann, Harun Niron, Reinaldy Poetra, Miguel Portillo Estrada, Tom Reershemius, Laura Steinwidder, Tim Jesper Suhrhoff, and Sara Vicca
SOIL, 12, 421–440, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-12-421-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-12-421-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores Enhanced Weathering (EW) using basalt rock dust to combat climate change. We treated maize-planted mesocosms with varying basalt amounts and monitored them for 101 d. Surprisingly, we found no significant realized inorganic CO2 removal. However, rock weathering was evident through increased exchangeable bases. While inorganic CO2 removal was not realized within this experiment, basalt amendment may enhance soil health and potentially long-term carbon sequestration.
Jet Rijnders, Lucilla Boito, Laura Steinwidder, Jasper Roussard, Patrick Frings, Harun Niron, and Sara Vicca
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-603, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-603, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Crushed volcanic rock has been proposed as a way to remove carbon dioxide from the air while improving soil quality. We tested this idea by growing maize in soil with and without the rock and with earthworms. The rock raised soil nutrients, and earthworms boosted these effects. Plant growth stayed similar, but some metals built up in roots. This approach could support farming and climate goals, yet food safety risks must be managed.
Arthur Vienne, Jennifer Newell, Jasper Roussard, Rory Doherty, Siobhan F. Cox, Gary Lyons, and Sara Vicca
Biogeosciences, 23, 1681–1695, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1681-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1681-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We explored whether adding crushed volcanic rock and charcoal to soil could help store inorganic carbon, improve plant growth and reduce harmful metals in crops. The crushed rock did not increase plant growth or inorganic carbon in soil and nutrients released from the rock may have moved into other stable soil forms rather than forming carbonates. In contrast, charcoal improved plant growth and reduced metal uptake. Using both rocks and charcoal together offered no extra observable benefits.
Anne L. van Poecke, Laëtitia Bréchet, Clément Stahl, Giacomo Sellan, Lore T. Verryckt, Leandro Van Langenhove, Jordi Sardans, Josep Peñuelas, Andreas Richter, Maarten Op de Beeck, Gabriëlle Hoogsteyns, Benoit Burban, and Ivan A. Janssens
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-682, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-682, 2026
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
In the Amazon rainforest, long-term fertilisation stimulated the forest canopy to produce more leaves, reducing light availability for young trees. There was no overall increase in volume or improved photosynthesis for young trees. However, increased nutrients combined with lower light availability led to shade adaptations, such as taller stems and thinner leaves. Increases in foliar nutrients varied among species, potentially altering the long-term selection of trees that will grow into adults.
Jeffrey Beem-Miller, William J. Riley, Peter B. Reich, Michael W. I. Schmidt, Yuxuan Bai, Raimundo Bermudez Villanueva, Zach Brown, Abad Chabbi, Susan E. Crow, Wenxu Dong, Serita D. Frey, Paul J. Hanson, Kai Jensen, Melissa A. Knorr, Emma Lathrop, Avni Malhotra, Patrick Megonigal, Adrienne Nicotra, Andrew Nottingham, Genevieve L. Noyce, Roy L. Rich, Heidi Rodenhizer, Agustín Sarquis, Andreas Schindlbacher, Edward A. G. Schuur, Zheng Shi, Artur Stefanski, Viktoria Unger, Tana E. Wood, Yuanhe Yang, Zhijie Yang, Jizhong Zhou, Biao Zhu, and Margaret S. Torn
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-23, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-23, 2026
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The Soil Warming to Depth Data Integration Effort (SWEDDIE) synthesizes data from deep soil warming experiments around the world (n = 23), offering new insight into warming responses of both surface and subsoils. We demonstrate that variation in soil warming with depth is driven largely by warming methodology, while soil moisture changes due to warming differ by ecosystem. This work serves a foundation for future syntheses with SWEDDIE.
Julia Wagner, Juliane Wolter, Justine Ramage, Victoria Martin, Andreas Richter, Niek Jesse Speetjens, Jorien E. Vonk, Rachele Lodi, Annett Bartsch, Michael Fritz, Hugues Lantuit, and Gustaf Hugelius
SOIL, 12, 113–132, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-12-113-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-12-113-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost soils store vast amounts of organic carbon, key to understanding climate change. This study uses machine learning and combines existing data with new field data to create detailed regional maps of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks for the Yukon coastal plain. The results show how soil properties vary across the landscape highlighting the importance of data selection for accurate predictions. These findings improve carbon storage estimates and may aid regional carbon budget assessments.
Daju Wang, Ruowen Yang, Lei Cai, Pierre Gentine, César Terrer, Shuli Niu, Mirco Migliavacca, Wenping Yuan, Ryunosuke Tateno, Junlan Xiao, Josep Peñuelas, Caixian Tang, Yongshuo H. Fu, and Weiyu Shi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-296, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-296, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Soil respiration is a major CO2 source, yet its response to vary nitrogen addition levels remains unclear. Using global data from 226 sites, we found moderate N addition has negligible or slightly positive effects, whereas high N addition consistently suppresses total and microbial respiration. These findings were incorporated into the CLM5 model, improving predictions of soil respiration and carbon storage. Our work elucidates how N deposition alters soil carbon processes and climate feedbacks.
Rémi Gaillard, Patricia Cadule, Philippe Peylin, Nicolas Vuichard, and Bertrand Guenet
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 661–711, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-661-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-661-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The release of carbon from thawing permafrost soils could amplify future climate warming. However, this feedback is highly uncertain because most Earth system models (ESM) do not represent permafrost carbon. We have improved the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace ESM by including permafrost physical, carbon and nitrogen processes to better represent Arctic ecosystems. The model more accurately represents past and present permafrost physics and biogeochemistry, paving the way for future projections.
Hirofumi Hashimoto, Weile Wang, Taejin Park, Sepideh Khajehei, Kazuhito Ichii, Andrew R. Michaelis, Alberto Guzman, Ramakrishna R. Nemani, Margaret S. Torn, Koong Yi, and Ian G. Brosnan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 397–410, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-397-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-397-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We create the GeoNEX Coincident Ground Observations (GeCGO) dataset by extracting point data at observational network sites across the Americas from the gridded GeoNEX products. The GeoNEX dataset is a high-temporal-frequency dataset of the latest geostationary satellite observations. We also release the software GeoNEXTools, which helps with handling the GeCGO data. GeCGO and GeoNEXTools could help scientists use geostationary satellite data at ground observational sites of interest.
Julien Lamour, Shawn P. Serbin, Alistair Rogers, Kelvin T. Acebron, Elizabeth Ainsworth, Loren P. Albert, Michael Alonzo, Jeremiah Anderson, Owen K. Atkin, Nicolas Barbier, Mallory L. Barnes, Carl J. Bernacchi, Ninon Besson, Angela C. Burnett, Joshua S. Caplan, Jérôme Chave, Alexander W. Cheesman, Ilona Clocher, Onoriode Coast, Sabrina Coste, Holly Croft, Boya Cui, Clément Dauvissat, Kenneth J. Davidson, Christopher Doughty, Kim S. Ely, John R. Evans, Jean-Baptiste Féret, Iolanda Filella, Claire Fortunel, Peng Fu, Robert T. Furbank, Maquelle Garcia, Bruno O. Gimenez, Kaiyu Guan, Zhengfei Guo, David Heckmann, Patrick Heuret, Marney Isaac, Shan Kothari, Etsushi Kumagai, Thu Ya Kyaw, Liangyun Liu, Lingli Liu, Shuwen Liu, Joan Llusià, Troy Magney, Isabelle Maréchaux, Adam R. Martin, Katherine Meacham-Hensold, Christopher M. Montes, Romà Ogaya, Joy Ojo, Regison Oliveira, Alain Paquette, Josep Peñuelas, Antonia Debora Placido, Juan M. Posada, Xiaojin Qian, Heidi J. Renninger, Milagros Rodriguez-Caton, Andrés Rojas-González, Urte Schlüter, Giacomo Sellan, Courtney M. Siegert, Viridiana Silva-Perez, Guangqin Song, Charles D. Southwick, Daisy C. Souza, Clément Stahl, Yanjun Su, Leeladarshini Sujeeun, To-Chia Ting, Vicente Vasquez, Amrutha Vijayakumar, Marcelo Vilas-Boas, Diane R. Wang, Sheng Wang, Han Wang, Jing Wang, Xin Wang, Andreas P. M. Weber, Christopher Y. S. Wong, Jin Wu, Fengqi Wu, Shengbiao Wu, Zhengbing Yan, Dedi Yang, and Yingyi Zhao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 245–265, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-245-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-245-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We present the Global Spectra-Trait Initiative (GSTI), a collaborative repository of paired leaf hyperspectral and gas exchange measurements from diverse ecosystems. This repository provides a unique source of information for creating hyperspectral models for predicting photosynthetic traits and associated leaf traits in terrestrial plants.
Jelle Bijma, Mathilde Hagens, Jens S. Hammes, Noah Planavsky, Philip A. E. Pogge von Strandmann, Tom Reershemius, Christopher T. Reinhard, Phil Renforth, Tim J. Suhrhoff, Sara Vicca, Arthur Vienne, and Dieter Wolf-Gladrow
Biogeosciences, 23, 53–75, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-53-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-53-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Enhanced rock weathering is a nature based negative emission technology, that permanently stores CO2. It requires rock-flour to be added to arable land with the help of farmers. To be eligible for carbon credits calls for a simple but scientifically solid, so called, Monitoring, Reporting & Verification” (MRV). We demonstrate that the commonly used carbon-based accounting is ill-suited to close the balance in open systems such as arable land, and argue for cation-based accounting strategy.
Laëtitia M. Bréchet, Mercedes Ibáñez, Robert B. Jackson, Benoît Burban, Clément Stahl, Damien Bonal, and Ivan A. Janssens
Biogeosciences, 22, 8031–8046, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-8031-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-8031-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Net ecosystem and soil fluxes of the greenhouse gases methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were measured in a wet tropical forest. The measurements covered a 26-month period including contrasting seasons. The forest absorbed CH4 during the driest season, and emitted it during the wettest season, while consistently emitting N2O. The studied upland soils consistently absorb CH4 but emit N2O. Statistical models identified soil water content as one of the key drivers of these greenhouse gas fluxes.
Andrew S. Kowalski, Ivan A. Janssens, and Oscar Pérez-Priego
Biogeosciences, 22, 8005–8012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-8005-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-8005-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Humidification of air reduces the abundances of dry-air gas components such as oxygen, explaining why tropical humidity can be "stifling". This is overlooked due to the common expression of gas concentrations as fractions of dry air. Such neglect of water vapour also masks the key role of its sources and sinks in activating transport mechanisms of other gases. Humidity should be quantified whenever reporting gas concentrations.
Binyan Sun, Cyrill Zosso, Guido L. B. Wiesenberg, Elaine Pegoraro, Margaret S. Torn, and Michael W. I. Schmidt
SOIL, 11, 1077–1093, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-1077-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-1077-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how warming will change the dynamics of roots across soil profile, we took usage of a long-term field warming experiment and incubated 13C-labelled roots at three different depths. After 3 years of incubation, at compound class level, the effects of warming on decomposition of root-derived hydrolysable lipids were compound class specific. At monomer level, warming effects on suberin-derived monomer decomposition were depth-dependent and their resistance increased with chain length.
Camiel Aggenbach, Tjorven Hinzke, Juergen Kreyling, Rudy van Diggelen, Willem-Jan Emsens, Jan Frouz, Izabela Jaszczuk, Agata Klimkowska, Wiktor Kotowski, Łukasz Kozub, Yvonne Liczner, Eugeniusz Pronin, Elke Seeber, Erik Verbruggen, Hanna Silvennoinen, and Franziska Tanneberger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5352, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5352, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study analysed changes of above- and belowground production and litter mass loss of vascular plants due to rewetting of drained temperate fens across Europe by comparing rewetted, drained and undrained fens. Belowground production and decomposition did not differ between hydrological statuses, and were more impacted by soil depth and nutrient availability than water level regime. The results were obtained during an extremely dry, warm growing season with an unknown impact.
Boris Ťupek, Aleksi Lehtonen, Stefano Manzoni, Elisa Bruni, Petr Baldrian, Etienne Richy, Bartosz Adamczyk, Bertrand Guenet, and Raisa Mäkipää
Biogeosciences, 22, 5497–5510, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5497-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5497-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We explored soil microbial respiration (Rh) kinetics of low-dose and long-term N fertilization in N-limited boreal forest in connection with CH4 and N2O fluxes and soil and tree C sinks. The insights show that N fertilization affects C retention in boreal forest soils by modifying Rh sensitivities to soil temperature and moisture. The key findings reveal that N-enriched soils exhibited reduced sensitivity of Rh to moisture, which contributed to enhanced soil C sequestration on an annual level.
Arta Bārdule, Raija Laiho, Jyrki Jauhiainen, Kaido Soosaar, Andis Lazdiņš, Kęstutis Armolaitis, Aldis Butlers, Dovilė Čiuldienė, Andreas Haberl, Ain Kull, Milda Muraškienė, Ivika Ostonen, Gristin Rohula-Okunev, Muhammad Kamil-Sardar, Thomas Schindler, Hanna Vahter, Egidijus Vigricas, and Ieva Līcīte
Biogeosciences, 22, 4241–4259, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4241-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4241-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Estimates of CO2 fluxes from drained nutrient-rich organic soils in croplands and grasslands in the hemiboreal region of Europe revealed that annual net CO2 fluxes were lower than the latest (2014) IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) emission factors provided for the whole temperate zone, including the hemiboreal region. The contribution of CO2 fluxes from shallow highly decomposed organic soils, former peatlands that no longer meet the IPCC criterion for organic soils, to total emissions can be high and should not be underestimated.
Elodie Salmon, Bertrand Guenet, and Agnès Ducharne
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3511, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3511, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Soil organic carbon stockage is a key process to mitigate climate change and is intertwined with soil temperature and moisture and of other secondary soil properties. This study shows the significance of secondary drivers in the relationship between soil moisture and microbial efficiency in soil organic carbon degradation. Using empirical relationships in a global ecosystem model enhanced significantly the heterogeneous spatial pattern of soil organic carbon stock and carbon dioxide fluxes.
Jet Rijnders, Arthur Vienne, and Sara Vicca
Biogeosciences, 22, 2803–2829, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2803-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2803-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A mesocosm experiment was set up to investigate how maize responds to the application of basalt, concrete fines, and steel slag, using a dose–response approach. Biomass increased with basalt application but did not change with concrete fines or steel slag, except for increased tassel biomass. Mg, Ca, and Si generally increased in the crops, whereas toxic trace elements remained unaffected or even decreased in the plants. Overall, crops were positively affected by the application of silicate materials.
Mike C. Rowley, Jasquelin Pena, Matthew A. Marcus, Rachel Porras, Elaine Pegoraro, Cyrill Zosso, Nicholas O. E. Ofiti, Guido L. B. Wiesenberg, Michael W. I. Schmidt, Margaret S. Torn, and Peter S. Nico
SOIL, 11, 381–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-381-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-381-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that calcium (Ca) preserves soil organic carbon (SOC) in acidic soils, challenging beliefs that their interactions were limited to near-neutral or alkaline soils. Using spectromicroscopy, we found that Ca was co-located with a specific fraction of carbon, rich in aromatic and phenolic groups. This association was disrupted when Ca was removed but was reformed during decomposition with added Ca. Overall, this suggests that Ca amendments could enhance SOC stability.
Thomas Dirnböck, Michael Bahn, Eugenio Diaz-Pines, Ika Djukic, Michael Englisch, Karl Gartner, Günther Gollobich, Johannes Ingrisch, Barbara Kitzler, Karl Knaebel, Johannes Kobler, Andreas Maier, Armin Malli, Ivo Offenthaler, Johannes Peterseil, Gisela Pröll, Sarah Venier, Christoph Wohner, Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Anita Zolles, and Stephan Glatzel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 685–702, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-685-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-685-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term observation sites have been established in six Austrian locations, covering major ecosystem types such as forests, grasslands, and wetlands. The purpose of these observations is to measure baselines for assessing the impacts of extreme climate events on the carbon cycle. The collected datasets include meteorological variables, soil temperature and moisture, carbon dioxide fluxes, and tree stem growth in forests at a resolution of 15–60 min between 2019 and 2021.
Amicie A. Delahaie, Lauric Cécillon, Marija Stojanova, Samuel Abiven, Pierre Arbelet, Dominique Arrouays, François Baudin, Antonio Bispo, Line Boulonne, Claire Chenu, Jussi Heinonsalo, Claudy Jolivet, Kristiina Karhu, Manuel Martin, Lorenza Pacini, Christopher Poeplau, Céline Ratié, Pierre Roudier, Nicolas P. A. Saby, Florence Savignac, and Pierre Barré
SOIL, 10, 795–812, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-795-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-795-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper compares the soil organic carbon fractions obtained from a new thermal fractionation scheme and a well-known physical fractionation scheme on an unprecedented dataset of French topsoil samples. For each fraction, we use a machine learning model to determine its environmental drivers (pedology, climate, and land cover). Our results suggest that these two fractionation schemes provide different fractions, which means they provide complementary information.
Guillaume Marie, Jina Jeong, Hervé Jactel, Gunnar Petter, Maxime Cailleret, Matthew J. McGrath, Vladislav Bastrikov, Josefine Ghattas, Bertrand Guenet, Anne Sofie Lansø, Kim Naudts, Aude Valade, Chao Yue, and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8023–8047, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8023-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research looks at how climate change influences forests, and particularly how altered wind and insect activities could make forests emit instead of absorb carbon. We have updated a land surface model called ORCHIDEE to better examine the effect of bark beetles on forest health. Our findings suggest that sudden events, such as insect outbreaks, can dramatically affect carbon storage, offering crucial insights into tackling climate change.
Lucia Fuchslueger, Emily Francesca Solly, Alberto Canarini, and Albert Carles Brangarí
Biogeosciences, 21, 3959–3964, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3959-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3959-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This overview of the special issue “Global change effects on terrestrial biogeochemistry at the plant–soil interface” features empirical, conceptual and modelling-based studies and outlines key findings on plant responses to elevated CO2; soil organism responses to warming; impacts on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and mineral nutrient cycling; and water level changes affecting greenhouse gas emissions, from the Arctic to the tropics, which are crucial for deciphering feedbacks to global change.
Boris Ťupek, Aleksi Lehtonen, Alla Yurova, Rose Abramoff, Bertrand Guenet, Elisa Bruni, Samuli Launiainen, Mikko Peltoniemi, Shoji Hashimoto, Xianglin Tian, Juha Heikkinen, Kari Minkkinen, and Raisa Mäkipää
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5349–5367, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5349-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5349-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Updating the Yasso07 soil C model's dependency on decomposition with a hump-shaped Ricker moisture function improved modelled soil organic C (SOC) stocks in a catena of mineral and organic soils in boreal forest. The Ricker function, set to peak at a rate of 1 and calibrated against SOC and CO2 data using a Bayesian approach, showed a maximum in well-drained soils. Using SOC and CO2 data together with the moisture only from the topsoil humus was crucial for accurate model estimates.
Mery Ingrid Guimarães de Alencar, Rafael D. Guariento, Bertrand Guenet, Luciana S. Carneiro, Eduardo L. Voigt, and Adriano Caliman
Biogeosciences, 21, 3165–3182, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Flowers are ephemeral organs for reproduction, and their litter is functionally different from leaf litter. Flowers can affect decomposition and interact with leaf litter, influencing decomposition non-additively. We show that mixing flower and leaf litter from the Tabebuia aurea tree creates reciprocal synergistic effects on decomposition in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. We highlight that flower litter input can generate biogeochemical hotspots in terrestrial ecosystems.
Maria Regina Gmach, Martin Anders Bolinder, Lorenzo Menichetti, Thomas Kätterer, Heide Spiegel, Olle Åkesson, Jürgen Kurt Friedel, Andreas Surböck, Agnes Schweinzer, and Taru Sandén
SOIL, 10, 407–423, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-407-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-407-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the effect of soil management practices on decomposition at 29 sites (13 in Sweden and 16 in Austria) using long-term field experiments with the Tea Bag Index (TBI) approach. We found that the decomposition rate (k) and stabilization factor (S) were mainly governed by climatic conditions. In general, organic and mineral fertilization increased k and S, and reduced tillage increased S. Edaphic factors also affected k and S.
Laura Sereni, Julie-Maï Paris, Isabelle Lamy, and Bertrand Guenet
SOIL, 10, 367–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-367-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate the tendencies of copper (Cu) export in freshwater or accumulation in soils in Europe for the 21st century and highlight areas of importance for environmental monitoring. We develop a method combining computations of Cu partitioning coefficients between solid and solution phases with runoff data. The surfaces with potential for export or accumulation are roughly constant over the century, but the accumulation potential of Cu increases while leaching potential decreases for 2000–2095.
Nina Raoult, Louis-Axel Edouard-Rambaut, Nicolas Vuichard, Vladislav Bastrikov, Anne Sofie Lansø, Bertrand Guenet, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences, 21, 1017–1036, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Observations are used to reduce uncertainty in land surface models (LSMs) by optimising poorly constraining parameters. However, optimising against current conditions does not necessarily ensure that the parameters treated as invariant will be robust in a changing climate. Manipulation experiments offer us a unique chance to optimise our models under different (here atmospheric CO2) conditions. By using these data in optimisations, we gain confidence in the future projections of LSMs.
Bertrand Guenet, Jérémie Orliac, Lauric Cécillon, Olivier Torres, Laura Sereni, Philip A. Martin, Pierre Barré, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 21, 657–669, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-657-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-657-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Heterotrophic respiration fluxes are a major flux between surfaces and the atmosphere, but Earth system models do not yet represent them correctly. Here we benchmarked Earth system models against observation-based products, and we identified the important mechanisms that need to be improved in the next-generation Earth system models.
Jan De Pue, Sebastian Wieneke, Ana Bastos, José Miguel Barrios, Liyang Liu, Philippe Ciais, Alirio Arboleda, Rafiq Hamdi, Maral Maleki, Fabienne Maignan, Françoise Gellens-Meulenberghs, Ivan Janssens, and Manuela Balzarolo
Biogeosciences, 20, 4795–4818, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4795-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4795-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The gross primary production (GPP) of the terrestrial biosphere is a key source of variability in the global carbon cycle. To estimate this flux, models can rely on remote sensing data (RS-driven), meteorological data (meteo-driven) or a combination of both (hybrid). An intercomparison of 11 models demonstrated that RS-driven models lack the sensitivity to short-term anomalies. Conversely, the simulation of soil moisture dynamics and stress response remains a challenge in meteo-driven models.
Juan Pablo Almeida, Lorenzo Menichetti, Alf Ekblad, Nicholas P. Rosenstock, and Håkan Wallander
Biogeosciences, 20, 1443–1458, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1443-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1443-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In forests, trees allocate a significant amount of carbon belowground to support mycorrhizal symbiosis. In northern forests nitrogen normally regulates this allocation and consequently mycorrhizal fungi growth. In this study we demonstrate that in a conifer forest from Sweden, fungal growth is regulated by phosphorus instead of nitrogen. This is probably due to an increase in nitrogen deposition to soils caused by decades of human pollution that has altered the ecosystem nutrient regime.
Tino Peplau, Christopher Poeplau, Edward Gregorich, and Julia Schroeder
Biogeosciences, 20, 1063–1074, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1063-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1063-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We buried tea bags and temperature loggers in a paired-plot design in soils under forest and agricultural land and retrieved them after 2 years to quantify the effect of land-use change on soil temperature and litter decomposition in subarctic agricultural systems. We could show that agricultural soils were on average 2 °C warmer than forests and that litter decomposition was enhanced. The results imply that deforestation amplifies effects of climate change on soil organic matter dynamics.
Ruud Rijkers, Mark Dekker, Rien Aerts, and James T. Weedon
Biogeosciences, 20, 767–780, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-767-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-767-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Bacterial communities in the soils of the Arctic region decompose soil organic matter to CO2 from a large carbon pool. The amount of CO2 released is likely to increase under future climate conditions. Here, we study how temperature sensitive the growth of soil bacterial communties is for 12 sampling sites in the sub to high Arctic. We show that the optimal growth temperature varies between 23 and 34 °C and is influenced by the summer temperature.
Arthur Nicolaus Fendrich, Philippe Ciais, Emanuele Lugato, Marco Carozzi, Bertrand Guenet, Pasquale Borrelli, Victoria Naipal, Matthew McGrath, Philippe Martin, and Panos Panagos
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7835–7857, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7835-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7835-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Currently, spatially explicit models for soil carbon stock can simulate the impacts of several changes. However, they do not incorporate the erosion, lateral transport, and deposition (ETD) of soil material. The present work developed ETD formulation, illustrated model calibration and validation for Europe, and presented the results for a depositional site. We expect that our work advances ETD models' description and facilitates their reproduction and incorporation in land surface models.
Brendan Byrne, Junjie Liu, Yonghong Yi, Abhishek Chatterjee, Sourish Basu, Rui Cheng, Russell Doughty, Frédéric Chevallier, Kevin W. Bowman, Nicholas C. Parazoo, David Crisp, Xing Li, Jingfeng Xiao, Stephen Sitch, Bertrand Guenet, Feng Deng, Matthew S. Johnson, Sajeev Philip, Patrick C. McGuire, and Charles E. Miller
Biogeosciences, 19, 4779–4799, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Plants draw CO2 from the atmosphere during the growing season, while respiration releases CO2 to the atmosphere throughout the year, driving seasonal variations in atmospheric CO2 that can be observed by satellites, such as the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2). Using OCO-2 XCO2 data and space-based constraints on plant growth, we show that permafrost-rich northeast Eurasia has a strong seasonal release of CO2 during the autumn, hinting at an unexpectedly large respiration signal from soils.
Wen Wen, Joris Timmermans, Qi Chen, and Peter M. van Bodegom
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4537–4552, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4537-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4537-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A novel approach for evaluating individual and combined impacts of drought and salinity in real-life settings is proposed using Sentinel-2. We found that crop responses to drought and salinity differ between growth stages. Compared to salinity, crop growth is most strongly affected by drought stress and is, in general, further exacerbated when co-occurring with salinity stress. Our approach facilitates a way to monitor crop health under multiple stresses with potential large-scale applications.
Xin Yu, René Orth, Markus Reichstein, Michael Bahn, Anne Klosterhalfen, Alexander Knohl, Franziska Koebsch, Mirco Migliavacca, Martina Mund, Jacob A. Nelson, Benjamin D. Stocker, Sophia Walther, and Ana Bastos
Biogeosciences, 19, 4315–4329, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Identifying drought legacy effects is challenging because they are superimposed on variability driven by climate conditions in the recovery period. We develop a residual-based approach to quantify legacies on gross primary productivity (GPP) from eddy covariance data. The GPP reduction due to legacy effects is comparable to the concurrent effects at two sites in Germany, which reveals the importance of legacy effects. Our novel methodology can be used to quantify drought legacies elsewhere.
Juri Palmtag, Jaroslav Obu, Peter Kuhry, Andreas Richter, Matthias B. Siewert, Niels Weiss, Sebastian Westermann, and Gustaf Hugelius
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4095–4110, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4095-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4095-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The northern permafrost region covers 22 % of the Northern Hemisphere and holds almost twice as much carbon as the atmosphere. This paper presents data from 651 soil pedons encompassing more than 6500 samples from 16 different study areas across the northern permafrost region. We use this dataset together with ESA's global land cover dataset to estimate soil organic carbon and total nitrogen storage up to 300 cm soil depth, with estimated values of 813 Pg for carbon and 55 Pg for nitrogen.
Juan Pablo Almeida, Nicholas P. Rosenstock, Susanne K. Woche, Georg Guggenberger, and Håkan Wallander
Biogeosciences, 19, 3713–3726, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3713-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3713-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fungi living in symbiosis with tree roots can accumulate belowground, forming special tissues than can repel water. We measured the water repellency of organic material incubated belowground and correlated it with fungal growth. We found a positive association between water repellency and root symbiotic fungi. These results are important because an increase in soil water repellency can reduce the release of CO2 from soils into the atmosphere and mitigate the effects of greenhouse gasses.
Haicheng Zhang, Ronny Lauerwald, Pierre Regnier, Philippe Ciais, Kristof Van Oost, Victoria Naipal, Bertrand Guenet, and Wenping Yuan
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 1119–1144, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1119-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1119-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a land surface model which can simulate the complete lateral transfer of sediment and carbon from land to ocean through rivers. Our model captures the water, sediment, and organic carbon discharges in European rivers well. Application of our model in Europe indicates that lateral carbon transfer can strongly change regional land carbon budgets by affecting organic carbon distribution and soil moisture.
Niek Jesse Speetjens, George Tanski, Victoria Martin, Julia Wagner, Andreas Richter, Gustaf Hugelius, Chris Boucher, Rachele Lodi, Christian Knoblauch, Boris P. Koch, Urban Wünsch, Hugues Lantuit, and Jorien E. Vonk
Biogeosciences, 19, 3073–3097, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change and warming in the Arctic exceed global averages. As a result, permanently frozen soils (permafrost) which store vast quantities of carbon in the form of dead plant material (organic matter) are thawing. Our study shows that as permafrost landscapes degrade, high concentrations of organic matter are released. Partly, this organic matter is degraded rapidly upon release, while another significant fraction enters stream networks and enters the Arctic Ocean.
Laura Sereni, Bertrand Guenet, Charlotte Blasi, Olivier Crouzet, Jean-Christophe Lata, and Isabelle Lamy
Biogeosciences, 19, 2953–2968, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study focused on the modellisation of two important drivers of soil greenhouse gas emissions: soil contamination and soil moisture change. The aim was to include a Cu function in the soil biogeochemical model DNDC for different soil moisture conditions and then to estimate variation in N2O, NO2 or NOx emissions. Our results show a larger effect of Cu on N2 and N2O emissions than on the other nitrogen species and a higher effect for the soils incubated under constant constant moisture.
Melanie S. Verlinden, Hamada AbdElgawad, Arne Ven, Lore T. Verryckt, Sebastian Wieneke, Ivan A. Janssens, and Sara Vicca
Biogeosciences, 19, 2353–2364, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2353-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2353-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Zea mays grows in mesocosms with different soil nutrition levels. At low phosphorus (P) availability, leaf physiological activity initially decreased strongly. P stress decreased over the season. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis increased over the season. AMF symbiosis is most likely responsible for gradual reduction in P stress.
Yuanyuan Luo, Olga Garmash, Haiyan Li, Frans Graeffe, Arnaud P. Praplan, Anssi Liikanen, Yanjun Zhang, Melissa Meder, Otso Peräkylä, Josep Peñuelas, Ana María Yáñez-Serrano, and Mikael Ehn
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5619–5637, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5619-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5619-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Diterpenes were only recently observed in the atmosphere, and little is known of their atmospheric fates. We explored the ozonolysis of the diterpene kaurene in a chamber, and we characterized the oxidation products for the first time using chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Our findings highlight similarities and differences between diterpenes and smaller terpenes during their atmospheric oxidation.
Elodie Salmon, Fabrice Jégou, Bertrand Guenet, Line Jourdain, Chunjing Qiu, Vladislav Bastrikov, Christophe Guimbaud, Dan Zhu, Philippe Ciais, Philippe Peylin, Sébastien Gogo, Fatima Laggoun-Défarge, Mika Aurela, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Jiquan Chen, Bogdan H. Chojnicki, Housen Chu, Colin W. Edgar, Eugenie S. Euskirchen, Lawrence B. Flanagan, Krzysztof Fortuniak, David Holl, Janina Klatt, Olaf Kolle, Natalia Kowalska, Lars Kutzbach, Annalea Lohila, Lutz Merbold, Włodzimierz Pawlak, Torsten Sachs, and Klaudia Ziemblińska
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2813–2838, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2813-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2813-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A methane model that features methane production and transport by plants, the ebullition process and diffusion in soil, oxidation to CO2, and CH4 fluxes to the atmosphere has been embedded in the ORCHIDEE-PEAT land surface model, which includes an explicit representation of northern peatlands. This model, ORCHIDEE-PCH4, was calibrated and evaluated on 14 peatland sites. Results show that the model is sensitive to temperature and substrate availability over the top 75 cm of soil depth.
Weilin Huang, Peter M. van Bodegom, Toni Viskari, Jari Liski, and Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia
Biogeosciences, 19, 1469–1490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work focuses on one of the essential pathways of mycorrhizal impact on C cycles: the mediation of plant litter decomposition. We present a model based on litter chemical quality which precludes a conclusive examination of mycorrhizal impacts on soil C. It improves long-term decomposition predictions and advances our understanding of litter decomposition dynamics. It creates a benchmark in quantitatively examining the impacts of plant–microbe interactions on soil C dynamics.
Céline Gommet, Ronny Lauerwald, Philippe Ciais, Bertrand Guenet, Haicheng Zhang, and Pierre Regnier
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 393–418, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching from soils into river networks is an important component of the land carbon (C) budget, but its spatiotemporal variation is not yet fully constrained. We use a land surface model to simulate the present-day land C budget at the European scale, including leaching of DOC from the soil. We found average leaching of 14.3 Tg C yr−1 (0.6 % of terrestrial net primary production) with seasonal variations. We determine runoff and temperature to be the main drivers.
Lore T. Verryckt, Sara Vicca, Leandro Van Langenhove, Clément Stahl, Dolores Asensio, Ifigenia Urbina, Romà Ogaya, Joan Llusià, Oriol Grau, Guille Peguero, Albert Gargallo-Garriga, Elodie A. Courtois, Olga Margalef, Miguel Portillo-Estrada, Philippe Ciais, Michael Obersteiner, Lucia Fuchslueger, Laynara F. Lugli, Pere-Roc Fernandez-Garberí, Helena Vallicrosa, Melanie Verlinden, Christian Ranits, Pieter Vermeir, Sabrina Coste, Erik Verbruggen, Laëtitia Bréchet, Jordi Sardans, Jérôme Chave, Josep Peñuelas, and Ivan A. Janssens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a comprehensive dataset of vertical profiles of photosynthesis and important leaf traits, including leaf N and P concentrations, from two 3-year, large-scale nutrient addition experiments conducted in two tropical rainforests in French Guiana. These data present a unique source of information to further improve model representations of the roles of N and P, and other leaf nutrients, in photosynthesis in tropical forests.
Cited articles
Abramoff, R. Z., Torn, M. S., Georgiou, K., Tang, J., and Riley, W. J.: Soil
Organic Matter Temperature Sensitivity Cannot Be Directly Inferred from
Spatial Gradients, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 33, 761–776, 2019. a
Allison, S. D., Wallenstein, M. D., and Bradford, M. A.: Soil-Carbon Response
to Warming Dependent on Microbial Physiology, Nat. Geosci., 3, 336–340,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo846, 2010. a
Alvarez, G., Shahzad, T., Andanson, L., Bahn, M., Wallenstein, M. D., and
Fontaine, S.: Catalytic Power of Enzymes Decreases with Temperature: New
Insights for Understanding Soil C Cycling and Microbial Ecology under
Warming, Glob. Change Biol., 24, 4238–4250, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14281,
2018. a
Arnalds, O.: The Soils of Iceland, World Soils Book Series,
Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9621-7, 2015. a, b
Bárcena, T. G., Gundersen, P., and Vesterdal, L.: Afforestation Effects on
SOC in Former Cropland: Oak and Spruce Chronosequences Resampled after 13
Years, Glob. Change Biol., 20, 2938–2952, 2014. a
Batjes, N.: Harmonized Soil Property Values for Broad-Scale Modelling
(WISE30sec) with Estimates of Global Soil Carbon Stocks, Geoderma, 269,
61–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.01.034, 2016. a, b
Bradford, M. A., McCulley, R. L., Crowther, T. W., Oldfield, E. E., Wood,
S. A., and Fierer, N.: Cross-Biome Patterns in Soil Microbial Respiration
Predictable from Evolutionary Theory on Thermal Adaptation, Nat. Ecol. Evol., 3, 223, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0771-4, 2019. a
Crowther, T. W., Todd-Brown, K. E. O., Rowe, C. W., Wieder, W. R., Carey,
J. C., Machmuller, M. B., Snoek, B. L., Fang, S., Zhou, G., Allison, S. D.,
Blair, J. M., Bridgham, S. D., Burton, A. J., Carrillo, Y., Reich, P. B.,
Clark, J. S., Classen, A. T., Dijkstra, F. A., Elberling, B., Emmett, B. A.,
Estiarte, M., Frey, S. D., Guo, J., Harte, J., Jiang, L., Johnson, B. R.,
Kröel-Dulay, G., Larsen, K. S., Laudon, H., Lavallee, J. M., Luo, Y.,
Lupascu, M., Ma, L. N., Marhan, S., Michelsen, A., Mohan, J., Niu, S.,
Pendall, E., Peñuelas, J., Pfeifer-Meister, L., Poll, C., Reinsch, S.,
Reynolds, L. L., Schmidt, I. K., Sistla, S., Sokol, N. W., Templer, P. H.,
Treseder, K. K., Welker, J. M., and Bradford, M. A.: Quantifying Global Soil
Carbon Losses in Response to Warming, Nature, 540, 104–108,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20150, 2016. a
Davidson, E. A. and Janssens, I. A.: Temperature Sensitivity of Soil Carbon
Decomposition and Feedbacks to Climate Change, Nature, 440, 165–173,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04514, 2006. a
De Boeck, H. J., Vicca, S., Roy, J., Nijs, I., Milcu, A., Kreyling, J.,
Jentsch, A., Chabbi, A., Campioli, M., Callaghan, T., Beierkuhnlein, C., and
Beier, C.: Global Change Experiments: Challenges and
Opportunities, BioScience, 65, 922–931, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv099,
2015. a
Edlinger, A.: Changes of belowground processes of the carbon and nitrogen cycle
in response to soil warming. Will global warming increase the turnover of
soil C and N above plant demands and lead to increased leaching losses,
Master's thesis, M. Sc. thesis, Copenhagen University, Denmark & University
of Natural Resources and Applied Sciences (BOKU),
http://forhot.is/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Edlinger-Anna-Theresa.-2016.-Changes-of-belowground-processes-of-the-carbon-and-nitrogen.xps (last access: 4 July 2022),
2016. a
Ellert, B. H. and Bettany, J. R.: Calculation of Organic Matter and Nutrients
Stored in Soils under Contrasting Management Regimes, Can. J. Soil Sci., 75, 529–538, 1995. a
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016. a
Fontaine, S., Barot, S., Barré, P., Bdioui, N., Mary, B., and Rumpel, C.:
Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon
supply, Nature, 450, 277–280, 2007. a
Halldórsson, B. and Sigbjörnsson, R.: The Mw 6.3 Ölfus
Earthquake at 15:45 UTC on 29 May 2008 in South Iceland:
ICEARRAY Strong-Motion Recordings, Soil Dynam. Earth. Eng., 29, 1073–1083, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.12.006, 2009. a
Hanson, P. J., Griffiths, N. A., Iversen, C. M., Norby, R. J., Sebestyen, S. D., Phillips, J R., Chanton, J. P., Kolka, R. K., Malhotra, A., Oleheiser, K. C., Warren, J. M., Shi, X, Yang, X., Mao, J., Ricciuto, D. M.: Rapid net carbon loss from a whole-ecosystem warmed
Peatland, AGU Advances, 1, e2020AV000163, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020AV000163, 2020. a
Jenkinson, D. S., Adams, D. E., and Wild, A.: Model Estimates of CO2 Emissions from Soil in Response to Global Warming, Nature, 351, 304–306,
1991. a
Jia, J., Cao, Z., Liu, C., Zhang, Z., Lin, L., Wang, Y., Haghipour, N., Wacker,
L., Bao, H., Dittmar, T., Simpson, M. J., Yang, H., Crowther, T. W.,
Eglinton, T. I., He, J.-S., and Feng, X.: Climate Warming Alters Subsoil but
Not Topsoil Carbon Dynamics in Alpine Grassland, Glob. Change Biol., 25,
4383–4393, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14823, 2019. a
Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., and Christensen, R. H.: lmerTest Package:
Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models, J. Stat. Softw., 82,
1–26, 2017. a
Leblans, N. I. W., Sigurdsson, B. D., Vicca, S., Fu, Y., Penuelas, J., and
Janssens, I. A.: Phenological Responses of Icelandic Subarctic Grasslands
to Short-Term and Long-Term Natural Soil Warming, Glob. Change Biol., 23,
4932–4945, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13749, 2017. a, b
Lin, W., Li, Y., Yang, Z., Giardina, C. P., Xie, J., Chen, S., Lin, C.,
Kuzyakov, Y., and Yang, Y.: Warming Exerts Greater Impacts on Subsoil than
Topsoil CO2 Efflux in a Subtropical Forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 263, 137–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.08.014, 2018. a
Magnússon, Á. and Vídalín, P.: Jarðabók, Annaðbindi
[The farm register of Iceland], 1708. a
Marañón-Jiménez, S., Soong, J. L., Leblans, N. I. W., Sigurdsson,
B. D., Peñuelas, J., Richter, A., Asensio, D., Fransen, E., and Janssens,
I. A.: Geothermally Warmed Soils Reveal Persistent Increases in the
Respiratory Costs of Soil Microbes Contributing to Substantial C Losses,
Biogeochemistry, 138, 245–260, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-018-0443-0, 2018. a
Melillo, J. M., Frey, S. D., DeAngelis, K. M., Werner, W. J., Bernard, M. J.,
Bowles, F. P., Pold, G., Knorr, M. A., and Grandy, A. S.: Long-Term Pattern
and Magnitude of Soil Carbon Feedback to the Climate System in a Warming
World, Science, 358, 101–105, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan2874, 2017. a, b
Nishina, K., Ito, A., Beerling, D. J., Cadule, P., Ciais, P., Clark, D. B., Falloon, P., Friend, A. D., Kahana, R., Kato, E., Keribin, R., Lucht, W., Lomas, M., Rademacher, T. T., Pavlick, R., Schaphoff, S., Vuichard, N., Warszawaski, L., and Yokohata, T.: Quantifying uncertainties in soil carbon responses to changes in global mean temperature and precipitation, Earth Syst. Dynam., 5, 197–209, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-197-2014, 2014. a
O'Gorman, E. J., Benstead, J. P., Cross, W. F., Friberg, N., Hood, J. M.,
Johnson, P. W., Sigurdsson, B. D., and Woodward, G.: Climate Change and
Geothermal Ecosystems: Natural Laboratories, Sentinel Systems, and Future
Refugia, Glob. Change Biol., 20, 3291–3299, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12602,
2014. a, b
Osher, L. J., Matson, P. A., and Amundson, R.: Effect of Land Use Change on
Soil Carbon in Hawaii, Biogeochemistry, 65, 20, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026048612540, 2003. a
Poeplau, C., Sigurðsson, P., and Sigurdsson, B. D.: Depletion of soil carbon and aggregation after strong warming of a subarctic Andosol under forest and grassland cover, SOIL, 6, 115–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-115-2020, 2020. a
R Development Core Team, R.: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical
Computing, R foundation for statistical computing Vienna, Austria, 2011. a
Radujković, D., Verbruggen, E., Sigurdsson, B. D., Leblans, N. I.,
Janssens, I. A., Vicca, S., and Weedon, J. T.: Prolonged Exposure Does Not
Increase Soil Microbial Community Compositional Response to Warming along
Geothermal Gradients, FEMS Microb. Ecol., 94, fix174, https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fix174, 2018. a
Rumpel, C. and Kögel-Knabner, I.: Deep soil organic matter – a key but
poorly understood component of terrestrial C cycle, Plant Soil, 338,
143–158, 2011. a
Scharlemann, J. P., Tanner, E. V., Hiederer, R., and Kapos, V.: Global Soil
Carbon: Understanding and Managing the Largest Terrestrial Carbon Pool,
Carbon Manage., 5, 81–91, https://doi.org/10.4155/cmt.13.77, 2014. a
Shi, Z., Crowell, S., Luo, Y., and Moore, B.: Model Structures Amplify
Uncertainty in Predicted Soil Carbon Responses to Climate Change, Nat. Commun., 9, 1–11, 2018. a
Sigurdsson, B. D., Leblans, N., Dauwe, S., Guðmundsdóttir, E.,
Gundersen, P., Gunnarsdóttir, G. E., Holmstrup, M., Ilieva-Makulec, K.,
Kätterer, T., Marteinsdóttir, B., Maljanen, M., Oddsdóttir, E. S., Ostonen, I., Peñuelas, J., Poeplau, C., Richter, A., Sigurðsson, P., van Bodegom, P., Wallander, H., Weedon J., and Janssens, I: Geothermal Ecosystems as
Natural Climate Change Experiments: The ForHot Research Site in
Iceland as a Case Study, Icel. Agr. Sci., 29, 53–71,
https://doi.org/10.16886/IAS.2016.05, 2016. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j
Soil Survey Staff: Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification
for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys, Natural Resources Conservation
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2 Edn., ISBN 9780160608292, 1999. a
Soong, J. L., Castanha, C., Hicks Pries, C. E., Ofiti, Porras, R. C., and
Riley: Five Years of Whole-Soil Warming Led to Loss of Subsoil Carbon Stocks
and Increased CO2 Efflux, Sci. Adv., 0, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd1343, 2020a. a, b
Soong, J. L., Phillips, C. L., Ledna, C., Koven, C. D., and Torn, M. S.:
CMIP5 models predict rapid and deep soil warming over the 21st century,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 125, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005266, e2019JG005266,
2020b. a
Tian, Q., Yang, X., Wang, X., Liao, C., Li, Q., Wang, M., Wu, Y., and Liu, F.:
Microbial Community Mediated Response of Organic Carbon Mineralization to
Labile Carbon and Nitrogen Addition in Topsoil and Subsoil, Biogeochemistry,
128, 125–139, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-016-0198-4, 2016. a
Todd-Brown, K., Zheng, B., and Crowther, T. W.: Field-warmed soil carbon changes imply high 21st-century modeling uncertainty, Biogeosciences, 15, 3659–3671, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3659-2018, 2018. a
van Gestel, N., Shi, Z., van Groenigen, K. J., Osenberg, C. W., Andresen,
L. C., Dukes, J. S., Hovenden, M. J., Luo, Y., Michelsen, A., Pendall, E.,
Reich, P. B., Schuur, E. A. G., and Hungate, B. A.: Predicting Soil Carbon
Loss with Warming, Nature, 554, 4–5, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25745, 2018. a
Verbrigghe, N., Leblans, N. I. W., Sigurdsson, B. D., et al.: Soil carbon loss in warmed subarctic grasslands is rapid and restricted to topsoil, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4745479, 2021. a
Walker, T. W. N., Kaiser, C., Strasser, F., Herbold, C. W., Leblans, N. I. W.,
Woebken, D., Janssens, I. A., Sigurdsson, B. D., and Richter, A.: Microbial
Temperature Sensitivity and Biomass Change Explain Soil Carbon Loss with
Warming, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 885–889, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0259-x,
2018. a, b, c, d
Walker, T. W. N., Janssens, I. A., Weedon, J. T., Sigurdsson, B. D., Richter,
A., Peñuelas, J., Leblans, N. I. W., Bahn, M., Bartrons, M., De Jonge,
C., Fuchslueger, L., Gargallo-Garriga, A., Gunnarsdóttir, G. E.,
Marañón-Jiménez, S., Oddsdóttir, E. S., Ostonen, I.,
Poeplau, C., Prommer, J., Radujković, D., Sardans, J., Sigurðsson,
P., Soong, J. L., Vicca, S., Wallander, H., Ilieva-Makulec, K., and
Verbruggen, E.: A Systemic Overreaction to Years versus Decades of Warming in
a Subarctic Grassland Ecosystem, Nat. Ecol. Evol., 4, 101–108,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1055-3, 2020. a, b
WRB, IUSS Working Group: World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, Update
2015: International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and
Creating Legends for Soil Maps, ISBN 978-92-5-108369-7, 2015. a
Yost, J. L. and Hartemink, A. E.: How deep is the soil studied–an analysis of four soil science journals, Plant Soil, 452, 5–18, 2020. a
Zhang, J., Ekblad, A., Sigurdsson, B. D., and Wallander, H.: The Influence of
Soil Warming on Organic Carbon Sequestration of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
in a Sub-Arctic Grassland, Soil Biol. Biochem., 147, 107826,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107826, 2020. a, b
Editorial statement
The authors adopted a new and attractive approach, based on the use of thermal springs appearing at different times, to study the short-term and long-term (> 50 years) effect of warming on the soil C stock under subarctic grasslands. This new approach allows to take a new look at the question of a positive feedback between temperature and soils that can amplify global warming. Indeed, most studies on this subject are based on warming experiments conducted over the short term (some years) or on questionable correlative approaches where the temperature co-varies with many other factors (e.g., study of soil C stocks along latitudinal temperature gradients). Their study challenges the current dominant view on the effect of warming on the dynamics of SOM. Indeed, results suggest that soil C losses in the subarctic grasslands studied cease after 5 years of warming. These observations corroborate those obtained in the rare ecosystem warming experiments maintained beyond 10 years. In addition, results suggest that the C stocks present in the deep soil horizons, where plant roots are not or hardly present, are not affected by warming. These unexpected discoveries, together with other recent observations, show the glaring lack of knowledge on the fundamental mechanisms of the effect of temperature on catalytic processes, which seriously compromises our ability to predict the soil-climate feedback.
The authors adopted a new and attractive approach, based on the use of thermal springs appearing...
Short summary
In subarctic grassland on a geothermal warming gradient, we found large reductions in topsoil carbon stocks, with carbon stocks linearly declining with warming intensity. Most importantly, however, we observed that soil carbon stocks stabilised within 5 years of warming and remained unaffected by warming thereafter, even after > 50 years of warming. Moreover, in contrast to the large topsoil carbon losses, subsoil carbon stocks remained unaffected after > 50 years of soil warming.
In subarctic grassland on a geothermal warming gradient, we found large reductions in topsoil...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint