Articles | Volume 22, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1447-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1447-2025
Research article
 | 
17 Mar 2025
Research article |  | 17 Mar 2025

Consistency of global carbon budget between concentration- and emission-driven historical experiments simulated by CMIP6 Earth system models and suggestions for improved simulation of CO2 concentration

Tomohiro Hajima, Michio Kawamiya, Akihiko Ito, Kaoru Tachiiri, Chris D. Jones, Vivek Arora, Victor Brovkin, Roland Séférian, Spencer Liddicoat, Pierre Friedlingstein, and Elena Shevliakova

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Cited articles

Andrew, R. M.: A comparison of estimates of global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil carbon sources, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1437–1465, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1437-2020, 2020. 
Bastos, A., Ciais, P., Barichivich, J., Bopp, L., Brovkin, V., Gasser, T., Peng, S., Pongratz, J., Viovy, N., and Trudinger, C. M.: Re-evaluating the 1940s CO2 plateau, Biogeosciences, 13, 4877–4897, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4877-2016, 2016. 
Boer, G. J. and Arora, V.: Temperature and concentration feedbacks in the carbon cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02704, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036220, 2009. 
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This study analyzes atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global carbon budgets simulated by multiple Earth system models, using several types of simulations (CO2  concentration- and emission-driven experiments). We successfully identified problems with regard to the global carbon budget in each model. We also found urgent issues with regard to land use change CO2 emissions that should be solved in the latest generation of models.
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