Articles | Volume 19, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-541-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-541-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
28 Jan 2022
Research article |
| 28 Jan 2022
| 28 Jan 2022
Resolving temperature limitation on spring productivity in an evergreen conifer forest using a model–data fusion framework
Department of Earth System Science, University of California
Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
Nicholas C. Parazoo
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California, USA
A. Anthony Bloom
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California, USA
Peter D. Blanken
Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder,
Colorado, USA
David R. Bowling
School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,
Utah, USA
Sean P. Burns
Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder,
Colorado, USA
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Cédric Bacour
NOVELTIS, Labège, France
Fabienne Maignan
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement,
LSCE-IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette,
France
Brett Raczka
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Alexander J. Norton
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California, USA
Ian Baker
Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Mathew Williams
School of GeoSciences,
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
National Centre for Earth Observation,
Edinburgh, UK
Mingjie Shi
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd,
Richland, Washington, USA
Yongguang Zhang
International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing
University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
Bo Qiu
International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing
University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
Related authors
Caroline A. Famiglietti, T. Luke Smallman, Paul A. Levine, Sophie Flack-Prain, Gregory R. Quetin, Victoria Meyer, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Stephanie G. Stettz, Yan Yang, Damien Bonal, A. Anthony Bloom, Mathew Williams, and Alexandra G. Konings
Biogeosciences, 18, 2727–2754, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2727-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2727-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Model uncertainty dominates the spread in terrestrial carbon cycle predictions. Efforts to reduce it typically involve adding processes, thereby increasing model complexity. However, if and how model performance scales with complexity is unclear. Using a suite of 16 structurally distinct carbon cycle models, we find that increased complexity only improves skill if parameters are adequately informed. Otherwise, it can degrade skill, and an intermediate-complexity model is optimal.
Le Wang, Xin Miao, Xinyun Hu, Yizhuo Li, Bo Qiu, Jun Ge, and Weidong Guo
The Cryosphere, 19, 2733–2750, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2733-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2733-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Snow phenology is a crucial indicator for assessing seasonal changes in snow. In this work, we find that snow phenology is significantly impacted by the datasets and methods used, and current methods often overlook the spatial and temporal variability in snow across the Northern Hemisphere. To address this, we develop a dynamic-threshold method, which contributes to better representing the seasonal changes in snow cover across the Northern Hemisphere, especially on the Tibetan Plateau.
Rubaya Pervin, Scott Robeson, Mallory Barnes, Stephen Sitch, Anthony Walker, Ben Poulter, Fabienne Maignan, Qing Sun, Thomas Colligan, Sönke Zaehle, Kashif Mahmud, Peter Anthoni, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Vladislav Bastrikov, Liam Bogucki, Bertrand Decharme, Christine Delire, Stefanie Falk, Akihiko Ito, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Jürgen Knauer, Michael O’Sullivan, Wenping Yuan, and Natasha MacBean
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2841, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2841, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Drylands contribute more than a third of the global vegetation productivity. Yet, these regions are not well represented in global vegetation models. Here, we tested how well 15 global models capture annual changes in dryland vegetation productivity. Models that didn’t have vegetation change over time or fire have lower variability in vegetation productivity. Models need better representation of grass cover types and their coverage. Our work highlights where and how these models need to improve.
Antoine Berchet, Isabelle Pison, Camille Huselstein, Clément Narbaud, Marine Remaud, Sauveur Belviso, Camille Abadie, and Fabienne Maignan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7499–7525, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7499-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7499-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use the measurements of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS) concentrations at the monitoring site of Gif-sur-Yvette (in the Paris region) from August 2014 to December 2019, combined with existing knowledge on COS fluxes in the atmosphere and a transport model, to gain insight into COS fluxes, either natural, such as oceanic emissions or vegetation and soil fluxes, or anthropogenic, from industrial activities and power generation.
Shuzhuang Feng, Fei Jiang, Yongguang Zhang, Huilin Chen, Honglin Zhuang, Shumin Wang, Shengxi Bai, Hengmao Wang, and Weimin Ju
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2669, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using satellite data and advanced modeling, this study inverted daily high-resolution anthropogenic CH4 emissions across China and Shanxi Province. We found that China's 2022 CH4 emissions were 45.1 TgCH4·yr⁻¹, significantly lower than previous estimates, especially in coal mining and waste sectors. The inversion substantially reduced emission uncertainties and improved CH4 concentration simulations. These results suggest China’s climate mitigation burden may have been overestimated.
Raphaël Savelli, Dustin Carroll, Dimitris Menemenlis, Jonathan Lauderdale, Clément Bertin, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Manfredi Manizza, Anthony Bloom, Karel Castro-Morales, Charles E. Miller, Marc Simard, Kevin W. Bowman, and Hong Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1707, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1707, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Accounting for carbon and nutrients in rivers is essential for resolving carbon dioxide (CO2) exchanges between the ocean and the atmosphere. In this study, we add the effect of present-day rivers to a pioneering global-ocean biogeochemistry model. This study highlights the challenge for global ocean numerical models to cover the complexity of the flow of water and carbon across the Land-to-Ocean Aquatic Continuum.
Sean P. Burns, Vincent Humphrey, Ethan D. Gutmann, Mark S. Raleigh, David R. Bowling, and Peter D. Blanken
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1755, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1755, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We compared two techniques that are affected by the amount of liquid water in a forest canopy. One technique relies on remote sensing (a pair of GPS systems) and the other uses tree motion generated by the wind. Though completely different, these two techniques show strikingly similar changes when rain falls on an evergreen forest. We combine these measurements with eddy-covariance fluxes of water vapor to provide some insight into the evaporation of canopy-intercepted precipitation.
Russell Doughty, Michael C. Wimberly, Dan Wanyama, Helene Peiro, Nicholas Parazoo, Sean Crowell, and Moses Azong Cho
Biogeosciences, 22, 1985–2004, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1985-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1985-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We find West African solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) increases during the dry season and peaks before precipitation, similar to the Amazon. In central Africa, a continental-scale bimodal SIF seasonality appears; its minimum aligns with precipitation, but its maximum seems less environmentally driven. Notably, differences between SIF and vegetation index (VI) seasonality indicate VI-based photosynthesis estimates may be inaccurate.
Gang Tang, Zebedee Nicholls, Alexander Norton, Sönke Zaehle, and Malte Meinshausen
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2193–2230, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2193-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2193-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied carbon–nitrogen coupling in Earth system models by developing a global carbon–nitrogen cycle model (CNit v1.0) within the widely used emulator MAGICC. CNit effectively reproduced the global carbon–nitrogen cycle dynamics observed in complex models. Our results show persistent nitrogen limitations on plant growth (net primary production) from 1850 to 2100, suggesting that nitrogen deficiency may constrain future land carbon sequestration.
Gang Tang, Zebedee Nicholls, Chris Jones, Thomas Gasser, Alexander Norton, Tilo Ziehn, Alejandro Romero-Prieto, and Malte Meinshausen
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2111–2136, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2111-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2111-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed carbon and nitrogen mass conservation in data from various Earth system models. Our findings reveal significant discrepancies between flux and pool size data, where cumulative imbalances can reach hundreds of gigatons of carbon or nitrogen. These imbalances appear primarily due to missing or inconsistently reported fluxes – especially for land-use and fire emissions. To enhance data quality, we recommend that future climate data protocols address this issue at the reporting stage.
Mathew Williams, David T. Milodowski, T. Luke Smallman, Kyle G. Dexter, Gabi C. Hegerl, Iain M. McNicol, Michael O'Sullivan, Carla M. Roesch, Casey M. Ryan, Stephen Sitch, and Aude Valade
Biogeosciences, 22, 1597–1614, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1597-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1597-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Southern African woodlands are important in both regional and global carbon cycles. A new carbon analysis created by combining satellite data with ecosystem modelling shows that the region has a neutral C balance overall but with important spatial variations. Patterns of biomass and C balance across the region are the outcome of climate controls on production and vegetation–fire interactions, which determine the mortality of vegetation and spatial variations in vegetation function.
Marcos B. Sanches, Manoel Cardoso, Celso von Randow, Chris Jones, and Mathew Williams
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-942, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-942, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines South America's role in the global carbon cycle using flux and stock analyses from CMIP6 Earth System Models. We discuss the continent’s relevance, model-observation agreement, and the impacts of dry and wet years on major biomes. Additionally, we assess model results indicating that parts of South America could shift from carbon sinks to emitters, significantly affecting the global carbon balance.
Simon Beylat, Nina Raoult, Cédric Bacour, Natalie Douglas, Tristan Quaife, Vladislav Bastrikov, Peter Julien Rayner, and Philippe Peylin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-109, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-109, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Land surface models are important tools for understanding and predicting the land components of the carbon cycle. Atmospheric CO2 concentration data is a valuable source of information that can be used to improve the accuracy of these models. In this study, we present a statistical method named 4DEnVar to calibrate parameters of a land surface model using this data. We show that this method is easy to implement and more efficient and accurate than traditional methods.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Jiří Dušek, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo A. Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Mana Gharun, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 21, 5079–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand because it impacts our lives. Here, we outline a method called FLUXCOM-X to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from sites around the world. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Sylvie Charbit, Christophe Dumas, Fabienne Maignan, Catherine Ottlé, Nina Raoult, Xavier Fettweis, and Philippe Conesa
The Cryosphere, 18, 5067–5099, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5067-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5067-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The evolution of the Greenland ice sheet is highly dependent on surface melting and therefore on the processes operating at the snow–atmosphere interface and within the snow cover. Here we present new developments to apply a snow model to the Greenland ice sheet. The performance of this model is analysed in terms of its ability to simulate ablation processes. Our analysis shows that the model performs well when compared with the MAR regional polar atmospheric model.
Xiaoran Zhu, Dong Chen, Maruko Kogure, Elizabeth Hoy, Logan T. Berner, Amy L. Breen, Abhishek Chatterjee, Scott J. Davidson, Gerald V. Frost, Teresa N. Hollingsworth, Go Iwahana, Randi R. Jandt, Anja N. Kade, Tatiana V. Loboda, Matt J. Macander, Michelle Mack, Charles E. Miller, Eric A. Miller, Susan M. Natali, Martha K. Raynolds, Adrian V. Rocha, Shiro Tsuyuzaki, Craig E. Tweedie, Donald A. Walker, Mathew Williams, Xin Xu, Yingtong Zhang, Nancy French, and Scott Goetz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3687–3703, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3687-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic tundra is experiencing widespread physical and biological changes, largely in response to warming, yet scientific understanding of tundra ecology and change remains limited due to relatively limited accessibility and studies compared to other terrestrial biomes. To support synthesis research and inform future studies, we created the Synthesized Alaskan Tundra Field Dataset (SATFiD), which brings together field datasets and includes vegetation, active-layer, and fire properties.
Hannah Nesser, Daniel J. Jacob, Joannes D. Maasakkers, Alba Lorente, Zichong Chen, Xiao Lu, Lu Shen, Zhen Qu, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Margaux Winter, Shuang Ma, A. Anthony Bloom, John R. Worden, Robert N. Stavins, and Cynthia A. Randles
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5069–5091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5069-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5069-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify 2019 methane emissions in the contiguous US (CONUS) at a ≈ 25 km × 25 km resolution using satellite methane observations. We find a 13 % upward correction to the 2023 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory (GHGI) for 2019, with large corrections to individual states, urban areas, and landfills. This may present a challenge for US climate policies and goals, many of which target significant reductions in methane emissions.
Russell Doughty, Yujie Wang, Jennifer Johnson, Nicholas Parazoo, Troy Magney, Zoe Pierrat, Xiangming Xiao, Luis Guanter, Philipp Köhler, Christian Frankenberg, Peter Somkuti, Shuang Ma, Yuanwei Qin, Sean Crowell, and Berrien Moore III
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.168167172.20799710/v1, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.168167172.20799710/v1, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a novel model of global photosynthesis, ChloFluo, which uses spaceborne chlorophyll fluorescence to estimate the amount of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by chlorophyll. Potential uses of our model are to advance our understanding of the timing and magnitude of photosynthesis, its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide fluxes, and vegetation response to climate events and change.
Jan De Pue, Sebastian Wieneke, Ana Bastos, José Miguel Barrios, Liyang Liu, Philippe Ciais, Alirio Arboleda, Rafiq Hamdi, Maral Maleki, Fabienne Maignan, Françoise Gellens-Meulenberghs, Ivan Janssens, and Manuela Balzarolo
Biogeosciences, 20, 4795–4818, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4795-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4795-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The gross primary production (GPP) of the terrestrial biosphere is a key source of variability in the global carbon cycle. To estimate this flux, models can rely on remote sensing data (RS-driven), meteorological data (meteo-driven) or a combination of both (hybrid). An intercomparison of 11 models demonstrated that RS-driven models lack the sensitivity to short-term anomalies. Conversely, the simulation of soil moisture dynamics and stress response remains a challenge in meteo-driven models.
Luana S. Basso, Chris Wilson, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Graciela Tejada, Henrique L. G. Cassol, Egídio Arai, Mathew Williams, T. Luke Smallman, Wouter Peters, Stijn Naus, John B. Miller, and Manuel Gloor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9685–9723, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9685-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9685-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Amazon’s carbon balance may have changed due to forest degradation, deforestation and warmer climate. We used an atmospheric model and atmospheric CO2 observations to quantify Amazonian carbon emissions (2010–2018). The region was a small carbon source to the atmosphere, mostly due to fire emissions. Forest uptake compensated for ~ 50 % of the fire emissions, meaning that the remaining forest is still a small carbon sink. We found no clear evidence of weakening carbon uptake over the period.
David T. Milodowski, T. Luke Smallman, and Mathew Williams
Biogeosciences, 20, 3301–3327, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Model–data fusion (MDF) allows us to combine ecosystem models with Earth observation data. Fragmented landscapes, with a mosaic of contrasting ecosystems, pose a challenge for MDF. We develop a novel MDF framework to estimate the carbon balance of fragmented landscapes and show the importance of accounting for ecosystem heterogeneity to prevent scale-dependent bias in estimated carbon fluxes, disturbance fluxes in particular, and to improve ecological fidelity of the calibrated models.
Nina Raoult, Sylvie Charbit, Christophe Dumas, Fabienne Maignan, Catherine Ottlé, and Vladislav Bastrikov
The Cryosphere, 17, 2705–2724, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2705-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2705-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Greenland ice sheet melting due to global warming could significantly impact global sea-level rise. The ice sheet's albedo, i.e. how reflective the surface is, affects the melting speed. The ORCHIDEE computer model is used to simulate albedo and snowmelt to make predictions. However, the albedo in ORCHIDEE is lower than that observed using satellites. To correct this, we change model parameters (e.g. the rate of snow decay) to reduce the difference between simulated and observed values.
Alexander J. Norton, A. Anthony Bloom, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Paul A. Levine, Shuang Ma, Renato K. Braghiere, and T. Luke Smallman
Biogeosciences, 20, 2455–2484, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how the representation of leaf phenology affects our ability to predict changes to the carbon balance of land ecosystems. We calibrate a new leaf phenology model against a diverse range of observations at six forest sites, showing that it improves the predictive capability of the processes underlying the ecosystem carbon balance. We then show how changes in temperature and rainfall affect the ecosystem carbon balance with this new model.
Cédric Bacour, Natasha MacBean, Frédéric Chevallier, Sébastien Léonard, Ernest N. Koffi, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences, 20, 1089–1111, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1089-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1089-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of assimilating different dataset combinations on regional to global-scale C budgets is explored with the ORCHIDEE model. Assimilating simultaneously multiple datasets is preferable to optimize the values of the model parameters and avoid model overfitting. The challenges in constraining soil C disequilibrium using atmospheric CO2 data are highlighted for an accurate prediction of the land sink distribution.
Xueying Yu, Dylan B. Millet, Daven K. Henze, Alexander J. Turner, Alba Lorente Delgado, A. Anthony Bloom, and Jianxiong Sheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3325–3346, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3325-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3325-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combine satellite measurements with a novel downscaling method to map global methane emissions at 0.1°×0.1° resolution. These fine-scale emission estimates reveal unreported emission hotspots and shed light on the roles of agriculture, wetlands, and fossil fuels for regional methane budgets. The satellite-derived emissions point in particular to missing fossil fuel emissions in the Middle East and to a large emission underestimate in South Asia that appears to be tied to monsoon rainfall.
Yuan Zhang, Devaraju Narayanappa, Philippe Ciais, Wei Li, Daniel Goll, Nicolas Vuichard, Martin G. De Kauwe, Laurent Li, and Fabienne Maignan
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 9111–9125, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9111-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9111-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
There are a few studies to examine if current models correctly represented the complex processes of transpiration. Here, we use a coefficient Ω, which indicates if transpiration is mainly controlled by vegetation processes or by turbulence, to evaluate the ORCHIDEE model. We found a good performance of ORCHIDEE, but due to compensation of biases in different processes, we also identified how different factors control Ω and where the model is wrong. Our method is generic to evaluate other models.
Robert J. Parker, Chris Wilson, Edward Comyn-Platt, Garry Hayman, Toby R. Marthews, A. Anthony Bloom, Mark F. Lunt, Nicola Gedney, Simon J. Dadson, Joe McNorton, Neil Humpage, Hartmut Boesch, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Paul I. Palmer, and Dai Yamazaki
Biogeosciences, 19, 5779–5805, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wetlands are the largest natural source of methane, one of the most important climate gases. The JULES land surface model simulates these emissions. We use satellite data to evaluate how well JULES reproduces the methane seasonal cycle over different tropical wetlands. It performs well for most regions; however, it struggles for some African wetlands influenced heavily by river flooding. We explain the reasons for these deficiencies and highlight how future development will improve these areas.
Brendan Byrne, Junjie Liu, Yonghong Yi, Abhishek Chatterjee, Sourish Basu, Rui Cheng, Russell Doughty, Frédéric Chevallier, Kevin W. Bowman, Nicholas C. Parazoo, David Crisp, Xing Li, Jingfeng Xiao, Stephen Sitch, Bertrand Guenet, Feng Deng, Matthew S. Johnson, Sajeev Philip, Patrick C. McGuire, and Charles E. Miller
Biogeosciences, 19, 4779–4799, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Plants draw CO2 from the atmosphere during the growing season, while respiration releases CO2 to the atmosphere throughout the year, driving seasonal variations in atmospheric CO2 that can be observed by satellites, such as the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2). Using OCO-2 XCO2 data and space-based constraints on plant growth, we show that permafrost-rich northeast Eurasia has a strong seasonal release of CO2 during the autumn, hinting at an unexpectedly large respiration signal from soils.
Jan De Pue, José Miguel Barrios, Liyang Liu, Philippe Ciais, Alirio Arboleda, Rafiq Hamdi, Manuela Balzarolo, Fabienne Maignan, and Françoise Gellens-Meulenberghs
Biogeosciences, 19, 4361–4386, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4361-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4361-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The functioning of ecosystems involves numerous biophysical processes which interact with each other. Land surface models (LSMs) are used to describe these processes and form an essential component of climate models. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of three LSMs and their interactions with soil moisture and vegetation. Though we found room for improvement in the simulation of soil moisture and drought stress, the main cause of errors was related to the simulated growth of vegetation.
Jing M. Chen, Rong Wang, Yihong Liu, Liming He, Holly Croft, Xiangzhong Luo, Han Wang, Nicholas G. Smith, Trevor F. Keenan, I. Colin Prentice, Yongguang Zhang, Weimin Ju, and Ning Dong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4077–4093, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4077-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4077-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Green leaves contain chlorophyll pigments that harvest light for photosynthesis and also emit chlorophyll fluorescence as a byproduct. Both chlorophyll pigments and fluorescence can be measured by Earth-orbiting satellite sensors. Here we demonstrate that leaf photosynthetic capacity can be reliably derived globally using these measurements. This new satellite-based information overcomes a bottleneck in global ecological research where such spatially explicit information is currently lacking.
Vasileios Myrgiotis, Thomas Luke Smallman, and Mathew Williams
Biogeosciences, 19, 4147–4170, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4147-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4147-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that livestock grazing and grass cutting can determine whether a grassland is adding (source) or removing (sink) carbon (C) to/from the atmosphere. The annual C balance of 1855 managed grassland fields in Great Britain was quantified for 2017–2018 using process modelling and earth observation data. The examined fields were, on average, small C sinks, but the summer drought of 2018 led to a 9-fold increase in the number of fields that became C sources in 2018 compared to 2017.
John R. Worden, Daniel H. Cusworth, Zhen Qu, Yi Yin, Yuzhong Zhang, A. Anthony Bloom, Shuang Ma, Brendan K. Byrne, Tia Scarpelli, Joannes D. Maasakkers, David Crisp, Riley Duren, and Daniel J. Jacob
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6811–6841, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is intended to accomplish two goals: 1) describe a new algorithm by which remotely sensed measurements of methane or other tracers can be used to not just quantify methane fluxes, but also attribute these fluxes to specific sources and regions and characterize their uncertainties, and 2) use this new algorithm to provide methane emissions by sector and country in support of the global stock take.
Camille Abadie, Fabienne Maignan, Marine Remaud, Jérôme Ogée, J. Elliott Campbell, Mary E. Whelan, Florian Kitz, Felix M. Spielmann, Georg Wohlfahrt, Richard Wehr, Wu Sun, Nina Raoult, Ulli Seibt, Didier Hauglustaine, Sinikka T. Lennartz, Sauveur Belviso, David Montagne, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences, 19, 2427–2463, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2427-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2427-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A better constraint of the components of the carbonyl sulfide (COS) global budget is needed to exploit its potential as a proxy of gross primary productivity. In this study, we compare two representations of oxic soil COS fluxes, and we develop an approach to represent anoxic soil COS fluxes in a land surface model. We show the importance of atmospheric COS concentration variations on oxic soil COS fluxes and provide new estimates for oxic and anoxic soil contributions to the COS global budget.
Russell Doughty, Thomas P. Kurosu, Nicholas Parazoo, Philipp Köhler, Yujie Wang, Ying Sun, and Christian Frankenberg
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1513–1529, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe and compare solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence data produced by NASA from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) and the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) and OCO-3 platforms.
Elias C. Massoud, A. Anthony Bloom, Marcos Longo, John T. Reager, Paul A. Levine, and John R. Worden
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1407–1423, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1407-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1407-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The water balance on river basin scales depends on a number of soil physical processes. Gaining information on these quantities using observations is a key step toward improving the skill of land surface hydrology models. In this study, we use data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (NASA-GRACE) to inform and constrain these hydrologic processes. We show that our model is able to simulate the land hydrologic cycle for a watershed in the Amazon from January 2003 to December 2012.
Yan Yang, A. Anthony Bloom, Shuang Ma, Paul Levine, Alexander Norton, Nicholas C. Parazoo, John T. Reager, John Worden, Gregory R. Quetin, T. Luke Smallman, Mathew Williams, Liang Xu, and Sassan Saatchi
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1789–1802, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1789-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1789-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Global carbon and water have large uncertainties that are hard to quantify in current regional and global models. Field observations provide opportunities for better calibration and validation of current modeling of carbon and water. With the unique structure of CARDAMOM, we have utilized the data assimilation capability and designed the benchmarking framework by using field observations in modeling. Results show that data assimilation improves model performance in different aspects.
Marine Remaud, Frédéric Chevallier, Fabienne Maignan, Sauveur Belviso, Antoine Berchet, Alexandra Parouffe, Camille Abadie, Cédric Bacour, Sinikka Lennartz, and Philippe Peylin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2525–2552, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2525-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2525-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) has been recognized as a promising indicator of the plant gross primary production (GPP). Here, we assimilate both COS and CO2 measurements into an atmospheric transport model to obtain information on GPP, plant respiration and COS budget. A possible scenario for the period 2008–2019 leads to a global COS biospheric sink of 800 GgS yr−1 and higher oceanic emissions between 400 and 600 GgS yr−1.
Hélène Peiro, Sean Crowell, Andrew Schuh, David F. Baker, Chris O'Dell, Andrew R. Jacobson, Frédéric Chevallier, Junjie Liu, Annmarie Eldering, David Crisp, Feng Deng, Brad Weir, Sourish Basu, Matthew S. Johnson, Sajeev Philip, and Ian Baker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1097–1130, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1097-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1097-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite CO2 observations are constantly improved. We study an ensemble of different atmospheric models (inversions) from 2015 to 2018 using separate ground-based data or two versions of the OCO-2 satellite. Our study aims to determine if different satellite data corrections can yield different estimates of carbon cycle flux. A difference in the carbon budget between the two versions is found over tropical Africa, which seems to show the impact of corrections applied in satellite data.
Xiao Lu, Daniel J. Jacob, Haolin Wang, Joannes D. Maasakkers, Yuzhong Zhang, Tia R. Scarpelli, Lu Shen, Zhen Qu, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Hannah Nesser, A. Anthony Bloom, Shuang Ma, John R. Worden, Shaojia Fan, Robert J. Parker, Hartmut Boesch, Ritesh Gautam, Deborah Gordon, Michael D. Moran, Frances Reuland, Claudia A. Octaviano Villasana, and Arlyn Andrews
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 395–418, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-395-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-395-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate methane emissions and trends for 2010–2017 in the gridded national emission inventories for the United States, Canada, and Mexico by inversion of in situ and satellite methane observations. We find that anthropogenic methane emissions for all three countries are underestimated in the national inventories, largely driven by oil emissions. Anthropogenic methane emissions in the US peak in 2014, in contrast to the report of a steadily decreasing trend over 2010–2017 from the US EPA.
Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Ara Cho, Jin Ma, Aleya Kaushik, Katherine D. Haynes, Ian Baker, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Mathijs Groenink, Wouter Peters, John B. Miller, Joseph A. Berry, Jerome Ogée, Laura K. Meredith, Wu Sun, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Timo Vesala, Ivan Mammarella, Huilin Chen, Felix M. Spielmann, Georg Wohlfahrt, Max Berkelhammer, Mary E. Whelan, Kadmiel Maseyk, Ulli Seibt, Roisin Commane, Richard Wehr, and Maarten Krol
Biogeosciences, 18, 6547–6565, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6547-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6547-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The gas carbonyl sulfide (COS) can be used to estimate photosynthesis. To adopt this approach on regional and global scales, we need biosphere models that can simulate COS exchange. So far, such models have not been evaluated against observations. We evaluate the COS biosphere exchange of the SiB4 model against COS flux observations. We find that the model is capable of simulating key processes in COS biosphere exchange. Still, we give recommendations for further improvement of the model.
Thomas Luke Smallman, David Thomas Milodowski, Eráclito Sousa Neto, Gerbrand Koren, Jean Ometto, and Mathew Williams
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 1191–1237, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1191-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1191-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our study provides a novel assessment of model parameter, structure and climate change scenario uncertainty contribution to future predictions of the Brazilian terrestrial carbon stocks to 2100. We calibrated (2001–2017) five models of the terrestrial C cycle of varied structure. The calibrated models were then projected to 2100 under multiple climate change scenarios. Parameter uncertainty dominates overall uncertainty, being ~ 40 times that of either model structure or climate change scenario.
Luis Guanter, Cédric Bacour, Andreas Schneider, Ilse Aben, Tim A. van Kempen, Fabienne Maignan, Christian Retscher, Philipp Köhler, Christian Frankenberg, Joanna Joiner, and Yongguang Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5423–5440, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is an electromagnetic signal emitted by plants in the red and far-red parts of the spectrum. It has a functional link to photosynthesis and can be measured by satellite instruments, which makes it an important variable for the remote monitoring of the photosynthetic activity of vegetation ecosystems around the world. In this contribution we present a SIF dataset derived from the new Sentinel-5P TROPOMI missions.
Zhen Qu, Daniel J. Jacob, Lu Shen, Xiao Lu, Yuzhong Zhang, Tia R. Scarpelli, Hannah Nesser, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Joannes D. Maasakkers, A. Anthony Bloom, John R. Worden, Robert J. Parker, and Alba L. Delgado
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14159–14175, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The recent launch of TROPOMI offers an unprecedented opportunity to quantify the methane budget from a top-down perspective. We use TROPOMI and the more mature GOSAT methane observations to estimate methane emissions and get consistent global budgets. However, TROPOMI shows biases over regions where surface albedo is small and provides less information for the coarse-resolution inversion due to the larger error correlations and spatial variations in the number of observations.
Yi Yin, Frederic Chevallier, Philippe Ciais, Philippe Bousquet, Marielle Saunois, Bo Zheng, John Worden, A. Anthony Bloom, Robert J. Parker, Daniel J. Jacob, Edward J. Dlugokencky, and Christian Frankenberg
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12631–12647, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12631-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12631-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The growth of methane, the second-most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide, has been accelerating in recent years. Using an ensemble of multi-tracer atmospheric inversions constrained by surface or satellite observations, we show that global methane emissions increased by nearly 1 % per year from 2010–2017, with leading contributions from the tropics and East Asia.
Xiaolu Ling, Ying Huang, Weidong Guo, Yixin Wang, Chaorong Chen, Bo Qiu, Jun Ge, Kai Qin, Yong Xue, and Jian Peng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4209–4229, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4209-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4209-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture (SM) plays a critical role in the water and energy cycles of the Earth system, for which a long-term SM product with high quality is urgently needed. In situ observations are generally treated as the true value to systematically evaluate five SM products, including one remote sensing product and four reanalysis data sets during 1981–2013. This long-term intercomparison study provides clues for SM product enhancement and further hydrological applications.
Dien Wu, John C. Lin, Henrique F. Duarte, Vineet Yadav, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Tomohiro Oda, and Eric A. Kort
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3633–3661, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A model (SMUrF) is presented that estimates biogenic CO2 fluxes over cities around the globe to separate out biogenic fluxes from anthropogenic emissions. The model leverages satellite-based solar-induced fluorescence data and a machine-learning technique. We evaluate the biogenic fluxes against flux observations and show contrasts between biogenic and anthropogenic fluxes over cities, revealing urban–rural flux gradients, diurnal cycles, and the resulting imprints on atmospheric-column CO2.
Fabienne Maignan, Camille Abadie, Marine Remaud, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Róisín Commane, Richard Wehr, J. Elliott Campbell, Sauveur Belviso, Stephen A. Montzka, Nina Raoult, Ulli Seibt, Yoichi P. Shiga, Nicolas Vuichard, Mary E. Whelan, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences, 18, 2917–2955, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2917-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The assimilation of carbonyl sulfide (COS) by continental vegetation has been proposed as a proxy for gross primary production (GPP). Using a land surface and a transport model, we compare a mechanistic representation of the plant COS uptake (Berry et al., 2013) to the classical leaf relative uptake (LRU) approach linking GPP and vegetation COS fluxes. We show that at high temporal resolutions a mechanistic approach is mandatory, but at large scales the LRU approach compares similarly.
Caroline A. Famiglietti, T. Luke Smallman, Paul A. Levine, Sophie Flack-Prain, Gregory R. Quetin, Victoria Meyer, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Stephanie G. Stettz, Yan Yang, Damien Bonal, A. Anthony Bloom, Mathew Williams, and Alexandra G. Konings
Biogeosciences, 18, 2727–2754, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2727-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2727-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Model uncertainty dominates the spread in terrestrial carbon cycle predictions. Efforts to reduce it typically involve adding processes, thereby increasing model complexity. However, if and how model performance scales with complexity is unclear. Using a suite of 16 structurally distinct carbon cycle models, we find that increased complexity only improves skill if parameters are adequately informed. Otherwise, it can degrade skill, and an intermediate-complexity model is optimal.
Hiroki Mizuochi, Agnès Ducharne, Frédérique Cheruy, Josefine Ghattas, Amen Al-Yaari, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Vladislav Bastrikov, Philippe Peylin, Fabienne Maignan, and Nicolas Vuichard
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2199–2221, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2199-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2199-2021, 2021
Yan Sun, Daniel S. Goll, Jinfeng Chang, Philippe Ciais, Betrand Guenet, Julian Helfenstein, Yuanyuan Huang, Ronny Lauerwald, Fabienne Maignan, Victoria Naipal, Yilong Wang, Hui Yang, and Haicheng Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1987–2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1987-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1987-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the performance of the nutrient-enabled version of the land surface model ORCHIDEE-CNP v1.2 against remote sensing, ground-based measurement networks and ecological databases. The simulated carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes among different spatial scales are generally in good agreement with data-driven estimates. However, the recent carbon sink in the Northern Hemisphere is substantially underestimated. Potential causes and model development priorities are discussed.
Xiao Lu, Daniel J. Jacob, Yuzhong Zhang, Joannes D. Maasakkers, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Lu Shen, Zhen Qu, Tia R. Scarpelli, Hannah Nesser, Robert M. Yantosca, Jianxiong Sheng, Arlyn Andrews, Robert J. Parker, Hartmut Boesch, A. Anthony Bloom, and Shuang Ma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4637–4657, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4637-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4637-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use an analytical solution to the Bayesian inverse problem to quantitatively compare and combine the information from satellite and in situ observations, and to estimate global methane budget and their trends over the 2010–2017 period. We find that satellite and in situ observations are to a large extent complementary in the inversion for estimating global methane budget, and reveal consistent corrections of regional anthropogenic and wetland methane emissions relative to the prior inventory.
Joannes D. Maasakkers, Daniel J. Jacob, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Tia R. Scarpelli, Hannah Nesser, Jianxiong Sheng, Yuzhong Zhang, Xiao Lu, A. Anthony Bloom, Kevin W. Bowman, John R. Worden, and Robert J. Parker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4339–4356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4339-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4339-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use 2010–2015 GOSAT satellite observations of atmospheric methane over North America in a high-resolution inversion to estimate methane emissions. We find general consistency with the gridded EPA inventory but higher oil and gas production emissions, with oil production emissions twice as large as in the latest EPA Greenhouse Gas Inventory. We find lower wetland emissions than predicted by WetCHARTs and a small increasing trend in the eastern US, apparently related to unconventional oil/gas.
Yuzhong Zhang, Daniel J. Jacob, Xiao Lu, Joannes D. Maasakkers, Tia R. Scarpelli, Jian-Xiong Sheng, Lu Shen, Zhen Qu, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Jinfeng Chang, A. Anthony Bloom, Shuang Ma, John Worden, Robert J. Parker, and Hartmut Boesch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3643–3666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3643-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3643-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use 2010–2018 satellite observations of atmospheric methane to interpret the factors controlling atmospheric methane and its accelerating increase during the period. The 2010–2018 increase in global methane emissions is driven by tropical and boreal wetlands and tropical livestock (South Asia, Africa, Brazil), with an insignificant positive trend in emissions from the fossil fuel sector. The peak methane growth rates in 2014–2015 are also contributed by low OH and high fire emissions.
Junjie Liu, Latha Baskaran, Kevin Bowman, David Schimel, A. Anthony Bloom, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Tomohiro Oda, Dustin Carroll, Dimitris Menemenlis, Joanna Joiner, Roisin Commane, Bruce Daube, Lucianna V. Gatti, Kathryn McKain, John Miller, Britton B. Stephens, Colm Sweeney, and Steven Wofsy
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 299–330, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-299-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-299-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
On average, the terrestrial biosphere carbon sink is equivalent to ~ 20 % of fossil fuel emissions. Understanding where and why the terrestrial biosphere absorbs carbon from the atmosphere is pivotal to any mitigation policy. Here we present a regionally resolved satellite-constrained net biosphere exchange (NBE) dataset with corresponding uncertainties between 2010–2018: CMS-Flux NBE 2020. The dataset provides a unique perspective on monitoring regional contributions to the CO2 growth rate.
Xueying Yu, Dylan B. Millet, Kelley C. Wells, Daven K. Henze, Hansen Cao, Timothy J. Griffis, Eric A. Kort, Genevieve Plant, Malte J. Deventer, Randall K. Kolka, D. Tyler Roman, Kenneth J. Davis, Ankur R. Desai, Bianca C. Baier, Kathryn McKain, Alan C. Czarnetzki, and A. Anthony Bloom
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 951–971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-951-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-951-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Methane concentrations have doubled since 1750. The US Upper Midwest is a key region contributing to such trends, but sources are poorly understood. We collected and analyzed aircraft data to resolve spatial and timing biases in wetland and livestock emission estimates and uncover errors in inventory treatment of manure management. We highlight the importance of intensive agriculture for the regional and US methane budgets and the potential for methane mitigation through improved management.
Sudhanshu Pandey, Sander Houweling, Alba Lorente, Tobias Borsdorff, Maria Tsivlidou, A. Anthony Bloom, Benjamin Poulter, Zhen Zhang, and Ilse Aben
Biogeosciences, 18, 557–572, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-557-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-557-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use atmospheric methane observations from the novel TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI; Sentinel-5p) to estimate methane emissions from South Sudan's wetlands. Our emission estimates are an order of magnitude larger than the estimate of process-based wetland models. We find that this underestimation by the models is likely due to their misrepresentation of the wetlands' inundation extent and temperature dependences.
Yuming Jin, Ralph F. Keeling, Eric J. Morgan, Eric Ray, Nicholas C. Parazoo, and Britton B. Stephens
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 217–238, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-217-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-217-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new atmospheric coordinate (Mθe) based on equivalent potential temperature (θe) but with mass as the unit. This coordinate is useful in studying the spatial and temporal distribution of long-lived chemical tracers (CO2, CH4, O2 / N2, etc.) from sparse data, like airborne observation. Using this coordinate and sparse airborne observation (HIPPO and ATom), we resolve the Northern Hemisphere mass-weighted average CO2 seasonal cycle with high accuracy.
A. Anthony Bloom, Kevin W. Bowman, Junjie Liu, Alexandra G. Konings, John R. Worden, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Victoria Meyer, John T. Reager, Helen M. Worden, Zhe Jiang, Gregory R. Quetin, T. Luke Smallman, Jean-François Exbrayat, Yi Yin, Sassan S. Saatchi, Mathew Williams, and David S. Schimel
Biogeosciences, 17, 6393–6422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6393-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6393-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We use a model of the 2001–2015 tropical land carbon cycle, with satellite measurements of land and atmospheric carbon, to disentangle lagged and concurrent effects (due to past and concurrent meteorological events, respectively) on annual land–atmosphere carbon exchanges. The variability of lagged effects explains most 2001–2015 inter-annual carbon flux variations. We conclude that concurrent and lagged effects need to be accurately resolved to better predict the world's land carbon sink.
Robert J. Parker, Chris Wilson, A. Anthony Bloom, Edward Comyn-Platt, Garry Hayman, Joe McNorton, Hartmut Boesch, and Martyn P. Chipperfield
Biogeosciences, 17, 5669–5691, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5669-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5669-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Wetlands contribute the largest uncertainty to the atmospheric methane budget. WetCHARTs is a simple, data-driven model that estimates wetland emissions using observations of precipitation and temperature. We perform the first detailed evaluation of WetCHARTs against satellite data and find it performs well in reproducing the observed wetland methane seasonal cycle for the majority of wetland regions. In regions where it performs poorly, we highlight incorrect wetland extent as a key reason.
Yuan Zhang, Ana Bastos, Fabienne Maignan, Daniel Goll, Olivier Boucher, Laurent Li, Alessandro Cescatti, Nicolas Vuichard, Xiuzhi Chen, Christof Ammann, M. Altaf Arain, T. Andrew Black, Bogdan Chojnicki, Tomomichi Kato, Ivan Mammarella, Leonardo Montagnani, Olivier Roupsard, Maria J. Sanz, Lukas Siebicke, Marek Urbaniak, Francesco Primo Vaccari, Georg Wohlfahrt, Will Woodgate, and Philippe Ciais
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5401–5423, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5401-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5401-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We improved the ORCHIDEE LSM by distinguishing diffuse and direct light in canopy and evaluated the new model with observations from 159 sites. Compared with the old model, the new model has better sunny GPP and reproduced the diffuse light fertilization effect observed at flux sites. Our simulations also indicate different mechanisms causing the observed GPP enhancement under cloudy conditions at different times. The new model has the potential to study large-scale impacts of aerosol changes.
Cited articles
Anav, A., Friedlingstein, P., Beer, C., Ciais, P., Harper, A., Jones, C.,
Murray-Tortarolo, G., Papale, D., Parazoo, N. C., Peylin, P., Piao, S.,
Sitch, S., Viovy, N., Wiltshire, A., and Zhao, M.: Spatiotemporal patterns
of terrestrial gross primary production: A review, Rev. Geophys., 53,
785–818, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015RG000483, 2015.
Arneth, A., Lloyd, J., Shibistova, O., Sogachev, A., and Kolle, O.: Spring
in the boreal environment: observations on pre- and post-melt energy and
CO2 fluxes in two central Siberian ecosystems, Boreal Environ. Res.,
11, 311–328, 2006.
Bacour, C., Maignan, F., MacBean, N., Porcar-Castell, A., Flexas, J.,
Frankenberg, C., Peylin, P., Chevallier, F., Vuichard, N., and Bastrikov,
V.: Improving Estimates of Gross Primary Productivity by Assimilating
Solar-Induced Fluorescence Satellite Retrievals in a Terrestrial Biosphere
Model Using a Process-Based SIF Model, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 124,
3281–3306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005040, 2019.
Baldocchi, D.: “Breathing” of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from
a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems, Aust. J. Bot.,
56, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1071/BT07151, 2008.
Baldocchi, D., Chu, H., and Reichstein, M.: Inter-annual variability of net
and gross ecosystem carbon fluxes: A review, Agric. For. Meteorol., 249,
520–533, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.05.015,
2018.
Bauerle, W. L., Oren, R., Way, D. A., Qian, S. S., Stoy, P. C., Thornton, P.
E., Bowden, J. D., Hoffman, F. M., and Reynolds, R. F.: Photoperiodic
regulation of the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacity and the
implications for carbon cycling, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 8612–8617, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119131109, 2012.
Beer, C., Reichstein, M., Tomelleri, E., Ciais, P., Jung, M., Carvalhais,
N., Rödenbeck, C., Arain, M. A., Baldocchi, D., Bonan, G. B., Bondeau,
A., Cescatti, A., Lasslop, G., Lindroth, A., Lomas, M., Luyssaert, S.,
Margolis, H., Oleson, K. W., Roupsard, O., Veenendaal, E., Viovy, N.,
Williams, C., Woodward, F. I., and Papale, D.: Terrestrial Gross Carbon
Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate, Science,
329, 834–838,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184984, 2010.
Bergeron, O., Margolis, H. A., Black, T. A., Coursolle, C.,
Dunn, A. L., Barr, A. G., and Wofsy, S. C.: Comparison of carbon dioxide
fluxes over three boreal black spruce forests in Canada, Global Change
Biol., 13, 89–107,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01281.x, 2007.
Blanken, P. D., Monson, R. K., Burns, S. P., Bowling, D. R., and Turnipseed, A. A.:
Ameriflux US-NR1 Niwot Ridge Forest (LTER NWT1), Ver. 16-5, AmeriFlux AMP
[data set], https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246088, 2020.
Bloom, A. A. and Williams, M.: Constraining ecosystem carbon dynamics in a data-limited world: integrating ecological “common sense” in a model–data fusion framework, Biogeosciences, 12, 1299–1315, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1299-2015, 2015.
Bloom, A. A., Exbrayat, J.-F., Velde, I. R. van der, Feng, L., and Williams,
M.: The decadal state of the terrestrial carbon cycle: Global retrievals of
terrestrial carbon allocation, pools, and residence times, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113,
1285–1290, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515160113, 2016.
Bloom, A. A., Bowman, K. W., Liu, J., Konings, A. G., Worden, J. R., Parazoo, N. C., Meyer, V., Reager, J. T., Worden, H. M., Jiang, Z., Quetin, G. R., Smallman, T. L., Exbrayat, J.-F., Yin, Y., Saatchi, S. S., Williams, M., and Schimel, D. S.: Lagged effects regulate the inter-annual variability of the tropical carbon balance, Biogeosciences, 17, 6393–6422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6393-2020, 2020.
Bowling, D. R., Logan, B. A., Hufkens, K., Aubrecht, D. M., Richardson, A.
D., Burns, S. P., Anderegg, W. R. L., Blanken, P. D., and Eiriksson, D. P.:
Limitations to winter and spring photosynthesis of a Rocky Mountain
subalpine forest, Agric. For. Meteorol., 252, 241–255, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.01.025, 2018.
Buermann, W., Bikash, P. R., Jung, M., Burn, D. H., and Reichstein, M.:
Earlier springs decrease peak summer productivity in North American boreal
forests, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 024027, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024027, 2013.
Buermann, W., Forkel, M., O'Sullivan, M., Sitch, S., Friedlingstein, P.,
Haverd, V., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Kautz, M., Lienert, S., Lombardozzi, D.,
Nabel, J. E. M. S., Tian, H., Wiltshire, A. J., Zhu, D., Smith, W. K., and
Richardson, A. D.: Widespread seasonal compensation effects of spring
warming on northern plant productivity, Nature, 562, 110–114, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0555-7, 2018.
Burns, S. P., Blanken, P. D., Turnipseed, A. A., Hu, J., and Monson, R. K.: The influence of warm-season precipitation on the diel cycle of the surface energy balance and carbon dioxide at a Colorado subalpine forest site, Biogeosciences, 12, 7349–7377, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7349-2015, 2015.
Chang, Q., Xiao, X., Wu, X., Doughty, R., Jiao, W., Bajgain, R., Qin, Y.,
and Wang, J.: Estimating site-specific optimum air temperature and assessing
its effect on the photosynthesis of grasslands in mid- to high-latitudes,
Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 034064,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab70bb, 2020.
Desai, A. R.: Climatic and phenological controls on coherent regional
interannual variability of carbon dioxide flux in a heterogeneous landscape,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 115, G00J02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001423, 2010.
Ensminger, I., Sveshnikov, D., Campbell, D. A., Funk, C., Jansson, S.,
Lloyd, J., Shibistova, O., and Öquist, G.: Intermittent low temperatures
constrain spring recovery of photosynthesis in boreal Scots pine forests,
Global Change Biol., 10, 995–1008, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00781.x, 2004.
Euskirchen, E. S., Carman, T. B., and McGuire, A. D.: Changes in the
structure and function of northern Alaskan ecosystems when considering
variable leaf-out times across groupings of species in a dynamic vegetation
model, Global Change Biol., 20, 963–978, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12392, 2014.
Exbrayat, J.-F., Bloom, A. A., Falloon, P., Ito, A., Smallman, T. L., and Williams, M.: Reliability ensemble averaging of 21st century projections of terrestrial net primary productivity reduces global and regional uncertainties, Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 153–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-153-2018, 2018.
Famiglietti, C. A., Smallman, T. L., Levine, P. A., Flack-Prain, S., Quetin, G. R., Meyer, V., Parazoo, N. C., Stettz, S. G., Yang, Y., Bonal, D., Bloom, A. A., Williams, M., and Konings, A. G.: Optimal model complexity for terrestrial carbon cycle prediction, Biogeosciences, 18, 2727–2754, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2727-2021, 2021.
Flynn, D. F. B. and Wolkovich, E. M.: Temperature and photoperiod drive
spring phenology across all species in a temperate forest community, New
Phytol., 219, 1353–1362, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15232,
2018.
Forkel, M., Carvalhais, N., Rödenbeck, C., Keeling, R., Heimann, M.,
Thonicke, K., Zaehle, S., and Reichstein, M.: Enhanced seasonal CO2 exchange
caused by amplified plant productivity in northern ecosystems, Science, 351,
696–699, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4971, 2016.
Fox, A., Williams, M., Richardson, A. D., Cameron, D., Gove, J. H., Quaife,
T., Ricciuto, D., Reichstein, M., Tomelleri, E., Trudinger, C. M., and Van
Wijk, M. T.: The REFLEX project: Comparing different algorithms and
implementations for the inversion of a terrestrial ecosystem model against
eddy covariance data, Agric. For. Meteorol., 149, 1597–1615, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.05.002, 2009.
Frank, J. M., Massman, W. J., Ewers, B. E., Huckaby, L. S., and Negrón,
J. F.: Ecosystem CO2/H2O fluxes are explained by hydraulically limited gas
exchange during tree mortality from spruce bark beetles, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 119, 1195–1215,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JG002597, 2014.
Goulden, M. and Bales, R.: California forest die-off linked to multi-year
deep soil drying in 2012–2015 drought, Nat. Geosci., 12, 1,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0388-5, 2019.
Greenland, D.: The Climate of Niwot Ridge, Front Range, Colorado, U.S.A.,
Arctic Alpine Res., 21, 380–391,
https://doi.org/10.2307/1551647, 1989.
Haario, H., Saksman, E., and Tamminen, J.: An Adaptive Metropolis Algorithm,
Bernoulli, 7, 223–242, https://doi.org/10.2307/3318737, 2001.
Hu, J., Moore, D. J. P., Burns, S. P., and Monson, R. K.: Longer growing
seasons lead to less carbon sequestration by a subalpine forest, Global
Change Biol., 16, 771–783, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01967.x, 2010.
Huxman, T. E., Turnipseed, A. A., Sparks, J. P., Harley, P. C., and Monson,
R. K.: Temperature as a control over ecosystem CO2 fluxes in a
high-elevation, subalpine forest, Oecologia, 134, 537–546, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-1131-1, 2003.
Ishida, A., Nakano, T., Sekikawa, S., Maruta, E., and Masuzawa, T.: Diurnal
changes in needle gas exchange in alpine Pinus pumila during snow-melting
and summer seasons, Ecol. Res., 16, 107–116, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.2001.00376.x, 2001.
Kattge, J. and Knorr, W.: Temperature acclimation in a biochemical model of
photosynthesis: a reanalysis of data from 36 species, Plant Cell Environ.,
30, 1176–1190, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01690.x, 2007.
Keenan, T. F., Davidson, E., Moffat, A. M., Munger, W., and Richardson, A.
D.: Using model-data fusion to interpret past trends, and quantify
uncertainties in future projections, of terrestrial ecosystem carbon
cycling, Global Change Biol., 18, 2555–2569, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02684.x, 2012.
Keenan, T. F., Gray, J., Friedl, M. A., Toomey, M., Bohrer, G., Hollinger,
D. Y., Munger, J. W., O'Keefe, J., Schmid, H. P., Wing, I. S., Yang, B., and
Richardson, A. D.: Net carbon uptake has increased through warming-induced
changes in temperate forest phenology, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 598–604,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2253, 2014.
Knowles, J. F., Burns, S. P., Blanken, P. D., and Monson, R. K.: Fluxes of
energy, water, and carbon dioxide from mountain ecosystems at Niwot Ridge,
Colorado, Plant Ecolog. Divers., 8, 663–676, https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2014.904950, 2015.
Knowles, J. F., Molotch, N. P., Trujillo, E., and Litvak, M. E.:
Snowmelt-Driven Trade-Offs Between Early and Late Season Productivity
Negatively Impact Forest Carbon Uptake During Drought, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
45, 3087–3096, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076504, 2018.
Korzukhin, M. D., Ter-Mikaelian, M. T., and Wagner, R. G.: Process versus
empirical models: which approach for forest ecosystem management?, Can. J.
For. Res., 26, 879–887, https://doi.org/10.1139/x26-096, 2011.
Lasslop, G., Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Richardson, A. D., Arneth, A.,
Barr, A., Stoy, P., and Wohlfahrt, G.: Separation of net ecosystem exchange
into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach:
critical issues and global evaluation, Global Change Biol., 16, 187–208,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x, 2009.
Lin, J. C., Mallia, D. V., Wu, D., and Stephens, B. B.: How can mountaintop CO2 observations be used to constrain regional carbon fluxes?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5561–5581, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5561-2017, 2017.
López-Blanco, E., Exbrayat, J.-F., Lund, M., Christensen, T. R., Tamstorf, M. P., Slevin, D., Hugelius, G., Bloom, A. A., and Williams, M.: Evaluation of terrestrial pan-Arctic carbon cycling using a data-assimilation system, Earth Syst. Dynam., 10, 233–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-233-2019, 2019.
Magney, T. S., Bowling, D. R., Logan, B. A., Grossmann, K., Stutz, J.,
Blanken, P. D., Burns, S. P., Cheng, R., Garcia, M. A., Köhler, P., Lopez,
S., Parazoo, N. C., Raczka, B., Schimel, D., and Frankenberg, C.:
Mechanistic evidence for tracking the seasonality of photosynthesis with
solar-induced fluorescence, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 11640–11645, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900278116, 2019.
Mayr, S., Schmid, P., Laur, J., Rosner, S., Charra-Vaskou, K., Dämon,
B., and Hacke, U. G.: Uptake of Water via Branches Helps Timberline Conifers
Refill Embolized Xylem in Late Winter, Plant Physiol., 164, 1731–1740,
https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.236646, 2014.
Medlyn, B. E., Dreyer, E., Ellsworth, D., Forstreuter, M., Harley, P. C.,
Kirschbaum, M. U. F., Roux, X. L., Montpied, P., Strassemeyer, J., Walcroft,
A., Wang, K., and Loustau, D.: Temperature response of parameters of a
biochemically based model of photosynthesis. II. A review of experimental
data, Plant Cell Environ., 25, 1167–1179, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00891.x, 2002.
Monson, R. K., Turnipseed, A. A., Sparks, J. P., Harley, P. C.,
Scott-Denton, L. E., Sparks, K., and Huxman, T. E.: Carbon sequestration in
a high-elevation, subalpine forest, Global Change Biol., 8, 459–478,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00480.x, 2002.
Moore, D. J. P., Hu, J., Sacks, W. J., Schimel, D. S., and Monson, R. K.:
Estimating transpiration and the sensitivity of carbon uptake to water
availability in a subalpine forest using a simple ecosystem process model
informed by measured net CO2 and H2O fluxes, Agric. For. Meteorol., 148,
1467–1477, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.04.013,
2008.
Myneni, R. B., Keeling, C. D., Tucker, C. J., Asrar, G., and Nemani, R. R.:
Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991,
Nature, 386, 698–702, https://doi.org/10.1038/386698a0, 1997.
Öquist, G. and Huner, N. P. A.: Photosynthesis of Overwintering
Evergreen Plants, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 54, 329–355, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.072402.115741, 2003.
Parazoo, N. C., Arneth, A., Pugh, T. A. M., Smith, B., Steiner, N., Luus,
K., Commane, R., Benmergui, J., Stofferahn, E., Liu, J., Rödenbeck, C.,
Kawa, R., Euskirchen, E., Zona, D., Arndt, K., Oechel, W., and Miller, C.:
Spring photosynthetic onset and net CO2 uptake in Alaska triggered by
landscape thawing, Global Change Biol., 24, 3416–3435, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14283, 2018.
Parazoo, N. C., Magney, T., Norton, A., Raczka, B., Bacour, C., Maignan, F., Baker, I., Zhang, Y., Qiu, B., Shi, M., MacBean, N., Bowling, D. R., Burns, S. P., Blanken, P. D., Stutz, J., Grossmann, K., and Frankenberg, C.: Wide discrepancies in the magnitude and direction of modeled solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence in response to light conditions, Biogeosciences, 17, 3733–3755, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3733-2020, 2020.
Pierrat, Z., Nehemy, M. F., Roy, A., Magney, T., Parazoo, N. C., Laroque,
C., Pappas, C., Sonnentag, O., Grossmann, K., Bowling, D. R., Seibt, U.,
Ramirez, A., Johnson, B., Helgason, W., Barr, A., and Stutz, J.: Tower-Based
Remote Sensing Reveals Mechanisms Behind a Two-phased Spring Transition in a
Mixed-Species Boreal Forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 126, e2020JG006191, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JG006191, 2021.
Quetin, G. R., Bloom, A. A., Bowman, K. W., and Konings, A. G.: Carbon Flux
Variability From a Relatively Simple Ecosystem Model With Assimilated Data
Is Consistent With Terrestrial Biosphere Model Estimates, J. Adv. Model.
Earth Syst., 12, e2019MS001889, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001889, 2020.
Randerson, J. T., Field, C. B., Fung, I. Y., and Tans, P. P.: Increases in
early season ecosystem uptake explain recent changes in the seasonal cycle
of atmospheric CO2 at high northern latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26,
2765–2768, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900500, 1999.
Raupach, M. R., Rayner, P. J., Barrett, D. J., DeFries, R. S., Heimann, M.,
Ojima, D. S., Quegan, S., and Schmullius, C. C.: Model–data synthesis in
terrestrial carbon observation: methods, data requirements and data
uncertainty specifications, Global Change Biol., 11, 378–397, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00917.x, 2005.
Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M.,
Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A.,
Grünwald, T., Havránková, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl,
A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T.,
Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.-M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E.,
Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., and
Valentini, R.: On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation
and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm, Global Change
Biol., 11, 1424–1439, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x, 2005.
Richardson, A. D., Williams, M., Hollinger, D. Y., Moore, D. J. P., Dail, D.
B., Davidson, E. A., Scott, N. A., Evans, R. S., Hughes, H., Lee, J. T.,
Rodrigues, C., and Savage, K.: Estimating parameters of a forest ecosystem C
model with measurements of stocks and fluxes as joint constraints,
Oecologia, 164, 25–40, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1628-y, 2010.
Rowland, L., Hill, T. C., Stahl, C., Siebicke, L., Burban, B.,
Zaragoza-Castells, J., Ponton, S., Bonal, D., Meir, P., and Williams, M.:
Evidence for strong seasonality in the carbon storage and carbon use
efficiency of an Amazonian forest, Global Change Biol., 20, 979–991,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12375, 2014.
Schimel, D., Schneider, F. D., and JPL Carbon and Ecosystem Participants:
Flux towers in the sky: global ecology from space, New Phytol., 224,
570–584, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15934, 2019.
Scott-Denton, L. E., Moore, D. J. P., Rosenbloom, N. A., Kittel, T. G. F.,
Burns, S. P., Schimel, D. S., and Monson, R. K.: Forecasting net ecosystem
CO2 exchange in a subalpine forest using model data assimilation combined
with simulated climate and weather generation, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118, 549–565, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20039,
2013.
Sippel, S., Forkel, M., Rammig, A., Thonicke, K., Flach, M., Heimann, M.,
Otto, F. E. L., Reichstein, M., and Mahecha, M. D.: Contrasting and
interacting changes in simulated spring and summer carbon cycle extremes in
European ecosystems, Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 075006, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7398, 2017.
Smallman, T. L., Exbrayat, J.-F., Mencuccini, M., Bloom, A. A., and
Williams, M.: Assimilation of repeated woody biomass observations constrains
decadal ecosystem carbon cycle uncertainty in aggrading forests, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 122, 528–545, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003520, 2017.
Smith, W. K., Fox, A. M., MacBean, N., Moore, D. J. P., and Parazoo, N. C.:
Constraining estimates of terrestrial carbon uptake: new opportunities using
long-term satellite observations and data assimilation, New Phytol., 225,
105–112, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16055, 2020.
Stavros, E. N., Schimel, D., Pavlick, R., Serbin, S., Swann, A., Duncanson,
L., Fisher, J. B., Fassnacht, F., Ustin, S., Dubayah, R., Schweiger, A., and
Wennberg, P.: ISS observations offer insights into plant function, Nat.
Ecol. Evol., 1, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0194,
2017.
Stettz, S.: Datasets for Study on Cold Temperature Limitation on GPP in an Evergreen Forest, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4928097, 2021.
Stinziano, J. R. and Way, D. A.: Autumn photosynthetic decline and growth
cessation in seedlings of white spruce are decoupled under warming and
photoperiod manipulations, Plant Cell Environ., 40, 1296–1316, https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12917, 2017.
Stinziano, J. R., Hüner, N. P. A., and Way, D. A.: Warming delays autumn
declines in photosynthetic capacity in a boreal conifer, Norway spruce
(Picea abies), Tree Physiol., 35, 1303–1313, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpv118, 2015.
Sun, Y., Frankenberg, C., Wood, J. D., Schimel, D. S., Jung, M., Guanter,
L., Drewry, D. T., Verma, M., Porcar-Castell, A., Griffis, T. J., Gu, L.,
Magney, T. S., Köhler, P., Evans, B., and Yuen, K.: OCO-2 advances
photosynthesis observation from space via solar-induced chlorophyll
fluorescence, Science, 358, eaam5747, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam5747, 2017.
Tanja, S., Berninger, F., Vesala, T., Markkanen, T., Hari, P.,
Mäkelä, A., Ilvesniemi, H., Hänninen, H., Nikinmaa, E., Huttula,
T., Laurila, T., Aurela, M., Grelle, A., Lindroth, A., Arneth, A.,
Shibistova, O., and Lloyd, J.: Air temperature triggers the recovery of
evergreen boreal forest photosynthesis in spring, Global Change Biol., 9,
1410–1426, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00597.x,
2003.
Thurner, M., Beer, C., Santoro, M., Carvalhais, N., Wutzler, T.,
Schepaschenko, D., Shvidenko, A., Kompter, E., Ahrens, B., Levick, S. R.,
and Schmullius, C.: Carbon stock and density of northern boreal and
temperate forests, Global Change Biol., 23, 297–310, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12125, 2014.
Turnipseed, A. A., Blanken, P. D., Anderson, D. E., and Monson, R. K.:
Energy budget above a high-elevation subalpine forest in complex topography,
Agric. For. Meteorol., 110, 177–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00290-8, 2002.
Turnipseed, A. A., Anderson, D. E., Burns, S., Blanken, P. D., and Monson,
R. K.: Airflows and turbulent flux measurements in mountainous terrain: Part
2: Mesoscale effects, Agric. For. Meteorol., 125, 187–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.04.007, 2004.
Wang, Y.-P., Trudinger, C. M., and Enting, I. G.: A review of applications
of model–data fusion to studies of terrestrial carbon fluxes at different
scales, Agric. For. Meteorol., 149, 1829–1842, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.07.009, 2009.
Williams, M., Rastetter, E. B., Fernandes, D. N., Goulden, M. L., Wofsy, S.
C., Shaver, G. R., Melillo, J. M., Munger, J. W., Fan, S.-M., and
Nadelhoffer, K. J.: Modelling the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum in a
Quercus–Acer stand at Harvard Forest: the regulation of stomatal
conductance by light, nitrogen and soil/plant hydraulic properties, Plant
Cell Environ., 19, 911–927, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00456.x, 1996.
Williams, M., Rastetter, E. B., Fernandes, D. N., Goulden, M. L., Shaver, G.
R., and Johnson, L. C.: Predicting Gross Primary Productivity in Terrestrial
Ecosystems, Ecol. Appl., 7, 882–894, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0882:PGPPIT]2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Williams, M., Law, B. E., Anthoni, P. M., and Unsworth, M. H.: Use of a
simulation model and ecosystem flux data to examine carbon–water
interactions in ponderosa pine, Tree Physiol., 21, 287–298, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/21.5.287, 2001.
Williams, M., Schwarz, P. A., Law, B. E., Irvine, J., and Kurpius, M. R.: An
improved analysis of forest carbon dynamics using data assimilation, Global
Change Biol., 11, 89–105, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00891.x, 2005.
Winchell, T. S., Barnard, D. M., Monson, R. K., Burns, S. P., and Molotch,
N. P.: Earlier snowmelt reduces atmospheric carbon uptake in midlatitude
subalpine forests, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 8160–8168, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069769, 2016.
Wolf, S., Keenan, T. F., Fisher, J. B., Baldocchi, D. D., Desai, A. R.,
Richardson, A. D., Scott, R. L., Law, B. E., Litvak, M. E., Brunsell, N. A.,
Peters, W., and van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T.: Warm spring reduced carbon cycle
impact of the 2012 US summer drought, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 5880, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519620113, 2016.
Wutzler, T., Lucas-Moffat, A., Migliavacca, M., Knauer, J., Sickel, K., Šigut, L., Menzer, O., and Reichstein, M.: Basic and extensible post-processing of eddy covariance flux data with REddyProc, Biogeosciences, 15, 5015–5030, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5015-2018, 2018.
Xu, C., Liu, H., Williams, A. P., Yin, Y., and Wu, X.: Trends toward an
earlier peak of the growing season in Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes,
Global Change Biol., 22, 2852–2860, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13224, 2016.
Yang, Q., Blanco, N. E., Hermida-Carrera, C., Lehotai, N., Hurry, V., and
Strand, Å.: Two dominant boreal conifers use contrasting mechanisms to
reactivate photosynthesis in the spring, Nat. Commun., 11, 128, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13954-0, 2020.
Yang, Y., Bloom, A. A., Ma, S., Levine, P., Norton, A., Parazoo, N. C., Reager, J. T., Worden, J., Quetin, G. R., Smallman, T. L., Williams, M., Xu, L., and Saatchi, S.: CARDAMOM-FluxVal Version 1.0: a FLUXNET-based Validation System for CARDAMOM Carbon and Water Flux Estimates, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2021-190, in review, 2021a.
Yang, Y., Bloom, A. A., Ma, S., Levine, P., Norton, A., Parazoo, N. C., Reager, J. T., Worden, J., Quetin, G. R., Smallman, T. L., Williams, M., Xu, L., and Saatchi, S.: CARDAMOM-FluxVal Version 1.0, Zenodo [data set, code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4904195, 2021b.
Yin, Y., Bloom, A. A., Worden, J., Saatchi, S., Yang, Y., Williams, M., Liu,
J., Jiang, Z., Worden, H., Bowman, K., Frankenberg, C., and Schimel, D.:
Fire decline in dry tropical ecosystems enhances decadal land carbon sink,
Nat. Commun., 11, 1900, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15852-2, 2020.
Short summary
Uncertainty in the response of photosynthesis to temperature poses a major challenge to predicting the response of forests to climate change. In this paper, we study how photosynthesis in a mountainous evergreen forest is limited by temperature. This study highlights that cold temperature is a key factor that controls spring photosynthesis. Including the cold-temperature limitation in an ecosystem model improved its ability to simulate spring photosynthesis.
Uncertainty in the response of photosynthesis to temperature poses a major challenge to...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint