Articles | Volume 11, issue 16
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4361-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4361-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Aug 2014
Research article |
| 19 Aug 2014
The impacts of drainage, nutrient status and management practice on the full carbon balance of grasslands on organic soils in a maritime temperate zone
F. Renou-Wilson
School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science West Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
C. Barry
Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
C. Müller
School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science West Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
Institute for Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
D. Wilson
Earthy Matters Environmental Consultants, Glenvar, Letterkenny, Co. Donegal, Ireland
Related authors
D. Wilson, S. D. Dixon, R. R. E. Artz, T. E. L. Smith, C. D. Evans, H. J. F. Owen, E. Archer, and F. Renou-Wilson
Biogeosciences, 12, 5291–5308, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5291-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5291-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified carbon dioxide emissions from drained peat extraction sites in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom and also measured a range of greenhouse gases that are released to the atmosphere with the burning of peat. Our derived carbon dioxide emission factors were considerably lower than those derived by the IPCC, which has major implications for National Inventory reporting under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol.
Mohammad Mofizur Rahman Jahangir, Eduardo Aguilera, Jannatul Ferdous, Farah Mahjabin, Abdullah Al Asif, Hassan Ahmad, Maximilian Bauer, Alberto Sanz Cobeña, Christoph Müller, and Mohammad Zaman
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-165, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-165, 2023
Publication in BG not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gas from major agricultural systems from the Indo Gangetic Plane has been estimated and compared with the measured data which will help develop regional GHG inventories and the global GHG budget. These data will reduce the uncertainty in global GHG budget which had a large uncertainty due to lack of regional data.
Anne B. Jansen-Willems, Gary J. Lanigan, Timothy J. Clough, Louise C. Andresen, and Christoph Müller
SOIL, 2, 601–614, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-601-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-601-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Legacy effects of increased temperature on both nitrogen (N) transformation rates and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from permanent temperate grassland soil were evaluated. A new source-partitioning model showed the importance of oxidation of organic N as a source of N2O. Gross organic (and not inorganic) N transformation rates decreased in response to the prior soil warming treatment. This was also reflected in reduced N2O emissions associated with organic N oxidation and denitrification.
M. M. R. Jahangir, K. G. Richards, M. G. Healy, L. Gill, C. Müller, P. Johnston, and O. Fenton
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 109–123, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-109-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-109-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Removal efficiency of carbon and nitrogen in constructed wetlands is inconsistent and does not reveal whether the removal processes are from physical attenuation or transformation to other reactive forms. Previous research did not consider "pollution swapping" driven by transformational processes. Herein the biogeochemical dynamics and fate of carbon and nitrogen and their potential impact on the environment, as well as novel ways in which these knowledge gaps may be eliminated, are explored.
D. Wilson, S. D. Dixon, R. R. E. Artz, T. E. L. Smith, C. D. Evans, H. J. F. Owen, E. Archer, and F. Renou-Wilson
Biogeosciences, 12, 5291–5308, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5291-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5291-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified carbon dioxide emissions from drained peat extraction sites in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom and also measured a range of greenhouse gases that are released to the atmosphere with the burning of peat. Our derived carbon dioxide emission factors were considerably lower than those derived by the IPCC, which has major implications for National Inventory reporting under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol.
L. Keidel, C. Kammann, L. Grünhage, G. Moser, and C. Müller
Biogeosciences, 12, 1257–1269, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1257-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1257-2015, 2015
K. L. McGeough, R. J. Laughlin, C. J. Watson, C. Müller, M. Ernfors, E. Cahalan, and K. G. Richards
Biogeosciences, 9, 4909–4919, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4909-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4909-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Greenhouse Gases
Assessing improvements in global ocean pCO2 machine learning reconstructions with Southern Ocean autonomous sampling
Timescale dependence of airborne fraction and underlying climate–carbon-cycle feedbacks for weak perturbations in CMIP5 models
Technical note: Preventing CO2 overestimation from mercuric or copper(II) chloride preservation of dissolved greenhouse gases in freshwater samples
Exploring temporal and spatial variation of nitrous oxide flux using several years of peatland forest automatic chamber data
Diurnal versus spatial variability of greenhouse gas emissions from an anthropogenically modified lowland river in Germany
Regional assessment and uncertainty analysis of carbon and nitrogen balances at cropland scale using the ecosystem model LandscapeDNDC
Resolving heterogeneous fluxes from tundra halves the growing season carbon budget
Lawns and meadows in urban green space – a comparison from perspectives of greenhouse gases, drought resilience and plant functional types
Large contribution of soil N2O emission to the global warming potential of a large-scale oil palm plantation despite changing from conventional to reduced management practices
Identifying landscape hot and cold spots of soil greenhouse gas fluxes by combining field measurements and remote sensing data
A case study on topsoil removal and rewetting for paludiculture: effect on biogeochemistry and greenhouse gas emissions from Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia and Azolla filiculoides
The emission of CO from tropical rain forest soils
Isotopomer labeling and oxygen dependence of hybrid nitrous oxide production
Enhanced Southern Ocean CO2 outgassing as a result of stronger and poleward shifted southern hemispheric westerlies
Modelling CO2 and N2O emissions from soils in silvopastoral systems of the West-African Sahelian band
Spatial and temporal variability of methane emissions and environmental conditions in a hyper-eutrophic fishpond
Optical and radar Earth observation data for upscaling methane emissions linked to permafrost degradation in sub-Arctic peatlands in northern Sweden
Herbivore–shrub interactions influence ecosystem respiration and biogenic volatile organic compound composition in the subarctic
Methane emissions due to reservoir flushing: a significant emission pathway?
Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from mounds of African fungus-growing termites
Diel and seasonal methane dynamics in the shallow and turbulent Wadden Sea
Technical note: Skirt chamber – an open dynamic method for the rapid and minimally intrusive measurement of greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands
Seasonal variability of nitrous oxide concentrations and emissions in a temperate estuary
Reviews and syntheses: Recent advances in microwave remote sensing in support of terrestrial carbon cycle science in Arctic–boreal regions
Simulated methane emissions from Arctic ponds are highly sensitive to warming
Water-table-driven greenhouse gas emission estimates guide peatland restoration at national scale
Relationships between greenhouse gas production and landscape position during short-term permafrost thaw under anaerobic conditions in the Lena Delta
Carbon emissions and radiative forcings from tundra wildfires in the Yukon–Kuskokwim River Delta, Alaska
Carbon monoxide (CO) cycling in the Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean
Post-flooding disturbance recovery promotes carbon capture in riparian zones
Meteorological responses of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of a subarctic landscape
Carbon emission and export from the Ket River, western Siberia
Evaluation of wetland CH4 in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model using satellite observations
Greenhouse gas fluxes in mangrove forest soil in an Amazon estuary
Temporal patterns and drivers of CO2 emission from dry sediments in a groyne field of a large river
Effects of water table level and nitrogen deposition on methane and nitrous oxide emissions in an alpine peatland
Highest methane concentrations in an Arctic river linked to local terrestrial inputs
Seasonal study of the small-scale variability in dissolved methane in the western Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea) during the European heatwave in 2018
Trace gas fluxes from tidal salt marsh soils: implications for carbon–sulfur biogeochemistry
Spatial and temporal variation in δ13C values of methane emitted from a hemiboreal mire: methanogenesis, methanotrophy, and hysteresis
Intercomparison of methods to estimate gross primary production based on CO2 and COS flux measurements
Lateral carbon export has low impact on the net ecosystem carbon balance of a polygonal tundra catchment
The effect of static chamber base on N2O flux in drip irrigation
Controls on autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration in an ombrotrophic bog
Episodic N2O emissions following tillage of a legume–grass cover crop mixture
Variation in CO2 and CH4 fluxes among land cover types in heterogeneous Arctic tundra in northeastern Siberia
Response of vegetation and carbon fluxes to brown lemming herbivory in northern Alaska
Sources of nitrous oxide and the fate of mineral nitrogen in subarctic permafrost peat soils
Data-based estimates of interannual sea–air CO2 flux variations 1957–2020 and their relation to environmental drivers
Evaluating alternative ebullition models for predicting peatland methane emission and its pathways via data–model fusion
Thea H. Heimdal, Galen A. McKinley, Adrienne J. Sutton, Amanda R. Fay, and Lucas Gloege
Biogeosciences, 21, 2159–2176, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2159-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2159-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of ocean carbon are limited in time and space. Machine learning algorithms are therefore used to reconstruct ocean carbon where observations do not exist. Improving these reconstructions is important in order to accurately estimate how much carbon the ocean absorbs from the atmosphere. In this study, we find that a small addition of observations from the Southern Ocean, obtained by autonomous sampling platforms, could significantly improve the reconstructions.
Guilherme L. Torres Mendonça, Julia Pongratz, and Christian H. Reick
Biogeosciences, 21, 1923–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1923-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1923-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the timescale dependence of airborne fraction and underlying feedbacks by a theory of the climate–carbon system. Using simulations we show the predictive power of this theory and find that (1) this fraction generally decreases for increasing timescales and (2) at all timescales the total feedback is negative and the model spread in a single feedback causes the spread in the airborne fraction. Our study indicates that those are properties of the system, independently of the scenario.
François Clayer, Jan Erik Thrane, Kuria Ndungu, Andrew King, Peter Dörsch, and Thomas Rohrlack
Biogeosciences, 21, 1903–1921, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Determination of dissolved greenhouse gas (GHG) in freshwater allows us to estimate GHG fluxes. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is used to preserve water samples prior to GHG analysis despite its environmental and health impacts and interferences with water chemistry in freshwater. Here, we tested the effects of HgCl2, two substitutes and storage time on GHG in water from two boreal lakes. Preservation with HgCl2 caused overestimation of CO2 concentration with consequences for GHG flux estimation.
Helena Rautakoski, Mika Korkiakoski, Jarmo Mäkelä, Markku Koskinen, Kari Minkkinen, Mika Aurela, Paavo Ojanen, and Annalea Lohila
Biogeosciences, 21, 1867–1886, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1867-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1867-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Current and future nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are difficult to estimate due to their high variability in space and time. Several years of N2O fluxes from drained boreal peatland forest indicate high importance of summer precipitation, winter temperature, and snow conditions in controlling annual N2O emissions. The results indicate increasing year-to-year variation in N2O emissions in changing climate with more extreme seasonal weather conditions.
Matthias Koschorreck, Norbert Kamjunke, Uta Koedel, Michael Rode, Claudia Schuetze, and Ingeborg Bussmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 1613–1628, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from different sites at the river Elbe in Germany over 3 days to find out what is more important for quantification: small-scale spatial variability or diurnal temporal variability. We found that CO2 emissions were very different between day and night, while CH4 emissions were more different between sites. Dried out river sediments contributed to CO2 emissions, while the side areas of the river were important CH4 sources.
Odysseas Sifounakis, Edwin Haas, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, and Maria P. Papadopoulou
Biogeosciences, 21, 1563–1581, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1563-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1563-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We performed a full assessment of the carbon and nitrogen cycles of a cropland ecosystem. An uncertainty analysis and quantification of all carbon and nitrogen fluxes were deployed. The inventory simulations include greenhouse gas emissions of N2O, NH3 volatilization and NO3 leaching from arable land cultivation in Greece. The inventory also reports changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in arable soils.
Sarah M. Ludwig, Luke Schiferl, Jacqueline Hung, Susan M. Natali, and Roisin Commane
Biogeosciences, 21, 1301–1321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Landscapes are often assumed to be homogeneous when using eddy covariance fluxes, which can lead to biases when calculating carbon budgets. In this study we report eddy covariance carbon fluxes from heterogeneous tundra. We used the footprints of each flux observation to unmix the fluxes coming from components of the landscape. We identified and quantified hot spots of carbon emissions in the landscape. Accurately scaling with landscape heterogeneity yielded half as much regional carbon uptake.
Justine Trémeau, Beñat Olascoaga, Leif Backman, Esko Karvinen, Henriikka Vekuri, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 21, 949–972, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-949-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-949-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied urban lawns and meadows in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. We found that meadows are more resistant to drought events but that they do not increase carbon sequestration compared with lawns. Moreover, the transformation from lawns to meadows did not demonstrate any negative climate effects in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Even though social and economic aspects also steer urban development, these results can guide planning to consider carbon-smart options.
Guantao Chen, Edzo Veldkamp, Muhammad Damris, Bambang Irawan, Aiyen Tjoa, and Marife D. Corre
Biogeosciences, 21, 513–529, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-513-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-513-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We established an oil palm management experiment in a large-scale oil palm plantation in Jambi, Indonesia. We recorded oil palm fruit yield and measured soil CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes. After 4 years of treatment, compared with conventional fertilization with herbicide weeding, reduced fertilization with mechanical weeding did not reduce yield and soil greenhouse gas emissions, which highlights the legacy effects of over a decade of conventional management prior to the start of the experiment.
Elizabeth Gachibu Wangari, Ricky Mwangada Mwanake, Tobias Houska, David Kraus, Gretchen Maria Gettel, Ralf Kiese, Lutz Breuer, and Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
Biogeosciences, 20, 5029–5067, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5029-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5029-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Agricultural landscapes act as sinks or sources of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO2, CH4, or N2O. Various physicochemical and biological processes control the fluxes of these GHGs between ecosystems and the atmosphere. Therefore, fluxes depend on environmental conditions such as soil moisture, soil temperature, or soil parameters, which result in large spatial and temporal variations of GHG fluxes. Here, we describe an example of how this variation may be studied and analyzed.
Merit van den Berg, Thomas Gremmen, Renske J. E. Vroom, Jacobus van Huissteden, Jim Boonman, Corine J. A. van Huissteden, Ype van der Velde, Alfons J. P. Smolders, and Bas P. van de Riet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2826, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2826, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Drained peatlands emit 3 % of the global greenhouse gas emission. Paludiculture is a way to reduce CO2 emissions while at the same time generating an income for landowners. The side effect is the potentially high methane emission. We found very high methane emission for broadleaf cattail, compared to narrowleaf cattail and water fern. The rewetting was, however, effective to stop CO2 emission for all species. The highest potential to reduce greenhouse gas emission had narrowleaf cattail.
Hella van Asperen, Thorsten Warneke, Alessandro Carioca de Araújo, Bruce Forsberg, Sávio José Filgueiras Ferreira, Thomas Röckmann, Carina van der Veen, Sipko Bulthuis, Leonardo Ramos de Oliveira, Thiago de Lima Xavier, Jailson da Mata, Marta de Oliveira Sá, Paulo Ricardo Teixeira, Julie Andrews de França e Silva, Susan Trumbore, and Justus Notholt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2746, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2746, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is considered an important indirect greenhouse gas. Soils can emit as well as take up CO but, until now, uncertainty remains which process dominates in tropical rain forests. We present the first soil CO flux measurements from a tropical rain forest. Based on our observations, we report that tropical rain forest soils are a net source of CO. In addition, we show that valley streams and inundated areas are likely additional hot spots of CO in the ecosystem.
Colette L. Kelly, Nicole M. Travis, Pascale A. Baya, Claudia Frey, Xin Sun, Bess B. Ward, and Karen L. Casciotti
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2642, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2642, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the origins of nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas, in low oxygen ocean regions. Our findings shed light on the microbial processes behind nitrous oxide production, including “hybrid” nitrous oxide generation by ammonia-oxidizing archaea, one of the most abundant organisms in the ocean. We also observed a strong link between nitrous oxide production and oxygen levels. These results set up potential feedbacks between oxygen depletion and greenhouse gas cycling in the oceans.
Laurie C. Menviel, Paul Spence, Andrew E. Kiss, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Hakase Hayashida, Matthew H. England, and Darryn Waugh
Biogeosciences, 20, 4413–4431, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4413-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4413-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
As the ocean absorbs 25% of the anthropogenic emissions of carbon, it is important to understand the impact of climate change on the flux of carbon between the ocean and the atmosphere. Here, we use a very high-resolution ocean, sea-ice, carbon cycle model to show that the capability of the Southern Ocean to uptake CO2 has decreased over the last 40 years due to a strengthening and poleward shift of the southern hemispheric westerlies. This trend is expected to continue over the coming century.
Yélognissè Agbohessou, Claire Delon, Manuela Grippa, Eric Mougin, Daouda Ngom, Espoir Koudjo Gaglo, Ousmane Ndiaye, Paulo Salgado, and Olivier Roupsard
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2452, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2452, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions of greenhouse gases in the Sahel are not well represented, because considered as weak compared to the rest of the world. However, natural areas in the Sahel emit carbon dioxide and nitrous oxides which need to be assessed because of extended surfaces. We propose an assessment of such emissions in Sahelian silvopastoral systems, and how they are influenced by environmental characteristics. These results are essential to inform on climate change strategies in the region.
Petr Znachor, Jiří Nedoma, Vojtech Kolar, and Anna Matoušů
Biogeosciences, 20, 4273–4288, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted intensive spatial sampling of the hypertrophic fishpond to better understand the spatial dynamics of methane fluxes and environmental heterogeneity in fishponds. The diffusive fluxes of methane accounted for only a minor fraction of the total fluxes and both varied pronouncedly within the pond and over the studied summer season. This could be explained only by the water depth. Wind substantially affected temperature, oxygen and chlorophyll a distribution in the pond.
Sofie Sjögersten, Martha Ledger, Matthias Siewert, Betsabé de la Barreda-Bautista, Andrew Sowter, David Gee, Giles Foody, and Doreen S. Boyd
Biogeosciences, 20, 4221–4239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4221-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4221-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost thaw in Arctic regions is increasing methane emissions, but quantification is difficult given the large and remote areas impacted. We show that UAV data together with satellite data can be used to extrapolate emissions across the wider landscape as well as detect areas at risk of higher emissions. A transition of currently degrading areas to fen type vegetation can increase emission by several orders of magnitude, highlighting the importance of quantifying areas at risk.
Cole G. Brachmann, Tage Vowles, Riikka Rinnan, Mats P. Björkman, Anna Ekberg, and Robert G. Björk
Biogeosciences, 20, 4069–4086, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4069-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4069-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Herbivores change plant communities through grazing, altering the amount of CO2 and plant-specific chemicals (termed VOCs) emitted. We tested this effect by excluding herbivores and studying the CO2 and VOC emissions. Herbivores reduced CO2 emissions from a meadow community and altered VOC composition; however, community type had the strongest effect on the amount of CO2 and VOCs released. Herbivores can mediate greenhouse gas emissions, but the effect is marginal and community dependent.
Ole Lessmann, Jorge Encinas Fernández, Karla Martínez-Cruz, and Frank Peeters
Biogeosciences, 20, 4057–4068, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4057-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4057-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a large dataset of seasonally resolved methane (CH4) pore water concentrations in a reservoir's sediment, we assess the significance of CH4 emissions due to reservoir flushing. In the studied reservoir, CH4 emissions caused by one flushing operation can represent 7 %–14 % of the annual CH4 emissions and depend on the timing of the flushing operation. In reservoirs with high sediment loadings, regular flushing may substantially contribute to the overall CH4 emissions.
Matti Räsänen, Risto Vesala, Petri Rönnholm, Laura Arppe, Petra Manninen, Markus Jylhä, Jouko Rikkinen, Petri Pellikka, and Janne Rinne
Biogeosciences, 20, 4029–4042, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4029-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4029-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Fungus-growing termites recycle large parts of dead plant material in African savannas and are significant sources of greenhouse gases. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes from their mounds and surrounding soils in open and closed habitats. The fluxes scale with mound volume. The results show that emissions from mounds of fungus-growing termites are more stable than those from other termites. The soil fluxes around the mound are affected by the termite colonies at up to 2 m distance from the mound.
Tim René de Groot, Anne Margriet Mol, Katherine Mesdag, Pierre Ramond, Rachel Ndhlovu, Julia Catherine Engelmann, Thomas Röckmann, and Helge Niemann
Biogeosciences, 20, 3857–3872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3857-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates methane dynamics in the Wadden Sea. Our measurements revealed distinct variations triggered by seasonality and tidal forcing. The methane budget was higher in warmer seasons but surprisingly high in colder seasons. Methane dynamics were amplified during low tides, flushing the majority of methane into the North Sea or releasing it to the atmosphere. Methanotrophic activity was also elevated during low tide but mitigated only a small fraction of the methane efflux.
Frederic Thalasso, Brenda Riquelme, Andrés Gómez, Roy Mackenzie, Francisco Javier Aguirre, Jorge Hoyos-Santillan, Ricardo Rozzi, and Armando Sepulveda-Jauregui
Biogeosciences, 20, 3737–3749, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3737-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3737-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A robust skirt-chamber design to capture and quantify greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands is presented. Compared to standard methods, this design improves the spatial resolution of field studies in remote locations while minimizing intrusion.
Gesa Schulz, Tina Sanders, Yoana G. Voynova, Hermann W. Bange, and Kirstin Dähnke
Biogeosciences, 20, 3229–3247, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3229-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3229-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas. However, N2O emissions from estuaries underlie significant uncertainties due to limited data availability and high spatiotemporal variability. We found the Elbe Estuary (Germany) to be a year-round source of N2O, with the highest emissions in winter along with high nitrogen loads. However, in spring and summer, N2O emissions did not decrease alongside lower nitrogen loads because organic matter fueled in situ N2O production along the estuary.
Alex Mavrovic, Oliver Sonnentag, Juha Lemmetyinen, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Christophe Kinnard, and Alexandre Roy
Biogeosciences, 20, 2941–2970, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2941-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2941-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This review supports the integration of microwave spaceborne information into carbon cycle science for Arctic–boreal regions. The microwave data record spans multiple decades with frequent global observations of soil moisture and temperature, surface freeze–thaw cycles, vegetation water storage, snowpack properties, and land cover. This record holds substantial unexploited potential to better understand carbon cycle processes.
Zoé Rehder, Thomas Kleinen, Lars Kutzbach, Victor Stepanenko, Moritz Langer, and Victor Brovkin
Biogeosciences, 20, 2837–2855, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2837-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2837-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use a new model to investigate how methane emissions from Arctic ponds change with warming. We find that emissions increase substantially. Under annual temperatures 5 °C above present temperatures, pond methane emissions are more than 3 times higher than now. Most of this increase is caused by an increase in plant productivity as plants provide the substrate microbes used to produce methane. We conclude that vegetation changes need to be included in predictions of pond methane emissions.
Julian Koch, Lars Elsgaard, Mogens H. Greve, Steen Gyldenkærne, Cecilie Hermansen, Gregor Levin, Shubiao Wu, and Simon Stisen
Biogeosciences, 20, 2387–2403, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2387-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2387-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Utilizing peatlands for agriculture leads to large emissions of greenhouse gases worldwide. The emissions are triggered by lowering the water table, which is a necessary step in order to make peatlands arable. Many countries aim at reducing their emissions by restoring peatlands, which can be achieved by stopping agricultural activities and thereby raising the water table. We estimate a total emission of 2.6 Mt CO2-eq for organic-rich peatlands in Denmark and a potential reduction of 77 %.
Mélissa Laurent, Matthias Fuchs, Tanja Herbst, Alexandra Runge, Susanne Liebner, and Claire C. Treat
Biogeosciences, 20, 2049–2064, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2049-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2049-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we investigated the effect of different parameters (temperature, landscape position) on the production of greenhouse gases during a 1-year permafrost thaw experiment. For very similar carbon and nitrogen contents, our results show a strong heterogeneity in CH4 production, as well as in microbial abundance. According to our study, these differences are mainly due to the landscape position and the hydrological conditions established as a result of the topography.
Michael Moubarak, Seeta Sistla, Stefano Potter, Susan M. Natali, and Brendan M. Rogers
Biogeosciences, 20, 1537–1557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1537-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1537-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tundra wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity with climate change. We show using a combination of field measurements and computational modeling that tundra wildfires result in a positive feedback to climate change by emitting significant amounts of long-lived greenhouse gasses. With these effects, attention to tundra fires is necessary for mitigating climate change.
Hanna I. Campen, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 20, 1371–1379, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1371-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1371-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a climate-relevant trace gas emitted from the ocean. However, oceanic CO cycling is understudied. Results from incubation experiments conducted in the Fram Strait (Arctic Ocean) indicated that (i) pH did not affect CO cycling and (ii) enhanced CO production and consumption were positively correlated with coloured dissolved organic matter and nitrate concentrations. This suggests microbial CO uptake to be the driving factor for CO cycling in the Arctic Ocean.
Yihong Zhu, Ruihua Liu, Huai Zhang, Shaoda Liu, Zhengfeng Zhang, Fei-Hai Yu, and Timothy G. Gregoire
Biogeosciences, 20, 1357–1370, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1357-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With global warming, the risk of flooding is rising, but the response of the carbon cycle of aquatic and associated riparian systems
to flooding is still unclear. Based on the data collected in the Lijiang, we found that flooding would lead to significant carbon emissions of fluvial areas and riparian areas during flooding, but carbon capture may happen after flooding. In the riparian areas, the surviving vegetation, especially clonal plants, played a vital role in this transformation.
Lauri Heiskanen, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Henriikka Vekuri, Aleksi Räsänen, Tarmo Virtanen, Sari Juutinen, Annalea Lohila, Juha Mikola, and Mika Aurela
Biogeosciences, 20, 545–572, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-545-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-545-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured and modelled the CO2 and CH4 fluxes of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the subarctic landscape for 2 years. The landscape was an annual CO2 sink and a CH4 source. The forest had the largest contribution to the landscape-level CO2 sink and the peatland to the CH4 emissions. The lakes released 24 % of the annual net C uptake of the landscape back to the atmosphere. The C fluxes were affected most by the rainy peak growing season of 2017 and the drought event in July 2018.
Artem G. Lim, Ivan V. Krickov, Sergey N. Vorobyev, Mikhail A. Korets, Sergey Kopysov, Liudmila S. Shirokova, Jan Karlsson, and Oleg S. Pokrovsky
Biogeosciences, 19, 5859–5877, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In order to quantify C transport and emission and main environmental factors controlling the C cycle in Siberian rivers, we investigated the largest tributary of the Ob River, the Ket River basin, by measuring spatial and seasonal variations in carbon CO2 and CH4 concentrations and emissions together with hydrochemical analyses. The obtained results are useful for large-scale modeling of C emission and export fluxes from permafrost-free boreal rivers of an underrepresented region of the world.
Robert J. Parker, Chris Wilson, Edward Comyn-Platt, Garry Hayman, Toby R. Marthews, A. Anthony Bloom, Mark F. Lunt, Nicola Gedney, Simon J. Dadson, Joe McNorton, Neil Humpage, Hartmut Boesch, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Paul I. Palmer, and Dai Yamazaki
Biogeosciences, 19, 5779–5805, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wetlands are the largest natural source of methane, one of the most important climate gases. The JULES land surface model simulates these emissions. We use satellite data to evaluate how well JULES reproduces the methane seasonal cycle over different tropical wetlands. It performs well for most regions; however, it struggles for some African wetlands influenced heavily by river flooding. We explain the reasons for these deficiencies and highlight how future development will improve these areas.
Saúl Edgardo Martínez Castellón, José Henrique Cattanio, José Francisco Berrêdo, Marcelo Rollnic, Maria de Lourdes Ruivo, and Carlos Noriega
Biogeosciences, 19, 5483–5497, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5483-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5483-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We seek to understand the influence of climatic seasonality and microtopography on CO2 and CH4 fluxes in an Amazonian mangrove. Topography and seasonality had a contrasting influence when comparing the two gas fluxes: CO2 fluxes were greater in high topography in the dry period, and CH4 fluxes were greater in the rainy season in low topography. Only CO2 fluxes were correlated with soil organic matter, the proportion of carbon and nitrogen, and redox potential.
Matthias Koschorreck, Klaus Holger Knorr, and Lelaina Teichert
Biogeosciences, 19, 5221–5236, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
At low water levels, parts of the bottom of rivers fall dry. These beaches or mudflats emit the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. We found that those emissions are caused by microbial reactions in the sediment and that they change with time. Emissions were influenced by many factors like temperature, water level, rain, plants, and light.
Wantong Zhang, Zhengyi Hu, Joachim Audet, Thomas A. Davidson, Enze Kang, Xiaoming Kang, Yong Li, Xiaodong Zhang, and Jinzhi Wang
Biogeosciences, 19, 5187–5197, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5187-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5187-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work focused on the CH4 and N2O emissions from alpine peatlands in response to the interactive effects of altered water table levels and increased nitrogen deposition. Across the 2-year mesocosm experiment, nitrogen deposition showed nonlinear effects on CH4 emissions and linear effects on N2O emissions, and these N effects were associated with the water table levels. Our results imply the future scenario of strengthened CH4 and N2O emissions from an alpine peatland.
Karel Castro-Morales, Anna Canning, Sophie Arzberger, Will A. Overholt, Kirsten Küsel, Olaf Kolle, Mathias Göckede, Nikita Zimov, and Arne Körtzinger
Biogeosciences, 19, 5059–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5059-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5059-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost thaw releases methane that can be emitted into the atmosphere or transported by Arctic rivers. Methane measurements are lacking in large Arctic river regions. In the Kolyma River (northeast Siberia), we measured dissolved methane to map its distribution with great spatial detail. The river’s edge and river junctions had the highest methane concentrations compared to other river areas. Microbial communities in the river showed that the river’s methane likely is from the adjacent land.
Sonja Gindorf, Hermann W. Bange, Dennis Booge, and Annette Kock
Biogeosciences, 19, 4993–5006, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4993-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4993-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is a climate-relevant greenhouse gas which is emitted to the atmosphere from coastal areas such as the Baltic Sea. We measured the methane concentration in the water column of the western Kiel Bight. Methane concentrations were higher in September than in June. We found no relationship between the 2018 European heatwave and methane concentrations. Our results show that the methane distribution in the water column is strongly affected by temporal and spatial variabilities.
Margaret Capooci and Rodrigo Vargas
Biogeosciences, 19, 4655–4670, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4655-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4655-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tidal salt marsh soil emits greenhouse gases, as well as sulfur-based gases, which play roles in global climate but are not well studied as they are difficult to measure. Traditional methods of measuring these gases worked relatively well for carbon dioxide, but less so for methane, nitrous oxide, carbon disulfide, and dimethylsulfide. High variability of trace gases complicates the ability to accurately calculate gas budgets and new approaches are needed for monitoring protocols.
Janne Rinne, Patryk Łakomiec, Patrik Vestin, Joel D. White, Per Weslien, Julia Kelly, Natascha Kljun, Lena Ström, and Leif Klemedtsson
Biogeosciences, 19, 4331–4349, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4331-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4331-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The study uses the stable isotope 13C of carbon in methane to investigate the origins of spatial and temporal variation in methane emitted by a temperate wetland ecosystem. The results indicate that methane production is more important for spatial variation than methane consumption by micro-organisms. Temporal variation on a seasonal timescale is most likely affected by more than one driver simultaneously.
Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Roderick Dewar, Gianluca Tramontana, Aleksanteri Mauranen, Pasi Kolari, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Dario Papale, Timo Vesala, and Ivan Mammarella
Biogeosciences, 19, 4067–4088, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4067-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4067-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Four different methods for quantifying photosynthesis (GPP) at ecosystem scale were tested, of which two are based on carbon dioxide (CO2) and two on carbonyl sulfide (COS) flux measurements. CO2-based methods are traditional partitioning, and a new method uses machine learning. We introduce a novel method for calculating GPP from COS fluxes, with potentially better applicability than the former methods. Both COS-based methods gave on average higher GPP estimates than the CO2-based estimates.
Lutz Beckebanze, Benjamin R. K. Runkle, Josefine Walz, Christian Wille, David Holl, Manuel Helbig, Julia Boike, Torsten Sachs, and Lars Kutzbach
Biogeosciences, 19, 3863–3876, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3863-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3863-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present observations of lateral and vertical carbon fluxes from a permafrost-affected study site in the Russian Arctic. From this dataset we estimate the net ecosystem carbon balance for this study site. We show that lateral carbon export has a low impact on the net ecosystem carbon balance during the complete study period (3 months). Nevertheless, our results also show that lateral carbon export can exceed vertical carbon uptake at the beginning of the growing season.
Shahar Baram, Asher Bar-Tal, Alon Gal, Shmulik P. Friedman, and David Russo
Biogeosciences, 19, 3699–3711, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3699-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3699-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Static chambers are the most common tool used to measure greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. We tested the impact of such chambers on nitrous oxide emissions in drip irrigation. Field measurements and 3-D simulations show that the chamber base drastically affects the water and nutrient distribution in the soil and hence the measured GHG fluxes. A nomogram is suggested to determine the optimal diameter of a cylindrical chamber that ensures minimal disturbance.
Tracy E. Rankin, Nigel T. Roulet, and Tim R. Moore
Biogeosciences, 19, 3285–3303, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3285-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3285-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Peatland respiration is made up of plant and peat sources. How to separate these sources is not well known as peat respiration is not straightforward and is more influenced by vegetation dynamics than previously thought. Results of plot level measurements from shrubs and sparse grasses in a woody bog show that plants' respiration response to changes in climate is related to their different root structures, implying a difference in the mechanisms by which they obtain water resources.
Alison Bressler and Jennifer Blesh
Biogeosciences, 19, 3169–3184, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3169-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3169-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our field experiment tested if a mixture of a nitrogen-fixing legume and non-legume cover crop could reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions following tillage, compared to the legume grown alone. We found higher N2O following both legume treatments, compared to those without, and lower emissions from the cover crop mixture at one of the two test sites, suggesting that interactions between cover crop types and soil quality influence N2O emissions.
Sari Juutinen, Mika Aurela, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Viktor Ivakhov, Maiju Linkosalmi, Aleksi Räsänen, Tarmo Virtanen, Juha Mikola, Johanna Nyman, Emmi Vähä, Marina Loskutova, Alexander Makshtas, and Tuomas Laurila
Biogeosciences, 19, 3151–3167, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3151-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3151-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes in heterogenous Arctic tundra in eastern Siberia. We found that tundra wetlands with sedge and grass vegetation contributed disproportionately to the landscape's ecosystem CO2 uptake and CH4 emissions to the atmosphere. Moreover, we observed high CH4 consumption in dry tundra, particularly in barren areas, offsetting part of the CH4 emissions from the wetlands.
Jessica Plein, Rulon W. Clark, Kyle A. Arndt, Walter C. Oechel, Douglas Stow, and Donatella Zona
Biogeosciences, 19, 2779–2794, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tundra vegetation and the carbon balance of Arctic ecosystems can be substantially impacted by herbivory. We tested how herbivory by brown lemmings in individual enclosure plots have impacted carbon exchange of tundra ecosystems via altering carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes. Lemmings significantly decreased net CO2 uptake while not affecting CH4 emissions. There was no significant difference in the subsequent growing season due to recovery of the vegetation.
Jenie Gil, Maija E. Marushchak, Tobias Rütting, Elizabeth M. Baggs, Tibisay Pérez, Alexander Novakovskiy, Tatiana Trubnikova, Dmitry Kaverin, Pertti J. Martikainen, and Christina Biasi
Biogeosciences, 19, 2683–2698, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2683-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2683-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
N2O emissions from permafrost soils represent up to 11.6 % of total N2O emissions from natural soils, and their contribution to the global N2O budget will likely increase due to climate change. A better understanding of N2O production from permafrost soil is needed to evaluate the role of arctic ecosystems in the global N2O budget. By studying microbial N2O production processes in N2O hotspots in permafrost peatlands, we identified denitrification as the dominant source of N2O in these surfaces.
Christian Rödenbeck, Tim DeVries, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, and Ralph F. Keeling
Biogeosciences, 19, 2627–2652, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2627-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2627-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean is an important part of the global carbon cycle, taking up about a quarter of the anthropogenic CO2 emitted by burning of fossil fuels and thus slowing down climate change. However, the CO2 uptake by the ocean is, in turn, affected by variability and trends in climate. Here we use carbon measurements in the surface ocean to quantify the response of the oceanic CO2 exchange to environmental conditions and discuss possible mechanisms underlying this response.
Shuang Ma, Lifen Jiang, Rachel M. Wilson, Jeff P. Chanton, Scott Bridgham, Shuli Niu, Colleen M. Iversen, Avni Malhotra, Jiang Jiang, Xingjie Lu, Yuanyuan Huang, Jason Keller, Xiaofeng Xu, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Paul J. Hanson, and Yiqi Luo
Biogeosciences, 19, 2245–2262, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2245-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2245-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The relative ratio of wetland methane (CH4) emission pathways determines how much CH4 is oxidized before leaving the soil. We found an ebullition modeling approach that has a better performance in deep layer pore water CH4 concentration. We suggest using this approach in land surface models to accurately represent CH4 emission dynamics and response to climate change. Our results also highlight that both CH4 flux and belowground concentration data are important to constrain model parameters.
Cited articles
Aerts, R. and Ludwig, F.: Water table changes and nutritional status affect trace gas emissions from laboratory columns of peatland soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 29, 1691–1698, 1997.
Algesten, G., Sobek, S., Bergström, A.-K., Ågren, A., Tranvik, L. J., and Jansson, M.: Role of lakes for organic carbon cycling in the boreal zone., Glob. Change Biol., 10, 141–147, 2003.
Alm, J., Talanov, A., Saarnio, S., Silvola, J., Ikkonen, E., Aaltonen, H., Nykänen, H., and Martikainen, P. J.: Reconstruction of the carbon balance for microsites in a boreal oligotrophic pine fen, Finland, Oecologia, 110, 423–431, 1997.
Alm, J., Shurpali, N. J., Tuittila, E.-S., Laurila, T., Maljanen, M., Saarnio, S., and Minkkinen, K.: Methods for determining emission factors for the use of peat and peatlands – flux measurements and modelling, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 85–100, 2007.
Barry, C. D., Foy, R. H., Wilson, D., Müller, C., and Renou-Wilson, F.: Magnitude, form and bioavailability of fluvial carbon exports from Irish organic soils under pasture, Aquat. Sci., submitted, 2014.
Bauer, J. E. and Bianchi, T. S.: Dissolved organic carbon cycling and transformation, in: Treatise on estuarine and coastal science, edited by: Wolanski, E. and Mcluski, D. S., 5, 7–67, Academic Press, Waltham, 2011.
Beetz, S., Liebersbach, H., Glatzel, S., Jurasinski, G., Buczko, U., and Höper, H.: Effects of land use intensity on the full greenhouse gas balance in an Atlantic peat bog, Biogeosciences, 10, 1067–1082, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1067-2013, 2013.
Buffam, I., Turner, M. G., Desai, A. R., Hanson, P. C., Rusak, J. A., and Lottig, N. R.: Integrating aquatic and terrestrial components to construct a complete carbon budget for a north temperate lake district, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 1193–1211, 2011.
Byrne, K. A., Chojnicki, B., Christensen, T. R., Droesler, M., Freibauer, A., Friborg, T., Frolking, S., Lindroth, A., Mailhammer, J., Malmer, N., Selin, P., Turunen, J., Valentini, R., and Zetterberg, L.: EU peatlands: Current carbon stocks and trace gas fluxes, CarboEurope – GHG, 2004.
Byrne, K. A., Kiely, G., and Leahy, P.: CO2 fluxes in adjacent new and permanent temperate grasslands, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 135, 82–92, 2005.
Chen, J. M. and Black, T. A.: Defining leaf area index for non-flat leaves, Plant Cell Environ., 15, 421–429, 1992.
Chow, A. T., Tanji, K. K., Gao, S., and Dahlgren, R. A.: Temperature, water content and wet-dry cycle effects on DOC production and carbon mineralisation in agricultural peat soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 38, 477–488, 2006.
Clark, J. M., Ashley, D., Wagner, M., Chapman, P. J., Lane, S. N., Evans, C. D., and Heathwaite, A. L.: Increased temperature sensitivity of net DOC production from ombrotrophic peat due to water table draw-down, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 794–807, 2009.
Couwenberg, J.: Methane emissions from peat soils (organic soils, histosols). Facts, MRV-ability, emission factors, Wetlands International, 14 pp., 2009.
Couwenberg, J.: Greenhouse gas emissions from managed peat soils: is the IPCC reporting guidance realistic?, Mires and Peat, 8, Article 2, 01-10, 2011.
Dawson, J. J. C. and Smith, P.: Carbon losses from soil and its consequences for land-use management, Sci. Total Environ., 382, 165–190, 2007.
Dawson, J. J. C., Billet, M., Hope, D., Palmer, S. M., and Deacon, C.: Sources and sinks of aquatic carbon in a peatland stream continuum, Biogeochemistry, 70, 71–92, 2004.
Dinsmore, K. J., Billet, M. F., Skiba, U. M., Rees, R. M., Drewer, J., and Helfter, C.: Role of the aquatic pathway in the carbon and greenhouse gas budgets of a peatland catchment, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 2750–2762, 2010.
Downing, J. A., Cole, J. J., Duarte, C. M., Middelburg, J. J., Melack, J., Prairie, Y. T., Kortelainen, P., Striegl, R. G., McDowell, W. H., and Tranvik, L.: Global abundance and size distribution of streams and rivers, Inland Waters, 2, 229–236, 2012.
Drösler, M.: Trace gas exchange and climatic relevance of bog ecosystems, southern Germany, Ph.D thesis, Department für Ökologie, Universität München, 182 pp., 2005.
Drösler, M., Adelmann, W., Augustin, J., Bergman, L., Beyer, C., Chojnicki, B. H., Förster, C., Freibauer, A., Giebels, M., Gorlitz, S., Hoper, H., Kantelhardt, J., Lieberscbach, H., Hahn-Schöfl, M., Minke, M., Petschow, U., Pfadenhauer, J., Schaller, L., Schagner, P., Sommer, M., Thuile, A., and Wehrhan, M.: Klimaschutz furch Moorschutz in der Praxis, http://literatur.ti.bund.de/digbig_extern/bitv/dn049337.pdf (last access: 1 February 2014), Thunen, Institut fur Agrarklimaschutz, 2013.
Drösler, M., Freibauer, A., Christensen, T. R., and Friborg, T.: Observations and status of peatland greenhouse gas emissions in Europe, in: The Continental-Scale Greenhouse Gas Balance of Europe, edited by: Dolman, A. J., Freibauer, A., and Valentini, R., Springer, New York, 2008.
Duffy, P., Hanley, E., Hyde, B., O'Brien, P., Ponzi, J., Cotter, E., and Black, K.: National Inventory Report 2013. Greenhouse gas emissions 1990–2011 reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 360 pp., 2013.
Eaton, J. M., McGoff, N. M., Byrne, K. A., Leahy, P., and Kiely, G.: Land cover change and soil organic carbon stocks in the Republic of Ireland 1851–2000, Clim. Change, 91, 317–334, 2008.
Elsgaard, L., Gorres, C.-M., Hoffmann, C. C., Blicher-Mathiesen, G., Schelde, K., and Petersen, S. O.: Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and carbon balance for eight temperate organic soils under agricultural management, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 162, 52–67, 2012.
EPA: Ireland's Environment 2008, Environmental Protection Agency, Wexford, Ireland, 2008.
Eurostat: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Agriculture_-_greenhouse_gas_emission_statistics, last access: 7 November 2013.
FAO: World Reference Base for Soil Resources, World Soil Resources Report No. 84, FAO, Rome, 1998.
FAO: http://faostat.fao.org/ (last access: 25 November 2013), 2013a.
FAO: http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/browse/G2/GC/E (last access: September 2013), 2013b.
Federal Environmental Agency: Submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol 2013, Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany, 2013.
Feehan, J., O'Donovan, G., Renou-Wilson, F., and Wilson, D.: The Bogs of Ireland – An Introduction to the Natural, Cultural and Industrial Heritage of Irish Peatlands, 2nd Edn., Digital Format, University College Dublin, Dublin, 2008.
Flasse, H., Wild, U., Klemisch, M., and Pfadenhauer, J.: Nitrous oxide and methane fluxes from organic soils under agriculture, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 49, 327–335, 1998.
Freibauer, A., Rounsevell, M. D. A., Smith, P., and Verhagen, A.: Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe, Geoderma, 122, 1–23, 2004.
Garnett, M. H., Ineson, P., Stevenson, A. C., and Howard, D. C.: Terrestrial organic carbon storage in a British moorland, Glob. Change Biol., 7, 375–388, 2001.
Gibson, H. S., Worrall, F., Burt, T., and Adamson, J. K.: DOC budgets of drained peat catchments – Implications for DOC production in peat soils, Hydrol. Process., 23, 1901–1911, 2009.
Gilmanov, T. G., Soussana, J. F., Aires, L., Allard, V., Ammann, C., Balzarolo, M., Garcza, Z., Bernhofer, C., Campbell, C., Cernusca, A., Cescatti, A., Clifton-Brown, J., Dirks, B. O. M., Dore, S., Eugster, W., Fuhrer, J., Gimeno, C., Gruenwald, T., Haszpra, L., Hensen, A., Ibrom, A., Jacobs, A. F. G., Jones, M. B., Lanigan, G., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Manca, G., Marcolla, B., Nagy, Z., Pilegaard, K., Pinter, K., Pio, C., Raschi, A., Rogiers, N., Sanz, M., Stefani, P., Sutton, M., Tuba, Z., Valentini, R., Williams, M. L., and Wohlfahrt, G.: Partitioning European grassland net ecosystem CO2 exchange into gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration using light response function analysis, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 93–120, 2007.
Gorham, E.: Northern peatlands: role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming, Ecol. Appl., 1, 182–195, 1991.
Görres, C. M., Kutzbach, L., and Elsgaard, L.: Comparative modeling of annual CO2 flux of temperate peat soils under permanent grassland management, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 186, 64–76, 2014.
Hammond, R. F.: The peatlands of Ireland. Soil Survey Bulletin No. 35, An Foras Taluntais, Dublin, Ireland, 1981.
Hendriks, D. M. D., van Huissteden, J., Dolman, A. J., and van der Molen, M. K.: The full greenhouse gas balance of an abandoned peat meadow, Biogeosciences, 4, 411–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-411-2007, 2007.
Herbst, M., Friborg, T., Schelde, K., Jensen, R., Ringgaard, R., Vasquez, V., Thomsen, A. G., and Soegaard, H.: Climate and site management as driving factors for the atmospheric greenhouse gas exchange of a restored wetland, Biogeosciences, 10, 39–52, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-39-2013, 2013.
Hope, D., Billett, M. F., and Cresser, M. S.: Exports of organic carbon in two river systems in NE Scotland, J. Hydrol., 193, 61–82, 1997.
Hope, D., Palmer, S. M., Billett, M. F., and Dawson, J. J. C.: Carbon dioxide and methane evasion from a temperate peatland stream, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 847–857, 2001.
Hurtado-Uria, C., Hennessy, d., Shalloo, L., O'Connor, D., and Delaby, L.: Relationships between meteorological data and grass growth over time in the south of Ireland, Irish Geography, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1080/00750778.2013.865364, 2014.
IPCC: IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories programme, IGES, Japan, 2006.
IPCC: 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands, editd by: Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M., and Troxler, T. G., IPCC, Switzerland, 2014.
Jacobs, C. M. J., Jacobs, A. F. G., Bosveld, F. C., Hendriks, D. M. D., Hensen, A., Kroon, P. S., Moors, E. J., Nol, L., Schrier-Uijl, A., and Veenendaal, E. M.: Variability of annual CO2 exchange from Dutch grasslands, Biogeosciences, 4, 803–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-803-2007, 2007.
Jones, T., Jones, D., and Evans, C.: Conversion of waterborne DOC to CO2 – results of laboratory experiments. In: Emissions of greenhouse gases associated with peatland drainage waters: Report to Defra under project SP1205: greenhouse gas emissions associated with non gaseous losses of carbon from peatlands – fate of particulate and dissolved carbon, Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK, 2013.
Kiely, G., Leahy, P., Lewis, C., Xu, Z. H., Zhang, C., He, Y., Dao, L., Golden, N., Zi, T., and Albertson, J.: Interactions of soil hydrology, land use and climate change and their impact on soil quality (SoilH), Environmental Protection Agency, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland, 60 pp., 2014.
Koehler, A.-K., Sottocornola, M., and Kiely, G.: How strong is the current carbon sequestration of an Atlantic blanket bog?, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 309–319, 2011.
Kölher, S., Buffam, I., Jonsson, A., and Bishop, K.: Photochemical and microbial processing of stream and soil water dissolved organic matter in boreal forested catchment in northern Sweden, Aquat. Sci., 64, 1–13, 2002.
Kroon, P. S., Schrier-Uijl, A. P., Hensen, A., Veenendaal, E. M., and Jonker, H. J. J.: Annual balances of CH4 and N2O from a managed fen meadow using eddy covariance flux measurements, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 61, 773–784, 2010.
Kuzyakov, Y.: Sources of CO2 efflux from soil and review of partitioning methods, Soil Biol. Biochem., 38, 425–448, 2006.
Laine, A., Riutta, T., Juutinen, S., Väliranta, M., and Tuittila, E.-S.: Acknowledging the spatial heterogeneity in modelling / reconstructing carbon dioxide exchange in a northern aapa mire, Ecol. Model., 220, 2646–2655, 2009.
Langeveld, C. A., Segers, R., Dirks, B. O. M., Van den Pol-van Dasselaar, A., Velthof, G. L., and Hensen, A.: Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O from pasture on drained peat soils in the Netherlands, Eur. J. Agron., 7, 35–42, 1997.
Lawton, D., Leahy, P., Kiely, G., Byrne, K. A., and Calanca, P.: Modeling of net ecosystem exchange and its components for a humid grassland ecosystem, J. Geophys. Res., 111, G04013, https://doi.org/04010.01029/02006JG000160, 2006.
Leiber-Sauheitl, K., Fuß, R., Voigt, C., and Freibauer, A.: High CO2 fluxes from grassland on histic Gleysol along soil carbon and drainage gradients, Biogeosciences, 11, 749–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-749-2014, 2014.
Levy, P. E., Burden, A., Cooper, M. D. A., Dinsmore, K. J., Drewer, J., Evans, C., Fowler, D., Gaiawyn, J., Gray, A., Jones, S. K., Jones, T., McNamara, N. P., Mills, R., Ostle, N., Sheppard, L. J., Skiba, U., Sowerby, A., Ward, S. E., and Zieliński, P.: Methane emissions from soils: synthesis and analysis of a large UK data set, Glob. Change Biol., 18, 1657–1669, 2012.
Lohila, A.: Carbon dioxide exchange on cultivated and afforested boreal peatlands, Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions, 73, 1–47, 2008.
Maljanen, M., Sigurdsson, B. D., Guðhmundsson, J., Óskarsson, H., Huttunen, J. T., and Martikainen, P. J.: Greenhouse gas balances of managed peatlands in the Nordic countries – present knowledge and gaps, Biogeosciences, 7, 2711–2738, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2711-2010, 2010.
Met Eireann: http://www.met.ie, last access: October 2013.
Mills, G.: Modelling the water budget of Ireland – evapotranspiration and soil moisture, Irish Geography, 33, 99–116, 2000.
National Environmental Research Institute: Denmark's National Inventory Report 2013, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark, 2013.
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency: Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Netherlands 1990–2007. PBL report 500080012/2009, PBL, Ah Bilthoven, the Netherlands, 2009.
Nieveen, J. P., Campbell, D. I., Schipper, L. A., and Blair, I. J.: Carbon exchange of grazed pasture on a drained peat soil, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 607–618, 2005.
Norman, J. M. and Campbell, G. S.: Canopy structure, in: Plant Physiological Ecology, edited by: Pearcy, R. W., Ehleringer, J., Mooney, H. A., and Rundel, P. W., Chapman and Hall, New York, 1989.
O'Mara, F., Ryan, M., Connolly, J., O'Tool, P., Carton, O., Lenehan, J. J., Lovett, D., Hyde, B., Jordan, E., and Hawkins, M.: Estimation of emissions of greenhouse gases from agriculture and strategies for their reduction. synthesis report, EPA, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland, 18 pp., 2007.
Parish, F., Sirin, A., Charman, D., Joosten, H., Minayeva, T., Silvius, M., and Stringer, I.: Assessment on peatlands, biodiversity and climate change. Main report, Global Environment Centre, Kuala Lumpur and Wetlands International, Wageningen, 179 pp., 2008.
Petersen, S. O., Hoffmann, C. C., Schäfer, C.-M., Blicher-Mathiesen, G., Elsgaard, L., Kristensen, K., Larsen, S. E., Torp, S. B., and Greve, M. H.: Annual emissions of CH4 and N2O, and ecosystem respiration, from eight organic soils in Western Denmark managed by agriculture, Biogeosciences, 9, 403–422, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-403-2012, 2012.
Renou-Wilson, F., Bolger, T., Bullock, C., Convery, F., Curry, J. P., Ward, S., Wilson, D., and Müller, C.: BOGLAND – Sustainable Management of Peatlands in Ireland, STRIVE Report No 75 prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, 157 pp., 2011.
Richey, J. E.: Pathways of atmospheric CO2 through fluvial systems, in: The global C cycle, edited by: Field, C. B. and Raupach, M. R., Scope, Island Press, Washington DC, 2004.
Rowson, J. G., Gibson, H. S., Worrall, F., Ostle, N., Burt, T. P., and Adamson, J. K.: The complete carbon budget of a drained peat catchment, Soil Use Manage., 26, 261–273, 2010.
Schrier-Uijl, A., Kroon, P. S., Leffelaar, P. A., von Huissteden, J. C., Berendse, F., and Veenendaal, E. M.: Methane emissions in two drained peat agro-ecosystems with high and low agricultural intensity, Plant Soil, 329, 509–520, 2010.
Schrier-Uijl, A. P., Kroon, P. S., Hendriks, D. M. D., Hensen, A., Van Huissteden, J. C., Leffelaar, P. A., Berendse, F., and Veenendaal, E. M.: Agricultural peat lands; towards a greenhouse gas sink – a synthesis of a Dutch landscape study, Biogeosciences Discuss., 10, 9697–9738, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-9697-2013, 2013.
Skiba, U., Jones, S. K., Drewer, J., Helfter, C., Anderson, M., Dinsmore, K., McKenzie, R., Nemitz, E., and Sutton, M. A.: Comparison of soil greenhouse gas fluxes from extensive and intensive grazing in a temperate maritime climate, Biogeosciences, 10, 1231–1241, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1231-2013, 2013.
Smith, P., Martino, D., Cai, Z., Gwary, D., Janzen, H. H., Kumar, P., McCarl, B., Ogle, S. M., O'Mara, F., Rice, C., Scholes, B., and Sirotenko, O.: Agriculture, in: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Metz., B., Davidson, P. R., Bosch, P. R., Dave, R., and Meyer, L. A., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2007.
Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J.: Aquatic chemistry, chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996.
Teh, Y., Silver, W., Sonnentag, O., Detto, M., Kelly, M., and Baldocchi, D.: Large greenhouse gas emissions from a temperate peatland pasture, Ecosystems, 14, 311–325, 2011.
Telmer, K. and Veizer, J.: Carbon fluxes, pCO2 and substrate weathering in a large northern river basin, Canada: carbon isotope perspectives, Chem. Geol., 159, 61–86, 1999.
Tomlinson, R. W.: Soil carbon stocks and changes in the Republic of Ireland, J. Environ. Manage., 76, 77–93, 2005.
Urbanová, Z., Picek, T., and Bárta, J.: Effect of peat re-wetting on carbon and nutrient fluxes, greenhouse gas production and diversity of methanogenic archaeal community, Ecol. Eng., 37, 1017–1026, 2011.
van Beek, C. L., Pleijter, M., and Kuikman, P. J.: Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized and unfertilized grasslands on peat soil, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 89, 453–461, 2011.
Veenendaal, E. M., Kolle, O., Leffelaar, P. A., Schrier-Uijl, A. P., Van Huissteden, J., Van Walsem, J., Möller, F., and Berendse, F.: CO2 exchange and carbon balance in two grassland sites on eutrophic drained peat soils, Biogeosciences, 4, 1027–1040, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-1027-2007, 2007.
Wallage, Z. E., Holden, J., and McDonald, A. T.: Drain blocking: an effective treatment for reducing dissolved organic carbon loss and water discolouration in a drained peatland, Sci. Total Environ., 367, 811–821, 2006.
Wallin, M. B., Grabs, T., Buffam, I., Laudon, H., Ågren, A., Oquist, G., and Bishop, K.: Evasion of CO2 from streams – The dominant component of the carbon export through the aquatic conduit in a boreal landscape, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 785–797, 2013.
Walling, D. E. and Webb, B. W.: Estimating the discharge of contaminants to coastal waters by rivers – some cautionary comments, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 16, 488–492, 1985.
Wilson, D., Alm, J., Riutta, T., Laine, J., Byrne, K. A., Farrell, E. P., and Tuittila, E.-S.: A high resolution green area index for modelling the seasonal dynamics of CO2 exchange in vascular plant peatland communities, Plant Ecol., 190, 37–51, 2007a.
Wilson, D., Tuittila, E.-S., Alm, J., Laine, J., Farrell, E. P., and Byrne, K. A.: Carbon dioxide dynamics of a restored maritime peatland, Ecoscience, 14, 71–80, 2007b.
Wilson, D., Müller, C., Farrell, C., A., Hepp, S., and Renou-Wilson, F.: Rewetted industrial cutaway peatlands in western Ireland: prime location for climate change mitigation?, Mires and Peat, 11, Article 01, 01–22, http://www.mires-and-peat.net/ (last access: 25 November 2013), 2013a.
Wilson, D., Müller, C., and Renou-Wilson, F.: Carbon emissions and removals from Irish peatlands: current trends and future mitigation measures, Irish Geography, 46, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1080/00750778.2013.848542, 2013b.
Worrall, F., Burt, T. P., Rowson, J. G., Warburton, J., and Adamson, J. K.: The multi-annual carbon budget of a peat-covered catchment, Sci. Total Environ., 407, 4084–4094, 2009.
Xu, L., Baldocchi, D., and Tang, J.: How soil moisture, rain pulses and growth alter the response of ecosystem respiration to temperature, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, 1–10, 2004.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint