Articles | Volume 7, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-121-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-121-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
12 Jan 2010
From biota to chemistry and climate: towards a comprehensive description of trace gas exchange between the biosphere and atmosphere
A. Arneth
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Analysis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
S. Sitch
Met Office Hadley Centre, Joint Centre of Hydrometeorological Research, Wallingford, UK
School of Geography, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
A. Bondeau
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
K. Butterbach-Bahl
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
P. Foster
QUEST, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
N. Gedney
Met Office Hadley Centre, Joint Centre of Hydrometeorological Research, Wallingford, UK
N. de Noblet-Ducoudré
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Orme des Merisiers, Bat. 712 91191 GIF-SUR-YVETTE CEDEX, France
I. C. Prentice
QUEST, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
M. Sanderson
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
K. Thonicke
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
R. Wania
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
now at: School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, BC, V8N 1P8, Canada
S. Zaehle
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Department for Biogeochemical Systems, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Modelling, Terrestrial
Optimizing the terrestrial ecosystem gross primary productivity using carbonyl sulfide (COS) within a two-leaf modeling framework
Modeling integrated soil fertility management for maize production in Kenya using a Bayesian calibration of the DayCent model
When and why microbial-explicit soil organic carbon models can be unstable
The impacts of modelling prescribed vs. dynamic land cover in a high-CO2 future scenario – greening of the Arctic and Amazonian dieback
Climate-based prediction of carbon fluxes from deadwood in Australia
Integration of tree hydraulic processes and functional impairment to capture the drought resilience of a semiarid pine forest
The effect of temperature on photosystem II efficiency across plant functional types and climate
Modeling microbial carbon fluxes and stocks in global soils from 1901 to 2016
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and vegetation structural changes contributed to gross primary productivity increase more than climate and forest cover changes in subtropical forests of China
Mechanisms of soil organic carbon and nitrogen stabilization in mineral associated organic matter – Insights from modelling in phase space
Non-steady-state stomatal conductance modeling and its implications: from leaf to ecosystem
Modelled forest ecosystem carbon–nitrogen dynamics with integrated mycorrhizal processes under elevated CO2
A chemical kinetics theory for interpreting the non-monotonic temperature dependence of enzymatic reactions
Using Free Air CO2 Enrichment data to constrain land surface model projections of the terrestrial carbon cycle
Multiscale assessment of North American terrestrial carbon balance
Simulating net ecosystem exchange under seasonal snow cover at an Arctic tundra site
2001–2022 global gross primary productivity dataset using an ensemble model based on random forest
X-BASE: the first terrestrial carbon and water flux products from an extended data-driven scaling framework, FLUXCOM-X
Spatial biases reduce the ability of Earth system models to simulate soil heterotrophic respiration fluxes
Tropical dry forest response to nutrient fertilization: a model validation and sensitivity analysis
Connecting competitor, stress-tolerator and ruderal (CSR) theory and Lund Potsdam Jena managed Land 5 (LPJmL 5) to assess the role of environmental conditions, management and functional diversity for grassland ecosystem functions
A global fuel characteristic model and dataset for wildfire prediction
Future prediction of Siberian wildfire and aerosol emissions via the improved fire module of the spatially explicit individual-based dynamic global vegetation model
Can models adequately reflect how long-term nitrogen enrichment alters the forest soil carbon cycle?
Temporal variability of observed and simulated gross primary productivity, modulated by vegetation state and hydrometeorological drivers
Empirical upscaling of OzFlux eddy covariance for high-resolution monitoring of terrestrial carbon uptake in Australia
A modeling approach to investigate drivers, variability and uncertainties in O2 fluxes and O2 : CO2 exchange ratios in a temperate forest
Modeling coupled nitrification–denitrification in soil with an organic hotspot
A new method for estimating carbon dioxide emissions from drained peatland forest soils for the greenhouse gas inventory of Finland
Enabling a process-oriented hydro-biogeochemical model to simulate soil erosion and nutrient losses
Potassium limitation of forest productivity – Part 1: A mechanistic model simulating the effects of potassium availability on canopy carbon and water fluxes in tropical eucalypt stands
Potassium limitation of forest productivity – Part 2: CASTANEA-MAESPA-K shows a reduction in photosynthesis rather than a stoichiometric limitation of tissue formation
Global evaluation of terrestrial biogeochemistry in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) and the role of the phosphorus cycle in the historical terrestrial carbon balance
Assessing carbon storage capacity and saturation across six central US grasslands using data–model integration
Optimizing the carbonic anhydrase temperature response and stomatal conductance of carbonyl sulfide leaf uptake in the Simple Biosphere model (SiB4)
Exploring environmental and physiological drivers of the annual carbon budget of biocrusts from various climatic zones with a mechanistic data-driven model
Improved process representation of leaf phenology significantly shifts climate sensitivity of ecosystem carbon balance
Mapping of ESA's Climate Change Initiative land cover data to plant functional types for use in the CLASSIC land model
Exploring the impacts of unprecedented climate extremes on forest ecosystems: hypotheses to guide modeling and experimental studies
Effect of droughts and climate change on future soil weathering rates in Sweden
Information content in time series of litter decomposition studies and the transit time of litter in arid lands
Long-term changes of nitrogen leaching and the contributions of terrestrial nutrient sources to lake eutrophication dynamics on the Yangtze Plain of China
Towards an ensemble-based evaluation of land surface models in light of uncertain forcings and observations
Effect of land-use legacy on the future carbon sink for the conterminous US
Peatlands and their carbon dynamics in northern high latitudes from 1990 to 2300: a process-based biogeochemistry model analysis
Improved representation of phosphorus exchange on soil mineral surfaces reduces estimates of phosphorus limitation in temperate forest ecosystems
A coupled ground heat flux–surface energy balance model of evaporation using thermal remote sensing observations
Modeling nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soil incubation experiments using CoupModel
Local-scale evaluation of the simulated interactions between energy, water and vegetation in ISBA, ORCHIDEE and a diagnostic model
Implementation and initial calibration of carbon-13 soil organic matter decomposition in the Yasso model
Huajie Zhu, Xiuli Xing, Mousong Wu, Weimin Ju, and Fei Jiang
Biogeosciences, 21, 3735–3760, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3735-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3735-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ecosystem carbonyl sulfide (COS) fluxes were employed to optimize GPP estimation across ecosystems with the Biosphere-atmosphere Exchange Process Simulator (BEPS), which was developed for simulating the canopy COS uptake under its state-of-the-art two-leaf modeling framework. Our results showcased the efficacy of COS in improving model prediction and reducing prediction uncertainty of GPP and enhanced insights into the sensitivity, identifiability, and interactions of parameters related to COS.
Moritz Laub, Magdalena Necpalova, Marijn Van de Broek, Marc Corbeels, Samuel Mathu Ndungu, Monicah Wanjiku Mucheru-Muna, Daniel Mugendi, Rebecca Yegon, Wycliffe Waswa, Bernard Vanlauwe, and Johan Six
Biogeosciences, 21, 3691–3716, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3691-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3691-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used the DayCent model to assess the potential impact of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) on maize production, soil fertility, and greenhouse gas emission in Kenya. After adjustments, DayCent represented measured mean yields and soil carbon stock changes well and N2O emissions acceptably. Our results showed that soil fertility losses could be reduced but not completely eliminated with ISFM and that, while N2O emissions increased with ISFM, emissions per kilogram yield decreased.
Erik Schwarz, Samia Ghersheen, Salim Belyazid, and Stefano Manzoni
Biogeosciences, 21, 3441–3461, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3441-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The occurrence of unstable equilibrium points (EPs) could impede the applicability of microbial-explicit soil organic carbon models. For archetypal model versions we identify when instability can occur and describe mathematical conditions to avoid such unstable EPs. We discuss implications for further model development, highlighting the important role of considering basic ecological principles to ensure biologically meaningful models.
Sian Kou-Giesbrecht, Vivek K. Arora, Christian Seiler, and Libo Wang
Biogeosciences, 21, 3339–3371, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3339-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3339-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Terrestrial biosphere models can either prescribe the geographical distribution of biomes or simulate them dynamically, capturing climate-change-driven biome shifts. We isolate and examine the differences between these different land cover implementations. We find that the simulated terrestrial carbon sink at the end of the 21st century is twice as large in simulations with dynamic land cover than in simulations with prescribed land cover due to important range shifts in the Arctic and Amazon.
Elizabeth S. Duan, Luciana Chavez Rodriguez, Nicole Hemming-Schroeder, Baptiste Wijas, Habacuc Flores-Moreno, Alexander W. Cheesman, Lucas A. Cernusak, Michael J. Liddell, Paul Eggleton, Amy E. Zanne, and Steven D. Allison
Biogeosciences, 21, 3321–3338, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3321-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3321-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the link between climate and carbon fluxes is crucial for predicting how climate change will impact carbon sinks. We estimated carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from deadwood in tropical Australia using wood moisture content and temperature. Our model predicted that the majority of deadwood carbon is released as CO2, except when termite activity is detected. Future models should also incorporate wood traits, like species and chemical composition, to better predict fluxes.
Daniel Nadal-Sala, Rüdiger Grote, David Kraus, Uri Hochberg, Tamir Klein, Yael Wagner, Fedor Tatarinov, Dan Yakir, and Nadine K. Ruehr
Biogeosciences, 21, 2973–2994, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2973-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2973-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A hydraulic model approach is presented that can be added to any physiologically based ecosystem model. Simulated plant water potential triggers stomatal closure, photosynthesis decline, root–soil resistance increases, and sapwood and foliage senescence. The model has been evaluated at an extremely dry site stocked with Aleppo pine and was able to represent gas exchange, soil water content, and plant water potential. The model also responded realistically regarding leaf senescence.
Patrick Neri, Lianhong Gu, and Yang Song
Biogeosciences, 21, 2731–2758, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2731-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2731-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A first-of-its-kind global-scale model of temperature resilience and tolerance of photosystem II maximum quantum yield informs how plants maintain their efficiency of converting light energy to chemical energy for photosynthesis under temperature changes. Our finding explores this variation across plant functional types and habitat climatology, highlighting diverse temperature response strategies and a method to improve global-scale photosynthesis modeling under climate change.
Liyuan He, Jorge L. Mazza Rodrigues, Melanie A. Mayes, Chun-Ta Lai, David A. Lipson, and Xiaofeng Xu
Biogeosciences, 21, 2313–2333, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2313-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2313-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Soil microbes are the driving engine for biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients. This study applies a microbial-explicit model to quantify bacteria and fungal biomass carbon in soils from 1901 to 2016. Results showed substantial increases in bacterial and fungal biomass carbon over the past century, jointly influenced by vegetation growth and soil temperature and moisture. This pioneering century-long estimation offers crucial insights into soil microbial roles in global carbon cycling.
Tao Chen, Félicien Meunier, Marc Peaucelle, Guoping Tang, Ye Yuan, and Hans Verbeeck
Biogeosciences, 21, 2253–2272, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2253-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2253-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Chinese subtropical forest ecosystems are an extremely important component of global forest ecosystems and hence crucial for the global carbon cycle and regional climate change. However, there is still great uncertainty in the relationship between subtropical forest carbon sequestration and its drivers. We provide first quantitative estimates of the individual and interactive effects of different drivers on the gross primary productivity changes of various subtropical forest types in China.
Stefano Manzoni and Francesca Cotrufo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1092, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1092, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Organic carbon and nitrogen are stabilized in soils via microbial assimilation and stabilization of necromass (in vivo pathway) or via adsorption of the products of extra-cellular decomposition (ex vivo pathway). Here we use a diagnostic model to quantify which stabilization pathway is prevalent, using data on residue-derived carbon and nitrogen incorporation in mineral associated organic matter. We find that the in vivo pathway is dominant in fine-textured soils with low organic matter content.
Ke Liu, Yujie Wang, Troy S. Magney, and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 21, 1501–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1501-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1501-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stomata are pores on leaves that regulate gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Existing land models unrealistically assume stomata can jump between steady states when the environment changes. We implemented dynamic modeling to predict gradual stomatal responses at different scales. Results suggested that considering this effect on plant behavior patterns in diurnal cycles was important. Our framework also simplified simulations and can contribute to further efficiency improvements.
Melanie A. Thurner, Silvia Caldararu, Jan Engel, Anja Rammig, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 21, 1391–1410, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1391-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1391-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Due to their crucial role in terrestrial ecosystems, we implemented mycorrhizal fungi into the QUINCY terrestrial biosphere model. Fungi interact with mineral and organic soil to support plant N uptake and, thus, plant growth. Our results suggest that the effect of mycorrhizal interactions on simulated ecosystem dynamics is minor under constant environmental conditions but necessary to reproduce and understand observed patterns under changing conditions, such as rising atmospheric CO2.
Jinyun Tang and William J. Riley
Biogeosciences, 21, 1061–1070, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1061-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1061-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A chemical kinetics theory is proposed to explain the non-monotonic relationship between temperature and biochemical rates. It incorporates the observed thermally reversible enzyme denaturation that is ensured by the ceaseless thermal motion of molecules and ions in an enzyme solution and three well-established theories: (1) law of mass action, (2) diffusion-limited chemical reaction theory, and (3) transition state theory.
Nina Raoult, Louis-Axel Edouard-Rambaut, Nicolas Vuichard, Vladislav Bastrikov, Anne Sofie Lansø, Bertrand Guenet, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences, 21, 1017–1036, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Observations are used to reduce uncertainty in land surface models (LSMs) by optimising poorly constraining parameters. However, optimising against current conditions does not necessarily ensure that the parameters treated as invariant will be robust in a changing climate. Manipulation experiments offer us a unique chance to optimise our models under different (here atmospheric CO2) conditions. By using these data in optimisations, we gain confidence in the future projections of LSMs.
Kelsey T. Foster, Wu Sun, Yoichi P. Shiga, Jiafu Mao, and Anna M. Michalak
Biogeosciences, 21, 869–891, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-869-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Assessing agreement between bottom-up and top-down methods across spatial scales can provide insights into the relationship between ensemble spread (difference across models) and model accuracy (difference between model estimates and reality). We find that ensemble spread is unlikely to be a good indicator of actual uncertainty in the North American carbon balance. However, models that are consistent with atmospheric constraints show stronger agreement between top-down and bottom-up estimates.
Victoria R. Dutch, Nick Rutter, Leanne Wake, Oliver Sonnentag, Gabriel Hould Gosselin, Melody Sandells, Chris Derksen, Branden Walker, Gesa Meyer, Richard Essery, Richard Kelly, Phillip Marsh, Julia Boike, and Matteo Detto
Biogeosciences, 21, 825–841, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-825-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-825-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We undertake a sensitivity study of three different parameters on the simulation of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) during the snow-covered non-growing season at an Arctic tundra site. Simulations are compared to eddy covariance measurements, with near-zero NEE simulated despite observed CO2 release. We then consider how to parameterise the model better in Arctic tundra environments on both sub-seasonal timescales and cumulatively throughout the snow-covered non-growing season.
Xin Chen, Tiexi Chen, Xiaodong Li, Yuanfang Chai, Shengjie Zhou, Renjie Guo, and Jie Dai
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-114, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-114, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provides an ensemble model-based GPP dataset (ERF_GPP) that explains 83.7 % of the monthly variation in GPP across 171 sites, higher than other single remote sensing model. In addition, ERF_GPP improves the phenomenon of “high value underestimation and low value overestimation” in GPP estimation to some extent. Overall, ERF_GPP provides a more reliable estimate of global GPP and will facilitate further development of carbon cycle research.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billdesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Gharun Mana, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-165, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-165, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the earth surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand that impacts all of our lives. Here we outline a method to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from site around the world called FLUXCOM-X. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Bertrand Guenet, Jérémie Orliac, Lauric Cécillon, Olivier Torres, Laura Sereni, Philip A. Martin, Pierre Barré, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 21, 657–669, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-657-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-657-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Heterotrophic respiration fluxes are a major flux between surfaces and the atmosphere, but Earth system models do not yet represent them correctly. Here we benchmarked Earth system models against observation-based products, and we identified the important mechanisms that need to be improved in the next-generation Earth system models.
Shuyue Li, Bonnie Waring, Jennifer Powers, and David Medvigy
Biogeosciences, 21, 455–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-455-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-455-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used an ecosystem model to simulate primary production of a tropical forest subjected to 3 years of nutrient fertilization. Simulations parameterized such that relative allocation to fine roots increased with increasing soil phosphorus had leaf, wood, and fine root production consistent with observations. However, these simulations seemed to over-allocate to fine roots on multidecadal timescales, affecting aboveground biomass. Additional observations across timescales would benefit models.
Stephen Björn Wirth, Arne Poyda, Friedhelm Taube, Britta Tietjen, Christoph Müller, Kirsten Thonicke, Anja Linstädter, Kai Behn, Sibyll Schaphoff, Werner von Bloh, and Susanne Rolinski
Biogeosciences, 21, 381–410, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs), the role of functional diversity in forage supply and soil organic carbon storage of grasslands is not explicitly taken into account. We introduced functional diversity into the Lund Potsdam Jena managed Land (LPJmL) DGVM using CSR theory. The new model reproduced well-known trade-offs between plant traits and can be used to quantify the role of functional diversity in climate change mitigation using different functional diversity scenarios.
Joe R. McNorton and Francesca Di Giuseppe
Biogeosciences, 21, 279–300, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-279-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-279-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfires have wide-ranging consequences for local communities, air quality and ecosystems. Vegetation amount and moisture state are key components to forecast wildfires. We developed a combined model and satellite framework to characterise vegetation, including the type of fuel, whether it is alive or dead, and its moisture content. The daily data is at high resolution globally (~9 km). Our characteristics correlate with active fire data and can inform fire danger and spread modelling efforts.
Reza Kusuma Nurrohman, Tomomichi Kato, Hideki Ninomiya, Lea Végh, Nicolas Delbart, Tatsuya Miyauchi, Hisashi Sato, Tomohiro Shiraishi, and Ryuichi Hirata
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-105, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-105, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
SPITFIRE fire module was integrated into SEIB Dynamic Global Vegetation Model to improve the model's accuracy in depicting forest fire frequency, intensity, and extent in Siberia. Projected fires showed a continuous increase in higher emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols from 2023 to 2100 under all RCP scenarios. This study contributes to a better understanding of fire dynamics, land ecosystem-climate interactions, and global material cycles under the threat of escalating fires in Siberia.
Brooke A. Eastman, William R. Wieder, Melannie D. Hartman, Edward R. Brzostek, and William T. Peterjohn
Biogeosciences, 21, 201–221, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-201-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-201-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We compared soil model performance to data from a long-term nitrogen addition experiment in a forested ecosystem. We found that in order for soil carbon models to accurately predict future forest carbon sequestration, two key processes must respond dynamically to nitrogen availability: (1) plant allocation of carbon to wood versus roots and (2) rates of soil organic matter decomposition. Long-term experiments can help improve our predictions of the land carbon sink and its climate impact.
Jan De Pue, Sebastian Wieneke, Ana Bastos, José Miguel Barrios, Liyang Liu, Philippe Ciais, Alirio Arboleda, Rafiq Hamdi, Maral Maleki, Fabienne Maignan, Françoise Gellens-Meulenberghs, Ivan Janssens, and Manuela Balzarolo
Biogeosciences, 20, 4795–4818, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4795-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4795-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The gross primary production (GPP) of the terrestrial biosphere is a key source of variability in the global carbon cycle. To estimate this flux, models can rely on remote sensing data (RS-driven), meteorological data (meteo-driven) or a combination of both (hybrid). An intercomparison of 11 models demonstrated that RS-driven models lack the sensitivity to short-term anomalies. Conversely, the simulation of soil moisture dynamics and stress response remains a challenge in meteo-driven models.
Chad A. Burton, Luigi J. Renzullo, Sami W. Rifai, and Albert I. J. M. Van Dijk
Biogeosciences, 20, 4109–4134, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4109-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4109-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Australia's land-based ecosystems play a critical role in controlling the variability in the global land carbon sink. However, uncertainties in the methods used for quantifying carbon fluxes limit our understanding. We develop high-resolution estimates of Australia's land carbon fluxes using machine learning methods and find that Australia is, on average, a stronger carbon sink than previously thought and that the seasonal dynamics of the fluxes differ from those described by other methods.
Yuan Yan, Anne Klosterhalfen, Fernando Moyano, Matthias Cuntz, Andrew C. Manning, and Alexander Knohl
Biogeosciences, 20, 4087–4107, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4087-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4087-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A better understanding of O2 fluxes, their exchange ratios with CO2 and their interrelations with environmental conditions would provide further insights into biogeochemical ecosystem processes. We, therefore, used the multilayer canopy model CANVEG to simulate and analyze the flux exchange for our forest study site for 2012–2016. Based on these simulations, we further successfully tested the application of various micrometeorological methods and the prospects of real O2 flux measurements.
Jie Zhang, Elisabeth Larsen Kolstad, Wenxin Zhang, Iris Vogeler, and Søren O. Petersen
Biogeosciences, 20, 3895–3917, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3895-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3895-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Manure application to agricultural land often results in large and variable N2O emissions. We propose a model with a parsimonious structure to investigate N transformations around such N2O hotspots. The model allows for new detailed insights into the interactions between transport and microbial activities regarding N2O emissions in heterogeneous soil environments. It highlights the importance of solute diffusion to N2O emissions from such hotspots which are often ignored by process-based models.
Jukka Alm, Antti Wall, Jukka-Pekka Myllykangas, Paavo Ojanen, Juha Heikkinen, Helena M. Henttonen, Raija Laiho, Kari Minkkinen, Tarja Tuomainen, and Juha Mikola
Biogeosciences, 20, 3827–3855, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3827-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3827-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In Finland peatlands cover one-third of land area. For half of those, with 4.3 Mha being drained for forestry, Finland reports sinks and sources of greenhouse gases in forest lands on organic soils following its UNFCCC commitment. We describe a new method for compiling soil CO2 balance that follows changes in tree volume, tree harvests and temperature. An increasing trend of emissions from 1.4 to 7.9 Mt CO2 was calculated for drained peatland forest soils in Finland for 1990–2021.
Siqi Li, Bo Zhu, Xunhua Zheng, Pengcheng Hu, Shenghui Han, Jihui Fan, Tao Wang, Rui Wang, Kai Wang, Zhisheng Yao, Chunyan Liu, Wei Zhang, and Yong Li
Biogeosciences, 20, 3555–3572, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3555-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3555-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Physical soil erosion and particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus loss modules were incorporated into the process-oriented hydro-biogeochemical model CNMM-DNDC to realize the accurate simulation of water-induced erosion and subsequent particulate nutrient losses at high spatiotemporal resolution.
Ivan Cornut, Nicolas Delpierre, Jean-Paul Laclau, Joannès Guillemot, Yann Nouvellon, Otavio Campoe, Jose Luiz Stape, Vitoria Fernanda Santos, and Guerric le Maire
Biogeosciences, 20, 3093–3117, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3093-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3093-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Potassium is an essential element for living organisms. Trees are dependent upon this element for certain functions that allow them to build their trunks using carbon dioxide. Using data from experiments in eucalypt plantations in Brazil and a simplified computer model of the plantations, we were able to investigate the effect that a lack of potassium can have on the production of wood. Understanding nutrient cycles is useful to understand the response of forests to environmental change.
Ivan Cornut, Guerric le Maire, Jean-Paul Laclau, Joannès Guillemot, Yann Nouvellon, and Nicolas Delpierre
Biogeosciences, 20, 3119–3135, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3119-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3119-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
After simulating the effects of low levels of potassium on the canopy of trees and the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by leaves in Part 1, here we tried to simulate the way the trees use the carbon they have acquired and the interaction with the potassium cycle in the tree. We show that the effect of low potassium on the efficiency of the trees in acquiring carbon is enough to explain why they produce less wood when they are in soils with low levels of potassium.
Xiaojuan Yang, Peter Thornton, Daniel Ricciuto, Yilong Wang, and Forrest Hoffman
Biogeosciences, 20, 2813–2836, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2813-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2813-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the performance of a land surface model (ELMv1-CNP) that includes both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitation on carbon cycle processes. We show that ELMv1-CNP produces realistic estimates of present-day carbon pools and fluxes. We show that global C sources and sinks are significantly affected by P limitation. Our study suggests that introduction of P limitation in land surface models is likely to have substantial consequences for projections of future carbon uptake.
Kevin R. Wilcox, Scott L. Collins, Alan K. Knapp, William Pockman, Zheng Shi, Melinda D. Smith, and Yiqi Luo
Biogeosciences, 20, 2707–2725, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2707-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2707-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The capacity for carbon storage (C capacity) is an attribute that determines how ecosystems store carbon in the future. Here, we employ novel data–model integration techniques to identify the carbon capacity of six grassland sites spanning the US Great Plains. Hot and dry sites had low C capacity due to less plant growth and high turnover of soil C, so they may be a C source in the future. Alternately, cooler and wetter ecosystems had high C capacity, so these systems may be a future C sink.
Ara Cho, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Richard Wehr, and Maarten C. Krol
Biogeosciences, 20, 2573–2594, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2573-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2573-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a useful constraint for estimating photosynthesis. To simulate COS leaf flux better in the SiB4 model, we propose a novel temperature function for enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity and optimize conductances using observations. The optimal activity of CA occurs below 40 °C, and Ball–Woodrow–Berry parameters are slightly changed. These reduce/increase uptakes in the tropics/higher latitudes and contribute to resolving discrepancies in the COS global budget.
Yunyao Ma, Bettina Weber, Alexandra Kratz, José Raggio, Claudia Colesie, Maik Veste, Maaike Y. Bader, and Philipp Porada
Biogeosciences, 20, 2553–2572, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2553-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2553-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We found that the modelled annual carbon balance of biocrusts is strongly affected by both the environment (mostly air temperature and CO2 concentration) and physiology, such as temperature response of respiration. However, the relative impacts of these drivers vary across regions with different climates. Uncertainty in driving factors may lead to unrealistic carbon balance estimates, particularly in temperate climates, and may be explained by seasonal variation of physiology due to acclimation.
Alexander J. Norton, A. Anthony Bloom, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Paul A. Levine, Shuang Ma, Renato K. Braghiere, and T. Luke Smallman
Biogeosciences, 20, 2455–2484, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how the representation of leaf phenology affects our ability to predict changes to the carbon balance of land ecosystems. We calibrate a new leaf phenology model against a diverse range of observations at six forest sites, showing that it improves the predictive capability of the processes underlying the ecosystem carbon balance. We then show how changes in temperature and rainfall affect the ecosystem carbon balance with this new model.
Libo Wang, Vivek K. Arora, Paul Bartlett, Ed Chan, and Salvatore R. Curasi
Biogeosciences, 20, 2265–2282, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2265-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2265-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Plant functional types (PFTs) are groups of plant species used to represent vegetation distribution in land surface models. There are large uncertainties associated with existing methods for mapping land cover datasets to PFTs. This study demonstrates how fine-resolution tree cover fraction and land cover datasets can be used to inform the PFT mapping process and reduce the uncertainties. The proposed largely objective method makes it easier to implement new land cover products in models.
Jennifer A. Holm, David M. Medvigy, Benjamin Smith, Jeffrey S. Dukes, Claus Beier, Mikhail Mishurov, Xiangtao Xu, Jeremy W. Lichstein, Craig D. Allen, Klaus S. Larsen, Yiqi Luo, Cari Ficken, William T. Pockman, William R. L. Anderegg, and Anja Rammig
Biogeosciences, 20, 2117–2142, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2117-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2117-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Unprecedented climate extremes (UCEs) are expected to have dramatic impacts on ecosystems. We present a road map of how dynamic vegetation models can explore extreme drought and climate change and assess ecological processes to measure and reduce model uncertainties. The models predict strong nonlinear responses to UCEs. Due to different model representations, the models differ in magnitude and trajectory of forest loss. Therefore, we explore specific plant responses that reflect knowledge gaps.
Veronika Kronnäs, Klas Lucander, Giuliana Zanchi, Nadja Stadlinger, Salim Belyazid, and Cecilia Akselsson
Biogeosciences, 20, 1879–1899, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1879-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1879-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In a future climate, extreme droughts might become more common. Climate change and droughts can have negative effects on soil weathering and plant health.
In this study, climate change effects on weathering were studied on sites in Sweden using the model ForSAFE, a climate change scenario and an extreme drought scenario. The modelling shows that weathering is higher during summer and increases with global warming but that weathering during drought summers can become as low as winter weathering.
Agustín Sarquis and Carlos A. Sierra
Biogeosciences, 20, 1759–1771, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1759-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1759-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Although plant litter is chemically and physically heterogenous and undergoes multiple transformations, models that represent litter dynamics often ignore this complexity. We used a multi-model inference framework to include information content in litter decomposition datasets and studied the time it takes for litter to decompose as measured by the transit time. In arid lands, the median transit time of litter is about 3 years and has a negative correlation with mean annual temperature.
Qi Guan, Jing Tang, Lian Feng, Stefan Olin, and Guy Schurgers
Biogeosciences, 20, 1635–1648, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1635-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1635-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding terrestrial sources of nitrogen is vital to examine lake eutrophication changes. Combining process-based ecosystem modeling and satellite observations, we found that land-leached nitrogen in the Yangtze Plain significantly increased from 1979 to 2018, and terrestrial nutrient sources were positively correlated with eutrophication trends observed in most lakes, demonstrating the necessity of sustainable nitrogen management to control eutrophication.
Vivek K. Arora, Christian Seiler, Libo Wang, and Sian Kou-Giesbrecht
Biogeosciences, 20, 1313–1355, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1313-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1313-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The behaviour of natural systems is now very often represented through mathematical models. These models represent our understanding of how nature works. Of course, nature does not care about our understanding. Since our understanding is not perfect, evaluating models is challenging, and there are uncertainties. This paper illustrates this uncertainty for land models and argues that evaluating models in light of the uncertainty in various components provides useful information.
Benjamin S. Felzer
Biogeosciences, 20, 573–587, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-573-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-573-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The future of the terrestrial carbon sink depends upon the legacy of past land use, which determines the stand age of the forest and nutrient levels in the soil, both of which affect vegetation growth. This study uses a modeling approach to determine the effects of land-use legacy in the conterminous US from 1750 to 2099. Not accounting for land legacy results in a low carbon sink and high biomass, while water variables are not as highly affected.
Bailu Zhao and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 20, 251–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we use a process-based model to simulate the northern peatland's C dynamics in response to future climate change during 1990–2300. Northern peatlands are projected to be a C source under all climate scenarios except for the mildest one before 2100 and C sources under all scenarios afterwards.
We find northern peatlands are a C sink until pan-Arctic annual temperature reaches −2.09 to −2.89 °C. This study emphasizes the vulnerability of northern peatlands to climate change.
Lin Yu, Silvia Caldararu, Bernhard Ahrens, Thomas Wutzler, Marion Schrumpf, Julian Helfenstein, Chiara Pistocchi, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 20, 57–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-57-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-57-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we addressed a key weakness in current ecosystem models regarding the phosphorus exchange in the soil and developed a new scheme to describe this process. We showed that the new scheme improved the model performance for plant productivity, soil organic carbon, and soil phosphorus content at five beech forest sites in Germany. We claim that this new model could be used as a better tool to study ecosystems under future climate change, particularly phosphorus-limited systems.
Bimal K. Bhattacharya, Kaniska Mallick, Devansh Desai, Ganapati S. Bhat, Ross Morrison, Jamie R. Clevery, William Woodgate, Jason Beringer, Kerry Cawse-Nicholson, Siyan Ma, Joseph Verfaillie, and Dennis Baldocchi
Biogeosciences, 19, 5521–5551, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5521-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5521-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Evaporation retrieval in heterogeneous ecosystems is challenging due to empirical estimation of ground heat flux and complex parameterizations of conductances. We developed a parameter-sparse coupled ground heat flux-evaporation model and tested it across different limits of water stress and vegetation fraction in the Northern/Southern Hemisphere. The model performed particularly well in the savannas and showed good potential for evaporative stress monitoring from thermal infrared satellites.
Jie Zhang, Wenxin Zhang, Per-Erik Jansson, and Søren O. Petersen
Biogeosciences, 19, 4811–4832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we relied on a properly controlled laboratory experiment to test the model’s capability of simulating the dominant microbial processes and the emissions of one greenhouse gas (nitrous oxide, N2O) from agricultural soils. This study reveals important processes and parameters that regulate N2O emissions in the investigated model framework and also suggests future steps of model development, which have implications on the broader communities of ecosystem modelers.
Jan De Pue, José Miguel Barrios, Liyang Liu, Philippe Ciais, Alirio Arboleda, Rafiq Hamdi, Manuela Balzarolo, Fabienne Maignan, and Françoise Gellens-Meulenberghs
Biogeosciences, 19, 4361–4386, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4361-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4361-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The functioning of ecosystems involves numerous biophysical processes which interact with each other. Land surface models (LSMs) are used to describe these processes and form an essential component of climate models. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of three LSMs and their interactions with soil moisture and vegetation. Though we found room for improvement in the simulation of soil moisture and drought stress, the main cause of errors was related to the simulated growth of vegetation.
Jarmo Mäkelä, Laura Arppe, Hannu Fritze, Jussi Heinonsalo, Kristiina Karhu, Jari Liski, Markku Oinonen, Petra Straková, and Toni Viskari
Biogeosciences, 19, 4305–4313, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4305-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4305-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soils account for the largest share of carbon found in terrestrial ecosystems, and accurate depiction of soil carbon decomposition is essential in understanding how permanent these carbon storages are. We present a straightforward way to include carbon isotope concentrations into soil decomposition and carbon storages for the Yasso model, which enables the model to use 13C as a natural tracer to track changes in the underlying soil organic matter decomposition.
Cited articles
Adams, J. M., Constable, J. V. H., Guenther, A. B., and Zimmerman, P.: An estimate of natural volatile organic compound emissions from vegetation since the last glacial maximum, Chemosphere, 3, 73–91, 2001.
Anderson, J. M.: Breakdown and decomposition of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa mill.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica l.) leaf litter in 2 deciduous woodland soils. 1. Breakdown, leaching and decomposition, Oecologia, 12, 251–274, 1973.
Andreae, M. O. and Crutzen, P. J.: Atmospheric aerosols: Biogeochemical sources and role in atmospheric chemistry, Science, 276, 1052–1058, https://doi.org/1010.1126/science.1276.5315.1052, 1997.
Andreae, M. O. and Merlet, P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 955–966, 2001.
Andreae, M. O.: Aerosols before pollution, Science, 315, 50–51, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136529, 2007.
Arneth, A., Miller, P. A., Scholze, M., Hickler, T., Schurgers, G., Smith, B., and Prentice, I. C.: CO2 inhibition of global terrestrial isoprene emissions: Potential implications for atmospheric chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18813, https://doi.org/18810.11029/12007GL030615, 2007a.
Arneth, A., Niinemets, Ü., Pressley, S., Bäck, J., Hari, P., Karl, T., Noe, S., Prentice, I. C., Serça, D., Hickler, T., Wolf, A., and Smith, B.: Process-based estimates of terrestrial ecosystem isoprene emissions: incorporating the effects of a direct CO2-isoprene interaction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 31–53, 2007b.
Arneth, A., Monson, R. K., Schurgers, G., Niinemets, Ü., and Palmer, P. I.: Why are estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions so similar (and why is this not so for monoterpenes)?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4605–4620, 2008a.
Arneth, A., Schurgers, G., Hickler, T., and Miller, P. A.: Effects of species composition, land surface cover, CO2 concentration and climate on isoprene emissions from european forests, Plant Biol., 10, 150–162, https://doi.org/110.1055/s-2007-965247, 2008b.
Ashmore, M. L., Emberson, L., Karsson, P. E., and Pleijel, H.: A new generation of ozone critical levels for the protection of vegetation in europe, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2213–2214, 2004.
Ashmore, M. R.: Assessing the future global impacts of ozone on vegetation, Plant Cell Environ., 28, 949–964, 2005.
Barket Jr., D. J., Grossenbacher, J. W., Hurst, J. M., Shepson, P. B., Olszyna, K., Thornberry, T., Carroll, M. A., Roberts, J., Stround, C., Bottenheim, J., and Biesenthal, T.: A study of the NOx dependence of isoprene oxidation, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D11310, https://doi.org/11310.11029/12003JD003965, 2004.
Barkley, M. P., Palmer, P. I., Kuhn, U., Kesselmeier, J., Chance, K., Kurosu, T. P., Martin, R. V., Helmig, D., and Guenther, A.: Net ecosystem fluxes of isoprene over tropical South America inferred from GOME observations of HCHO columns, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D20304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd009863, 2008.
Batjes, N. H.: A homogenised soil profile data set for global and regional environmental research (wise, version 1.1), Int. Soil Ref. and Inf. Center, Wageningen, 2002.
Beer, C., Lucht, W., Gerten, D., Thonicke, K., and Schmullius, C.: Effects of soil freezing and thawing on vegetation carbon density in Siberia: A modeling analysis with the Lund-Potsdam-Jena dynamic global vegetation model (LPJ-DGVM), Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, Gb1012, https://doi.org/1010.1029/2006GB002760, 2007.
Bian, H., Chin, M., Kawa, S. R., Duncan, B., Arellano, A., and Kasibhatla, P.: Sensitivity of global co simulations to uncertainties in biomass burning sources, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D23308, https://doi.org/23310.21029/22006JD008376, 2007.
Bond-Lamberty, B., Peckham, S. D., Ahl, D. E., and Gower, S. T.: Fire as the dominant driver of central Canadian boreal forest carbon balance, Nature, 450, 89–92, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06272, 2007.
Bondeau, A., Smith, P. C., Zaehle, S., Schaphoff, S., Lucht, W., Cramer, W., Gerten, D., Lotze-Campen, H., Muller, C., Reichstein, M., and Smith, B.: Modelling the role of agriculture for the 20th century global terrestrial carbon balance, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 679–706, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01305.x, 2007.
Bonn, B. and Moortgat, G. K.: Sesquiterpene ozonolysis: Origin of atmospheric new particle formation from biogenic hydrocarbons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1585, https://doi.org/1510.1029/2003GL017000, 2003.
Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., and Miller, J. B.: Contribution of anthropogenic and natural sources to atmospheric methane variability, Nature, 443, 439–443, 2006.
Bouwman, A. F., Boumans, L. J. M., and Batjes, N. H.: Estimation of global NH3 volatilization loss from synthetic fertilizers and animal manure applied to arable lands and grasslands, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16(2), 1024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001389, 2002.
Boyer, E. W., Alexander, R. B., Parton, W. J., Li, C. S., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Donner, S. D., Skaggs, R. W., and Del Gross, S. J.: Modeling denitrification in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems at regional scales, Ecol. Appl., 16, 2123–2142, 2006.
Brisson, N., Ruget, F., Gate, P., Lorgeau, J., Nicoullaud, B., Tayot, X., Plenet, D., Jeuffroy, M. H., Bouthier, A., Ripoche, D., Mary, B., and Justes, E.: Stics: A generic model for simulating crops and their water and nitrogen balances. Ii. Model validation for wheat and maize, Agronomie, 22, 69–92, 2002.
Brovkin, V., Sitch, S., von Bloh, W., Claussen, M., Bauer, E., and Cramer, W.: Role of land cover changes for atmospheric CO2 increase and climate change during the last 150 years, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 1253–1266, 2004.
Bruisma, J.: World agriculture: Towards 2015/2030: An fao study, FAO, London, Earthscan Publications, 2003.
Brummer, C., Bruggemann, N., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Falk, U., Szarzynski, J., Vielhauer, K., Wassmann, R., and Papen, H.: Soil-atmosphere exchange of N2O and NO in near-natural savanna and agricultural land in Burkina Faso (W. Africa), Ecosystems, 11, 582–600, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9144-1, 2008.
Buchwitz, M., de Beek, R., Burrows, J. P., Bovensmann, H., Warneke, T., Notholt, J., Meirink, J. F., Goede, A. P. H., Bergamaschi, P., Körner, S., Heimann, M., and Schulz, A.: Atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide from SCIAMACHY satellite data: initial comparison with chemistry and transport models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 941–962, 2005.
Butterbach-Bahl, K., Kesik, M., Miehle, P., Papen, H., and Li, C.: Quantifying the regional source strength of n-trace gases across agricultural and forest ecosystems with process based models, Plant Soil, 260, 311–329, 2004.
Butterbach-Bahl, K., Kahl, M., Mykhayliv, I., Werner, C., Kiese, R., and Li, C.: European wide inventory of soil no emissions using the biogeochemical models DNDC/forest DNDC, Atmos. Environ., 43(7), 1392–1402, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.008, 2008.
Cao, M., Marshall, S., and Gregson, K.: Global carbon exchange and methane emission from natural wetlands: Application of a process-based model, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 143999–114414, 1996.
Cao, M., Gregson, K., and Marshall, S.: Global methane emission from wetlands and its sensitivity to climate change, Atmos. Environ., 32, 3293–3299, 1998.
Challinor, A. J., Wheeler, T. R., Craufurd, P. Q., Slingo, J. M., and Grimes, D. I. F.: Design and optimisation of a large-area process-based model for annual crops, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 124, 99–120, 2004.
Challinor, A., Wheeler, T., Garforth, C., Craufurd, P., and Kassam, A.: Assessing the vulnerability of food crop systems in Africa to climate change, Climatic Change, 83, 381–399, 2007.
Chameides, W. L., Lindsay, R. W., Richardson, J., and Kiang, C. S.: The role of biogenic hydrocarbons in urban photochemical smog, Science, 241, 1–10, 1988.
Chapuis-Lardy, L., Wrage, N., Metay, A. U. R., Chotte, J.-L., and Bernoux, M.: Soils, a sink for N2O? A review, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 1–17, 2007.
Chen, Y. H. and Prinn, R. G.: Estimation of atmospheric methane emissions between 1996 and 2001 using a three-dimensional global chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D10307, https://doi.org/10310.11029/12005JD006058, 2006.
Christensen, T. R., Prentice, I. C., Kaplan, J., Haxeltine, A., and Sitch, S.: Methane flux from northern wetlands and tundra: An ecosystem source modelling approach, Tellus, 48B, 651–660, 1996.
Christensen, T. R., Ekberg, A., Strom, L., Mastepanov, M., Panikov, N., Mats, O., Svensson, B. H., Nykanen, H., Martikainen, P. J., and Oskarsson, H.: Factors controlling large scale variations in methane emissions from wetlands, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1414, https://doi.org/1410.1029/2002L016848, 2003.
Christensen, T. R., Johansson, T., Åkerman, H. J., and Mastepanov, M.: Thawing sub-arctic permafrost: Effects on vegetation and methane emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L04501, https://doi.org/04510.01029/02003GJ018680, 2004.
Ciais, P., Tans, P. P., Trolier, M., White, J. W. C., and Francey, R. J.: A large northern hemisphere terrestrial CO2 sink indicated by the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO2, Science, 269, 1098–1102, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5227.1098, 1995.
Collatz, G. J., Ball, J. T., Grivet, C., and Berry, J. A.: Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: A model that includes a laminar boundary layer, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 54, 107–136, 1991.
Conrad, R.: Soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (H-2, CO, CH4, OCS, N2O, and NO), Microbiol. Rev., 60, 609–640, 1996.
Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Jones, C. D., Spall, S. A., and Totterdell, I. J.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model, Nature, 408, 184–186, 2000.
Coyle, M., Nemitz, E., Storeton-West, R. L., Fowler, D., and Cape, J. N.: Measurements of ozone deposition to a potato canopy, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 655–666, 2009.
Cramer, W., Bondeau, A., Woodward, F. I., Prentice, I. C., Betts, R. A., Brovkin, V., Cox, P. M., Fisher, V., Foley, J. A., Friend, A. D., Kucharik, C., Lomas, M., Ramankutty, N., Sitch, S., Smith, B., White, A., and Young-Molling, C.: Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: Results from six dynamic global vegetation models, Glob. Change Biol., 7, 357–373, 2001.
Crutzen, P. J.: Role of NO and NO2 in the chemistry of the troposphere and stratosphere, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 7, 443–472, 1979.
Crutzen, P. J., Mosier, A. R., Smith, K. A., and Winiwarter, W.: N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 389–395, 2008.
Curry, C. L.: Modeling the soil consumption of atmospheric methane at the global scale, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB4012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002818, 2007.
Davin, E. L., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., and Friedlingstein, P.: Impact of land cover change on surface climate: Relevance of the radiative forcing concept, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13702, https://doi.org/13710.11029/12007GL029678, 2007.
de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Gervois, S., Ciais, P., Viovy, N., Brisson, N., Seguin, B., and Perrier, A.: Coupling the soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer scheme ORCHIDEE to the agronomy model STICS to study the influence of croplands on the European carbon and water budgets, Agronomie, 24, 397–407, 2004.
Del Gross0, S. J., Parton, W. J., Mosier, A. R., Walsh, M. K., Ojima, D. S., and Thornton, P. E.: Daycent national-scale simulations of nitrous oxide emissions from cropped soils in the United States, J. Environ. Qual., 35, 1451–1460, 2006.
Denman, K. L., Brasseur, G., Chidtaisong, A., Ciais, P., Cox, P. M., Dickinson, R. E., Hauglustaine, D., Heinze, C., Holland, E., Jacob, D., Lohmann, U., Ramachandran, S., Leita da Silva Dias, P., Wofsy, S. C., Zhang, X., et al.: Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry, in: Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., et. al., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
Denning, A. S. and Fung, I. Y.: Latitudinal gradient of atmospheric CO2 due to seasonal exchange with land biota, Nature, 376, 240–243, 1995.
Dentener, F., Stevenson, D., Ellingsen, K., van Noije, T., Schultz, M., Amann, M., Atherton, C., Bell, N., Bergmann, D., Bey, I., Bouwman, L., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Collins, B., Drevet, J., Doherty, R., Eickhout, B., Eskes, H., Fiore, A., Gauss, M., Hauglustaine, D., Horowitz, L., Isaksen, I. S. A., Josse, B., Lawrence, M., Krol, M., Lamarque, J. F., Montanaro, V., Muller, J. F., Peuch, V. H., Pitari, G., Pyle, J., Rast, S., Rodriguez, J., Sanderson, M., Savage, N. H., Shindell, D., Strahan, S., Szopa, S., Sudo, K., Van Dingenen, R., Wild, O., and Zeng, G.: The global Atmos. Environ. for the next generation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3586–3594, 2006a.
Dentener, F., Drevet, J., Lamarque, J. F., Bey, I., Eickhout, B., Fiore, A. M., Hauglustaine, D., Horowitz, L. W., Krol, M., Kulshrestha, U. C., Lawrence, M., Galy-Lacaux, C., Rast, S., Shindell, D., Stevenson, D., Van Noije, T., Atherton, C., Bell, N., Bergman, D., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Collins, B., Doherty, R., Ellingsen, K., Galloway, J., Gauss, M., Montanaro, V., Muller, J. F., Pitari, G., Rodriguez, J., Sanderson, M., Solmon, F., Strahan, S., Schultz, M., Sudo, K., Szopa, S., and Wild, O.: Nitrogen and sulfur deposition on regional and global scales: A multimodel evaluation, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB4003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002672, 2006b.
Derwent, R. G.: Air chemistry and terrestrial gas emissions: A global perspective, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A, 351, 205–217, 1995.
Dickinson, M. B. and Johnson, E. A.: Fire effects on trees, in: Forest fires. Behaviour and ecological effects, edited by: Johnson, E. A. and Miyanishi, K., Academic Press, San Diego, 477–525, 2001.
Dickinson, R. E., Berry, J. A., Bonan, G. B., Collatz, G. J., Field, C. B., Fung, I. Y., Goulden, M., Hoffmann, W. A., Jackson, R. B., Myneni, R., Sellers, P. J., and Shaikh, M.: Nitrogen controls on climate model evapotranspiration, J. Climate, 15, 278–295, 2002.
Donner, L. and Ramanathan, V.: Methane and nitrous oxide: Their effects on the terrestrial climate, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 119–124, 1980.
Donner, S. D. and Kucharik, C. J.: Evaluating the impacts of land management and climate variability on crop production and nitrate export across the Upper Mississippi Basin, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1050, https://doi.org/1010.1029/2001GB001808, 2003.
Donner, S. D., Kucharik, C. J., and Foley, J. A.: Impact of changing land use practices on nitrate export by the Mississippi river, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB1028, https://doi.org/1010.1029/ 2003GB002093, 2004.
Dueck, T. A., de Visser, R., Poorter, H., Persijn, S., Gorissen, A., de Visser, W., Schapendonk, A., Verhagen, J., Snel, J., Harren, F. J. M., Ngai, A. K. Y., Verstappen, F., Bouwmeester, H., Voesenek, L., and van der Werf, A.: No evidence for substantial aerobic methane emission by terrestrial plants: A C-13-labelling approach, New Phytol., 175, 29–35, 2007.
Duhl, T. R., Helmig, D., and Guenther, A.: Sesquiterpene emissions from vegetation: a review, Biogeosciences, 5, 761–777, 2008.
Duncan, B. N., Logan, J. A., Bey, I., Megretskaia, I. A., Yantosca, R. M., Novelli, P. C., Jones, N. B., and Rinsland, C. P.: Global budget of co, 1988–1997: Source estimates and validation with a global model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D22301, https://doi.org/22310.21029/22007JD008459, 2007.
Dusek, U., Frank, G. P., Hildebrandt, L., Curtius, J., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Chand, D., Drewnick, F., Hings, S., Jung, D., Borrmann, S., and Andreae, M. O.: Size matters more than chemistry for cloud-nucleating ability of aerosol particles, Science, 312, 1375–1378, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1125261, 2006.
Dutaur, L. and Verchot, L. V.: A global inventory of the soil CH4 sink, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB4013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gb002734, 2007.
Emberson, L. D., Ashmore, M. R., Cambridge, H. M., Simpson, D., and Tuovinen, J. P.: Modelling stomatal ozone flux across Europe, Environ. Pollut., 109, 403–413, 2000.
Euskirchen, E. S., McGuire, A. D., Kicklighter, D. W., Zhuang, Q., Clein, J. S., Dargaville, R. J., Dye, D. G., Kimball, J. S., McDonald, K. C., Melillo, J. M., Romanovsky, V. E., and Smith, N. V.: Importance of recent shifts in soil thermal dynamics on growing season length, productivity, and carbon sequestration in terrestrial high-latitude ecosystems, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 731–750, 2006.
Fares, S., Loreto, F., Kleist, E., and Wildt, J.: Stomatal uptake and stomatal deposition of ozone in isoprene and monoterpene emitting plants, Plant Biol., 10, 44–54, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-965257, 2008.
Farquhar, G. D., von Caemmerer, S., and Berry, J. A.: A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species, Planta, 149, 78–90, 1980.
Feddema, J. J., Oleson, K. W., Bonan, G. B., Mearns, L. O., Buja, L. E., Meehl, G. A., and Washington, W. M.: The importance of land-cover change in simulating future climates, Science, 310, 1674–1678, 2005.
Felzer, B., Kicklighter, D., Melillo, J., Wang, C., Zhuang, Q., and Prinn, R.: Effects of ozone on net primary production and carbon sequestration in the conterminous united states using a biogeochemistry model, Tellus B, 56, 230–248, 2004.
Feng, Y. and Penner J. E.: Global modelling of nitrate and ammonium: Interaction of aerosols and tropospheric chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D01304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006404, 2007.
Ferretti, D. F., Miller, J. B., White, J. W. C., Lassey, K. R., Lowe, D. C., and Etheridge, D. M.: Stable isotopes provide revised global limits of aerobic methane emissions from plants, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 237–241, 2007.
Finzi, A. C., Norby, R. J., Calfapietra, C., Gallet-Budynek, A., Gielen, B., Holmes, W. E., Hoosbeek, M. R., Iversen, C. M., Jackson, R. B., Kubiske, M. E., Ledford, J., Liberloo, M., Oren, R., Polle, A., Pritchard, S., Zak, D. R., Schlesinger, W. H., and Ceulemans, R.: Increases in nitrogen uptake rather than nitrogen-use efficiency support higher rates of temperate forest productivity under elevated CO2, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104, 14014–14019, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706518104, 2007.
Fiore, A. M., Dentener, F. J., Wild, O., Cuvelier, C., Schultz, M. G., Hess, P., Textor, C., Schulz, M., Doherty, R. M., Horowitz, L. W., MacKenzie, I. A., Sanderson, M. G., Shindell, D. T., Stevenson, D. S., Szopa, S., Van Dingenen, R., Zeng, G., Atherton, C., Bergmann, D., Bey, I., Carmichael, G., Collins, W. J., Duncan, B. N., Faluvegi, G., Folberth, G., Gauss, M., Gong, S., Hauglustaine, D., Holloway, T., Isaksen, I. S. A., Jacob, D. J., Jonson, J. E., Kaminski, J. W., Keating, T. J., Lupu, A., Marmer, E., Montanaro, V., Park, R. J., Pitari, G., Pringle, K. J., Pyle, J. A., Schroeder, S., Vivanco, M. G., Wind, P., Wojcik, G., Wu, S., and Zuber, A.: Multimodel estimates of intercontinental source-receptor relationships for ozone pollution, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D04301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010816, 2009.
Fischer, G., Vetlthuizen, H., Shah, M. M., and Nachtergale, F.: Global agro-ecological assessment for agriculture in the 21st century: Methodology and results, IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, 155 pp., 2002.
Fischer, H., Behrens, M., Bock, M., Richter, U., Schmitt, J., Loulergue, L., Chappellaz, J., Spahni, R., Blunier, T., Leuenberger, M., and Stocker, T. F.: Changing boreal methane sources and constant biomass burning during the last termination, Nature, 452, 864–867, 2008.
Fiscus, E. L., Booker, F. L., and Burkey, K. O.: Crop responses to ozone: Uptake, modes of action, carbon assimilation and partitioning, Plant Cell Environ., 28, 997–1011, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01349.x, 2005.
Folberth, G. A., Hauglustaine, D. A., Lathiére, J., and Brocheton, F.: Interactive chemistry in the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique general circulation model: model description and impact analysis of biogenic hydrocarbons on tropospheric chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2273–2319, 2006.
Foley, J. A., Prentice, I. C., Ramankutty, N., Levis, S., Pollard, D., Sitch, S., and Haxeltine, A.: An integrated biosphere model of land surface processes, terrestrial carbon balance, and vegetation dynamics, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 603–628, 1996.
Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D. W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D. C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schultz, M., van Dorland, R., et al.: Changes in atmospheric constituents and radiative forcing, in: Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
Fowler, D., Flechard, C., Cape, J. N., Storeton-West, R. L., and Coyle, M.: Measurements of ozone deposition to vegetation quantifying the flux, the stomatal and non-stomatal components, Water Air Soil Pollut., 130, 63–74, 2001.
Frankenberg, C., Meirink, J. F., van Weele, M., Platt, U., and Wagner, T.: Assessing methane emissions from global space-borne observations, Science, 308, 1010–1014, 2005.
Friborg, T., Soegaard, H., Christensen, T. R., Lloyd, C. R., and Panikov, N. S.: Siberian wetlands: Where a sink is a source, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2129, https://doi.org/2110.1029/2003GL017797, 2003.
Friedlingstein, P., Bopp, L., Ciais, P., Dufresne, J.-L., Fairhead, L., LeTreut, H., Monfray, P., and Orr, J.: Positive feedback between future climate change and the carbon cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1543–1546, 2001.
Friedlingstein, P., Cox, P., Betts, R., Bopp, L., Von Bloh, W., Brovkin, V., Cadule, P., Doney, S., Eby, M., Fung, I., Bala, G., John, J., Jones, C., Joos, F., Kato, T., Kawamiya, M., Knorr, W., Lindsay, K., Matthews, H. D., Raddatz, T., Rayner, P., Reick, C., Roeckner, E., Schnitzler, K. G., Schnur, R., Strassmann, K., Weaver, A. J., Yoshikawa, C., and Zeng, N.: Climate-carbon cycle feedback analysis: Results from the (CMIP)-M-4 model intercomparison, J. Climate, 19, 3337–3353, 2006.
Friend, A. D., Stevens, A. K., Knox, R. G., and Cannell, M. G. R.: A process-based, terrestrial biosphere model of ecosystem dynamics (Hybrid v3.0), Ecol. Modell., 95, 249–287, 1997.
Friend, A. D., Arneth, A., Kiang, N. Y., Lomas, M., Ogee, J., Rodenbeckk, C., Running, S. W., Santaren, J. D., Sitch, S., Viovy, N., Woodward, F. I., and Zaehle, S.: Fluxnet and modelling the global carbon cycle, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 610–633, https://doi.org/610.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01223.x, 2007.
Frolking, S. and Roulet, N. T.: Holocene radiative forcing impact of northern peatland carbon accumulation and methane emissions, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 1079–1088, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01339.x, 2007.
Fung, I., John, J., Lerner, J., Matthews, E., Prather, M., Steele, L. P., and Fraser, P. J.: 3-dimensionaml model synthesis of the global methane cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 13033–13065, 1991.
Gabrielle, B., Laville, P., Duval, O., Nicoullaud, B., Germon, J. C., and Henault, C.: Process-based modeling of nitrous oxide emissions from wheat-cropped soils at the subregional scale, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB4018, https://doi.org/4010.1029/2006GB002686, 2006.
Galanter, M. and Levy, H.: Impact of biomass burning on tropospheric CO, NOx and O3, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6633–6653, 2000.
Galbally, I. E. and Kirstine, W.: The production of methanol by flowering plants and the global cycle of methanol, J. Atmos. Chem., 43, 195–229, https://doi.org/110.1023/A:1020684815474, 2002.
Galloway, J. N., Dentener, F. J., Capone, D. G., Boyer, E. W., Howarth, R. W., Seitzinger, S. P., Asner, G. P., Cleveland, C. C., Green, P. A., Holland, E. A., Karl, D. M., Michaels, A. F., Porter, J. H., Townsend, A. R., and Vorosmarty, C. J.: Nitrogen cycles: Past, present, and future, Biogeochemistry, 70, 153–226, 2004.
Galloway, J. N., Townsend, A. R., Erisman, J. W., Bekunda, M., Cai, Z., Freney, J. R., Martinelli, L. A., Seitzinger, S. P., and Sutton, M. A.: Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: Recent trends, questions, and potential solutions, Science, 320, 889–892, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136674, 2008.
Ganzeveld, L. N., Lelieveld, J., Dentener, F. J., Krol, M. C., Bouwman, A. J., and Roelofs, G. J.: Global soil-biogenic NOx emissions and the role of canopy processes, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4321, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001289, 2002a.
Ganzeveld, L. N., Lelieveld, J., Dentener, F. J., Krol, M. C., and Roelofs, G. J.: Atmosphere-biosphere trace gas exchanges simulated with a single-column model, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4320, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000684, 2002b.
Gauss, M., Myhre, G., Isaksen, I. S. A., Grewe, V., Pitari, G., Wild, O., Collins, W. J., Dentener, F. J., Ellingsen, K., Gohar, L. K., Hauglustaine, D. A., Iachetti, D., Lamarque, F., Mancini, E., Mickley, L. J., Prather, M. J., Pyle, J. A., Sanderson, M. G., Shine, K. P., Stevenson, D. S., Sudo, K., Szopa, S., and Zeng, G.: Radiative forcing since preindustrial times due to ozone change in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 575–599, 2006.
Gedney, N., Cox, P. M., and Huntingford, C.: Climate feedback from wetland methane emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L20503, https://doi.org/20510.21029/22004GL020919, 2004.
Gerten, D., Lucht, W., Schaphoff, S., Cramer, W., and Wagner, W.: Hydrologic resilience of the terrestrial biosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L21408, https://doi.org/21410.21029/22005GL024247, 2005.
Gervois, S., De Noblet-Ducoudre, N., Viovy, N., Ciais, P., Brisson, N., Seguin, B., Perrier, A. Graedel, T. E., and Crutzen, P. J.: Including croplands in a global biosphere model: Methodology and evaluation on specific sites, Earth Interactions, 8, 1–25, 2004.
Gervois, S., Ciais, P., de Noblet-Ducoudre, N., Brisson, N., Vuichard, N., and Viovy, N.: Carbon and water balance of European croplands throughout the 20th century, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gb003018, 2008.
Graedel, T. E. and Crutzen, P. J.: Atmospheric change: An earth system perspective, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1993.
Grant, R. F., Oechel, W. C., and Ping, C. L.: Modelling carbon balances of coastal arctic tundra under changing climate, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 16–36, 2003.
Groffman, P. M., Altabet, M. A., Böhlke, J. K., Butterbach-Bahl, K., M.B., D., Firestone, M. K., Giblin, A. E., Kana, T. M., Nielsen, L. P., and Voytek, M. A.: Methods for measuring denitrification: Diverse approaches to a difficult problem, Ecol. Appl., 16, 2091–2122, 2006.
Groffman P. M., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Fulweiler, R. W., Gold, A. J., Morse, J. L., Stander, E. K., Tague, C., Tonitto, C., and Vidon, P.: Challenges to incorporating spatially and temporally explicit phenomena (hotspots and hot moments), Biogeochemistry, 93, 49–77, 2009.
Gruber, N. and Galloway, J. N.: An earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle, Nature, 451, 293–296, 2008.
Guenther, A., Monson, R. K., and Fall, R.: Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: Observations with eucalyptus and emission rate algorithm development, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 10799–10808, 1991.
Guenther, A. B., Zimmerman, P. R., Harley, P. C., Monson, R. K., and Fall, R.: Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability – model evaluations and sensitivity analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12609–12617, 1993.
Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., McKay, W. A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmermann, P.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873–8892, 1995.
Guenther, A.: The contribution of reactive carbon emissions from vegetation to the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems, Chemosphere, 49, 837–844, 2002.
Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, 2006.
Hartz, K. E. H., Rosenorn, T., Ferchak, S. R., Raymond, T. M., Bilde, M., Donahue, N. M., and Pandis, S. N.: Cloud condensation nuclei activation of monoterpene and sesquiterpene secondary organic aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D14208, https://doi.org/14210.11029/12004JD005754, 2005.
Hauglustaine, D. A. and Ehalt, D. H.: A three-dimensional model of molecular hydrogen in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4330, https://doi.org/4310.1029/2001JD001156, 2002.
Hauglustaine, D. A., Lathiere, J., Szopa, S., and Folberth, G. A.: Future tropospheric ozone simulated with a climate-chemistry-biosphere model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L24807, https://doi.org/24810.21029/22005GL024031, 2005.
Heald, C. L., Wilkinson, M. J., Monson, R. K., Alo, C. A., Wang, G. L., and Guenther, A.: Response of isoprene emission to ambient CO2 changes and implications for global budgets, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 1127–1140, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01802.x, 2009.
Hély, C., Alleaume, S., Swap, R. J., Shugart, H. H., and Justice, C. O.: SAFARI-2000 characterization of fuels, fire behavior, combustion completeness, and emissions from experimental burns in infertile grass savannas in western Zambia, J. Arid Environ., 54, 381–394, 2003.
Henze, D. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Global secondary organic aerosol from isoprene oxidation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09812, https://doi.org/09810.01029/02006GL025976, 2006.
Hickler, T., Smith, B., Sykes, M. T., Davis, M. B., Sugita, S., and Walker, K.: Using a generalized vegetation model to simulate vegetation dynamics in northeastern USA, Ecology, 85, 519–530, 2004.
Hickler, T., Smith, B., Prentice, I. C., Mjöfors, K., Miller, P., Arneth, A., and Sykes, M.: CO2 fertilization in temperate face experiments not representative of boreal and tropical forests, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01598.x, 2008.
Hinzman, L. D., Bettez, N. D., Bolton, W. R., Chapin, F. S., Dyurgerov, M. B., Fastie, C. L., Griffith, B., Hollister, R. D., Hope, A., Huntington, H. P., Jensen, A. M., Jia, G. J., Jorgenson, T., Kane, D. L., Klein, D. R., Kofinas, G., Lynch, A. H., Lloyd, A. H., McGuire, A. D., Nelson, F. E., Oechel, W. C., Osterkamp, T. E., Racine, C. H., Romanovsky, V. E., Stone, R. S., Stow, D. A., Sturm, M., Tweedie, C. E., Vourlitis, G. L., Walker, M. D., Walker, D. A., Webber, P. J., Welker, J. M., Winker, K., and Yoshikawa, K.: Evidence and implications of recent climate change in northern Alaska and other arctic regions, Climatic Change, 72, 251–298, 2005.
Hirsch, A. I., Michalak, A. M., Bruhwiler, L. M., Peters, W., Dlugokencky, E. J., and Tans, P. P.: Inverse modeling estimates of the global nitrous oxide surface flux from 1998–2001, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB1008, https://doi.org/1010.1029/2004GB002443, 2006.
Hoelzemann, J. J., Schultz, M., Brasseur, G. P., Granier, C., and Simon, M.: Global wildland fire emission model (GWEM): Evaluating the use of global area burnt satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14S04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003666, 2004.
Hoffmann, T., Odum, J. R., Bowman, F., Collins, D., Klockow, D., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Formation of organic aerosols from the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, J. Atmos. Chem., 26, 189–222, 1997.
Holland, E. A., Dentener, F. J., Braswell, B. H., and Sulzman, J. M.: Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactive nitrogen budgets, Biogeochemistry, 46, 7–43, 1999.
Houghton, R. A.: The annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use 1850–1990, Tellus B, 51, 298–313, 1999.
Houghton, R. A.: Revised estimates of the annual flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use and land management 1850–2000, Tellus, 55, 378–390, 2003.
Houweling, S., Röckmann, T., Aben, I., Keppler, F., Krol, M., Meirink, J. F., Dlugokencky, E. J., and Frankenberg, C.: Atmospheric constraints on global emissions of methane from plants, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15821, https://doi.org/15810.11029/12006GL026162, 2006.
Huang, Y., Zhang, W., Zheng, X., Han, S., Yu, Y., et al.: Estimates of methane emission from Chinese rice paddies by linking a model to GIS database, Acta Ecol. Sinica, 26, 980–988, 2006.
Hurtt, G. C., Dubayah, R., Drake, J., Moorcroft, P. R., Pacala, S. W., Blair, J. B., and Fearon, M. G.: Beyond potential vegetation: Combining lidar data and a height-structured model for carbon studies, Ecol. Appl., 14, 873–883, 2004.
Imhoff, M. L., Bounoua, L., Ricketts, T., Loucks, C., Harriss, R., and Lawrence, W. T.: Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production, Nature, 429, 870–873, 2004.
Ito, A., Sudo, K., Akimoto, H., Sillman, S., and Penner, J.: Global modeling analysis of tropospheric ozone and its radiative forcing from biomass burning emissions in the twentieth century, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24307, https://doi.org/24310.21029/22007JD008745, 2007.
Jaegle, L., Steinberger, L., Martin, R. V., and Chance, K.: Global partitioning of NOx sources using satellite observations: Relative roles of fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and soil emissions, Faraday Discuss., 130, 407–423, 2005.
Jaegle, L., Martin, R. V., Chance, K., Steinberger, L., Kurosu, T. P., Jacob, D. J., Modi, A. I., Yoboue, V., Sigha-Nkamdjou, L., and Galy-Lacaux, C.: Satellite mapping of rain-induced nitric oxide emissions from soils, J. Geophys. Res., 109(D21), D21310, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004787, 2004.
Janssens, I. A. and Luyssaert, S.: Nitrogen's carbon bonus, Nature Geosci., 2(5), 318–319, 2009.
Johnson, E. A.: Fire and vegetation dynamics: Studies from the North American boreal forest, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 129 pp., 1992.
Jung, M., Verstraete, M., Gobron, N., Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Bondeau, A., Robustelli, M., and Pinty, B.: Diagnostic assessment of European gross primary production, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 2349–2364, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01647.x, 2008.
Kaplan, J. O.: Wetlands at the last glacial maximum: Distribution and methane emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1079, https://doi.org/1010.1029/2001GL013366, 2002.
Kaplan, J. O., Folberth, G., and Hauglustaine, D. A.: Role of methane and biogenic volatile organic compound sources in late glacial and Holocene fluctuations of atmospheric methane concentrations, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB2016, https://doi.org/2010.1929/2005GB002590, 2006.
Karlsson, P. E., Uddling, J., Braun, S., Broadmeadow, M., Elvira, S., Gimeno, B. S., Le Thiec, D., Oksanen, E., Vandermeiren, K., Wilkinson, M., and Emberson, L.: New critical levels for ozone effects on young trees based on AOT40 and simulated cumulative leaf uptake of ozone, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2283–2294, 2004.
Karnosky, D. F.: Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 on forest trees and forest ecosystems: Knowledge gaps, Environ. Int., 29, 161–169, 2003.
Karnosky, D. F., Pregitzer, K. S., Zak, D. R., Kubiske, M. E., Hendrey, G. R., Weinstein, D., Nosal, M., and Percy, K. E.: Scaling ozone responses of forest trees to the ecosystem level in a changing climate, Plant Cell Environ., 28, 965–981, 2005.
Kasischke, E. S., Hyer, E. J., Novelli, P. C., Bruhwiler, L. P., French, N. H. F., Sukhinin, A. I., Hewson, J. H., and Stocks, B. J.: Influences of boreal fire emissions on northern hemisphere atmospheric carbon and carbon monoxide, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB1012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002300, 2005.
Keeling, R. F., Piper, S. C., and Heimann, M.: Global and hemispheric co2 sinks deduced from changes in atmospheric O2 concentration, Nature, 381, 218–221, 1996.
Keller, M., Jacob, D. J., Wofsy, S. C., and Harriss, R. C.: Effects of tropical deforestation on global and regional atmospheric chemistry, Climatic Change, 19, 139–158, 1991.
Keppler, F., Hamilton, J. T. G., Brass, M., and Röckmann, T.: Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions, Nature, 439, 187–191, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04420, 2006.
Kesik, M., Ambus, P., Baritz, R., Brüggemann, N., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Damm, M., Duyzer, J., Horváth, L., Kiese, R., Kitzler, B., Leip, A., Li, C., Pihlatie, M., Pilegaard, K., Seufert, S., Simpson, D., Skiba, U., Smiatek, G., Vesala, T., and Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S.: Inventories of N2O and NO emissions from European forest soils, Biogeosciences, 2, 353–375, 2005.
Kesik, M., Bruggemann, N., Forkel, R., Knoche, R., Li, C., Seufert, G., Simpson, D., and Butterbach-Bahl, K.: Future scenarios of N2O and NO emissions from European forest soils, J. Geophys. Res., 111, G02018, https://doi.org/02010.01029/02005JG000115, 2006.
Kesselmeier, J. and Staudt, M.: Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC): An overview on emission, physiology and ecology, J. Atmos. Chem., 33, 23–88, 1999.
Khalil, M. A. K., Rasmussen, R. A., and Shearer, M. J.: Trends of atmospheric methane during the 1960s and 1970s, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 94, 18279–18288, 1989.
King, G. M. and Crosby, H.: Impacts of plant roots on soil CO cycling and soil-atmosphere CO exchange, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 1085–1093, 2002.
Kirchhoff, V., Dasilva, I. M. O., and Browell, E. V.: Ozone measurements in Amazonia – dry season versus wet season, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 95, 16913–16926, 1990.
Kothavala, Z., Arain, M. A., Black, T. A., and Verseghy, D.: The simulation of energy, water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes over common crops by the Canadian land surface scheme (class), Agr. Forest Meteorol., 133, 89–108, 2005.
Krinner, G., Ciais, P., Viovy, N., and Friedlingstein, P.: A simple parameterization of nitrogen limitation on primary productivity for global vegetation models, Biogeosciences Discuss., 2, 1243–1282, 2005a.
Krinner, G., Viovy, N., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Ogéé, J., Polcher, J., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Sitch, S., and Prentice, I. C.: A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB1015, https://doi.org/1010.1029/2003GB002199, 2005b.
Kroeze, C., Mosier, A., and Bouwman, L.: Closing the global N2O budget: A retrospective analysis 1500-1994, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 1–8, 1999.
Kroll, J. H., Ng, L. N., Murphy, S. M., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene photooxidation under high-NOx conditions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023637, 2005.
Kroll, J. H., Ng, N. L., Murphy, S. M., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene photooxidation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 1869–1877, 2006.
Kucharik, C. J.: Evaluation of a process-based agro-ecosystem model (AGRO-IBIS) across the U.S. corn belt: Simulations of the interannual variability in maize yield, Earth Interactions, 7, 1–33, 2003.
Kucharik, C. J. and Brye, K. R.: Integrated biosphere simulator (IBIS) yield and nitrate loss predictions for Wisconsin maize receiving varied amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, J. Environ. Qual., 32, 247–268, 2003.
Kucharik, C. J. and Twine, T. E.: Residue, respiration, and residuals: Evaluation of a dynamic agroecosystem model using eddy flux measurements and biometric data, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 146, 134–158, 2007.
Kulmala, M.: How particles nucleate and grow, Science, 302, 1000–1001, 2003.
Kulmala, M., Suni, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Dal Maso, M., Boy, M., Reissell, A., Rannik, Ü., Aalto, P., Keronen, P., Hakola, H., Bäck, J., Hoffmann, T., Vesala, T., and Hari, P.: A new feedback mechanism linking forests, aerosols, and climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 557–562, 2004.
Lal, R.: Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security, Science, 304, 1623–1627, 2004.
Lassey, K. R., Etheridge, D. M., Lowe, D. C., Smith, A. M., and Ferretti, D. F.: Centennial evolution of the atmospheric methane budget: what do the carbon isotopes tell us?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2119–2139, 2007.
Lathiére, J., Hauglustaine, D. A., Friend, A. D., De Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Viovy, N., and Folberth, G. A.: Impact of climate variability and land use changes on global biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2129–2146, 2006.
Lawrence, D. M. and Slater, A. G.: A projection of severe near-surface permafrost degradation during the 21st century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L24401, https://doi.org/24410.21029/22005GL025080, 2005.
Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P. J., and Dentener, F. J.: Changing concentration, lifetime and climate forcing of atmospheric methane, Tellus B, 50, 128–150, 1998.
Lelieveld, J., Butler, T. M., Crowley, J. N., Dillon, T. J., Fischer, H., Ganzeveld, L., Harder, H., Lawrence, M. G., Martinez, M., Taraborrelli, D., and Williams, J.: Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest, Nature, 452, 737–740, 2008.
Lenihan, J. M. and Neilson, R. P.: Simulating broad-scale fire severity in a dynamic global vegetation model, Northwest Science, 72, 91–103, 1998.
Lerdau, M.: A positive feedback with negative consequences, Science, 316, 212–213, https://doi.org/210.1126/science.1141486, 2007.
Levis, S., Foley, J. A., and Pollard, D.: Large-scale vegetation feedbacks on a doubled CO2 climate, J. Climate, 13, 1313–1325, 2000.
Li, C., Aber, J., Stange, F., Butterbach-Bahl, K., and Papen, H.: A process-oriented model of N2O and NO emissions from forest soils: 1. Model development, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 4369–4384, 2000.
Li, C., Mosier, A., Wassmann, R., Cai, Z., Zheng, X., Huang, Y., Tsuruta, H., Boonjawat, J., and Lantin, R.: Modeling greenhouse gas emissions from rice-based ecosystems: Sensitivity and upscaling, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB1043, https://doi.org/1010.1029/2003GB002045, 2004.
Li, C., Frolking, S., and Butterbach-Bahl, K.: Carbon sequestration can increase nitrous oxide emissions, Climatic Change, 72, 321–338, 2005.
Liao, H., Cheng, W.-T., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Role of climate change in global predictions of future tropospheric ozone and aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12304, https://doi.org/12310.11029/12005JD006852, 2006.
Lichtenthaler, H. K., Rohmer, M., and Schwender, J.: Two independent biochemical pathways for isopentenyl diphosphate and isoprenoid biosynthesis in higher plants, Physiologia Plantarum, 101, 643–652, 1997.
Lobell, D. B., Bala, G., and Duffy, P. B.: Biogeophysical impacts of cropland management changes on climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06708, https://doi.org/06710.01029/02005GL025492, 2006.
Lobell, D. B., Burke, M. B., Tebaldi, C., Mastrandrea, M. D., Falcon, W. P., and Naylor, R. L.: Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030, Science, 319, 607–610, 2008.
Long, S. P., Ainsworth, E. A., Leakey, A. D. B., Nosberger, J., and Ort, D. R.: Food for thought: Lower-than-expected crop yield stimulation with rising CO2 concentrations, Science, 312, 1918–1921, 2006.
Loreto, F. and Velikova, V.: Isoprene produced by leaves protects the photosynthetic apparatus against ozone damage, quenches ozone products, and reduces lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes, Plant Physiol., 127, 1781–1787, 2001.
Lotze-Campen, H., Lucht, W., Müller, C., Bondeau, A., and Smith, P.: How tight are the limits to land and water use? – Combined impacts of food demand and climate change, Adv. Geosci., 4, 23–28, 2005.
Martin, R. E., Asner, G. P., Ansley, R. J., and Mosier, A. R.: Effects of woody vegetation encroachment on soil nitrogen oxide emissions in a temperate savanna, Ecol. Appl. 13, 897–910, 2003.
McGuire, A. D., Sitch, S., Clein, J. S., Dargaville, R., Esser, G., Foley, J., Heimann, M., Joos, F., Kaplan, J., Kicklighter, D. W., Meier, R. A., Melillo, J. M., Moore III, B., Prentice, I. C., Ramankutty, N., Reichenau, T., Schloss, A., Tian, H., Williams, L. J., and Wittenberg, U.: Carbon balance of the terrestrial biosphere in the twentieth century: Analysis of co2, climate and land use effects with four process-based ecosystem models, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 183–206, 2001.
McLaughlin, S. B., Nosal, M., Wullschleger, S. D., and Sun, G.: Interactive effects of ozone and climate on tree growth and water use in a southern Appalachian forest in the USA, New Phytol., 174, 109–124, 2007.
Meijer, E. W., van Velthoven, P. F. J., Brunner, D. W., Huntrieser, H., and Kelder, H.: Improvement and evaluation of the parameterisation of nitrogen oxide production by lightning, Phys. Chem. Earth C, 26, 577–583, 2001.
Melillo, J. M., Steudler, P. A., Feigl, B. J., Neill, C., Garcia, D., Picollo, M. C., Cerri, C. C., and Tian, H.: Nitrous oxide emissions from forests and pastures of various ages in the Brazilian Amazon, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 34179–34188, 2001.
Mickley, L. J., Jacob, D., and Rind, D.: Uncertainty in preindustrial abundance of tropospheric ozone: Implications for radiative forcing calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3389–3399, 2001.
Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Tans, P. P., Bruhwiler, L. M., Miller, J. B., and Heimann, M.: CH4 sources estimated from atmospheric observations of ch4 and its c-13/c-12 isotopic ratios: 1. Inverse modeling of source processes, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB4004, https://doi.org/4010.1029/2004GB002223, 2004a.
Mikaloff Fletcher, S. E., Tans, P. P., Bruhwiler, L. M., Miller, J. B., and Heimann, M.: CH4 sources estimated from atmospheric observations of CH4 and its C-13/C-12 isotopic ratios: 2. Inverse modeling of CH4 fluxes from geographical regions, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB4005, https://doi.org/4010.1029/2004GB002224, 2004b.
Miller, P. A., Giesecke, T., Hickler, T., Bradshaw, R. H. W., Smith, B., Seppä, H., and Sykes, M. T.: Exploring climatic and biotic controls on Holocene vegetation change in Fennoscandia, J. Ecol., 247–259, https://doi.org/210.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01342.x, 2008.
Monson, R. K. and Holland, E.: Biospheric trace gas fluxes and their control over tropospheric chemistry, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 32, 547–576, 2001.
Moorcroft, P. R., Hurtt, G. C., and Pacala, S. W.: A method for scaling vegetation dynamics: The ecosystem demography model (ed.), Ecol. Monogr., 71, 557–586, 2001.
Muller, C., Bondeau, A., Lotze-Campen, H., Cramer, W., and Lucht, W.: Comparative impact of climatic and nonclimatic factors on global terrestrial carbon and water cycles, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB4015, https://doi.org/4010.1029/2006GB002742, 2006.
Muller, C., Eickhout, B., Zaehle, S., Bondeau, A., Cramer, W., and Lucht, W.: Effects of changes in CO2, climate, and land use on the carbon balance of the land biosphere during the 21st century, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 112, G02032, https://doi.org/02010.01029/02006JG000388, 2007.
Naik, V., Maurzerall, D. L., Horowitz, L. W., Schwarzkopf, M. D., Ramaswamy, V., and Oppenheimer, M.: On the sensitivity of radiative forcing from biomass burning aerosols and ozone to emission location, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L03818, https://doi.org/03810.01029/02006GL028149, 2007.
Neff, J. C., Keller, M., Holland, E. A., Weitz, A., and Veldkamp, E.: Fluxes of nitric oxide from soils following the clearing and burning of a secondary tropical rain forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100(D12) 25913–25922, 1995.
Nesterov, V. G.: Gorimost' lesa i metody eio opredelenia, Goslesbumaga, Moscow, 1949.
Nevison, C. D., Mahowald, N. M., Weiss, R. F., and Prinn, R. G.: Interannual and seasonal variability in atmospheric N2O, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB3017, https://doi.org/3010.1029/2006GB002755, 2007.
Ng, N. L., Chhabra, P. S., Chan, A. W. H., Surratt, J. D., Kroll, J. H., Kwan, A. J., McCabe, D. C., Wennberg, P. O., Sorooshian, A., Murphy, S. M., Dalleska, N. F., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Effect of NOx level on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of terpenes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5159–5174, 2007.
Niinemets, U., Tenhunen, J. D., Harley, P. C., and Steinbrecher, R.: A model of isoprene emission based on energetic requirements for isoprene synthesis and leaf photosynthetic properties for Liquidambar and Quercus, Plant Cell Environ., 22, 1319–1335, 1999.
Novelli, P. C., Lang, P. M., Masarie, K. A., Hurst, D. F., Myers, R., and Elkins, J. W.: Molecular hydrogen in the troposphere: Global distribution and budget, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30427–30444, 1999.
Olofsson, J. and Hickler, T.: Effects of human land-use on the global carbon cycle during the last 6000 years, Vegetation History and Archeobotany, 17(5), 605–615, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-007-0126-6, 2007.
Osborne, T. M., Lawrence, D. M., Challinor, A. J., Slingo, J. M., and Wheeler, T. R.: Development and assessment of a coupled crop-climate model, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 169–183, 2007.
Palmer, P. I., Jacob, D. J., Fiore, A. M., Martin, R. V., Chance, K., and Kurosu, T. P.: Mapping isoprene emissions over North America using formaldehyde column observations from space, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4180, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002153, 2003.
Parry, M., Rosenzweig, C., Iglesias, A., Fischer, G., and Livermore, M.: Climate change and world food security: A new assessment, Global Environ. Chang., 9, S51–S67, 1999.
Parton, W. J., Mosier, A. R., Ojima, D. S., Valentine, D. W., Schimel, D. S., Weier, K., and {Kulmala, A. E.}: Generalized model for N-2 and N2O production from nitrification and denitrification, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 401–412, 1996.
Parton, W. J., Holland, E. A., Del Grosso, S. J., Hartman, M. D., Martin, R. E., Mosier, A. R., Ojima, D. S., and Schimel, D. S.: Generalized model for NOx and N2O emissions from soils, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 17403–17419, 2001.
Paungfoo-Lonhienne, C., Lonhienne, T. G. A., Rentsch, D., Robinson, N., Christie, M., Webb, R. I., Gamage, H. K., Carroll, B. J., Schenk, P. M., and Schmidt, S.: Plants can use protein as a nitrogen source without assistance from other organisms, P. Natl. Acad. Sc. USA, 105, 4524–4529, 2008.
Pegoraro, E., Rey, A., Barron-Gafford, G., Monson, R., Malhi, Y., and Murthy, R.: The interacting effects of elevated atmospheric co2 concentration, drought and leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit on ecosystem isoprene fluxes, Oecologia, 146, 120–129, https://doi.org/110.1007/s00442-00005-00166-00445, 2005.
Penuelas, J. and Llusia, J.: Plant voc emissions: Making use of the unavoidable, Trends Ecol. Evol., 19, 402–404, 2004.
Pfeiffer, T., Forberich, O., and Comes, F. J.: Tropospheric OH formation by ozonolysis of terpenes, Chem. Phys. Lett., 298, 351–358, 1998.
Pielke, R. A. S., Avissar, R., Raupach, M., Dolmann, A. J., Zeng, X., and Denning, A. S.: Interactions between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems: Influence on weather and climate, Glob. Change Biol., 4, 461–475, 1998.
Pierce, T., Geron, C., Bender, L., Dennis, R., Tonnesen, G., and Guenther, A.: Influence of increased isoprene emissions on regional ozone modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25611–25629, 1998.
Pilegaard, K., Skiba, U., Ambus, P., Beier, C., Brüggemann, N., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Dick, J., Dorsey, J., Duyzer, J., Gallagher, M., Gasche, R., Horvath, L., Kitzler, B., Leip, A., Pihlatie, M. K., Rosenkranz, P., Seufert, G., Vesala, T., Westrate, H., and Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S.: Factors controlling regional differences in forest soil emission of nitrogen oxides (NO and N2O), Biogeosciences, 3, 651–661, 2006.
Pleijel, H., Danielsson, H., Ojanpera, K., De Temmerman, L., Hogy, P., Badiani, M., and Karlsson, P. E.: Relationships between ozone exposure and yield loss in European wheat and potato – a comparison of concentration- and flux-based exposure indices, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2259–2269, 2004.
Plöchl, M., Lyons, T., Ollerenshaw, J., and Barnes, J.: Simulating ozone detoxification in the leaf apoplast through the direct reaction with ascorbate, Planta, 210, 454–467, 2000.
Possell, M., Hewitt, N. C., and Beerling, D. J.: The effects of glacial atmospheric co2 concentrations and climate on isoprene emissions by vascular plants, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 60–69, 2005.
Potter, C. S., Klooster, S. A., and Chatfield, R. B.: Consumption and production of carbon monoxide in soils: A global model analysis of spatial and seasonal variation, Chemosphere, 33, 1175–1193, 1996.
Potter, C. S. and Klooster, S. A.: Interannual variability in soil trace gas (CO2, N2O, NO) fluxes and analysis of controllers on regional to global scales, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 12, 621–635, 1998.
Potter, C., Klooster, S., and Krauter, C.: Regional modeling of ammonia emissions from native soil sources in California, Earth Interactions, 7, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1175/1087-3562(2003)007<0001:RMOAEF>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Prather, M., Ehhalt, D., Dentener, F. J., Derwent, R., Dlugokencky, E. J., Holland, E., Isaksen, I., Katima, J., Kirchhoff, V., Matson, P., Midgley, P., M., W., et al.: Atmospheric chemistry and greenhouse gases, in: Climate change 2001. The scientific basis. Contribution of working group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P. J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., and Johnson, C. A., University Press, Cambridge, 238–287, 2001.
Prentice, I. C., Heimann, M., and Sitch, S.: The carbon balance of the terrestrial biosphere: Ecosystem models and atmospheric observations, Ecol. Appl., 10, 1553–1573, 2000.
Prentice, I. C., Bondeau, A., Cramer, W., Harrison, S. P., Hickler, T., Lucht, W., Sitch, S., Smith, B., and Sykes, M. T.: Dynamic global vegetation modelling: Quantifying terrestrial ecosystem responses to large-scale environmental change, in: Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world, edited by: Canadell, J. G., Pataki, D. E., and Pitelka, L. F., IGBP series, Heidelberg, Berlin, 175–192, 2007.
Price, H., Jaegle, L., Rice, A., Quay, P., Novelli, P. C., and Gammon, R.: Global budget of molecular hydrogen and its deuterium content: Constraints from ground station, cruise, and aircraft observations, J. Geophys. Res., 1611–1625, D22108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008152, 2007.
Prigent, C., Matthews, E., Aires, F., and Rossow, W. B.: Remote sensing of global wetland dynamics with multiple satellite data sets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4631–4634, 2001.
Prinn, R. G., Weiss, R. F., Fraser, P. J., Simmonds, P. G., Cunnold, D. M., Alyea, F. N., O'Doherty, S., Salameh, P., Miller, B. R., Huang, J., Wang, R. H. J., Hartley, D. E., Harth, C., Steele, L. P., Sturrock, G., Midgley, P. M., and McCulloch, A.: A history of chemically and radiatively important gases in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17751–17792, 2000.
Pye, H. O. T., Liao, H., Wu, S., Mickley, L. J., Jacob, D. J., Henze, D. K., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Effect of changes in climate and emissions on future sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosol levels in the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D01205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010701, 2009.
Pyne, S. J.: World fire. Cycle of fire, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 379 pp., 1995.
Raynaud, D., Barnola, J. M., Chappellaz, J., Blunier, T., Indermuhle, A., and Stauffer, B.: The ice record of greenhouse gases: A view in the context of future changes, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 9–17, 2000.
Reich, P. B.: Quantifying plant response to ozone: A unifying theory, Tree Physiol., 3, 63–91, 1987.
Reilly, J. M. and Schimmelpfenning, D.: Agricultural impact assessment, vulnerability, and the scope for adaptation, Climatic Change, 43, 745–788, 1999.
Ren, W., Tian, H., Chen, G., Liu, M., Zhang, C., Chappelka, A. H., and Pan, S.: Influence of ozone pollution and climate variability on net primary productivity and carbon storage in China's grassland ecosystems from 1961 to 2000, Environ. Pollut., 149, 327–335, 2007.
Rhee, T. S., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., and Röckmann, T.: The overwhelming role of soils in the global atmospheric hydrogen cycle, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1611–1625, 2006.
Riemer, N., Vogel H., Vogel B., Schell B., Ackermann I., Kessler C., and Hass H.: Impact of the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 on chemistry and nitrate aerosol formation in the lower troposphere under photosmog conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4144, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002436, 2003.
Rigolot, E.: Predicting postfire mortality of Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus pinea L., Plant Ecol., 171, 139–151, 2004.
Rinne, J., Riutta, T., Pihlatie, M., Aurela, M., Haapanala, S., Tuovinen, J. P., Tuittila, E. S., and Vesala, T.: Annual cycle of methane emission from a boreal fen measured by the eddy covariance technique, Tellus B-, 59, 449–457, 2007.
Roberts, N.: The Holocene, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publising, Oxford, 316 pp., 1989.
Rosenstiel, T. N., Potosnak, M. J., Griffin, K. L., Fall, R., and Monson, R. K.: Increased CO2 uncouples growth from isoprene emission in an agriforest ecosystem, Nature, 421, 256–259, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01312, 2003.
Rosenzweig, C., Parry, M. L., Fischer, G., Frohberg, K., et al.: Climate change on world food supply, University of Oxford, Oxford, 1993.
Rosenzweig, C. and Iglesias, A.: Potential impacts of climate change on world food supply. Data sets from a major crops modeling study, CIESIN Columbia University, 2001.
Rost, S., Gerten, D., Bondeau, A., Lucht, W., Rohwer, J., and Schaphoff, S.: Agriculture green and blue water consumption and its influence on the global water system, Water Resour. Res., 44, B06303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005263, 2008.
Rothermel, R. C.: A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels, Odgen, USA, 1972.
Roulet, N., Moore, T., Bubier, J., and Lafleur, P.: Northern fens – methane flux and climatic change, Tellus B, 44, 100–105, 1992.
Saarnio, S., Almu, J., Silvola, J., Lohila, A., Nykanen, H., and Martikainen, P. J.: Seasonal variation in CH4 emissions and production and oxidation potentials at microsites on an oligotrophic pine fen, Oecologia, 110, 414–422, 1997.
Sanderson, M. G.: Emissions of carbon monoxide by vegetation and soils, Hadley Centre Technical Note 36, 2002.
Sanderson, M. G., Jones, C. D., Collins, W. J., Johnson, C. E., and Derwent, R. G.: Effect of climate change on isoprene emissions and surface ozone levels, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1936, https://doi.org/1910.1029/2003GL017642, 2003a.
Sanderson, M. G., Collins, W. J., Derwent, R. G., and Johnson, C. E.: Simulation of global hydrogen levels using a Lagrangian three-dimensional model, J. Atmos. Chem., 46, 15–28, 2003b.
Sanderson, M. G., Collins, W. J., Hemming, D. L., and Betts, R. A.: Stomatal conductance changes due to increasing carbon dioxide levels: Projected impact on surface ozone levels, Tellus B, 59, 404–411, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00277.x, 2007.
Schimel, J. P. and Bennett, J.: Nitrogen mineralization: Challenges of a changing paradigm, Ecology, 85, 591–602, 2004.
Schindlbacher, A., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., and Butterbach-Bahl, K.: Effects of soil moisture and temperature on NO, NO2, and N2O emissions from European forest soils, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D17302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004590, 2004.
Schröter, D., Cramer, W., Leemans, R., Prentice, I. C., Araujo, M. B., Arnell, N., Bondeau, A., et al.: Ecosystem service supply and vulnerability to global change in Europe, Science, 310, 1333–1337, 2005.
Schultz, M. G., Diehl, T., Brasseur, G. P., and Zittel, W.: Air pollution and climate-forcing impacts of a global hydrogen economy, Science, 302, 624–627, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089527, 2003.
Schumann, U. and Huntrieser, H.: The global lightning-induced nitrogen oxides source, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3823–3907, 2007.
Schurgers, G., Arneth, A., Holzinger, R., and Goldstein, A. H.: Process-based modelling of biogenic monoterpene emissions combining production and release from storage, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3409–3423, 2009.
Seiler, W. and Crutzen, P. J.: Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning, Climatic Change, 2, 207–247, 1980.
Seiler, W. and Conrad, R.: Contribution of tropical ecosystems to the global budgets for trace gases, especially CH4, H2, CO and N2O, in: The geophysiology of Amazonia: Vegetation and climate interactions, edited by: Dickerson, R. E., John Wiley, New York, 33–62, 1987.
Seitzinger, S. P., Harrison, J., Bohlke, J., Bouwman, A., Lowrance, R., Peterson, B., Tobias, C., and Van Drecht, G.: Denitrification across landscapes and waterscapes: A synthesis, Ecol. Appl., 16, 2064–2090, 2006.
Serreze, M. C., Bromwich, D. H., Clark, M. P., Etringer, A. J., Zhang, T. J., and Lammers, R.: Large-scale hydro-climatology of the terrestrial arctic drainage system, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8160, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000919, 2002.
Severinghaus, J. P., Sowers, T., Brook, E. J., Alley, R. B., and Bender, M. L.: Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the younger Dryas interval from thermally fractionated gases in polar ice, Nature, 391, 141–146, 1998.
Sitch, S., Smith, B., Prentice, I. C., Arneth, A., Bondeau, A., Cramer, W., Kaplan, J. O., Levis, S., Lucht, W., Sykes, M. T., Thonicke, K., and Venevsky, S.: Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 161–185, 2003.
Sitch, S., Brovkin, V., von Bloh, W., van Vuuren, D., Assessment, B., and Ganopolski, A.: Impacts of future land cover changes on atmospheric co2 and climate, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB2013, https://doi.org/2010.1029/2004GB002311, 2005.
Sitch, S., Cox, P. M., Collins, W. J., and Huntingford, C.: Indirect radiative forcing of climate change through ozone effects on the land-carbon sink, Nature, 448(7155), 791–794, https://doi.org/710.1038/nature06059, 2007.
Sitch, S., Huntingford, C., Gedney, N., Levy, P. E., Lomas, M., Piao, S., Betts, R., Ciais, P., Cox, P., Friedlingstein, P., Jones, C. D., Prentice, I. C., and Woodward, F. I.: Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography, and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using 5 dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs), Glob. Change Biol., 14, 2015–2039, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01626.x, 2008.
Six, J., Ogle, S. M., Breidt, F. J., Conant, R. T., Mosier, A. R., and Paustian, K.: The potential to mitigate global warming with no-tillage management is only realized when practiced in the long term, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 155–160, 2004.
Smith-Downey, N. V., Randerson, J. T., and Eiler, J. M.: Temperature and moisture dependence of soil H2 uptake measured in the laboratory, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L14813, https://doi.org/14810.11029/12006GL026749, 2006.
Smith, B., Prentice, I. C., and Sykes, M. T.: Representation of vegetation dynamics in the modelling of terrestrial ecosystems: Comparing two contrasting approaches within European climate space, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 10, 621–637, 2001.
Smith, K. A. and Conen, F.: Impacts of land management on fluxes of trace greenhouse gases, Land Use Management, 20, 255–263, 2004.
Sokolov, A. P., Kicklighter, D. W., Melillo, J. M., Felzer, B. S., Schlosser, C. A., and Cronin, T. W.: Consequences of considering carbon-nitrogen interactions on the feedbacks between climate and the terrestrial carbon cycle, J. Climate, 21, 3776–3796, 2008.
Soussana, J. F., Loiseau, P., Vuichard, N., Ceschia, E., Balesdent, J., Chevallier, T., and Arrouays, D.: Carbon cycling and sequestration opportunities in temperate grasslands, Soil Use and Management, 20, 219–230, 2004.
Spracklen, D. V., Bonn, B., and Carslaw, K.: Boreal forests, aerosols and the impacts on clouds and climate, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. London A, 366, 4613–4626, https://doi.org/4610.1098/rsta.2008.0201, 2008.
Staudt, M. and Seufert, G.: Light-dependent emission of monoterpenes by holm oak (Quercus ilex l.), Naturwissenschaften, 82, 89–92, 1995.
Stehfest, E. and Bouwman, L.: N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation: Summarizing available measurement data and modeling of global annual emissions, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 74, 207–228, 2006.
Stehfest, E., Heistermann, M., Priess, J. A., Ojima, D. S., and Alcamo, J.: Simulation of global crop production with the ecosystem model DayCent, Ecol. Modell., 209, 203–219, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.06.028, 2007.
Stephens, S. L. and Finney, M. A.: Prescribed fire mortality of sierra nevada mixed conifer tree species: Effects of crown damage and forest floor combustion, Forest Ecol. Manage., 162, 261–271, 2002.
Stevenson, D. S., Dentener, F. J., Schultz, M. G., Ellingsen, K., van Noije, T. P. C., Wild, O., Zeng, G., Amann, M., Atherton, C. S., et al.: Multi-model ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08301, https://doi.org/08310.01029/02005JD006338, 2006.
Tan, G. and Shibasaki, R.: Global estimation of crop productivity and the impacts of global warming by GIS and epic integration, Ecol. Modell., 168, 357–370, 2003.
Thonicke, K., Prentice, I. C., and Hewitt, C.: Modeling glacial-interglacial changes in global fire regimes and trace gas emissions, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB3008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002278, 2005.
Thonicke, K., Spessa, A., Prentice, I. C., Harrison, S. P., Dong, L., and Carmona-Moreno, C.: The influence of vegetation, fire spread and fire behaviour on biomass burning and trace gas emissions: results from a process-based model, Biogeosciences, in review, 2009.
Thornton, P. E., Law, B. E., Gholz, H. L., Clark, K. L., Falge, E., Ellsworth, D. S., Golstein, A. H., Monson, R. K., Hollinger, D., Falk, M., Chen, J., and Sparks, J. P.: Modeling and measuring the effects of disturbance history and climate on carbon and water budgets in evergreen needleleaf forests, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 113, 185–222, 2002.
Thornton, P. E., Lamarque, J.-F., Rosenbloom, N. A., and Mahowald, N. M.: Influence of carbon-nitrogen cycle coupling on land model response to CO2 fertilization and climate variability, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB4018, https://doi.org/4010.1029/2006GB002868, 2007.
Thornton, P. E., Doney, S. C., Lindsay, K., Moore, J. K., Mahowald, N., Randerson, J. T., Fung, I., Lamarque, J.-F., Feddema, J. J., and Lee, Y.-H.: Carbon-nitrogen interactions regulate climate-carbon cycle feedbacks: results from an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model, Biogeosciences, 6, 2099–2120, 2009.
Tie, X., Emmons, L., Horowitz, L., Brasseur, G., et al.: Effect of sulfate aerosol on tropospheric NOx and ozone budgets: Model simulations and TOPSE evidence, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8364, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001508, 2003.
Tsigaridis, K., Lathiére, J., Kanakidou, M., and Hauglustaine, D. A.: Naturally driven variability in the global secondary organic aerosol over a decade, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1891–1904, 2005.
Tsigaridis, K. and Kanakidou, M.: Global modelling of secondary organic aerosol in the troposphere: a sensitivity analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1849–1869, 2003.
Tsigaridis, K. and Kanakidou, M.: Secondary organic aerosol importance in the future atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 41, 4682–4692, 2007.
Tunved, P., Hansson, H. C., Kerminen, V. M., Strom, J., Maso, M. D., Lihavainen, H., Viisanen, Y., Aalto, P. P., Komppula, M., and Kulmala, M.: High natural aerosol loading over boreal forests, Science, 312, 261–263, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1123052, 2006.
Twine, T. E., Kucharik, C. J., and Foley, J. A.: Effects of land cover change on the energy and water balance of the Mississippi river basin, J. Hydrometeorol., 5, 640–655, 2004.
Valdes, P. J., Beerling, D. J., and Johnson, D. E.: The ice age methane budget, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02704, https://doi.org/02710.01029/02004GL021004, 2005.
van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Collatz, G. J., Giglio, L., Kasibhatla, P. S., Arellano Jr., A. F., Olsen, S. C., and Kasischke, E. S.: Continental-sale partitioning of fire emissions during the 1997 to 2001 El Nino/La Nina period, Science, 303, 73–76, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090753, 2004.
van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Kasibhatla, P. S., and Arellano Jr., A. F.: Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423–3441, 2006.
VanReken, T. M., Ng, N. L., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Cloud condensation nucleus activation properties of biogenic secondary organic aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D07206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005465, 2005.
Venevsky, S.: Broad-scale vegetation dynamics in north-eastern Eurasia – observations and simulations, Institut fuer Bodenkultur, Univerisity of Vienna, Vienna, 2001.
Vetter, M., Churkina, G., Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Zaehle, S., Bondeau, A., Chen, Y., Ciais, P., Feser, F., Freibauer, A., Geyer, R., Jones, C., Papale, D., Tenhunen, J., Tomelleri, E., Trusilova, K., Viovy, N., and Heimann, M.: Analyzing the causes and spatial pattern of the European 2003 carbon flux anomaly using seven models, Biogeosciences, 5, 561–583, 2008.
Vigano, I., van Weelden, H., Holzinger, R., Keppler, F., McLeod, A., and Röckmann, T.: Effect of UV radiation and temperature on the emission of methane from plant biomass and structural components, Biogeosciences, 5, 937–947, 2008.
Vitousek, P. M., Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H., and Matson, P. A.: Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis, Bioscience, 36, 368–373, 1986.
Volk, M., Bungener, P., Contat, F., Montani, M., and Fuhrer, J.: Grassland yield declined by a quarter in 5 years of free-air ozone fumigation, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 74–83, 2006.
von Kuhlmann, R., Lawrence, M. G., Pöschl, U., and Crutzen, P. J.: Sensitivities in global scale modeling of isoprene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1–17, 2004.
Voulgarakis, A., Wild, O., Savage, N. H., Carver, G. D., and Pyle, J. A.: Clouds, photolysis and regional tropospheric ozone budgets, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8235–8246, 2009.
Walter, B., Heimann, M., and Matthews, E.: Modeling modern methane emissions from natural wetlands 1. Model description and results, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 34189–34206, 2001.
Wang, J. S., Logan, J. A., McElroy, M. B., Duncan, B. N., Megretskaia, I. A., and Yantosca, R. M.: A 3-d model analysis of the slowdown and interannual variability in the methane growth rate from 1988 to 1997, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB3011, https://doi.org/3010.1029/2003GB002180, 2004.
Wang, K. Y. and Shallcross, D. E.: Modelling terrestrial biogenic isoprene fluxes and their potential impact on global chemical species using a coupled LSM-CTM model, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2909–2925, 2000.
Wang, Y. H., Jacob, D. J., and Logan, J. A.: Global simulation of tropospheric O-3-NOx-Hydrocarbon chemistry 3. Origin of tropospheric ozone and effects of nonmethane hydrocarbons, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 10757–10767, 1998.
Wania, R., Ross, I., and Prentice, I. C.: Implementation and evaluation of a new methane model within a dynamic global vegetation model: LPJ-WHyMe v1.3., Geoscientific Model Development Discussions, accepted, 2010.
Wania, R., Ross, I., and Prentice, I. C.: Integrating peatlands and permafrost into a dynamic global vegetation model: I. Evaluation and sensitivity of physical land surface processes, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, 3, GB3014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003412, 2009.
Warneck, P.: Chemistry of the natural atmosphere, 2nd ed., International Geophysics Series, Academic Press, New York, 1999.
Warwick, N. J., Bekki, S., Nisbet, E. G., and Pyle, J. A.: Impact of a hydrogen economy on the stratosphere and troposphere studied in a 2-d model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05107, https://doi.org/05110.01029/02003gl019224, 2004.
Werner, C., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Haas, E., Hickler, T., and Kiese, R.: A global inventory of N2O emissions from tropical rainforest soils using a detailed biogeochemical model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB3010, https://doi.org/3010.1029/2006GB002909, 2007.
Weitz, A. M., Veldkamp, E., Keller, M., Neff, J., and Crill, P. M.: Nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and methane fluxes from soils following clearing and burning of tropical secondary forest, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28047–28058, 1998.
Wiberley, A. E., Linskey, A. R., Falbel, T. G., and Sharkey, T. D.: Development of the capacity for isoprene emission in kudzu, Plant Cell Environ., 28, 898–905, 2005.
Wild, O. and Prather, M. J.: Excitation of the primary tropospheric chemical mode in a global three-dimensional model, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24647–24660, 2000.
Wilkinson, M., Monson, R. K., Trahan, N., Lee, S., Brown, E., Jackson, R. B., Polley, H. W., Fay, P. A., and Fall, R.: Leaf isoprene emission rate as a function of atmospheric CO2 concentration, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 1189–1200, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01803.x, 2009.
Williams, J. R., Jones, C. A., Kiniry, J. R., and Spanel, D. A.: The EPIC crop growth model, Transactions of the ASAE, 32, 497–511, 1989.
Wilson, R. A. J.: A reexamination of fire spread in free burning porous fuel beds, INT-289, Ogden, UT, 1982.
Wittig, V. E., Ainsworth, E. A., and Long, S. P.: To what extent do current and projected increases in surface ozone affect photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of trees? A meta-analytic review of the last 3 decades of experiments, Plant Cell Environ., 30, 1150–1162, 2007.
Wooster, M. J., Roberts, G., Perry, G. L. W., and Kaufman, Y. J.: Retrieval of biomass combustion rates and totals from fire radiative power observations: FRP derivation and calibration relationships between biomass consumption and fire radiative energy, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D24311, https://doi.org/24310.21029/22005JD006318, 2005.
Wu, S., Mickley, L. J., Jacob, D. J., Logan, J. A., and Yantosca, R. M.: Why are there large differences between models in global budgets of tropospheric ozone?, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D05302, https://doi.org/05310.01029/02006JD00780, 2007.
Wu, S., Duncan, B. N., Jacob, D. J., Fiore, A. M., and Wild, O.: Chemical nonlinearities in relating intercontinental ozone pollution to anthropogenic emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L05806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036607, 2009.
Xu-Ri and Prentice, I. C.: Terrestrial nitrogen cycle simulation with a dynamic global vegetation model, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 1745–1764, https://doi.org/1740.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01625.x, 2008.
Yonemura, S., Kawahima, S., and Tsurata, H.: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane uptake by soils in a temperate arable field and a forest, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14347–14362, 2000.
Young, P. J., Arneth, A., Schurgers, G., Zeng, G., and Pyle, J. A.: The CO2 inhibition of terrestrial isoprene emission significantly affects future ozone projections, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2793–2803, 2009.
Zaehle, S., Bondeau, A., Carter, T. R., Cramer, W., Erhard, M., Prentice, I. C., Reginster, I., Rounsevell, M. D. A., Sitch, S., Smith, B., Smith, P. C., and Sykes, M.: Projected changes in terrestrial carbon storage in europe under climate and land-use change, 1990–2100, Ecosystems, 10, 380–401, 2007.
Zaehle, S., Friend, A. D., Dentener, F., Friedlingstein, P., Peylin, P., and Schulz, M.: Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O-CN land surface model, II: The role of the nitrogen cycle in the historical terrestrial carbon balance, Global Biogeochem. Cy., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003522, in press, 2010.
Zaehle, S. and Friend, A. D.: Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O-CN land surface model, I: Model description, site-scale evaluation and sensitivity to parameter estimates, Global Biogeochem. Cy., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003521, in press, 2010.
Zhang, L. M., Brook, J. R., and Vet, R.: On ozone dry deposition - with emphasis on non-stomatal uptake and wet canopies, Atmos. Environ., 36, 4787–4799, 2002.
Zhang, Y., Cheng, W., and Riseborough, D. W.: Transient projections of permafrost distribution in Canada during the 21st century under scenarios of climate change, Global Planet. Change, 60, 443–456, 2008.
Zhuang, Q., McGuire, A. D., Melillo, J. M., Clein, J. S., Dargaville, R. J., Kicklighter, D. W., Myneni, R. B., Dong, J., Romanovsky, V. E., Harden, J., and Hobbie, J. E.: Carbon cycling in extratropical terrestrial ecosystems of the northern hemisphere during the 20th century: A modeling analysis of the influences of soil thermal dynamics, Tellus B, 55, 751–776, 2003.
Zhuang, Q., Melillo, J. M., Kicklighter, D. W., Prinn, R. G., McGuire, A. D., Steudler, P. A., Felzer, B. S., and Hu, S.: Methane fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere at northern high latitudes during the past century: A retrospective analysis with a process-based biogeochemistry model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB3010, https://doi.org/3010.1029/2004GB002239, 2004.
Ziska, L. H. and Bunce, J. A.: Predicting the impact of changing CO2 on crop yields: Some thoughts on food, New Phytol., 175, 607–617, 2007.
